COLLECTION or DIOPHANTINE PROBLEMS wor SOLUTIONS. comprnep by JAMES|MATTESON, M.D., DeKane Osyrae, Intzvors. ‘WASHINGTON: ARTEMAS MARTIN. 1888.CAJORI Copyright, 1888, By ARTEMAS MARTIN.Oe INTRODUCTORY NOTE. ‘THE following pages were left In sheets by the late Dr. MarTESoN at his death, which occurred on Dee. 15, 1876. Had he lived, he would undoubtedly have added many pages of interesting problems and solutions to the existing number. Having recently purchased from the guardian of the heirs the entire edition, consisting of only a few hundred copies, I decided to issue it with the addition, of cover, title-page, and this note. ‘The authorship of the solutions, as near as can now be ascertained, is given below. A considerable portion of this information has been furnished by Sr REULEN Davis, Sr, of Clifton, Kansas, one of the most ingenious of living “Diophantists,” who rendered valuable assistance to Dr. MATTESON in the compilation of the work, ‘The solutions of Problems 1 and 4 are by the late Apisan Mc Leax, Esq., of New Lisbon, Ohio, who was very skillful in handling Diophantine Problems of great diMeulty. ‘The solutions of Problems 5, 7, 9, 22 and 24 (exeopt the last two paragraphs of the’solution of 22 which are by Mr. Davis) are from the pen of the late lamented Dr. Davip SHERMAN Hart, of Stonington, Conn., who was one of the ablest, If not the ablest, of the Diophantine writers of his thne. Dr. Hane also rendered effleient aid to the compiler in the revision of many Aificult solutions. ‘The solutions of Problems 6, 8 and 12 (except the last two paragraphs of the solution of 12 which are by Mr. Davis) aro by Dr. Marrssow, ‘The other solutions are mostly the work of Mr. Davis, with some slight modifieations by Dr. Marrnson. ‘The following errors have been noted by Dr. Hann, Mr. Davrs, and the writer: Page 4, line 3 from the bottom, for “ because y is odd” read because 2 is odd. Page 7, line 23 from bottom, for ‘‘three squares sought” read threo oqul- different numbers from which are obtained the three squares sought, Page 8, line 1, for “of the natural series" read in the natural seri Page 8, line 2 from bottom, for “nad” read and, Page 9, where ‘‘of the natural series” occurs, read in the natural sertes, Page 11, line 13, for 13 = "+12" read 13 = 324-28 Page 14, formula (14) should be go ol Sabe( = ab + act be)(ab - act bey(ab+ac~ be)" and to preserve the sign of « unchanged In (14) as well as in (15), the relations between a, J, ¢ must be such that the sum of any two exceeds the other. Page 15, line 8, right-hand member of equation, for *- be" read - Sbtet ARTEMAS MARTIN. Washington, D. C., July 2, 1888. MDigitized for Microsoft Corporation by the Intemet Archive in 2008, From University of California Libraries. May be used for non-commercial, personal, research, or educational purposes, or any fair use. May not be indexed in a commercial service.1 Diophantine Problem. It is required to find four afirmative integer numbers, such that the sum of every two of them shall be a eube. solution. If we assume the first=f(2"-+y'—#), the second f(y #), the third=j(—a°+y°+2), and the fourth=v'—4(8+-7—2 ); then, the first added to the second=s, the first added to the third: the socond added to third—?, and the first added to the fourth: ‘Thus four of the six required conditions arc satisfied in the no- tation. Tt remains, then, to make the second plus the fourth v—yt2=enbe, say=re', and the third plus the fourth=v'—c S=oube, s: ‘Transposing, we have to resolve the equalities oteautty=w42; and with values of x,y,z, in such ratio, that each two shall be greater than the third, Let us first resolve, in general terms, the equality o&4-#='Ly", Taking va), —=a—b, w=e-4d, y=e—d, the equation, after dividing by 2, becomes a(u'+-3!)=e(e+8d). Now assume p-+8ing, b=mp—8ng, e=Bnr+3me, and d=mr—Bns, Sub- stituting these in the preceding equation, it becomes (8np-+3mg) [(anp-+8mq)*+8(mp—Bng)"]=(Bnr-+8ms)x [(Bnr-+-3ms)*+ 8(mr— Bra); or (Bnp-+8mg)( p*+Bg")8(m?-+ Br?) —=(Bnr-+-Bma)(7-+Be) 3(7°48n*); whieh, dividing by the common factors 8.3(m'+37"), reduces to (np-+mq)(p'+39")=(nr-+ms)(r?+3s"); or, np( p*+3q7) “png p+89')=nr(o2-+ 864) -+-ma( rf B92) 5 ste met m2 r(r43s")—p( p*+39") : g( p+-8q*)—0(r*4-Bs*) ; and, if (488) —p( p43), then n=l p+39")—s(F-- 38%), (8rq—Sps)r" +38"), pr+-Bys)(0°-+Bet)—( p39", 8rq—8ps)( p*+3q"), and r—8ns—=(r2-4 Be) ( prt 8q8)( p'-89), and, at once: rq—8ps-+-pr-+-Bqa)(r-4B8t)—( p+ 39°), 2=a—b=(8r9q—8ps—pr—8qs)(7+38)+( p37), irq—Sps—pr—8qs) pr+3q*)+-(7+-38*)%, 2=(8rq—ps-+ pr Bqa)(p°+39)—(P+ Be) We have thus arrived at general expressions for the values of », =, 0, yy such that o&p2=wt4 2=18(rg—ps)(o*4-96°)( pP+3g*) X [Or+38*)—Qpr+-695)(7*+38)( p*+-89°)-+(p*+-87)"], as will ap- pear from actual involution, &e. But, to have the final answer in positive numbers, v must nearly =%, and w neatly =3y, , r==7, and s=14; there results 49-14. 13—4841 3=19.2976, —49.49.12.19-4 48% 19'=—49.49.12-+48419=13.1140,, = —49.48.12.18-4 49°13 49,48.12-4-49213=13.2089, y=48.48.14.19—49% 197=48.48.14—49°.15-=13.1045, Having now, (dividing by the common factor 13), (2976)'+(1140°=(2989)'+ (1043)'=27838714176=7°.9°.4%.19.9618 ;2 it remains to find two other cubes, 1 and 2, such that -p2=7.9%. $19.9618. This we shall accomplish, if we suecoed in dividing 19.3619=(++92)(65°++9.14") into two cubes. Now, it is demon- strable that when the sum of two cubes is of the form («+208 48d); and the relation of the quantities is such that (a4 20!)—= cither 3¢—c, or e—3d, the cubes themselves will be 4a-+804e-+d) and 4(a*+80"—e~d), for the sum of these eubes equated to the assumed sum, is HCI O(c D+ 90" or (@-430)-+3(0- ACC 30), or (a-+30) (e— 3d) =(30—0). Wherefore, «+3 d—c, as was to be shown, In the example before us, a 2, e=55, I=L, and a+ 3b 53.14; then H(a+30+e+d)—dl, and f(a} 30 28, and (41—(28)=13.9613; and, instead of the sum, we have found the difference of two cubes=12.9613. But, Mathematicians have shown that e208 . (SS) CRPY 3 in which, taking a=41, 2=28, we immediately obtain 1081640) 341890 Cras 30291 Coat) Gum ee Multiplying, now, by the reserved eube factors, 73.9%4, we find 30285920 an x "ATEN, values that likewise have the prop- er ratio to insure positive numbers in the question under solution. ‘Thus, for ow +y—w'-+24, we have found (220) (E12) '—c00)"+- (1048) 2076y-4-C1140), or, since y is odd, multiply by 100972, for integers, and we have 60571840, 229021160, y=21002942, 210146344. With these values, we at once obtain the following answer: 4-+y—2)=2080013082056455142636, 4-3-2) —4997801347510680782948, (2 +y' 4-2) 1202810476410016163052, 4+ 2) =214072108003241580340048. Being four numbers as requited, such, that the sum of every two of them is a cube number resulting in the six eubes, (19146344), (21062242), (23021160), (60097344), (60359866), and (60571840) This answer, it will be observed, is the same as that contained in the Mathematical Misectlany,, which was communicated by Wm, Lenhart, where it was found from an inspection of a Table of Cube Numbers. Here, the given solution is independent of ‘Tables, and we believe the numbers found to be the least possible, OBSERVATION : With regard to the assumed numeral values of p, , 7,8, in this solution, we began with the smallest integers, 0, inclusive, and soon found the numbers 6, 14, 7, 14, to answer the purpose in hand, namely: to produee four eubes such, (a+ a0\(e4 82"),3 that &-2=u'+y, and which shall have the proper ratio to pro- duce positive numbers in the answer. There are, however, an definite number of values for p, g, 7, 8 that will result in precisely the same values of », ¢, %, y, When reduced to the lowest terms. In fact, any values of p, 9; 7; 8, of the modulus p=mp'-+Snq 5 ~=—np!- mg! 5 r=mr'3ms 5 a=—nr'+- ma ; will, after dividing, result in the same values of v, % t, y, since m snd ‘n thus disappear, and the general expressions for », 2,» y, remain of precisely the former modulus. ‘Thus, if p', q’, 7’, #', be respec- tively 6, 14, 7, 14, and m=1, n=2; then p00, g=2, r=01, s=0, and the same answer results, after dividing by (n?49n)=169. It HM, PST, I=14, m=, n=; then p=462, g=142, r= 3; and now, if m’: 4, then 651; all w : We have given a successful method of finding two cubes, whos: 3618; or rather, in the first instance whose difference= 18.8618; and here we desire to add, that when such cubes are tegral, they may be found by assuming f-4-g, and f—g for the roots, when the sum is an even number; or 4(f-+g) and 4(f—g), when the sum is odd In this ease it is odd; then 4 +9)-+4(—g)= 13.8613; consequently, fU*+39?)=4.18.3613, Now, sinee 8619 is a prime number, evidently greater than , Jf, if an integer, must be one of the factors, 1, 2, 4, 13, 26, or 52. ‘On trial, we sueceed only with 13=/, in which case, g=69, and thenee 4(f+-g)=41, and 4( f—g)=—28, as before found. An investigation for a different answer. We have, on the first page, Srg—Sps)(7-+3s"), prt-9qs)(r'+ 86) (p39, c=(8rq—3pa)(p*+3q"), and 24-85) —( prt 3gs) p34"). Let us now make 7*-++3s' divisible by p*-37’. This is done by put- ting r=8n'g-+n’p, and s=m'g—n'p ; for then r*439" becomes (nian!) p82). By substitution, we obtain a=8n' (n+ 8n'?)(p4-897), Ht (m2+3n*)( p+3gy—( p39"), c=8n'(p?-+39")), and da=(ml* 310°) p+ Bgh)—m (pr 99'P iding now by the common factor (p*434"), we have ("+30") =Bgh( S487"), i f°-+99}—, P39) fF? 5 that is, after pniting +h, and multiplying by it, ‘Whenee, (and changing signs for positive numbers) we have the following theorems : ° A(39—S WP 3G) +B, (BIT P89),4 PPI, y= lg + FFB) with the least numbers, we soon find that with f=5, 14, the least values of ¢, 2, 10, y, to answer the ques- tion, will result. ‘Then v, 2 1, yy will be, respectively, 96138, 49686, 99225, 82487 ; which, by dividing by the common factor 7), become 654, 338, 615, 221; so that (654)*+(398)* (675)*4-(221)*. These are smaller aumbers than those before found, within the relation to produce affirmative results. But, in attempting to find two different numbers, u and x, such that 24 he same sum, by either of the methods herein before employed snecessfully, we fail, We are, therefore, in this instance, driven to the following prolix, but equally = own method: i) CSP) in which, substituting «675, and =221, we obtain 216585 8321162081 crys ey (ae) —(C ae) ae and from another equally well oe Theorem, we next have Ui (2a —)p 20 capa, (LUE erin 222165852975, 198321162031 sig” Wherefore, It is known that 4-0) d= U(Ga—V)__ 2667483866296141146514629941994412921894289729 40394172755 45528801 152791 084460320430000824 2602716340775 710655927372968837366417 12234175, “F030 7275545528801 152791084460320436090324 We have now the numeral values of 1, vy 1, 4 y, such that Pepe 4y=42; and, at the same time, those of x, y, % are such as to insure all the numbers, in answer to the proposed ques- tion, to be affirmative. Multiplying all the numbers by the com- mon denominator, in the above fractional values of w and 2, we get integral values, as follows: 2667488860296141146515620941904412021804289729, 2641778898200775804813925:6023704950520071896, 1=27 26608660993252001528138982010716294460968700, == 126027 103407757 1065592737296883736641712234175, y=802711217895561884944766829605730816375901604, 2=1805823089194988765209043380547588307398520512. ‘These numbers are believed to be prime to cach other, and are, therefore, irreducible by any common factor; and, if substituted in the notation with which we set ont, namely: HetP—2), HOP), HAL 2), He, or (because y is odd) in the equivalent expressions Mp2), AV +2), Matty te), Bt), will give four numbers such as are required.in.this problem,5 2. Kind three integral numbers in arithmetical progression, such that their common difference shall be a cube; the sum of any two, diminished by the third, a s ec; thesum of the roots of the required squares an 8th power; the first of the required squares a Tth power, the second a 5th power, the third a hiquadrate, and the mean of the three required numbers a square. Solution, Let [@—24-1y', (@-4-1y", and (p24 1y"].-- Lah, represent the three numbers in arithmetical progression, their com- mon difference being ay, ‘Then mnst { (@—2e-1)y'=C] -.. [1], @+D7=O - (2h and (x4-2e+Dy=C]-.. BB) }... CA [1] and [3] are squares. To make [2] a square, let 2?--1=(a—p)*s then will yp. This value of x in [A] changes it to v=wat) ” 5, (ZERPRLY (B= )'y.0, GEN eo, (CB) (6) }- Dy all squares; the sum of their roots being a) ye [7 Let y=p*, then [2] and [7 2 =) *... [8}, & [o} @ 4¢ (10), and (ye. (11) }..-£}. CU]is asqnare and {io} a biquadrate when pat. Putting g-+1 for p, (10) and a (11 will be (F- P2g-i)et. [12], and (Sop3g+ 1)... (13). 1, then = AED. 24rF 1)", 12(-41), this value of g in [13], we obtain Gamyet py tt become Assume £4 2q-4-1—=( Substituting Adding these terms, and rejecting the square denominator, the result is dr$24° 44444367413, which make=(2r"-tGr-+2)'; 3 a(r+1) 2 I BRS + Substituting this value of p in [@], we shall have {aves (14) $12. [15], 7... Clo), LF. [17] $.LD Hot, and [D] becomes { 31.110"... [18], 4111". , Tae... [20], 11%... [21] }...,[ZJ, and the common difference, 2y°=360.11" 0"... [22], To make [22]. cube, let « s.3u%; then [Z’] and [22] change to { a1.1125%.ao. .. [28], 41%, IPSR.aO (2, TTESa®... [25], IS"aet ... 26). 15898208... PT]... LF]. sath power when » B1118549%, which changes [7"] to 4 SP.135%.3"%e%... [23], 41. SV41T5".5"™ 8%. [29], THAI 115.574.98N ...[30], SIT SMM... [BI], SIMI... [92]... LA]. ‘To make [29] a 5th power, put w—4P.AT411%5.90, and the expressions in [@] become, respectively, 1*.S 9 119.55,9% (4131941 19.50,3!%08);, (41 318.1155 95796)—(419.91.1159.58, 940), (C4131 1199.72.50) (4154.91 98,118,551, 9°90)6, then will 8, and p=!6 41%. 317°.11 59,990 (41 31.1158. 9E%), 41™.9148,1 10.53, 1 p20 (419% 5 16,1 1517 mL OF, In the last five lines above, eight of the nine required powers are found; it remains to determine the required numbers; the mean of which will be the ninth of the required powers. Since +=(p*-1)-+-2p, p=9, and y=pe, the expressions in [at] are 1321+, 16812, and 20412. But 211" changes them to (19211140, 168.1", 2041.11")... [17]; v=5%3:0" makes these 1321.11.53", 1681.11%.5".3%o%, and 2041.11.55! and =31.11325%, transforms these last to 1821.18. 119543", 1681.31°.1152.5%4. 3008, 2041.31. 118452, Finally, w=41°.31411°5.9%; hence, the numbers sought are 1521.4 1.310,1120,59, 91972001391 (417 31) (LISS, (418.3179. 11%5™.9%C)—1 6814 FBT), 20461.41.5148,1 1,5, 310/0"—0041(4 the numbers being simplest when ¢=1. Note. [10] may be made a 4th power and [11] a square by other methods. Ifthe quantities within the parentheses be multiplied by 4, the result is 2p"4-4p—2=} ... [2] and 6p\2=[].... [b}- Let y-1=p3 then [x] and [i] become BVPI BME; 2y'+-89+4=0) - [a'], and 6y?4-129-+-4=0); - 1 Subtracting [x’] from [b'], and factoring the difference, we obtaia g(4y+4)=(u—d)(a-$b). Take qa—b, and 4g+4=0+5. Adding these Ovo equations we haye «=(69-+4) +2, Substituting this value of a in (b'), and reducing, we find 7=8, and thenee p=! To find a third value of p, put ++9=p'; then the quantities én the parentheses of [10] and [11] become 28-4408-+169=C]=" [Ad], ami Gs? 1085-4 484—| [c} Multiplying [a] by 11%, and [e] by 7, to make the Geet squares 169 and 484 equal, we obtain 242s 48408 23716—d . .. [A'], 24s 5292eb 29716... [e"} Subtracting [d'] from {e’], and factoring the difference, we have H52s$452)=(C—d)(c+d). Put s=e—d, and 5284452=c+d5 then, by subtraction, d=(518+452}+2. Substituting this valne of d in [0'], and reducing, we find p’=1§33- 8. Ibis required to find three whole numbers in arithmetical pro- gression, such,that their common difference shall be a cube; the sum of any two, diminished by the third, a square; and the sum of the roots of these squares square. Solution. Let %—ay--y*, ety? and 2tpay- hyp represent the numbers in arithmetical progression, whose com- amon difference is zy; then must e—2eyt PO). 1h PD... [2], and stp oxyty| [1] and [3] are already squares, and [2] is a square Ww “st and y=2re, y being taken >. Whenee, by substitu tion, [1], [2], ana [3}, are changed to {3}7 (Hr perspeyy, 8, the sum of whos: nd (Pp 2ra PF roots, +-4rs-+#... [4], must be a s Take =, : a.eube... [5]; and the assumed numbers become, respectively. 12d p67, 288M E77, ana 22M. |p). ame But [5] must be a enbe, which is the euse when s=3.10%, for then re Ce). cube; and (6), (7}, and [8], become 132 417972656250, 1681 539187 8900DE, 20s 5785156250; where ¢ may be any integer— the least numbers being when t=1 Tf s=2°.3.10°%, or t==2"!, the above mumbers became 132].10°.6'e—1712016000000000", 1681.10'6¢0 60000000002, 2041.10'64e"=2645 136000000000". Substituting the values of %,, and y, in terms of 4 and taking V2, expressions (1}, (23, [2}, [4 [5}, become E18} to [22) inclusive, and [6], [7], and [3], become the three expressions x [20], in the solution of probl 16N1.5584, amd 2041.54.30, for the t, in the second condition of problem 2. 7th power... (1), ath power... (2), ‘== 4th power... (3), and the suum of the roots of these squares, 11 ni 8th power... (4) (3) is already a 4th power, and expunging the 7th power fretors from (1), th extracting the square root of (4), wi atth power... (5). APSE a oth pow abiqnadrate ... (7). (i) is solved by taking Whence, by substi (@) becomes 31.11.54. a Tth power, and (6) becomes 4P.11%5'3u'= a Sth power, or, expunging the 7th and 5th power factors, ax before, SIELIES'RW= a Tth power... (8), APATOW a oth power... (9). Take v=3141 is satisfied. (9) then becomes £1.8161 15! cancelling 5th power fhetors 414.81.112543%r- Hence o=41°.914.117.9%% solves (10). Retracing, we have °=A"S1.1 185.3%, 2 USHA TTS TM, ASSL 1543119.1195 586.9000, 10310, p29 505, gh, three squares sor ‘Then must ion, Hc, 19,3 300, 19,5 14m 200 m, 1+ IAL, 1681, and 20LI, satisfy all the conditions,8 4. To find » consecutive numbers of the natural series, such that the sum of their cubes shall itself be a enbe, n being=a enbe. Solution, Let x represent the first number in the series, then must 8-61) H(84-2)-+(ep adie, to (e--n—1)'=eube. ‘To obtain a more manageable expression for the sum of this series, (22 DY’, ode. to eayp=(S) * and ye (ape we know that 18-224-544-e. to n= andy ot. that 14 hence, that 17-24-34 &e, to (pn Wherefore, the sum of all the eubes of the required series of n Nos. wil be represented by (EEN)? (ET +. (ohn DRrenyt (1a But the difference of two squares is equal to the produet of the nd difference of the roots; therefore, [1 (v-ta)+- Oye +n—Ne+n) Da} Or, RELL Dee (n—Ln Oren), Here, 2 is, evidently, a factor of @; and since » is a eube number, #, ¢ iva factor of a3 and we may represent 4u* by 40%, and substituting # for», sud dividing the equation by @, it becomes : [22 $2 PT) (AICP) king the multiplication in the left-hand member, and also mul Hiplying both sides by 2, the eq 1201) 24-4 C1201) +9818 eube, Now this being one of those cubie formulas, irreducible by means of an assumption that will destroy Geo terms, we must avail our- es of the next expedient, viz., the vanishing only of the term 1, in accomplishing this, in order that the utmost advant- division by factors may be had, that is, that the resulting ple by (t—1)(t-+1), let us assume [(-£1)4-1](t—1); then will YET (ALBEE 26 (Pp BEE BHT) wii, Equating these two equal cubie expressions, rejecting the on terme 8%, and transposing, we have 2} YADA L LLP 242) (C1) (89). Ae 1ye—( ?, cube. a, equation x ale Or, o—1) = 2.01) Obvious n is divi Ile by Cf, and also by #1, and it reduces to 1A 2(t oe 2820-4 108 +48, Multipl, ig (th 2-410) to both sides, the quantity on the lefcchand side will necessarily be a complete synare; and the result will be [12 6244-10} + ee (6F ed 8288 46+ 8-4 (20-2), 2+ 10) 27-2, nad n, or n must be a cube number.9 5. To find a cube mmber of numbers which are cubes whose roots are consecutive numbers of the natural series. ion. Let (e—[n—1)), @—[n—2)), (9a. st : Soltetion. ran y Ser wean odd series’ of ene numbers whose roots are’ conscentive numbers of the natural 32 being the middle te Then, begining at this term, the sum of one term is # Also, the stim of three terms is G=1P-be8 + (mp Ui 3b ry at of five torms is (r-2)-(= 1) (eb 1) Th Tike maumer, the sum of seven terms is and the sum of nine terms is so eleven terms is 9°} 180° 1143800 lat 546r, be. ao. the sum of for the nth term of the. seri and the (71th term of th 2°—31-Ln. But the problem 's that [1] shall be also that Zit shall he a cube, Let 2u-1=p: then 1471). and by substitution, formula [1] becomes, pape vv, 5, 7,9, 11, 1 ‘ies 6, 30, 84, 180, 330, eutbes or, dividing by y', =a embe: a De aeube when w=}. Let e=y-+), then by substitution, mnultiphyt amvanging the terms, we have 8 yt yep Whi py (rat (pI pe =o aR o 6 Here the‘value of must be in secutive numbers: be effected by taking p ee any uumbe 5 then, using the negative 95,4 . Substituting these values in the oriyinal series, we have 34, 85, 36, 156, 157, 158, for the roots of 125 conscentive cubes of the ural scxies of nos. Using the plus sign, then or 179, and by substitution we have 213-855, for th roots of 4 cubes which fallill the conditions. Ty, then using the menus sign, =H, we have 1381 cubes: and using the plus sign, p: and We shall have 2197 cubes. Now to find an ev hes, we have only to add to formula [1] the ter ‘ series next to [-Q—1)P, ¥ A then we sh (20184 (Bi 812 aren) acube, But 2u must also be 1 cube. and by substitution, we have peAp 2 which, after dividing by p*, and multiplying by 8, becomes SAEED CHP sey which let=2rtyr)%, Redueing pee 2-3 this we find >=? in order to have « integral, p may be taken any even number, cept 6, and its multij Let y then 1, n=4. Substituting: these values in the original series, we have —2, —1, 0, 1, 2, 8, 4, 5, four of which nun nee one amather, and one is 0; whenee we have 3, 4, 5, the roots of three cubes whose sum is 6 17, ==82, and by substitution we haye 6 7, 68, 69, for the roots of 64 cubes wiswering the Connttions of the problem. Let the G1, N= 256, we have the series 406, 407, .... 917, for the roots of 512. conseen- tive eubes of the natural series of numbers. Let p10; then 1633, 500, and by substitution we have 1134, 1135, 1136, 2182, 21838, for the roots of 1000 enbes that fulfill the conditions. a ay where,10 spective sums and differences shall be squares. Solution. We have here to make #-tue==[), y'-bby=C), eC, e. ad infinitum, Let paCln%; then will 1, by substitution, 1 vidi (2, whieh is so when i WF i hy (eI), we 1, then 2-1! x this by of, and Pay ye whence, «may be y HA then r= 24, 0-255 whence, aM 625 Aw respectively: whene Also, let p= wh ines Het 2, y=, then ¢=120, ¥° 28561 = 202802214, or 91° 7, and 2, ro- 8521 -£.69360=917, or 11G'=C P's, and ie spectively: so on, ad infiniti, i. Lo tind ke w=), common value of that will bh 4 Gey ad infinitum. Solution. Tworder to solve this problem, it will be necessary to premise the following Algebraic Theorems trom Batow's The- ory of Numbers: 1. Every prime number of the form 4*++1, is the sun of two squares inv one way only ‘The square of every such munber i in one way ouly. 3, ‘The produet of amy two such ammbers is the sum of two squares in two ways; the product of any three such numbers is the sin of two squares in four ways; the product of any four such num- hers ix the stn of two squares in cight ways; and, generally, the product of amy (2) such munbers is the sum of two squares in 27 ways. By attending to these theorems, the following solution will be readily understood. Pot 25 then hy substitution, and expunging #4 we have 2 Bb= OD), be), Se. ad infinitum Pew and ¢=2nen; then ebay 2mn-- P(N) Also let =" +y', and b=2pq; then Abb=p£2pq-+y=(ptg)* Again, let 2: all O's; a nit problem will be satisfied, if we eam divide 2 into two squares in any 2 munber of ways, In order to do this, it will be necessary to solve the following problem: “To divide a given square number into two other square munbers”. See Baxzow, p. 460 Let Atavt=the given square, and c*, m', be the required squares Are, and Ar ve, snd A~ Iso the sum of two [Y's then AV = Aaswone Ahnu wot. om te sequal, 2 may be taken any pnw eet a prime numb whieh is the sum of two sq} ively equal to cach sunt of two sq vided, we shall y 2a the same number of different ways, for whicl nay be prut successively, nt-bat, pty, rst, &e. ‘The different values of 2oun may be put successively: ti bye ole. Let A= P4-3%, being the sunt of two squares im ae 9 Let AR5.18=855 then 52-14 1 74%, and putting p’, 1/, successively squares, we shall we munbers, cach of , or produet of two or mor ws then pq res into which A or 2 en he di- values of ry a3 whence also, hei HE put swecess: nn, Boy, Bs, ee, he ront of each set of two 60, = 25, re Mi, oO, 3; whe the sum of two squares in sor Ww BAT=1105; then 5-2-1, 1 we TPE (98 TEEA, 5.17 POET OY 1RAT. 22 TIP 10 14? 45%, LO5== BSP A aaa oI IDE LP 28 and putting p’, ', successively=the roots of each set of two C's we shall have the following values of *, , viz., 884, 663; 1020, 1 520, 975; 272, 1071; 952, 561; 468, 1001; 1092, 169; 1100, 195; 700, $55; 264, 1073; 576, 9435 TH4, 8175 L104, 47: whence a= the stun of two squares in Hhirteen ways In like manner, if z=the product of four the sun of two simares; then, taking the factors singly, the pro- duct of every two, the product of every three, and finally, the pro- duet of all four, we shall find forty ways in whieh 2 will be diviaed into the sum of two squares; and if =the product of five such fhe tors, we shall, by proceeding as above, find one Irandred anil tiene ty one ways in which 2 will he divided into the sum of two [Ts Promising that the subseript fignres represent the No. of factors used, we have the series Jy, 4p. 185,404, 1215. 364 i De extended aul infinitiin, by mau . in the series by 8, and adding 1, to find the next succeeding te nm is tors, each of whit Having thus found the values of z, «, J, ¢, de. in the expressions #4us[), P2b=[, #te—L), dbe, if we umltiply these expressions by w==e, we shall solve the original expressions us Ch, athe Cy ater de. Note. If 2=5.5.18~ 825, then 524-14, 13-87-24, 5. PAR, BR SOFREE TAY and 5.5.12 1B G=15'+-10% The last set is in the s tio as 84-24 will give the same values of r, 7; therefore, there are but 7 Ww: in which # can be divi led into the sum of two squares. We sce from the ahove solution how to construct expressions of this kind to any extent we please, so ax, having given the valuesaw of «rb, 6 ete, to find a, and thence 2 8. It is required to find any » square numbers such, that if the root of exch be either added to or subtracted from the respective squares, the sums and differences shall be squares, Solution. Let a'x*tar=(), by'bhy=O, ¢# be], ete., ad infinitum, Here we will solve only the ease «2*kae=[]. Put ss which be- Sparse’, then red ing put in the expression of CO. Diviai (Js which is so when w=--tu. Let m==n—«, then, by substitution, shave a4 22 \'s whenee »—222g429) , we have u-}-2e—=D= (e2 ») 5 whene ae where w may be taken=p* or unm pi apy— 9, ad Y Py py we let p=3, g=2, then « and (J). Again, Tet p= nd y, respectively: then J; Aso, let p=1, g=4, then o and z, respec gs and (348)"-£84$==(244)%, and ($48), and so on, 9. ‘To find a ronnon value of a that will make a'ettue=[), D. @eter=[), ete., ad infinitum, Solution, Dividing these expressions by o, 0°, tively, and writing o', #', ¢, ete., for the reciprocals of a, By ¢ Ole. respectively, we have O, wti¢2=D, ete. ‘These expressions are of the same form ax those in problem 7, the only difference being that the values of a 6, ¢ ete., are integral in Ty and a’, B',¢, ete.,in this, are fractional; «being n both. L then substituting and expunging #, we have d infinitum, nit2mn-bn?=(mtn) pq then #0 =p'+2pq+q'=(p9) And let 2=r* fe", and e'=2rs5, th =r bors +8=(r-£9)', ete. Here, as in problem 7, all the conditions will be satisfied, if we can divide # into two squares any (7) number of ways; method of doing which has been given in the solution of problem 7. Let us subjoin a few examples of problem 7; as this is easily changed to 9, they will ilinstrate hoth. See problems 11 and 12. 5 then, by Theorems on p. 20, we have PLB, 5.13 65=8'f Th 4, 184-2=17-4-6'=15'+10% This last set being in the same ratio as 34-24, as befire stated, gives the sume values to ¢, 60, yi, und n=2pq4-29"; whenee m= 84), (reo) ete, respec= 204, 0253, °? 2ow=103224—=g. a= (825)'101400=207025 and 4225, or (455)*, (65)%, #£b=(325)'. 75000180625 ”? 30625, °? (425)', (175)', 162409 °? 48841, ”? (403)*, (221)% '325)*4:50400=156025 °? 55225, °? (895), (285)", (325) 198025? 19225, °* (445)%, (115)%, (825)'-+ 29256128881 ** 82360, ° (350) (287), (325) 108 08849"? 2401, "7 (457), (49). 3y considering this solution we readily see how to construct the following problei (B). Make .e'£101400- 56784. 50400e=[}, "924008: (, atse10a224e We see also how to find the value of , when «, 4, ¢, &e., are given ‘Take any 6f the given qui 6; then we have 2om==25250, and vrr—=11028=22.9.3.17 19, Put e=2.2.3.3=36, & w= 17.19=328; then P=v*4-m'==06°+.928°=325%, which No. will atisfy all the eonditions; whenee 2-2 ix known. (e). Let ==0.5.17=425; then 5=2" 41417441, 5.5: 3%, 5 94-2746, 5.5.17. 61320" 45%, ‘The last set being in the same ratio as 44-1, will, as stated in the Note on page 11, give the same values of v, 9. then v=3 =4120, w= 65 e804, w= 297 v=416, w= 87 400854025 and 7: or (695), (85), 330625 °? 30025, "(575)", (173), 7730 ?? sBs2t, ?” 52), 9225" 42025, °* (905), (2 225 7? 126025, °” (485), ( 61201? 49, "2 (GOI), 7, 25)'-E72984 253009"? 1osz41,** (503)', (829)! s Solution we easily eonstruet the following problem: (d). Make £173400r=(}, €£150000-=[), 2: 97104 138600r—D), #*54600—[ J, 7180576. 7 Wee see, also, how to find the value of w, when’, 6, ¢, et Take any of the given quantities, as, ¢ g'971045 then Put e=2.3.2.3.17 408, w= (408)'4-(119'=(428)', which’ number satisfies all the conditions simultaneously; whence a2" is known, Henee, also, we sce how to solve the problem, (e). Make °-(101400=(), 2*—(75000)-=[], a*(s0784)—[). Here, «—(101400)=(«-+101400)(e—101400),_ »°—(75000)= (eg. 75000)(« 75000), and (56784) (a4 BbT84) e508). Let #==#"; then it is evident that we have to make 2E10140 #75000==[], #-:56784=[]; for if each factor is 417], the product is also aC) ‘The problem is now the same as (b). 25)'54600 425) 180576:u 10, Find three square numbers in arithmetical progression, such that if from each its robt be subtracted, the three remainders shall be rational squares. HISTORY. Sear as we know, thle problem wa oreinally published In the Ara. 22%, cin, represent the numbers required, Then, by the conditions, [ee —1r= (), Behr... (2), and teraO... (8)]. 2. (©). Put @s*—ae=sniat; then will or + (). Putting this value of z in (2) and (8), and muhiplying by («*—m*), they become, respectively, +B). and @e—(u@ jue)... (8). The “Hu, ut either of these valutes of m renders & infinite. ubstitnted tor vin (5) and (6), we havo e207 MOAT)... GZ), and et 2aren-CH=L) + Be take ah—np for the root of (7), and we Substitn 1g this value of n in (8), and inuttiplying by @ ep -aie=T... (10). Assuming ep*-2uhp—ahe for the root of (10), we have we obtain ofp Lsulep sabe 2aq2b— epic abe b pes -()). But if ep'—2uhp—uhe be taken for the root of (10), we have wa 1. ah pe sor Oy ema FA) = (12), If we substitute for x in (12), its value as shown in (8), we shall get or, since m*==atsc2unpnt, = Da jap pEo pes) 19). Tf, in (13), we substitute for p its first value in (11), or that in (11"), using the -+ sign in the binomial factors of the denominator, we shall find 4 (ub ae—be)—sabe? }* Bataan ab—be (ab—urPbeyab+ac—be) *** (4): When the relation between 2 ¢, is stich as to make the numeri- cal value of @ in (14) negative, (C) becomes [a'e-fa2=(].... (1, u+bexl]... 2), de ber=t]... 8]... (C)s then («b—ae—be)P—dube 4 18 abatb—ae—hej(ab—aer be) (abpue—bey *** )- This shows that for such positive values of a, 2, ¢, the conditions of (C) are impossible, by the general method, when positive an- wets are required, and that (C) must be ehanged to (C'), that the problem may be possible; a’, B'%, 2%, being three square num- Jers, such, that if each be wdded to its respective root, the sums will’be rational squares. Whence, promising that represents the square root of the ce6 numerator of (14), and ZB the product of the trinomial factors of the denominator, the required squares, in both cases, will be ex cue (see) ee ire), Ottbex (sz) (Wb 2atbe—2alte—Butd}-2abet+ oy, eatbe, (san (8096 —20%e—2ube—uPe + 2ad'e—Ve}, Again: if, in expression (13) we put for p either its sccond value in (11), or that in (11'), employing the — sign in the fietors of the denominator, we obtain the sime value for x: a, 6, ¢ beng any numbers whatever. Since w, 6, ¢, may be interchanged with- ont altering the value of a, it is evident that this process will give but one value of « that, will fulfill the conditions in (C); but other values of p may be found by substituting acbe—ab __2abe_ eI ae be—ab? FOr P result square; the values of p, thus found, will produce other values of # that will fulfill the conditions in (C). Since the numerator of a is a square, and the denominator divis- ible by a; 4, ¢, the square of the numerator of x will be the com mon numerator of az, bz, cx; therefore, when a'a*—ux, Ga*—dz, a? —er, are squares, if the denominator of aay, bx, e2, be subtracted from the numerator, the remainder will be a square; but if a%a-+ ax, BtLbe, cer, are squares, the sum of the numerator and denominator of az, bs, cx, will each be a squ 11 (10), and making the To fulfill the conditions of the problem, a'z*, 6 my Ca Oty Ox al progression, and have punging a, «, 0%, ¢, must be in arithm such relative values as to make w positive. @= (p72) — 194, P=(pH1)'Z, C=(p'—2p-+1)¥, are in arithmetical progression; and to obtain the least numbers for the numerator and denominator in the fractional value of 2 let p=T, and g=}; then a=31, 6=25, and e- Or we may take a@=( Ores, F(A b ey, rs—s')'; in which the val- ues of rs, rs, being substituted for r,s, give the same vahtes of a,b, ¢, or the same multiple of those values; and any multiple of the values of @, d, ¢, will give the same value of a Ifr=4, =%, thon will a=—17, 025, e=31; but if r=7, and s=1, then wi a=s4, J=50, o: Substituting either of these three sets of : ; (804571) values for a, 0, 6, in (14), we find ep oaTeoo : (soss71)* 1 gtet ane: (SO4971-BIS871) * 7 (GHr70REBSFON ANE —= KGET z 08525400) (864571) ae 864571554118) * » 0 Bemaprmanmye 8 (Torna) # pn (864571)! (eum 26829) * : ee—aspivavTe0” = —e= | S551 ps007 800, ‘These are the least numba Toots, ait, dir, ein, are take that have yet been found, when the with the positive sign; when reduced16 to a common denominator they bevome 12707211288697 _ (4642579407797 = \Tronocagare00) > 4 = (yor oasaTE00, im (2ensronsa0z028) aa 11976750769075) * = (irorrora9aT800, == 1011044931800, 23171978435271 10786682585620) * ete (Formiraatcon) > or (TanoneneTan ‘The product of the sum and difference of two quantities being alent to the difference of their squares, the numerator of (14) y be exhibited under a different form, which has the advantage * of symmetry, of corresponding more nearly with the denominator, » and of showing, xt a glance, that «, 6, ¢, may be interchanged, but the change of form introduces radicals; all of which, however, dis- appear upon performing the multiplieations indicated. We have (ab—ue—be)— sub =(ab—ae—be+-2¢y/ ab)(ab—aee-be-2ey/ ab) = { ab—(ur—20y/ bb be) $.4 ab—(ae-+ 2ey/ab+be) 4 ab—(y/aemy/be) $4 ab—G/ ue be? $ =G/ab—y/ae}y/be) (/ubpy/acy be)(q/ub—y/0e—/ be \(y/ ub+/ ae-+/b0). 11. If, instead of three [7] Nos. in arith, prog., we should wi ‘Yo find three [] unmbers, @e, He, G2, sucb, that (etal, Besbr=D, &. {6}, the value of x, in [14], fulfills oe (aly three of thes Datpyo-+p)? the numerator of which being a square, we have only to make the snm of the numer, snd denon. a C), in order to have a@@—ar=D). Since the denominator is neyative, the sum of these is found to be pi —sbyp—bulp>Abip—Aabip +e - [16]. 2b any ing p*—20p—ab for the root of [16], p- he But from (11°) p=” wi(uce2b) a . [18]. Putting this value of¢ fore in [14], ing by 8, and dividing both numerator aud denominator of ght-hand side of the resulting equation by 160%, we obtain eEAb) OS TE) KBE tion is a square, we have only to make the difference between the numerator and denominator a [), in order to make O44 be=(. This difference is —Tu'4-40a'*+160, which must be a If 0=1, this becomes —7a'-4-40«?-+16=()... [19]. This is aC] when ¢=+2} let, .*. a=f+2, then [19] will become-i/*—367— 129/°-O1F EAL}, which put—=(QP4F-+8)*s then J=-}f, and Since the numerator of this frac PPIs but V1, « fei 1s: 6:11, We may, there. fore, take a=6, and 6=11; then, from [18], c=%4%. Multiplying a, 6, ¢, by 53, to obtain integral values, @=6.53, '=11.53, e=7.66, 8580° ast ‘These values of a d, ¢ in [14], give 78015072 142014688" Bat if 2, [19] becomes —7/*-567°—12477+ 64F+-04=D),fp. Therefore, 1, and from [18] 6.48, 0 values of a, Li: 673 11.” Tf a= omy. i Waltintying 2, e by 43, we'may take 1143, e=—1L12, and from [17}, p=—24p42, The: ost 4, p, in [13], give x fulfills the five conditions in [0]. Other values of # may be found by writing vty for a, in [19], and making the results squares. Similarly, others may be found. 12. [fit were required to find a common value of 2, so that @x-Lar=O), Pettbe=Q), Cxer=Q), cbe., ad infinitum, we ve- mark first, that all the prime numbers contained in the formula dct, are each the sum of two squares; which eall tf stj + waa, &e., successively, where r, sy 95 4", Hy nny’ Nos. the’stim of whose CTs is a'prime, derived thom dee Then take a! =[C*4s8) (0-499) (9"4-8"9). 60.) (9 L8), af [048° (e492) "? Fa"2) dee} (r? $52), eral Ont at) OPES) a8) a edt be ke, Either of these two values of © Taking the factors r2-+8°, r/*+9/2, and putting /—2, thse general expressions will be aw. analy, ronan ny ot + to Go A), As the ino. of, nw ich ##--s# ean be divided into the sum of two [7's is infinite, we ean find as many expressions like the first two in [B], p. 16, as we choose, all having a common value of w. Since 65°=(84 14)°=(74 #)—=5'(8* 24) 1824-1995, we have, for four sets of three square mambers in arithmetical progression, (S281, (#1), (8442.8.1-12), com (PTA), PLAY, (PRT, 5(F2.8.2-99, LMP, 5H 42.3.2-098, 7 7 1FQ2.2.1-19)5 13424 PY, 13(4-2.2.1-17), ig for a, b, ¢, a, the square of thei ‘3006, an) = 65" _ (85.85)* 3000, 654 _ (65.91 asd (50) = aos0 ("tre ‘The above values of a, 8, c, substituted in formula [14], page 14, will not give 2=63%; the value of @, thus obtained, will satinty oily three of the conditions in [0]. Beeanse m*-n?+2mn=(J, and m*-n*—2mn=D, we know that m*+-n?-2mn=[}, which scems to be the base of the general prob- Tem to which these examples belong. Substituting 7—s for ™, 2re for m, we have Ppa tras ‘an expression repre- senting the extremes of three C] numbers in’ arithmetical progre: ion, (+8)! being the mean, Multiplying the last expression by (Ls), i€ becomes (F¢f-5*) (0-f-s*)*2e dra(——) (8) —O. Writing a, for (43), we obtain attdra(r*—s')2—(].... fe). Dividing [e] by the squave of the coefiicient of #, and putting « for the reciprocal of its cocfiiciont, we got a’o#-Laa=C), and so om.18 ++ (1), Bet -or=Q)... [2], and eetyesQ... [3]. - + (A) ‘The solution of the above eas formula so extensive in its application to the solution of those Diophantine Problems which require the fulfillment of six or more conditions, that we are surprised to find that no writer on Dio- phantine Alge s given it a place in his work. To the student just entering upon the study of double and triple equalities, a know!- eige of the extent to which this formula ean be used will’ be found luable; but he will search in vain in the works of Evrer, Low, LAGnaxGE, or any of those authors who is subject, for the information he requires. Solution. Let wat Putting this value of z in [2] and [3], und multiplying by (’—a'y, they become, respectively, BE (ne e\de=Q « -* [5], and ttt (m?—«)df=O) « - . [0]. These ai if ma, Tut cither of these values of m renders f triple equality produces a =m; then will wr infinite. “If n-Lu be substituted for m in [3] and [6], we have Td daden-aer=L}. [7], and Ae} 2udpnfdfw—=L)... [8] ‘Taking b@—np for the root of [7], we have nse 2D} value of » in [8], && multiplying by (p\—de), we get [cif W0df—2ede)p?+ sabi +eee=l).. .[10} 2a ede for the root of {10}, and reducing, p LPL), Brom 8} eae a aa-paay 02) Substituting for 2 in [12], its value, shown in (9), we find proile : i aoa “[13]}. If in [13] wo substitate for p, its value, taken from [11), we shall obtain a= 4 (0bif —10ee Beal) — Hee Ve? - SBF COPAY COTE CAVA) (UFC IED) 4), 1,3, 4 de any values; but if their relative. values be such as to make ge negative, it solves the triple equality We? —de=Q, Be —er=Q), ee—fe=O ‘Therefore the foregoing work is a solution of the formule redial), Reber, eettfe=O, ign being taken digjunctively. efor d, b for ¢, ¢ for f, in LA}, it becomes P--ae=), bat Lle=(), Aa! fox=(}, and [14] is transformed to { (ab—a0—be—Aabe ae —gabelab—uo—boy(ab—ae--boy(ubpae—te) | U%}s same as formula [15], p. 1d. Ife be negative, the sign of the second term in each of the three formule above will be changed: therefore, when — b—ae—be)*—Aabe® oa CE ICE BT BeVaBprabey ES) (the Placing th ey bab Assuming —p* Fats OM since mt a?-|-2anput,19. ing 2* have the positive sign, and ¢: of two terms only; one of whi nultiple of 2. y of the cases, in all of which the double sign only one of ars but mnaltiple of 2%, We subjoin a must be taken digi them ean hay which of them is ‘to ibe used depends upon the relative values of C) ipeeiane Tees ones AR (a |b): oot Chae tines meer bs BE (b—oraLj, Ot (tert, AE H(u— 8) webu bide =} Baie(ere—d)r=[} or o (a FOP ee—Oy (ibe) PL 0. (C440) (oo (@40-Le bel. Le (Oe eal}, (2) Oh. 12, ponds —T! weeza-op=( 13. ete, Oetaenbe =O, "1 Li. aktsem(a-b-pe)e: vee 15, tet (a—B)a=O], ( 16. bt Lael], CHP LOL], Cie In abc a(a-Da=O, ebexts(a+ es PAG LOAD. 18, (afd) tae=O), (a fe) Phe =O, (Of eet bee 19. (46) £(U4-B)e=O (He 0) ECA ee Go H(4-er=O. 20. (a—by(e-b)2=O, (eC odor $=; 4, 6d GK myo, py having any values, exeept in 9, 10, 11, where they must be such as to erp 2 3 4 6 etH(Vfbto 7. @ 9. ti the coctivients of #? [> Formula [15] solves No. 1, of the shove eases. To solve No. substitute J for d, ¢ for ¢, in (1.4J3 then will 4 (el Be . BAVC Fe Hui bie (ABEL cae) UNT To solve No. tee for d, a tore, dfor,f, in [14]; then 4 WBE VEY 0 RAP GT— OPA DPE alte] To solve No. 4, put « for d, 6, and fy in [14], Bet mst ti9}. Nah pa — FeV Yo solve No. 5, write b-Fe for d, a-te for ¢, and -h for J, in [14]; then we shall have { [aba I —arer(u SG PLTT (aD) MA 0) EU FELT |b) sec (ah e)(b-Le) }* _ FEED Ra FOYT ATT oY @:20 ‘To solve No. 6, writing a-+d-Fe for d, ¢ and f, in [14], snd dividing numerator and denominator by (ab-+e)%, we get : 4 (uih'— ae Vie) Ae $8. (GLb), 2 SAECO — PEP (CP — GET VOCE LCE—FA s hat if @ b, ¢, have such values as will fulfill the 1 Diophantino Problem, each of which is ox- pressed by homogeneoits terms of the same degree in each, the re- quired power corresponding to the degrec of homogeneity; war, ba, il exe Will also fulfill the same conditions, whatever value a may ale [15]... . [21], inclusive, show the values I satisfy the vonditions of either of the equalities shove, numbered 1, 2 8 ¢té. ”, by ¢ having any values; therefore the values of a, 0, ¢, that will fulfill the requirenrents of any homoge- neous formule, substituted in [14]... . . [21], elusive, will give such a value of w that cx, 04, ex, will fulfill not only the eon- ditions of the problem whose term: (by the homogene- ‘ous formule, but also those of any one of the triple equalities above, marked 1, 2, 3, ete. To find three sqnare mmbers in arithmetical progression, such that if cach he added to its roof, the sum shall be a Squat Substitute for 1, b, ¢ in [15], the following formule, res) : Ps PG Pp ABS ‘The resulting value of x will be such that (2g —PP2, PEGE, (Pg — GN, will be the required squares, p andy being asstmed at pleasure. Itp=4, be neg: 140 Th'the thtvce squares are to be in geometsical progression, place ru tor}, and rv fore, in [15]... 4 CS harmonical progression, write, in [15], p— epg ey, M2 g + py —pt Is of the formule in { 2}. To find three square numbers whose roots shall be in arith- progr if to cach he added the sum of the roots, the sum she square. Substitute py tor a, p for 6, p—q for ¢, in [21]; or these values for «i, 6, ¢ sani ayy for d, @, and f, in [14)., 17. Tf the roots ‘ed to be in geometrical progression, write the values of 1 4, ¢ a shown in 4 @ $, in [21]; o these values for a, Z, 6 and their sum for a, e, and f, in [14]. 18 Tfthe roots are to be in harmonieal progression, substitute rp+4) for a, py" for by p(p—g) for o, in [21]; or these values for 4,4, ¢, and their sun for d, ¢, and f, in [14]. Let ux show some of the applications to double equ 19, ‘fo find « number, such that if it be either inereased or n number, a, and the result be multiplied by the number sought, the product shall, in either ease, be a squ Let z= the number; then must 2%--ox=[), and 2—ai ‘These correspond to [1], [2], in LA], .*. a=1, d=, d=a, =I, metic Substituting theso values in [13], we find a: ane alee) Writing “ for p in this, it hecomes a:a1 Since this value of # renders @*—az and 2’Laz squares, we have for three squares in arithmetical progression, —ac, 2°, az. Writing for z, its value, these become, after obvious reductions, 270, OLS), aL 2rs—s)* If axl, r=2, s=1, we have 1, 25, 49, for three such squares. 20. To find two square numbers whose sum shall be a square, such that if to the first any multiple of its root be added, and from the second the sme multiple of its root be subtracted, the sum and difference shall each be a square. Let az? and 6%" be the required numbers; then must @2-+-maz=[), and Bt—mbe=O), @x4 O42! will be a square if a=r—s, b=2rs. Writing, in [13], 7s" for a, 27s for b, m(r—s!) for a —Smrs for ¢, we find a= p'—2antraly®—a8) PLP PF mr — 8) — Imre —F pH If the difference of the squares is to be a square, take « b=2rs, If one of the roots is to be added to its square and the other to be taken from its square to produee the required squares, =I. 21, To find two squave numbers such that each, when added to their product, shall produce a square, if to the first its root be add ed, the sum shall be a square, and if from the second its roat he subtracted, the remainder shall be a square. a=18n, 6-32», satisfy the first two conditions; substituting 18n for d, —32n for e, in [13], the problem is solved, 22. To find three square numbers, sich that the stm of any twvo of them shall be a square. Let mi(n*—1)', (2n)?, n'(ne A} be the required squares: then the sum of the Ist and 2d is m®(u*+1)=[), sum of 2d and Ad is ni(n--1P=[], of Ist and 8d is. mn%(m2 En!) tn pan pr Let m==pn; then, substituting and dividing by »*, we hav P(p+1)n'—4p'n' tp" =O), this is so when »=b1. Tet w== q—1; then substituting and arranging the terns, we have PUP ENE APA PDP OP + Dr Plot PAY =D A ry *P, we find Putting this=[(p"—1)—2p'g-+ A(p'—1) T < ts the root 3 whenee n=2 are, after expunging the common fretor, or divisor, (3"—1)%, Sp(p'—1), 2p(p*—A)(8p"—1), (P*—1)(p*+4p +1) ("4p $1), where p may be any ninber >> 1. Let p=2; then the roots of the required mumbers are 240, 44, and 117. Writing a=44, 6=117, e=240, and substituting in [15], we find avalue of m such that «fr, 2%, ec, fulfill the conditions of this problem and those in Case 1. ‘The above values of a, b, ¢, substi- tuted in [U7], [18], -...[21], produce other sets of munbers. ‘They also solve Case 9, for they make squares of the coefficients of x’, Tf we write «’, B, ¢, for the cocflicients of 2°; d, ¢, f, for those of, in [14], we obtain’sets of numbers that sutisfy’ any one of the 20 given Cases (exeept 10, 11), and we know not how many more, because by giving different values to d, ¢, f, the number of Cases might be increxsed sine limite.22 28, Tt is required to find four square numbers such that (1) the sum of their roots shall be a square, (2) the sum of the first and fourth, (8) the sum of the second and fourth, (4) the sum of the roots of the third and fourth X@ by the root of the third, or (5) by the root of the sum of the second and fourth, (6) the sum of the first three added to three times the third, (7) and the sum of all four added to three times the third,— shall’all be squares; (©) the produet of the thind and fourth nddea to the product of the first and second, (9) to the product of the first and third, (10) to the product of the Second and third, or (11) to the sum of these three produets,—shall produce squares; (12) any one of the Nos. added to the sum of the roots of the other three, (13) the square of the sum of any two of their roots added to the sum of the other two roots, or (14) the square of the sum of any three of their roots added to the remaining root,—n square ; (15) also, four other sqnare nnmbers such that either of the first thr to the sum of the roots of the other three shall all be squares, snd which also shall falfill conditions 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9, 10, 11. Solution, Let «2, bet, & ext, denote the first set of four Cs} et, Bie, ete, and ete, the four square mumbers in (15). Put e=4(p9-+y9), P=2py"ty', C=g's, and =p; then must App yt [a], @py-+oe=C)... Wh, 111 Bente oy Cg 9)-+eet aT, (2) (Pte tg e=D, [i] Cr+ 6g? 9942 BB) GF +2p¢+9)"=0) [8] (9p'g'+12pq'+-4y') G) (et 7)exge=O, [9] (p'g'+4py'+-49")2¢ (5) (pte xCote)e=O), [10] Cr'y+2pq'+9") [6] Gpq'+97}e"=O), (11) (op'y+-18pq°+ 99") =| ‘These are all squares exeept [44], [b), (11, [4], [6], which rede to pt+70, Yt9=0, Pa (rts) +e Opty)+¢47) and 6p-+94=(13 [a] and [4] being identical when reduecd. ince y', pty’, and 2p-+g* will be three square numbers in arithmetical progression, we may take =trs(r—s'); then will BAKO ESRI (py tae, PpBrs—s)(A tres pg tee, ae re PPS (Map A, Substituting the above values of p and q in [6], it becomes O12 E181 27496], say=(Br*2re+Be); then 16s. ts ACng +99 Apart get (108142, Ge=Ca)'sta%, prt=(840) 027, ‘To satisfy the first condition of the problem, assume (ep b-pepeje=nis thon am'+(u+b Promising that cither the fractional or integral expres the first four of the fourteen following lines are the squares in [12]; the next xy those in [12]; the last four, those in [14]; the Second expression in each line being produced by multiplying each term in the first expression by (a0-Le-+e)-+ne, we have Cte or wimnt--ad-pe+e) + (bebe)Bunt (abetout . eee aR pepepe burp e) (week ey’, cmt abbbent sg oe wrieray asi De or enh elute) Hlapore ey pho or Amt pele FOO + EOE, ae Steers + EE OM 0 Ub bn LUE NCHA) H+, a-fejint | (b-be)m* (fa rer er fone Go-peme “Cheon pipe bey afl we (bfejint | (a WiFeFHr whet 1 oF (aoe t(a-eyb +e) ++, 1 oF (Ube) L UE) 4 ++ ey oF (bbe bebe) Hukeyy berry cee or (b-Fe)ud$ (b-be)(ubeyt (eb) te Feet a oF CoP (eC EO LUE eben emt oy (ube) (ae b-eete’, eae cetel core a ( eee’ ary acey apie or (ut bey + (a pbtoete, (best penn one sap tarepepe & rete Hatet alee (osrebeynt eft (beeen Pte nts Cant ep oF (0+ ep eynd + (be te) ‘To find m, put atu®-t (bbe pela (b-petey=(umeb be tey's then will mf, and itis obvious that the same value of 1 will fulfill all the rem: conditions. 08 s of (15), and wri 1702 for, 1081 for 520 for e, (108) +-820--840) ford, (1702 4-840) for ¢, (17 Prost ease) for f, tx for a; then must at dtr, bat pete, CPx, Place the above mula (14), if 18, put A? for the square nnmerator int for the product of the three trinomial factors in the denom ©, D, B, for the denoms., respect techn sulle apres RAI TESTER OHTA EE, 8 SERRE jab ads PEA 7m "Yo fll the a= (A) B 986403655801 1912665885891840)-> juares required to satisfy (15); sinee the values of ax, de, fulfil conditions (2,8, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11); uta, btey et satisfy the same conditions, and formal: that ata, ta, &e., will fulfill the oth nitions of (124 At Atd__AML8A%Cdv_AY/ 4, waver BeRee tate ON tebe), (8)(A4-Sacer), Hat pte=(B)(AMF-8aR0Yfe); and since each of these three binomial factors is a 2, «CP Ate (OA BEd) =(Q)'(1172597200721 6917 75449- 94691400724)*=D), §)\(A24- 8a’e%ev) = (8) *(1778601390703845600485817- 32007492), AA Setbife)—=(4)5(867665873141977567378802- 8124301400) ubers, such that if'the square of the first be aided to the seeond, the square of the second to the third, the square of the third to the fourth, and the square of the nth to the first, the respective sums shall all be squares. Solution, (1) For two numbers, «, y; then o+y=[], and ytr=O. The first expession is a square when y==22-+1, and the 2pq-+ 5g" aie OO, eto. r-1, the second when Ot dt Bet Le BOLE C024 flr 24. To find n mi second becomes 422-152-/1: Be)’, then 1 (2) For three Nos., «, 9, 25 then ‘The first expression is a square when 4: 4-8, and the third becomes 162%-+252--9=—}= Pos)’, Reducing, «= S02! y+259". (3) For four numbers, a, y, 4 003 taking ” ’ +7, the first three expressions willbe sqnares, and the fourth becomes 6422113.r+49—| = (22-1) : 7 aud thenee y, 4 10, are known. (4) For » numbers, we pereeive now the derivation of the sue- Jive assmnptions of y, % %, e., from that immediately pre- ceding, viz., multiplying the first term by 2, and the second by 2 and adding 1, as follows: #-+0, 22-41, 4-43, 8e+7, 162415, 82/21, &e., in each of whieh assumptions, the cooflicient of the first term is 4 power of 2 and that of the second, the same power of 2 less 1. Now, putting S=number of quantities less 1, the last assumption will be 2%7-+-2%—1,—the value of the nth quantity, & the square of this -}r=28%24 (9812414 1)e4 (281) (2-@ ae q areas ining quantities become ogee, agreeing with 4, then 2 MPLEN St ing with the value of 2 in (8), &o.5 in which values of & p, y be any numbers that will make the denominator positive, By putting s=1, 2, 8, 4, &c,, successively, each supposition will different value of @; thus in fhet constituting answers to as many distinet problems, each perfectly general, and from which the preceding quantities, y, 4, 1, &e., are readily found, and thence all the ¥ nown, For three numbers, let ¥=2, then the value of in (2), Kor four Nos., let