Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Volume 70
Series Editors
J. Oesterle
A. Weinstein
Analytic Number Theory
and Diophantine Problems
Proceedings of a Conference at
Oklahoma State University, 1984
Edited by
A.C. Adolphson
J.B. Conrey
A. Ghosh
R.I. Yager
1987 Birkhauser
Boston . Basel . Stuttgart
A.C. Adolphson R.I. Yager
J.B. Conrey Macquarie University
A. Ghosh New South Wales 2113
Department of Mathematics Australia
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, OK 74078
U.S.A.
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PREFACE
A. Ghosh
(on behalf of the Editors).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
E. BOMBIER! : ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15
Lectures on the Thue Principle.
w. W. L. CHEN : ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 75
On the irregularities of distribution and
approximate evaluation of certain functions II.
P. SARNAK : •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 21
Statistical properties of eigenvalues of
the Heeke operators.
Adolphson, A. Kano, T.
Alladi, K. Kennedy, R. E.
Bateman, P. Kolesnik, G.
Beukers, F. Kueh, Ka-Lam.
Bombieri, E. Lewis, D. J.
Brownawell, D. Maier, H.
Chakravarty, S. Masser, D. W.
Chen, W. W. L. McCurley, K.
Cisneros, J. Montgomery, H. L.
Conrey, J. B. Mueller, J.
Cooper, C. Myerson, J.
Diamond, H. G. Nathanson, M.
Friedlander, J. Ng, E.
Gallagher, P. X. Pollington, A.
Ghosh, A. Schumer, P.
Goldfeld, D. Selberg, A.
Goldston, D. A. Shiokawa, I.
Gonek, S. M. Sieburg, H. B.
Graham, S. Skarda, V.
Greenberg, R. Spiro, C.
Gupta, R. Vaaler, J.
Halberstam, H. Vaughan, R. C.
Harman, G. Vaughn, J.
Hensley, D. Woods, D.
Hildebrand, A. YUdirim, C. Y.
Hooley, C. Youngerman, D.
Iwaniec, H. Yager, R.
Jaco, W.
MULTIPLICATIVE FUNCTIONS AND SKALL DIVISORS
1 2
K. Alladi • P. Erdos and J.D. Vaaler
3
1. Introduction
We then have
RemMk. There are trivial cases here. If A(S) " t then A(t,S) is
the power set of S and so the permutation E ... S - E has the desired
property. If t = 0 then A(O,S) is the power set of S(O) where
3
n
T,
T(E) nE= 0 for all E c A( T, T).
{E ~ A( t, S) x E E },
Next, define
A( t, T)
and
A3 (t,S) A(t - ,,({x}), T).
We define n S as follows
t,
4
11 S(E)
t.
RemM!v., •
3. A useful inequality.
In view of (2.2) we may ask as to what sort of conditions one
should impose upon h so that for all square-free n,
Conjecture.
(1) Folt each k ) 2, thelte ex,u,v.. a cOn6tant ck -6uch that (3.1)
hold6 601t aU muUiplicative 6unction6 h -6at,u, 6'1ing
o .; h(p) .. c k ' 601t aU p.
L h(d) .. { 1 _ kc )-1
din l+c
= {I + h(p)} L h(d).
dl nip
In addition
({ d r r
(3.5)
h(d)}{ (log p) h(p) }
I+h(p)
n p n
RemaJc.iv.J •
1.) Theorem 3 proves Conjecture (1) for any c k < I/(k-I). The
case c k = I/(k-I) (part (li» is still open when k > 2
(for k = 2 this is (2.2». The analysis underlying (3.2)
shows that ~ > I/(k-I) is not possible.
h(d) <
{d n f
h(d) HI -log
-1-t h(p) log p
1 + h(p)
rl
drn prn
d , T d't p,T
8
4. An application.
Let S be an infinite set of positive integers. Define
L 1 ,
s(x, s E S
s=O (mod d)
(C-3) There exist 8 >0 such that to each U >0 there is V >0
satIsfying
9
v(d)
c 1 .. d .. x,
where v(n)
f(n) L f(p).
pin
The quantities
f(p)w(p) If 2 (p)lw(p)
A(x) L p
and B(x) L p
p';x p';x
act like the 'mean' and 'variance' of f(n), for n € S, n .;; x. Our
problem is to obtaIn a bound for
L 1,2,3, •••
n .. x
n ES
(4.1)
+ (p)
f - min(O,f(p»).
1
F (v) L 1.
x X
n';x, nES
f(n)-A(x)<V ,IB(x)
t
L (f(n) - A(x») J (4.2)
n"x
n ES
-uA(x)/,IB("X)
u(f(n) - A(x)/IB(x» e
T (x) = 1. L e g(n),
u X n';x X
n.;x
n ES n ES
11
where
(4.3)
g(n) = euf(n)IIB(x) •
S(x,g) <X 1T
p.:;x
( 1 +
(g(p) - l)w(p) )
p
. (4.4)
Cw..e 2: u ) 0 =) g ~ 1.
1
1 .. g(p) .; 1 + 2(k-l) •
1
With h as in (1.2) we note that 0 .:; h(p) = g(p) - 1 .; 2(k-l) •
Also h(pe) = 0 for all p, e ~ 2, because g is strongly multipli-
cative. So by Theorem 3
By (C-l) we obtain
Inequalities (4.4) and (4.6) combine with (4.3) and (4.5) to yield
12
T (x)
u
<I for lui.; R. For details relating to such calculations
see [2], Sec.7. Therefore by means of this method we obtain the
following extension of a result of Elliott [4],
Re.maJt!v., •
References.
K. Alladi P. Erdos
University of Hawaii, Hungarian Academy of Sciences,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Budapest, Hungary.
J.D. Vaaler
University of Texas,
Austin, Texas 78712, U.S.A.
LECTURES ON THE TRUE PRINCIPLE
Enrico Bombieri
I. Introduction.
The aim of these lectures is to give an account of results
obtained from the application of Thue's idea of comparing two
rational approximations to algebraic numbers in order to show that
algebraic numbers cannot be approximated too well by rational
numbers. In particular we will give special attention to the
problem of obtaining effective measures of irrationality, or types,
for various classes of algebraic numbers.
1.1 Notation.
In what follows we shall adhere to the following notation.
k is a number field and K denotes an extension of k of degree
r = [K:kl, with r ~ 2.
For each place of k we have an absolute value Ilv' uniquely
defined up to a power. In order to fix this power, let us consider
the inclusion of complete fields ~ c ~ arising from the inclusion
Q c k; then if v lies over the rational prime p, which we write as
vip, we want
-[kv:~l/lk:Ql
p
[k :~l/[k:Ql
Ixl = Ixl v
v
where w runs over the places of K lying over the place v of 1<. We
also write
[1<:QlI[ I< :0 1
I v 'v
v
I log lal = 0 •
v
v
1.2 Heights.
Let us abbreviate log+t = log t if t > 1, log+t = 0 if
o < t ,,1. As an immediate consequence of the product formula we
have
+
log h(a) = I log lal
v
(2)
v
where
v
I
runs over all places of k.. The height h(a) has the
following properties.
Of these. (a) follows from 0); (b) follows from the product
formula; (c) follows from log+(ab) ~ log+a + log+b; (d) follows from
max log
+
Ja. Iv
~
ifv%oo
i
and
f(x) (3)
1 211 • e
M(a) = exp( ~ J log If(e~ )Ide). (5)
11 0
log M(a)
and
1d L
.
~
log+la.~ I =
v
f
00
log+lal v
t log laol = I
vl oo
log+lal v ;
18
hence
M( a) (7)
where d = deg a •
2 1/2 1/2
M(a) " ( I la.l) .; (d+l) H(a).
1
(8)
i
" 2d M(a),
so that (8) and (9) prove that M(a) and H(a) have the same order of
magnitude.
where
Ixl = max Ix. I • (12)
v i ~ v
Examples.
In this case
(ii) a = 12 - 1 , k. = Q(l2).
and
h(a) = /12+1 = 1.55377 ••••
r r-l
(iii) a - rna + 1 = 0, m > 2.
Let k. = Q(a). Now [k.:Q] = r and a is a unit, thus lal v
if v (<XI. At <XI we have
r
for the embedding Iz c Izv+ = R, and 2 -1 absolute values v j , j 1,
r
••• , '2 -1 with Izv. C and such tha t
J
-I/(r-I)
a ~ m I;;
+ o and
If vl oo and v #vO then lal v <1 hence log lal v thus
1
= -;- log m.
Thus h(a) < mi/r and in fact h(a) is extremely close to mi/r.
J loglz-al d z
Izl v =1 v v
whe~e dvz ,u, the no~mat-tzed HaM meCl6Wl.e on the un-i.v.. {z e:!lv
Izlv = 1} 06 !lv'
If instead vr oo we have
I z-a Iv = max{1, I a Iv )
Let f(z) = aOz d + ... + ad e: /dz] and let us define the local
height Hv(f) by means of
and
22
e: 2
log Hv(f) =..:!.. log(L Uaillv) i f vl co • (15 )
2 i
Pll.o06. We have
J loglf(z) d z
Izl =1 v v
v
[~:~) 2
2[k:Q) log( J IIf(z)1I d z).
Izl =1 v v
v
Since
J lIf(z) II 2 d z
v v v
=
Izl v =1
ord f
f(z) = TT (z-a) a
a
log H (f) =
v
L (ord a f)log + lal v
a
r
L
s=O
~
[. lIa i II
2 ••• 11 a ,,2v
i
l~il< ••• <is~r 1 v s
r 2
~ 2r TT (1 + "ai" v )
i=1
r 2
~ 4r TT max(1, lail ).
i=1 v
Leala 3.
opelLatolL
24
whelte I
N i
log H(6 I f) ( log H(f) + L
t(deg V f) de gx f
v-I x v
v
whelte
t(t) - t log t1 + (l-t)log
1
!=t.
I (~) I
m
( (1 + 1 ) (1 + u)d-m
u
and choosing u -- ~
d-m·
Now we consider general heights. Let lJ v be a positive measure
on ~v with total mass lJ v (~v ) - 1 and let us define a height
h(a,l!) by
It is clear that
and
(19)
2S
Hence
1 '
~ (z) = - 1 \' 15 (z) i f vl oo
v p- L. I;
I;
where 01; is a Dirac measure at I; and where 21; runs over the
primitive p-th roots of unity; if v I00 we choose instead ~v Haar
measure on {z E: nv: Izlv = I}.
log h(a.H) 2
vr oo
10g+lal
v + p-l
1
v
f
00
2
r;
log la-I;I
v
1
= p-l 2 (2 log+ la-I; I +
v 2 log la-r;1 ) .. 0
v
r; vt oo vl oo
log h(I._~)) -- ~
p-l
by Theorem 2 we obtain
26
lord f deg f
a
and thus we can use (21) to extend the absolute value II , origin-
v
ally defined in fl, to the field K. We can now state
and
h(a-a) ~ 2h(a)h(a)
nolt all. a € k, a f o.
(ltltat{onaLi.:ty, Olt :type, nolt a/k, Itelat{ve :to v.
whelte :the (nn{mum .i..6 :taken ovelt all. adm.i..6~{ble \.l's nolt wh{c.h
e66ec.:t{vely c.alc.ulable c.o~:tan~ Cl(a), c2(a) c.an be 60und.
(22)
(23)
(24)
for some very small n(a) >0 [Feldman 19711. Further work showed
that n(a) can be made to depend only on the field K, and generalized
(24) to arbitrary extensions K/fl and absolute values v. All these
result, although of great theoretical importance, are far away from
the celebrated theorom of Roth:
di = deg
P, and where t is sufficiently small. The number of
xi
coefficients of P at our disposal is asymptotic to d 1d 2 , while the
number of equations is asymptotic to (r t 2 /2)d 1d 2 • If t < 1(2/r) we
29
PI P2 d 1+ d 2 PI td 1 P2 td 2
Ip(-,
ql
-) I
q2
<C
1
(I a 1 - -
ql
I + Ia 2- -q
2
I),
i=I,2;
The degrees d 1 and d 2 are still at our disposal and we choose them
d1 d2
so that ql and q2 are about of the same magnitude. If ql and q2
are sufficiently large, this implies that tn < 2 + E for any
positive E. Since any t < 1(2!r) is allowed, one deduces
30
n < ili + £,
la 2 _ ~I
q
> q-ili - £ for q > Q,
If we write
d1 d2
i
(jl)(j2) a j 1- 1 a j 2 -i 2 o
L L
aj j
i 1 i2
1 2
jl =O j 2=0 1 2
Siegel's L~.
LeJUI8. Let
+ alNx N = 0
+ a 2NxN = 0
32
Ax 0,
x = (x ij ), i = 1, •• , M; j 1, ••• , N
1, ••• , M, j E J.
* 1/2
H (X)
v Idet(XX ) Iv ifvl oo ,
H(CX) H(X)
wheJte l'.k. .i..6 the ab.60lu.te d.i..6 c.Jt.i.minant on k. and wheJte d [ k.:Q).
A =
( °2(A)
··
° ·(A)
, r
).
N
Assume that A is of rank rM. Then there are xl' ••• , ~-rM E k.
such that
Moreover
A= (D
where A9., is an M9., x N matrix over a field K9., of degree [K9.,: k.)
over k.. One defines A accordingly and replaces rM by L r 9.,M9.,'
9.,
the same conclusion.
35
Suppose
(1) o
for I E: (j;
(iii)
and let
I logi Pt (SI,S2)i w = 0 •
w
I log iPt(Sl,S2)iw = o.
w
In this case
37
Case (ii). w= v •
In this case
I
and now 6 P(a 1 ,a 2 ) = 0 if We write t
for t - *
T~. Let
I 1
f(x) = x log ~ + (I-x) log I-x'
so that
Subcase 1.
a b-l
We have l+a .; 0t, l+b'; 0 t. Now
dl d2 i 1 i2
• Ipl v (!) I( i 1 )( i 2 )(f3 1 - a l ) (13 2 - a 2 ) Iw
-1 a b
Subcase II. a 1+a + a T+b ;. t. In this case
+ log h(P) •
I
!:J. P(<x 1 ,<x 2 ) = 0
60ft
8- 1 ~+
d1
8 .2
d
.; t,
2
-1
60ft ¢ome 8, t .; 8 .; t
and
Then we have
*-1
+ d 2 ( EvEf (8 t) + log h(S2))
wheJte
1
E E= 0
v
if v¥oo, EVE = [1l:QJ if Il
v
R,
2
EVE = TF:Qf i f Il
v
= c.
and if T <t
then we can apply the preceding theorem to !:J.I P. This
*
I*
means replacing t by t - T and using Lemma 3 to estimate h(!:J. P).
Then we get
40
We now choose
d 18 log 1~1
~
- 6 Iv
1
1, 2.
Then we have
I
/::, P(Cl 1 ,Cl 2 ) 0
i
-1 i1
for 8 - + 8 ..1.
d1 d2
<t and
I
/::, P(6 1 ,6 2 ) 0
i i
for 8- 1 ....!. + 8 ..1. < T. Suppose that Cl 1 ,Cl 2 E K have degree rover
d1 d 2
k. We have
41
Dyson's L_.
1 2 1 2 r-1 d 2
-2 rt + -2 T .; 1 + -- -
2 dl
for
for
with
1 2 1 2 r-I d 2
2 Tt .; 1 - 2 rt t + --2-- ~
d
= 1 1 2 __t _ + .E::.!. ...l. + o(L)
- 2" rt dId 2 2 dId2
42
Since a linear combination of PI' ••• , PR, does not vanish at U\, 82 )
more than calculated before we see that one of them, say PR," does
not vanish at (8 1 ,8 2 ) in the same way. By considering either PRo or
PRo + PRo' and replacing PRo by PRo + PRo' we see that we may suppose
that PRo itself does not vanish at (8 1 ,8 2 ) more than stated before.
In doing so, we may have to increase the height of PRo by a factor of
2, or less. In conclusion we find that the polynomials P1'··· ,P R,
satisfy:
I
/). PR,(a 1 ,a 2 ) 0
-1 i1 i2
for 8 -+ 8 - ( t;
d1 d2
(b) for each R, there is IR,* such that
IR,*
/). PR,(81'8 2 ) f 0
and
with
(c) if the PRo are the successive minima for (a) then
as d 1 , d 2 + 00 , dl~ d2•
---2 2 1
HefLe T = I 2 - rt , and log y at log at + (1 - at) log r-:-et and
Al ~ given by
Al = lim
d 2-
d2/d(~ 0
indexed by fLOW'.> «(J , i I ' i 2') rmd c.olwnnJ.> (j 1 ,j 2 ), with (J fLrmg-tng ovefL
c.onjugation 06 K/Iz, and
1 -1 1
(t - T~) min(d 1 , e log la 1 _ Bl l v' d 2 e log la 2 - B2 1v)
o
J II-x dx = t.
Applications.
log Ib - a I
log b
( Q) _2_ + o( 1 )
~eff a 1; (1 - A (log b)1/3
(Thue, Baker)
and
and
-1/3
Choosing T (log h(a 1 » we obtain
as asserted.
xr - mx + 0,
-r-l -r
is - m - (h(a 1 )h(B 1 » ; thus the pair aI' Bl nearly satisfies
the Liouville bound.
(r-1)2/ r
H(S) , 2 r (r(r+I)H(a») X
and
la - sl ' r!(r-I)
Xr
-1/3
~eff(a;k,oo) , 2 + O«log X) ).
Further Applications.
for I = (i 1 ,i 2 , ••• ,in) E G and want to show that P cannot vanish too
much at some other point (8 1 , ... ,8 n ). If n = 1, we have discussed
the situation in great detail:
Let us decompose P as
I f.(x') g.(x )
] ] n
where x' = (x 1 ' ... ,x n _ 1 ); we may assume that the fj are linearly
independent, and so are the gj' Because of linear independence,
some generalized Wronskian of the fj is not identically 0, and so is
some Wronskian of the gj' say W( f) and W(g). But now this means
that some generalized Wronskian of P, say W(P), is non-zekO and
6ac.toJtize,6 at, a potynom-<-ai. -<-n x' and a potynom-<-ai. -<-n xn:
W(P) W(f)W(g),
as one sees by
whenever
n
L
v=l
¢uch that r;
l.I.v
-# 1; y.v 601L 1.1 -# y and v 1, ••• , nj
c) d I ) d Z ) ••• ~ d n
TT (1
M n n d
L Vol(I(d.a.t » < + (M'-Z)) L -i
1.1=1 1.1 .1=1 i=j+1 dj
di+1
Roughly speaking. this result shows that if --d-- + 0 for
i = 1 ••••• n-1 then the vanishing of P at differe~t points implies
"almost independent" conditions on the coefficients of p. as long as
we require vanishing of the same "type" and the technical condition
a). As proved by Esnault and Viehweg. this implies the Roth
theorem. There is another application of this result. which is
worth mentioning here. Let a be real algebraic of degree ) 3 and
let us consider the problem of solutions to
_ ( loglog q - 1/4
E(q) - cZ(a) logloglog q} ;
51
the gain is thus almost of one logarithm, from a triple log decay to
a double log.
Referenees.
for r~~ and related numbers, 1. Re~ne Angew. M~h 342 (1983),
173-196.
Enrico Bombieri,
Institute for Advanced Study,
Princeton, N.J., 08540, U.S.A.
POLYNOMIALS wrTII LOW HElGHT AND PRESCRIBED VANISHING
1. Introduction.
the remaining data in the problem: ml'm 2 , ••• ,mJ , N and the field
constants associated with k..
This type of construction has been used recently by Mignotte
[6], [7] (see also [8, pp.281-288]) and by Dobrowolski [4]. Our
bounds provide a simpler and somewhat sharper form of their
results. In section 5 we consider the special case of polynomials
in Z[X] which vanish at 1 with high multiplicity and yet have
relatively low height.
2. State.ent of results.
We summarize. briefly. our notation for heights of algebraic
numbers. vectors and matrices. This is identical to the notation
used in [2). We suppose that the number field Iz has degree dover Q
and write v for a place of /z. Then Izv is the completion of Iz at v
and [Izv ' ~) = dv is the local degree. At each place v we normalize
d /d
an absolute value I I as follows. If vi'" we set Ixl = Ixl v
v v
where I I is the ordinary absolute value on R or C. If v is a finite
place then vip for some rational prime p. In this case we require
-d /d
that Ip Iv = p v Because of our normalizations the product
formula
Tr lal v
v
N
by Ixl v = max Ix n I v • The homogenous height of a vector x in Iz is
n
given by
In view of the product formula we have h(ax) for all scalars = h(x)
N-l
a +0. Thus h is a height on the projective space Pk If f(X) is
a polynomial in Iz [X) we write h(f) for the height of the vector of
55
coefficients of f.
d /2d
H (Y) = ( L I det YI 12) v i f vi"" ,
v III=M v
H(Y) = TT H (Y) •
v
v
If y has degree dover Q then the quantity (hI (y»d is also the
Mahler measure of the algebraic number y, as defined, for example,
in [8J. A basic property of each of our heights is that they do not
depend on the field containing y or the entries in x or Y.
over k. and
J m.
Q(X) = IT {q (X)} J,
j=1 j
then the poynomials FR.(X) = XR.-I Q(X), R. 1,2, ••• ,L, clearly form a
basis for S. Now by a basic result on heights ([ 1], section 2) we
have
L
L log h(FR.) = L log h(Q) (2.2)
R.=1
J 2 M
" (N - M) L mJ.r J. log h 1 (IlJ.) + N t(N) ,
j=1
where t(a) = a(l-a)log 2 for 0 " a " 1 If the ratio MIN is close
to 1 we cannot expect to do much better than (2.2). On the other
hand, when MIN is near zero it is possible to determine L polyno-
mials in S for which this bound can be substantially improved.
1 2 1 - a2 1 1 + a 1
u(a) = r a log( ~ ) + 2 alog(r-:-a) + rlog(1 - a 2 ) •
and
u(a) < 21 a 2 log
1
(49) 3
+ r a2 , (2.4)
for 0 < a < 1. To establish (2.3) on the interval 0 < a " 2- 1/2 we
note that t(O) - u(O) = 0, t(2- 1/2 ) - u(2- 1/2 ) > 0, and
1 - a
t"(a) - u"(a) = 21 log( -er- ) "0
2
•
57
1
t(e) - u(e) f (~- e){t"(O - u"(~)} d~ •
e
This proves (2.3). The second inequality follows from the series
expansion
L J
L log h(PR,) .. (N - M) L mjrjlog hI (u j )
R,=1 j=1
+ N2u (~)
N + (N - M) 1og c k • (2.5)
2 sid 1/2d
Hene ck = (-;) 16kl whene s ~ the numb en 06 complex placu
06 k and 6k ~ the fucJUminant 06 k.
L J
2 log h(PR,)" 2 (N - mJ.rJ.) mJ.rjlog h 1 (u J.)
R,=1 j=1
(2.6)
J mr
+ N2 L u(~) + (N - M) log c k '
j=1
and
L J
L log h(PR,)" L (N - m.)m.r.log h 1 (u J.)
R,=1 j=1 J J J
(2.7)
58
_If.
whenever M.; (17) 2N. Thus the bounds (2.6) and (2.7) are most
useful when log hl(a j ) is small on" average. In particular, if each
a j is a root of unity then (2.7) is clearly sharper than (2.5).
3. Preliminary le..as.
Let Ie {O, I ,2, • • • , N-I } with 111 = M and 1 = {n1 < n2 < < ...
nM} • We define polynomials Q 1(x) and PI (x) in M variables as
follows. We set
n.
Ql(x) = det ( xi J ) ,
where i = 1,2, ••• ,M indexes rows and j 1,2, ••• ,M indexes columns,
and
(3.1 )
where
N-l
P~oo6. Let a(~) = L n~ (with a(O) = N) and let
n=O
L
III=M (3.4)
p (x)
m
(D ID)
m- m
- 1/2
det
CO)a(l)
•••
a(O)
a(2) .(m) )
a(m+l)
(3.5)
a(m-l) a(m) a(::~i )
1 x
N-l
L (3.6)
~=O
p (Op (~)
m n °
60
N-1
L {p (O} 2 = 1 • (3.7)
~=O m
for each m.
N-1 2 m
L {t (~)} (2m+1)-1 TT (N+i) , (3.10)
~=O m i=-m
(see [3,p. 552, equation 10] or [11, p. 34, equation (2.3.4)]). Let
T(m,N) denote the function on the right of (3.10). Polynomials Pm
having degree m, positive leading coefficient and satisfying (3.6)
and (3.7) are unique. It follows that Pm(x) = T(m,N)-1/2 tm(x) for
each m = 0,1,2, ••• ,N-1. From (3.9) we have
and therefore
-2
log Dm - log Dm- 1 = log {T(m,N)( ;m) } (3.11)
Finally, we sum (3.11) over m in the set {0,1,2, ••• ,M-1} to obtain
M-1 -2
log DM- 1 L log {T(m,N)( 2m) } (3.12)
m=O m
Of course the right hand side of (3.12) is known, and when combined
with (3.4) leads to the identity in (3.3).
To establish the upper bound in (3.3) we set
61
x
F(x) f 1og (~)
M+y dY
-x
!Lt...L
and note that log (M + y) is positive, decreasing and convex for
-M < y < M. For 0 ~ m ~ M-l it follows that
m N+R, m R, + liz N+
L log( M;t) ~ L f log( ~) dy
R,=-m R,=-m R, - liz Y
1 m+l
F(m + 2) ~ f F(x)dx
m
Therefore we have
M-l m+l
~ L f F(x)dx
m=O m
M
f (M - Ixl) log( : : ~)dx
-M
where ~ = O,l,2, ••• ,mj -l indexes rows and n = O,l,2, ••• ,N-l indexes
columns. Then we assemble these into an M x N matrix
B =( ... .:~)
BJ
Theore. 4. I Ii 1 ~ M < N then the ma..tJr.-tx B hal.> nank. M and .6 at.w n-tv..
62
J 2 M
log H(B) ~ (N - M) L m.log h 1 (8 j ) + N u(N) • (3.13)
j=l J
AT = (0.1.2 ••••• m1-1. 0.1.2 •••• m2-1. 0.1 ••••• 0.1.2 ••••• mJ -1).
For each subset 1 c{0.1.2 ••••• N-1} with 1 = {n1 < n2 < ••• < ~} we
find that
A n. n. - A
D Ql(x) = det{( J) x J i}. (3.14)
\ i
(3.15)
since the determinant has two identical rows. This establishes our
assertion and the identity (the confluent case of (3.1))
(3.17)
A mi m.
D V(x) I = IT (fl - fl) J = Y •
x=b 1(i<j(j j i
J d + d ~ 2
+ L m.(N-M) L ~ log v + ils.ll
2~ log{ I
PrO.l ••••• 1) } I
j=1 J vi" J vi" r
J 1 ~ 2
(N-M) I
m.log h 1 (S.) + log{ 2 I
P I (I.I ••••• I) } •
j=1 J J I
4. Proof of Theorem 1.
With each algebraic number Cl j we associate an mj x N matrix Aj
defined by
where ~ = O.1.2 ••••• mj -l indexes rows and n = O.1.2 ••••• N-1 indexes
columns. Now let F be a number field which is a Galois extension of
k and a Galois extension of each of the fields k(Cl j ). j
1.2 ••••• J. If G(F/k) is the Galois group of F over k. and
G(F/k(Clj » is the Galois group of F over k(Cl j ). then G(F/k(Cl j » is a
subgroup of G(F Ik) having index [k (Cl.) : k 1 = r.. Let
J J
(j) (j) (j)
a1 • a2 ••••• ar . be a set of distinct representatives of the
J (")
cosets of G(F Ik (Cl j ) ):(~ )G(~ I)k)~ (Fno)r {e:(~h) (a: J)} :e~)wri te
i j ~ i j
65
N-l
P(Y) L
n=O
for each j, j = 1,2, ••• ,J. Therefore we apply the general form of
Siegel's Lemma given in [2] as Theorem 14. By that result there
N
exist N - M linearly independent vectors xl'lIt2' ••• '~-M in (O~)
N-M
L log h(x t ) ( (N - M) log c~ + log H(Z) • (4.2)
£=1
J
log H(Z).. L log H(~)
j=1
J
L rj log H( Aj) •
j=1
(5.l)
We note that the left and right hand sides of (3.13) are
asymptotically equal as N + 00 in the special case k = Q, J = 1, and
III = 1, which leads to Corollary 5. For this reason we expect the
bound (5.2) to be rather sharp. In fact, under somewhat more
restrictive conditions, we will show that a polynomial of low height
cannot vanish at 1 with too high a multiplicity.
( N log N)_ 1 12
and + 0 , (5.3)
e1
~hen
-1
(1 + 0(1» ~ N log h(G) • (5.4)
Pko06. We will work over the field k = Q. Let Fm denote the m-th
cyclotomic polynomial. If g(X) is a nontrivial polynomial in Q[xj
with Fm t g we define
Lm(g) ~ loglgl
v
+ ,p(m)-l log IRes {F ,g} I
m 00
•
v 00
(5.5)
(5.6)
e
G(X) = TT
n=l
{F (X)} nQ(X)
n
(5.7)
L (G ) )
m m
For m ) 2 we have
lim IT (X d _ l)~(m/d)
x+l dim
69
Xd _ 1 \J(m!d)
.
li m 1T ( X""7"T)
x+1 cilm
= 1T (d) \J(m!d)
dim
= exp {A(m)} •
(5.8)
for m ) 2.
N-1 n
Let G(X) ~n=O anX so that
N-1 n-e
G (X) =
m
L a (
n
n)X
e
m
n=e m
t~
m
If v then if follows that
N-1
IGm(I;m) I .. max lanl~ L ( n )
~
n=e em
n m (5.10)
N
e + 1) ,
m
N
e 1A(m) .. $(m) log h(G) + $(m) log( e + 1) + emA(m). (5.11)
m
Finally, we set m equal to the prime number p and use the bound
(5.12)
that
N
1
21li { ..llill:
M+l dz I
zl=p z
e + 1
e 1log p ( (p - 1)log h(G) + (p - l)N~( ~) + eplog p (5.13)
x =
e(x) = L log p ,
p(x
s(x) = L (p - 1) •
p(x
We then sum both sides of (5.13) over the set of primes p less than
or equal to x. We also use the fact that ~ is concave and
increasing on (0,1/21, and the obvious inequality
L e (p-l) ( N •
P P
It follows that
e + 1
e 1 e(x) ( s(x) log h(G) + N L (p - 1) ~( ~) + N
p(x
and therefore
e 1 e'x' -1 -1 -1 -1
( -)(~) (N log h(G) + ~{s(x) + N } + s(x) • (5.14)
N s(x)
71
e
e(x) ~ l ( -1)(1 + 0(1» (5.15)
s(x) 2 N
and
N 2 N
s(x) = 8(--)
e
log (--) (1 + 0(1»
e
(5.16)
l l
When (5.14), (5.15) and (5.18) are combined we obtain exactly the
statement of the Theorem.
The argument used to prove Theorem 6 suggests that a polynomial
of low height which vanishes at 1 with high multiplicity must also
vanish at primitive p-th roots of unity, at least for primes p which
are not too large. This type of automa.t.te vanu,h.tng can be made
explicit in various ways. Here we provide a simple result which
follows easily from (5.11).
m1 (N log N)1/2
~ + 0 and + 0 , (5.19)
m1
2N
p .; (-)(1 + 0(1» • (5.20)
m1
72
m1 1 -1 -1
( --)(~) (N log h(P 1) + N log N •
N p - 1
Using the hypothsis on the right of (5.19) and (5.2) we find that
mi 1 1 m1 2 N
( --)(~) ( -2 ( --N) log (--) (1 + 0(1» • (5.21)
N p - 1 mi
References.
Math. 73,(1983),11-32.
E. Bombieri, J. D. Vaaler,
Institute for Advanced Study, University of Texas,
Princeton, N.J. 08540, U.S.A. Austin, TK. 78712, U.S.A.
ON IRREGULARITIES OF DISTRIBUTION AND
APPROXIMATE EVALUATION OF CERTAIN FUNCTIONS II
W.W.L.Chen
1. Introduction.
Z [ P; h: 8( x) ] L h(y). (1)
yEP nB(x)
C + J g(y)dll
ti(x)
M
cp(x) I mi xS (x)
i=1 i
2
for all " €: U , where, for each i = 1, ••• , M, tii denotes a rectangle
(i) (i)1 «i) (i)1
,
in U- of the type (u 1
(1)
' u 1 + vI x u2 ' U z vz
(1) +
,
Xti denotes the characteristic function of the rectangle ti i , and the
i
coefficients Mr are real.
f IF(x)1 du ( 2 (3)
U2
(S)
and
for every Y E SI • (6)
Then there exists a positive constant Cg Cg(g) such that for every
measurable set Ec u2 satisfying
(0)
we have
(1)
and
then
79
(15 )
T + (17)
x = I f\ (x)2 -i-l •
i=O
where 8i (x) = 0 or 1 such that the sequence 8i (x) does not end with
1.1 ••..• For r = O. 1. 2 • •••• let
2
For any x ~ [0.11 • let
R (x) R (x 1 )R (x 2 ).
r r1 r2
F(x) TT (1 + af (x)) - 1 ,
Irl=n r (18)
r 1 > Tl
r 2 > T2
o n T *=</J or ti n P -#r/J) ;
(15
f (x) (19 )
r *
(BCTandBnP=r/J).
( ,)
r J and s = (20)
1 2
:then 60IL any s-box B, exactly one 06 :the 60ltow~ng :thILee con~:t~on-6
hold:
(21)
81
(22)
n ;. 2T. (23)
(27)
J f (x)d~ = O. (28)
U2 r
Since
TT (l+af (x») + 1
Irl = n r
r 1 ;. Tl
r 2 ;. T2
82
for all xe: U2 , (3) follows easily from (24), (25), (26), (27), and
(28).
On the other hand, from (18) and (24), we have
(29)
(30)
n-k+l
If Fk(][)D(][)dlll ( L (31)
U2 r =O
(32)
h-l
( a 2c 6 ()
g Nn \ 2-n-h-3
L
\ (h-l) ak
L
h=1 k=O k
h
2 -n-3 (l;a )
( a c6 (g)Nn2 L
h=O
2 -n-l
( a 2 c6 (g)Nn. (33)
83
Let -9
2 c 4 (g)cS(g)
CL = c 6 (g)
(34)
we have
tS'
Then
84
L * h(y), (38)
YEP nB (][)
* -s -1 -s -1
where B (][) = [xl' x 1+2 1 ) x [x2' x 2+2 2 ) c B for
every x £ B'. Hence the sum (38) vanishes, and so, in view of (2),
we have that (37) is equal to
-sl-l -s2- 1
g(y)·l·,
x 1+a1 2 x 2+a2 2
1 al+a 2
-N f ( L
1 L (-1) f f
B' al=O a2=0 0 0
= -N f
( xl+ 211-1 x2+2
f
-s2- 1
f
g(y).},
B' xl x2
= -N f KB(y)g(y)d~
B
N L
B "good"
85
I f (][)D(][)dll
u2 r
Hence by (19), (14), (6), (35), (36), (1Z), (9) and noting that
there are Zisl S-boxes in UZ,
= Nc (g)2 -181-3 •
6
(1) (k)
If we use the convention r1 < •.. < r 1 ' we have, writing
h = (k) (1)
r1 - r1 '
References.
W. Chen
Huxley Building,
Imperial College,
London SW7, U.K.
SIMPLE ZEROS OF 'IHE ZETA-FUNCTION
OF A QUADRATIC NUMBER FIELD, II
1. Introduction.
(1.1 )
as T + 00. On the other hand, not much is known about the number of
* (T), that are simple.
these zeros, NK Indeed, it was only recently
that the authors [2] showed that
for any £ > O. Before this, it was not even known whether I;K(s) has
infinitely many simple zeros in 0 < (J < 1. In this paper we shall
prove that if the Riemann hypothesis (RH) is true for I; (s), the
Riemann zeta-function, then a positive proportion of the zeros of
I;K(s) are simple. More precisely we have
a.6 T +00 •
(1.2)
Theore. 2. Ml.lume RH 601L ~(s) and .tet p = 1/2 + i y denote the typ-i.c.ai..
nontJt-i.v-i.ai.. zelLo 06 ~(s). Then -i.6 X -i.I.l any nonpJt-i.nupai.. c.hanac.telL
(not nec.c.eM aJt-i..ty quadILat-i.c.), we have
90
Theorea 3. On RH, -i6 a .. 1/3, 2/3, 1/4, 3/4, 1/6 and 5/6, then at
lea6t one-th-iJtd 06 the zeJto~ 06 z.;(s,a) Ue 066 the line a '" 1/2 •
a(k)k
-s ,
where
~
a(k) - ~(k)x(k)(l- log y ) and y - Tn
with ~ the Mobius function and 0 < n <1;2 to be selected later in the
proof. Let
2
1 { O<y(T : L(1/2 + iy,X) ,. 0 II ~.l..!::!l. • (2.3)
V
a.6 T +co, whelte N(T) L6 the rtumbelt 06 zelto<> 06 1,;(s) wLth 0 < y < T.
That L6, at mo<>t two-th-i.ltrill 06 the ze!to<> 06 1,;(s) CUte a£.60 zelto<> 06
L(s,x).
With a lot more work, we could actually show that any two
L-functions with inequivalent characters have at most two-thirds of
their zeros in common, provided the Riemann hypothesis holds for one
of them. A result of this type has also been given by A. Fujii [5)
using a method different from ours. While his result is unconditio-
nal, his constant (which was not evaluated) is presumably quite
small and would therefore not serve to prove Theorem 1.
Combined with (2.1) and (1.2), these estimates imply the result.
The first step in treating N and V is to express them as
contour integrals by Cauchy's residue theorem. To this end let II
denote a sequence of numbers Tn such that
(n 3, 4, • • • • )
and
1,;' 2
- (a + iTn) < (log Tn) (2.5)
I,;
Until the vetUj end 06 the papen, we J.Jhall. alwa!f6 aMume that
Til.
a =1+ L- 1 •
N = -
21Ti
f R -1,;'
1,;
(s)L(s,X)A(s,X) ds (2.6)
and
v = 2 1i
11
fR J:(S)L(S,X)L(l-s,X)A(S,X)A(l-s,x)
1,;
ds • (2.7)
(2.8)
and
( 2.9)
These bounds and (2.5) imply that the top and bottom edges of R
contribute O(yTl/ 2 +E: ) to N.
For the left edge of R we replace s by l-s and find that
I-iT
-1
21ri J ~(l-s)L(s,x)A(s,x) ds
1-a+iT I;
a-iT
= -=l J ~'(S)L(l-s'X)A(l-S,x) ds
21Ti a-i"
a+iT ,
- __1__ J ~1; (s)L(l-s,X)A(l-s,X) ds.
- 21Ti a+i
(2.13)
with
a+iT ,
N1 -= /1Ii J ~ (s)L(1-s,x)A(1-s,X) ds , (2.14)
a+i I;
93
a+iT ,
1
N2 =- J
211i a+i
~ (s)L(s,X)A(s,X) ds (2.15)
Z;;
and
a+iT
N3 =
1
211i J
a+i
X'
X (l-s)L(s,X)A(s,X) ds . (2.16)
We now come to V.
The top and bottom edges of R contribute O£( yT l / 2 +£) to V by
(2.5), (2.8), and (2.9). Replacing s by l-s and using (2.10), we
find that the contribution of the left edge of R equals
a-iT
- J ~(l-s)L(l-s'X)L(s,x)A(l-s,x)A(s,x) ds
21Ii a-i Z;;
a-iT , X'
= 21!i J (- ~
Z;;
(s) + - (l-s») L(l-s,X)L(s,X)A(l-s,X)A(s,X) ds •
X
a-i
We will write
a+iT ,
VI - __1__ J ~ (s)L(s,X)L(l-s,X)A(s,X)A(l-s,X) ds (2.17)
- 21Ii a+i Z;;
and
~Tr _ _
J X (l-s)L(s,X)L(l-s,X)A(s,X)A(l-s,X) ds , (2.18)
a+i
V = 2 Re. VI
r ,
c (a) = L (2.20)
r m=l
Similarly, we define
94
q
c (a) L x(m) e(ma)
q
x m=1
if (a,q) 1,
c (a) = 1x(a:.(x) (2.21)
X if (a,q) > 1.
X( l-s, X) (2.23)
with
a .. { o if X(-I) = 1,
1 if x(-I) = -1.
Fn(S) .. 1T (l_p-s) ;
pin
Fn(s,x) .. 1T (1 - X(p)p-s).
pin
3. Aoxilliary le..as.
a+!T
f X(I-s,X) r- s ds
a+!
a
.ll::.!2. -r
+ ~ E(r/q , T) ifr<!l!
.(x) e(-q) .( X) - 211 '
~a
.( X) E( r / q, T) ifr>!l!
211 '
95
whelte
E(r/q,T)
P1t006. When q=l, X(l-s,X) = X(l-s) and, except for minor modifica-
tions, a proof can be found in Gonek [8]. If q > 1, then as is
easily shown,
X(I-s,X) =
.ll::!l
T(X) q
s
X(I-s)(1 + O(e
-1ft
»). ( 3.1)
Using this and the case q = 1 of the lemma, we obtain the result.
• Then.t6 1 < x ( T,
a+iT
21Ti f X(l-s, X)( L a(k)k s - 1 )( L fl(j) j -s) ds
a+i k<x j=1
X(-1) a(k)
= TfX) -k-
-nH -s
L d(n)x(n)e( qK)n (a> 1).
n=1
qK/d , -bH
J.: L P(s,X'qK/d)A(s,bd,qK)
dlK b=1
qK/d ,
6(d) -bH l;'(s)
+ J.: I ~(qK) D(S'X'~(qK» I;;
dlK b=1
qK/d
, ~ -bH J:
I I ~(qK) P(s,X'qK/d) I;; (5)
dlK b=1
= - L1 - L2 + L3 - L4'
say, with L1 regular at 5=1. The principal part of 1:2 is the same
as that of
- -5 2 K 5( K 1-5 -5
X(H)-r(x)(qK) I;; (5) I X('d) d Fq (s)(1 + X(-1)('d) ) - ~(q)q )
dlK
qK/d ,
I x(b)A(s,bd,qK).
b=1
qK/d
d-s I x(n)A(nd)
I L 5
b=1 n:::b(mod qK/d) n=1 n
(n,K/d)=1
and the last sum is zero unless d=1 or p (recall that K is square-
free). In any case we may write it as
~s,x»
L' - Fi. -
6(d)(- -L (s,X) - + A(d)
K dS - X(d)
Thus,
97
I-s -s
x (F q (s)(1 + X(-I)K ) - ~(q)q )
- s
log p X(p)p
+ L
plK ps_ X(p)
Next,
qK ,
L e(an)
a=1 qK
LL . x(mn) L dll(7)
m,n=1 (mn)s dl(qK,mn)
Q(s,X'qK )
-H lOO, A(m)d(n)x(n) e(- mnH) (a> 1).
/.. s qK
m,n=1 (mn)
Then -i6 H, K and q Me pa-i.lUAI-i.l.le c.opltLme and K -i.l.l /.)quMe6te.ee, Q hal; a
mete.omote.ph-ic. c.ont-inuat-ion to the whole plane. The onlif pole note.
a ) 1 -i.l.l at s=1 whelte U hal; a pole who/.)e pltLnupal pMt -i.l.l the !.lame
al.l that 06
whete.e
2
g(K) = TT (1 - 2x(p) + x:iEl) (3.3)
plK P
and
F'
( LL' (s,x)
- K - (
+ ~ (s,X») F (s)(1 + x(-I)K
I-s-s
) - <p(q)q )
K q
(3.4)
qK/d,
-bH
=- n
dlK b=1
l D(S,X'qK/d)A(s,bd,qK),
-s
A(s,a,k) l A(n)n (a> 1).
n:a(mod k)
Finally,
1 s..~ - -s
<j>(qK) I; (s) X(H)x(K)-r( X)(qK) 1;(S)
2
qK ~
l-s -s
x (F q (s)(1 + X(-l)K ) - <j>(q)q ) L
b=1
o.
-H
Collecting these results, we find that Q(s,X'qK) has the same
principal part as
(0 > 1)
TheYl L ha-6 an anai.y.t.tc COYl.t.tYluat:.tOYl .to .the whale plaYle excep.t 60Jt a
pOM.tble pale at: s=l. A.:t .th.tf.> po.tYl.t i l ha-6 .the -6ame pJUYlUpa£. paJt.t
a-6
A(m)x(n) e(-mn)
LL (mn)s qK
( 0 ) 1).
m,n=1
c 1 (j) =- L A(m)x(n),
mn=j
- L L a(h)A(m)x(n)d(n),
hSy hmn=j
and
b 2 (j) = L L a(h)x(n)d(n).
hSy hn=j
L c 1 (j )e(~)
j(qKT/21r
-H
"a(k) , b (j)e(.=.1.) = "" a(h)a(k) res. Q(s,X'g'K) (9 KT)s)
I. k I. 1 qk I. I. k s=1 ( s 211
kSy jSqKT/211 h,kSy
and
-H
= "" a(h)a(k) res. D(s,X'QiK) (9 K,)s)
I. I. k s=l ( s 21TH
h,k~y
Pltoo6. All three formulae are proved by the method used to estimate
the sum M2 in Conrey, Ghosh and Gonek [1;Sec.5]. Since the method
101
(a> 1).
(3.9)
-H
L a(h)Q(s,X'qK)' (3.10)
h~y
a(h)a(k)
LL k
(3.11)
h,k~y
e(.:i)
qk L L ~(t)o(q',qk,d,~),
q'lqk dl (qk,j)
where
]J(qk(d,q~/q'»
q
o(q' ,qk,d,~)
102
Using these factorizations for q', d, lji and T(~), we may now write
1
(W) f ( L
(c) m=1
Then
and 60Jt x )
(11) clog x + O( 1) c =
and
x( -1) i£.9.2..
q
L x(p)log p log ~ + 0(log2k loglog 3k)
plk p
i£.9.2..
q
log x + 0(1)
Lemaa 12. Let y, a(h) and Fh(s, x) be a6 in Sec.2 and let g(h) be a6
104
a(mh)
(i) L -h- < °- l;<m),
2
h~y/m
ll(h);(h)Fh (0, x)
-1
(ii) L < L ,
4>(h)
h~y/m
(iii) L
h~y/m
and
_ 0_ 1/2(m)10g L
(ii) L a(mh)x~h)log h = - gmll(m)x(m)log y/m + O( 1 )
h~y/m 4>(q)4>(m)1og y og y
lJ(k) x r -4
L - k - log k = 4>(r) + O( 0_ l/i r )1og 2x),
k<x
(k~r)=l
For (i) we have
a(mh)x(h) ll(m)x(m)
L lli.hl. log ...:J..
h log y h mh
h(y/m
(h~mq)=l
lJ(m)x(m)mg 0_1/2(m q )
4>(mq)log y + O(log Y log4 2y/m)'
The original sum vanishes if (m,q) > 1 so the result follows from
the multiplicativity of 4> and 0_ 1/2 •
In a similar way (ii) follows on noting that h is squarefree
and so log h = L log p.
plh
105
4. The estimation of N.
Recall from (2.13) that
(4.1)
a+iT ~
N = __1__ J 1 (s)L(s,x)A(1-s,x)X(1-s,x) ds.
1 2~i a+i ~
Setting
c (j) = - I A(m)x(n)
1 mn=j
By Lemma 12(ii) the sum over k is bounded by L- 1 , while the sum over
p equals
The error term is clearly bounded and, by Lemma 9(11), with 1IFl, so
is the first term. Hence
(4.2)
a+iT
1
Nl = 21ri J ~~(S)L(S,x)A(S,x) ds
a+i
T
-a (....!. -it L3
2 c 2 (n) n
211 J n dt) < (4.3)
n=2 1
since
2 A(h)x(j)a(k)« d 3 (n)log n.
hjk=n
X (l-s)
x~
(4.4)
-1 T 3
N3 = Z; { L(a+it,x)A(a+it,X)log(t/2n)dt + O(L)
since
L(a+it,X)A(a+it,X) < ~2(a) < L2.
-a 1 T_it
2 c 3 (n)n (z; J n log(t/2n) dt),
n=1 1
with
c 3 (n) = 2 x(h)a(k) < d(n).
hk=n
T
- 211 L + O(T).
107
(4.5)
5. The estimation of VI
We now turn to the first term VI in the denominator V see
(2.07), (2.17), and (2.19)). By the functional equation (2.22) we
have
a+iT ,
VI = 2:1 f ~ (s)L2(s,X)A(s,X)A(I-s,X)X(I-s,X) ds,
11 a+i I;
where a 1 + L- 1 • We define
Then by Lemma 2,
;i(k)
k
where
h k
H = (h,k) and K = (h,k)
Observe that in the sum above we may suppose that both Hand K
are square-free and that (H,q) = (K,q) 1. Therefore, Lemma 4 is
applicable and we may write the residue as
108
1
If we use the expansion = s-l + Y + ••• near s=l to evaluate
~(s)
- - 2y-1
VI x(-I)-I \ \ a(h)a(k)x(h)x(k)(h,k)(G (1 )1 ~ +G'(1 »
21r ~,~~y hk K ,x og 21TH K ,x
a(h)a(k)
hk
f«h,k» = L L
mlh nlm
mlk
On applying this to VI and simplifying, we find that
a(mh);(mk)X(h)X(k)
nlm
L.I!i!!l
n
LL hk
h,k~y/m
- x(-I)v(q)p(q) L 2 (I,x)2!
T( X)q m_<y
L ~
h m
t
v(n) L L a(mh)a(mk)v(nk)g(nk)
h k<l hk<j>( nk)
, m
+ O(TL- I ),
or, say
Te 2y- I
Gk (l,X) log 21Thn + Gk(l,X) + O(L loglog 3kn)
109
<h(n)
~)
T
-X(-I) ~
q
(log -
h
I x(p)log p - I x(p)log p log
plk prk p
Since neither n nor k is greater than y, the error terms here are
O(L log 2nL). Hence, using the identity I 11(:) = p(:) we
nrm
have
v11 = - ~ ....!
211
\' p(m
2) \' \' a(mh)a(mk)X(h)X(k)
q L L L hk
m~y m h,k(y/m
Tp
X(p) log p log hk
+ O( TL I
m~y
112(n)02 I;(m)
_ __ -....:2- log 2nL < T log L •
m n
a(mh)x(h) a(mpR.)x(R.)log R. )
I + O(T log L).
h R.
h~y/m
Using Lemma 13 to estimate the sums over hand R. and noting that we
may suppose that (p,rn) = (q,m) =1 ,we find that the expression in
parenthesis is
110
- u2(m)m 2g 2
~2(m)~2(q)log2y
~
~(p)
(L + log y/m + log y/mp)
Thus,
Vll < T log L. (5.2)
u 2(n)g(n)
~(n)
;(mk)u(k)g(k)
k~(k)
u2 (n)lg(n)1
I ~(n)
nlm
u2(n)0'~1/2(n)lg(n)1
n~(n)
III
and
1J2(n)d(n) 4
V12 < T L n.p(n) < T.
n~y
(5.3)
6. The estimation of V2 •
We shall see in this section that the main term in V is from
V2 • Recall from (2.18) that
V2 = 2ni
1 JaHT i<l-s)L(s,X)L(l-s,x)A(s,x)A(l-s,x)
X~ - -
ds,
a+i
Moving the line of integration to 0 = 1/2 and using (2.8), (2.9) and
(4.4), we obtain
v2 = - 2n
1 (6.1)
T 1/2 + E
+ O( J1 I L( 1;2+ it,X)A( 1/2+ it,X) 12 dt)
t
+ 0 (yT
E
).
_ TL (l+_L_)
2n log y
+ 0
E
d/2T3/4 +E) + O(T log L). (6.2)
112
N (7.1)
1/2 -2£
We now take y = T in (7.1) and (7.2) and find that
so (7.3) is also valid for all large T. This completes the proof of
113
Theorem 2.
References
3. J.B. Conrey, A. Ghosh, and S.M. Gonek, Large gaps between zeros
of the zeta-function, to appear Mathemat~k~
-K -1 -K -K-1
u o(u) = C (O<u< 2), (u a(u»' -KU 0(u-2) (u>2) (1.1 )
(1.3)
and
(l.5)
and
2. From now on we shall use a, fl, F and f without the suffix K when
it is clear that we are working with a particular K > 1. It is easy
to check that if F, f are solutions of (1.2), (1.3) and (1.4) such
that
Q(u): F(u) - feu) > ° for u > 0, (2.1)
-u
p(u) 2 + O(e-u ) and Q(u) O( e ) as u ... co (2.2)
The adjoint functions p and q derive importance from the fact that
the 'inner products'
u
(p.p)(u) := up(u)p(u) + K f p(x + l)P(x) dx (2.8)
u-1
and
u
((Q.q))(u) := uq(u)Q(u) - K f q(x + l)Q(x) dx (2.9)
u-1
are constant from max( a,S) onward. Indeed, by (2.2) and (2.7) we
have
119
a ~ B-1 is impossible.
Otherwise, necessarily,
~<2
o( p) • (2.12)
(u o - l)p(u O - 1)
( o) <2 • (2.13)
a u
I. S<a<S+l,
II. S+ 1 <a •
Inequalities (3.1) tell us, when combined with ea rlier inforrna tion
about p, that a and S are small when K is small; and numerical
evidence tells us that Case I actually corresponds (cf [5]) to the
range
1 < K < 1.8344323
We are able to show in this case that .the equat-ion6 (I) have a
urt-ique .6ofu.t-iort pitUt ex, fl --w-i.th fl .6at-i..66!J-irt9 (3.1). Moreover, i t
is surprisingly simple to deduce from the fact that fl >p , that
Q(u) >0 when u > o.
4. Case II ex~fl+l.
ex
exp~ex) + K E~x + 1) dx + (ex - l)p(ex - l)f(ex - 1)
a ex) f a(x) 2
(II) ex-2
ex
exq~ex~ _ K g~x + 1) dx - (ex - l)q(ex - l)f(ex - 1)
a ex f a(x) o
ex-2
lead us to the equation
ex
a(ex) {p(ex)q(ex -1) + q(ex)p(ex - I)} + Kq(ex - 1) f p(x + 1) dx
a(x)
ex-2
ex
- Kp(ex - 1) f g(x + 1) dx - 2q(ex - 1)
a(x) o (4.1)
ex-2
for ex, and if we can show that this equation has a solution
ex >p+ we can show, surprisingly easily again, that Q(u) >0 for
u > O. Since fl is then uniquely determined from
ex-I K-l
(ex - I)Kf (ex - 1) = K f x
a(x - 1) dx ,
fl
ex
(ex - l)q(ex - l)f(ex - 1) = exg(ex) - K f g(x + 1~ dx
a( x) ,
a( ex) ex-2
we are finished.
5. Final discussion.
fl
~ + 2.44518586 ••• as K + ~ ,
K
References.
10(1964/65), 31-62.
John Friedlander
o. Introduction.
-A
I max max Iw(y;q,a) - y/$(q)1 <A X(log X)
q ..Q yo;;x (a,q )=1
loglog X •
Corollary. Folt X > Xo (e:) .the nwnbelt 06 pa.i..1L6 06 .tw.i..n plUme6 up .to X
,u, no molte.than (712 + e:) .t.i..me6.the expected nwnbelt.
2. Divisor Proble.s.
L
n ( X
n:a(q)
Hooley
2 2/3 Linnik no change
Selberg
5 9/20
--- 8
6 Lavrik 5/12
3r+4
---
;. 7
8
3r
3. Kloosterman Sums.
L I L e(a.!!) I
l(a(A M<n(M+N q
(n,q)=l
~
1(m(M
(m,q)=1 (n,q)=1
4. Character SUlIS.
s x(n) •
s ~ x(n+ab) + T(a,b)
N<n(N+H
131
where a,b are integers and
If (a,q)=l we have
L LI LI L v(y) L X(y+b) I
a n b y(modq) l<b .. B
where
•. { l"a<A, (a,q) = 1
v(y) 11 (a,n)
N(n .. N+H, ;n=y(q)
By Holder's inequality
1- .!..... 1
LL I L I < { L v( y) 2 } 2k {L I L x(Y+b)1 2k }2k.
a n b y(q) y(q) l"b"B
- -
a 1n 1= a 2n 2 mod q}.
£
q
(**)
-1 \'
+ J L. IT(a,b)1 •
a,b
Assume for the moment that we can ignore (by induction) the
last sum and fix attention on the rest. Since A and B occur with
negative exponents we should like them large; for the induction we
are constrained to AB < H, say AB = H/2. A little thought shows
that B = q1/2k is optimal and this determines A as well.
Substituting these values we see that we can do no better than
obtain an inequality
References.
[16] H. Iwaniec, A new form of the error term in the linear sieve,
Acta ~th. 37 (1980), 307-320.
J. Friedlander
Scarborough College
University of Toronto
Scarborough, MIC lA4 Canada
APPLICATIONS OF GUINARO'S FORMULA
P. X. Gallagher
-vs
Z'/Z(s) Lv c(v)e
1)
In compensation for the extra hypothesis, while in Weil's
formula the function which is summed over zeros must be holomorhpic
in a strip containing the critical strip, Guinand can sum certain
functions with compact support on the critical line.
Research supported in part by NSF Grant DMS 82-02633
136
P(U) c(v)
where the dash indicates that only half of the possible term with
v = U is taken, and let
Q(U) e iyU _1
L 2 - - )m(p) ,
iy
e>o
137
J e Su f(u)du
Theorem 1. 16 z -6 at-i6 Me-6 (n k ) and (p) and f -6 at-i6 M-u (Wk ) and ha.l.l
no d-iA co n-t.inuLt.iu at -the ± \I • -then
J f(u)dRO = J g(t)dSOO(t)
-00
and
p(u) = QO(u) + Ro(u)
3)For k=l, this could be weakened to read: in a < 0, the zeros and
poles of Z have bounded imaginary part.
139
and k-l U
Set) < IM'(T)I + T + f IQ'(u)1 + 1 duo (6)
U 1 u
16 Z ~at~6ie6 (Nk ) and (plf), then the ¢ame boun~ hold wah IQ'I
and IMI ~eptaced by IQ'I + IQIf'1 and IM'I + IM"I.
{U2(1
if M'(T) ~ log T and k I',
< - l/k)bU
e i f WeT) < Tk - 1 •
p(u) I A(d)x(d)(Nd)_lh
Nd;; e U
and
Q(u) -4 sinh 2u + 2u or 0
4 )This does not give a new proof of the trace formula, which
logically preceeds the definition of Zr.
141
Guinand derived (3) (in the case Z(s) = I;;(s + 1/2 ) on R.H.) for
a wider class of weights starting with a special case of (3) which
he reformulated to show that RO(u)/u and SO(t)/t are connected by a
unitary operator closely related to the Fourier transform. In
Section 3 we use a similar operator to give a correspondence between
second moments in the distribution of zeros and primes in corres-
ponding short intervals:
Theon. 3.
then 6o~ po~~t~ve E + 0
(7)
m(iy)
I m(iy') - I y
O<y(T O<y(T (8)
1 2
(- 2" clog T)
142
1. Guinaod's fOlW1la
It suffices to prove Theorem 1 for real g, i.e. for f(-u)
f(u). Since R(-u) = -R(u), this gives
f(s)Z'/Z(s) J_a>
e Su LV c(v)f(u+v) du,
The bound £(s) « Itl-k together with (11) justifies moving the
line of integration in (10) to a = 0, giving
T
f f(u)dP(u) lim {LS>O f(p)m(p) + 2! f g(t)Z'/Z(it)dt}, (12)
o T+oo hi ~T -T
where each term with S =0 is weighted with the factor liz and at each
pole of Z'/Z on a =0 a principal value is taken. By the reflection
principle,
~
f(p) =
~
f(p),
* so
T
+ lim {La>O g(y)m(p) - f g(t)dM(t)},
T+"" hl(T -T
the dash indicating that in the last sum terms with a > 0 are
multiplied by two. The first sum is
f f(u)dQ(u) =2 Re f f(u)dQ(u),
o
since Q(-u) = -Q(u) via p* -p • Using dN - dM = dS and combining
(13) with (9) gives
f f(u)dR(u) f g(t)dS(t),
k *k
G'/G(s) p'(s) - I ~ m(p) + L (s/p) m(p).
8<0 (s-p) 8>0 (s-p*)
(14)
where
L(t) (15)
i k +1 ,
-I (k odd).
1f 8<0
In (15) the dash indicates that the sum in either over real negative
zeros or real negative poles. The contribution of any exceptional
poles or zeros, terms with 8 > 0, and p' has been put in the o-term
in (14).
(16)
in both cases.
146
k
Re s
(s - S)Sk
(t large). (18)
°2
Z(-02 + it) < exp( f Re G'/G(o + it)do ).
-°2
It follows from (17) that (18) holds also for °= -02. For
101 < 02' put Fs(w) = Z(w) exp(-(w-s)4k). On the horizontal sides
of the rectangle (in the w = u + iv plane) bounded by u = : 02 and
v - t =:t 112 t this function is bounded for large t since Z has
order <k + 1 and Re(w-s)4k " t4k. On the vertical sides it is
bounded by the right side of (18) by what we have shown and the fact
that L changes slowly. Since Z(s) = Fs(s), the mximum principle
now gives (18) for 101 < 02.
In particular, (18) and (16) show that Z has order < k in
vertical strips. Thus (Nk ) and (p) imply (nk).
T+I
N(T+I) - N(T) + IS(T)I + f f Iz'/Z(o + it)1 dodt (19)
T 0
147
It follows that
T+1
J IdSOO(t)1 < L(T) + ITl k- 1 (for large T). (20)
T
+
From this and using (300)' we get, provided f- is sufficiently
+
differentiable and f-(O) = 0,
(21)
RO(U) -RO(I) S J~ (ft(u) - ~I u(u»)dQO(u) + J~ gt(t)dSOO(t)
-00 ' -00
+
where g- is the Fourier transform of f. (If all c(v) .. 0, the
inequalities are reversed).
modulus at most
I+T- 1
I I-T -1
The Fourier transform of <PI U is < Itl- 1 , and the Fourier
transform of f satisfies g(B) < (1 ~ IBI)-(k+2), from which
T IdSOO(t) 1 IdSOO(t)1
< I --r=-r-- + Tk+2 I
-T 1t l i t I>T Itl k+3 •
T k-l k-l
<I I
00
T
I <I
00
(23)
which will play the same role in getting a refined bound for S as
(19) did in getting the bound (22) for RO' First, it follows from
(23) that
U+l
I IdR(u)1 < IQ'(u)1 + 1 (for large U) (24)
U
149
where this + is
time g- a majorant/minorant of the characteristic
function WT of [O,T] and is the Fourier transform of a function
+
f- in (Wk ). On subtracting
+
For the functions g- we use the following construction, which
was suggested by Goldston's use [5] of Selberg's kernels 6 ) [7], [19]
for a related purpose in the case of the Riemann zeta function on
R.H. :
foo
8 k+2
° (b)db < (1 + i8i)-(k+l)
Since
8-L
1 - (f + f ) 0k+2(b)db,
8
it follows that
have all the required properties. This completes the proof, since
we may suppose k odd.
% -1 % -1
In (25), we take f (u) = U fTU(uU ). Thus f± E Ck ( -U, U) •
151
and f~(u) < lui-I. Using (24), it follow that the second integral in
(25) is
u u
< I ~ < I IQ'(u)1 + 1 du,
-u -[ul-- 1 u
I+T- I U+T- I
p(U) - P(I) = I f~(u)dP(u) + O(I _IldpH(u)1 + I _Ildp#(u)I).
I-T U-T
Since
also holds for R, with !Q'! replaced by !Q'! + !QH,! and !M'! by
!M'! + !MI1 ,!. In particular, we get the correspondingly modified
(23). To get the correspondingly modified (24), we use
U+1 U+1
J !dP(u)! <: !flu pH!
u
in the displayed line below (24). From this point, the argument
proceeds as with case (p) to get the correspondingly modified (26).
e itu _1
RO(u) = lim JT it dSO(t),
T-- -T
RO(u) __ T SO(t)
-lim J - t - h(tu)dt, (27)
u T---T
with
d /8 -1 i8 /8 -1 (28)
h(8) = 8 d8 -i-8-- = e - -i-8-
I.emE 3. The k.eltnel h de Mned .in (28) g.ivv., a lineaJt -iA ometltlj
1 T
H: .p(t) + lim. - J ~(t)h(tu)dt
T + 00 121T -T
153
U 2 ~ 2
f IHt(u)1 du + f It(t)1 dt (29)
-U
~
for t EC O
(R), since H then extends by continuity from this dense
subset to a linear isometry on all of L2 (R). From (28) we get the
identity
U U
f It(u)1 2 du = f I Ft(u)1 2du - (I Gt(U)1 2 + I Gt(-U)1 2 )/u,
-U -U
T SO(t/A)
---=
AU
- lim f t h(tu)dt.
T+~ -T
Next, we have
T
J(T) ( I ( N(At) ~ N(t))2 dt ( J(AT), (33)
o
with
min(y,y')
J(T) = L m(iy)m(iy') I dt/t 2 ,
O<y,y'(T max(y,Y')/A
the dash indicating that the sum is over all pairs y, y' for which
max (y,y') ( A min(y,y'). Thus
J(T) a e; L
O<y(T
T T
I dS(t) + 0(1) - S(T) + I S(t)dt + 0(1),
1 t T l t2
and the bound S(t) < M'(t)/log W(t) shows that this is of smaller
order than the right side of (34). It follows that
(A) L m(iy') ~ L
y(y'(I+£)y O<y(T
m T
J (S().t) - S(t») 2dt > £ J ...lCtll dt (T + m, £T + 0) (36)
o t ~ 1 t
JTm( t log
M'( t»)2 (JT...lCtll dt)
M'(t) dt ~ 0 £ 1 t
and
a o( / M'~t) dt).
1
References
[9] Hejhal, D.A., The Selberg trace formula for PSL(2,R), Vol.
1, Lec.tUlte Notu .tn Mathemat.tCil, 584 (1976).
[11] von Koch, H., Sur 1a distribution des nombres premiers, Acta
Math, 24 (1901), 159-182.
[22] Weil, A., Two lectures on number theory, past and present,
E~eignment Mat. (2) 20 (1974), 87-110.
P.X.Gallagher
Department of Mathematics
Columbia University
New York, N.Y. 10027
ANALYTIC NUMBER 'l1IEORY ON GL(r.R)
Dorian Goldfeld*
1. Introduction.
Letting
21li( am+an
S(m,n;c) c
e
a
(a,c)
a"i ;: 1 mod c
denote the classical Kloosterman sum, Kuznetsov [12] has shown that
I
c(){
S(m,n;c)
L 2s
c=1 c
If Pn denotes the nth prime, then Iwaniec and Pintz [8] have
proved
P _ P = o( p1/2 + 1/21 + E) •
n+1 n n
Also, Fouvry [4] has shown that there exist infinitely many
primes p such that p-1 has a prime factor greater than p2/3. This,
together with some unpublished results of L.M. Adleman and R. Heath-
Brown (extensions of Sophie Germaine's criterion) enable one to show
that
(p f xyz)
2. lwasawa deeo~osition.
(2.1)
(: :) £ 0(2)
where
t
O(r) {g E GL(r,R) g g I } (2.2)
Z GL(r,R) } (2.3)
r
or by the isomorphism
h ~ GL(2,R)/0(2) Z2 •
X 1 ,2 ••••• (2.4)
I
xr-l,r
I
162
where Xi'j€ R for i <j < rand Yi ) 0 for 1 < i < r-1.
t
ug g = R.d (2.5)
d.
a ..
Q.E.D.
g" (AB C)
8 y
CJ, E GL( 3 ,R) •
abc
Then
163
where
I: Aex I: a 2 - I: Aa I: CIa
x2 =
I: ex2 I: a 2 - (I: a ex) 2
with
S I: A2 l: ex2 I: a 2 - l: A2(I: oa)2 - I: a 2 (l: Aex)2
- I: ex2 (l: Aa) 2 + 2 I: Aa I: CIa l: Aex •
3. AutOllOrphic foras.
x 1 ,2 x 1 ,r ... Yr-1
1: =
1 ("Y2 Y1 Yr-2
• 1 (3.1)
x Y1
r-1,r
let us define
164
where
(r-i)j .; j .; i
DI (D E D).
v1,···,v r _ 1
8
a2
= -y2 ( ~ a
+ ~)
2
and A (8) = v(l-v)
ax" ay" v
2 2
3(v +v v 2+v 2-v 1-v 2 )
(iil) 4>( pT) hall poiyno~al gfl.owth ~n Yl' ••• 'Yr-l on the
(iv)
f 4>(puT)du = 0
r (M) n u\ U
r
·1
*
r
s
) EGL(r,R)
Re(v
r-l
) = -1r
( I
• 1 (4.1)
(4.2)
J cp(u,)e(u)du
N
r
nr r \N r
with e 9~ven by (4.2) •
DCP D EV (4.3a)
n1,···,n r _ 1
(4.3b)
where
(n)
·n (4.4)
r-1
(4.5)
L
n =1
r
211ix
W(T) = 2/Y K 1/(211Y) e
v- 2
where
and 1 1
2( t +-
K (y) = 1/2 f e
t
t s - 1 dt •
s 0
Proposition (4.2) says that any cusp form ~ of type v for SL(2,Z)
has the Fourier expansion
Let
-1
o
w =
r
-1 o
169
-s
I a n
n
n=1
where
a = a
n n,l, ••• ,l
J ... (4.7)
no
where
and
(y)
1 .;; Y,
~«Y»
where
we see that
s-1 ~ -s-1
Z~(s) = f ... f [~«Y»Y + ~«Y»Y 1 dYl ••• dYr-l
nl
ZJ-s)
~
171
where
(r-i)j .. j .. i
(r-j )i i .. j .. r-l •
(5.1)
~(T)
- - d* T
1jJ(T) (5.2)
r-l
*
d T Tf
1(i(j (r-l
dx i ·
,J
Tf
i=l
(5.3)
*
, (2v)E(T,V) = , * (2v)yv +3 * (2v-l)y I-v +2/y- coL n v-1/2 01_2v(2nny) x
n=1
x K 1/ (hny)cos(hnx)
v- 2
where
v
*
, (v) = n
- 2" r(2")
v
,(v)
°v (n)
T = ( y x
o 1
n1,···,nr-l·
G N wD N
w r r r
so that
GL( r ,R) U G
wEW w
Similarly,
r U Gn r
wEW w
The sets Gwn r are called Bruhat cells. The cell corresponding to
-1
w
r -1
is called the big cell. We can now break up the Poincare series
into pieces corresponding to Bruhat cells, namely
174
P
n1, ••. ,n r _ 1
( 1:; vI' ••• , vI)
r- l: l: I (11:) x
wE W YEN nr\ r vI'···' v r-I
r
YE G
w
Xl ,2 ••••••••
• 1
let
(5.7)
x a (b )
nl, ••• ,n r _ l 2
d
• d
r
175
2 r
Proposition 5.1 Let 4> E L (r\H ). Then
r-l
4>
n 1 ,···,nr _ 1
(y) I
v 1 ,···,v r _ 1
(Y) E
n 1 ,···,nr-l
(Y) TT
i=1
whelte
and
1
and e .u, 9.tven by (5.7)
nl,···,nr-l
J J
y =0 N nr\N
r-l r r
and that
Appendix
Soloaon Friedberg
Let M be a
integer. positive
We give here the Fourier
expansion of a function ~ : Hr + C invariant under the congruence
subgroup
~) (mod M)} •
I
L (~r-l)
n =-00 n --00 n1 nr-2
1 r-2 M'··· '-M-' M
178
+ L
YER n =-00 n
L
=-a> n
L (4) PY)n
=1 1
n
r-1
((ri ~)t)
1 r-2 r-1 M'··· '-M-
whelte
p
f 4>( ( Y o )
1
U t) an i nr _1
(u) du
N
r
nr r (M)\Nr 0
M,··it-,~
with
and
e(x) = exp(2~ix) •
Next, suppose yE SL(r-I,Z) has bottom row (YI ••• Yr-I)' and m is
an integer. Note that such a Y is determined modulo the SL( r-I ,Z)
max~mal parabolic
179
(+H) r-2
1
p
cj> y (T) To see this, observe that since
with
Further
1
o
o
• 1
for i 1,2, ••• ,r-l completes the proof (for example, when i=2 the Y
180
Pr-2 *)
( -o:........::~r---- \p r-l ).
Bibliography
[20] J. Shalika, The multiplicity one theorem for GL( n), AnnaiA 06
Math. 100, (1974), 171-193.
182
D.Goldfeld S. Friedberg
Harvard University Harvard University
Cambridge, Mass.02138 Cambridge, Mass.02138
Columbia University
New York, N.Y. 10027 U.S.A.
PAIR CORRELATION OF ZEROS AND PRIMES
IN SHORT INTERVALS
1. Statement of results.
In 1943, A. Selberg [15] deduced from the Riemann Hypothesis
(RH) that
X 2
f (W«(l + o)x) - W(x) - ox)2 x- dx < o(log X)2 (1)
I
X
f (w«l + o)x) - w(x) - ox)2 x- 2 dx < o(log X)(log 2/0) (2)
1
6o~ 0 <0 ( 1, X ) 2.
X
f (W«I+o)x) - W(x) - ox)2 dx < ox2 (log 2/0)2 (3)
1
X
f (W(x + h) - W(x) - h)2 dx < hX(log 2X/h)2 (4)
1
X
f (W(x) - x)2 dx < X2 • (5)
1
Gallagher and Mueller [5] showed that if one assumes not only RH but
also the pair correlation conjecture
X
-2 -
f (W«1 + o)x) - w(x) - ox)2 x dx - o(log l/o)(log X/O) (7)
1
-1 -e;
for X .. 0 .. X • Here y denotes the ordinate of a non-trivial
zero of the Riemann zeta function. Thus it seems likely that the
estimate of Theorem 1 is best possible.
B -3 B 3
x 1 (log X) (T ( X 2 (log X) • ( 11)
(12)
X
f (1jJ«1 + 6)x) - 1jJ(x) - 6x)2 dx < 6X2 log X + 62X3 (13)
1
which follows from sieve estimates (see the proof of Lemma 7). In
this way we could show that
X
f (n(x + h) - n(x) - h/log x)2 dx ~ hX/log X (14)
1
for h ~ log X , given RH and (8) for T ( X ( f(T)T log T. Here f(T)
tends to infinity arbitrarily slowly with T. From this it follows
easily that
+co
J e- 2lyl f(Y + y) dy =1 + 0(1) (17)
b b
J R(y) f(Y + y) dy =J R(y) dy + 0(1) (18)
a a
u
J f(u)du (1 + 0(1» U log U (20)
o
as U + ~ Because of the intricacies of the (R 2 ) method, neither
of these assertions implies the other, although they are equivalent
for non-negative functions f. The lemmas we formulate below are
complicated by the fact that we specify the relation between the
parameters K and U.
2. Lea.as of su.aability.
I.-- 1. 16
6u.nc.t~on R( y) ,
b b
J R(y) f(Y + y)dy (J R(y)dy) ( 1 + g'(Y») • (21)
a a
16 R .u, Mxed then I g'(Y) I .u, -6maU. pll.ov~ded that I g(y) I .u, -6maU.
u.n~60Il.mty 601l. Y + a-I ( y ( Y + b + 1 •
+00
k(t) = J k(y) e(-ty)dy (e(u) e 2niu) ,
never vanishes.
+ Jc (c - Izl) e-2Iy-zl dz •
-c
Hence
c
f K (y) f(Y + y) dy
c
= '12 I(Y)
1
- '4 I(Y + c) - '41 I(Y - c)
-c
c
+ f (c - Izl)I(Y + z) dz
-c
c 2 + e:1(Y)
1 1
n c (y) - Kc-n (y») (x[ -c, c 1(y) ( -(K
-(K n c+n (y) - Kc(Y» ,
and since f > 0 , we deduce that (21) holds in the case of the step
function R(y) = x[ -c,c l(y). Since the general R can be approximated
above and below by step functions, we obtain (21).
T
J(T) = f f(t)dt = (1 + e:(T»)T log T ,
then
o
+
whelle Ie:' (K) I .u, -!lmaU.. M K -+- 0 .i.6 I e:(T) I .u, -!lmaU.. un.i.601lmty
-1 -2 -1 2
601l K (log K) (T ( K (log K) •
We divide
the range of integration in (22) into four
-1 -2 -1
subintervals: 0 ( u (K (log K) = Ul ' Ul ( u (CK = U2 '
-1 2
U2 ( u ( K (log K) = U3 ' and U3 ( u < "'.
Since f(t) < log2(t + 2), we see that
189
u u
f 1 < f 1 K2 log2(u + 2) du < K2 Ul log 2 Ul <K
o 0
-2
< f u log2 u du < U-1
3 log2 U3 <K
U3
U
f 2 ( sin KU)2 du
f
U
1
u o
-2
211 K(1 + O(log K) ),
and that
U2 2
f (sin KU) (f(u)-log u)du < K(I+ (log!) max le(u)l)log(C+2) •
U1 u K U1 (u(U 2
+00
~ 3. 16 K .u, e.ve.n, K" c.ont-<-ntlo/.L6, f
-3
K(x) + 0 at> x + +00, K' + 0 at> x + +00 , and -<-6 K"(x) <: x at>
x+ + 00 , the.n
=f
~
K(t) (23)
o
190
~ 2
I(K) = f ( sin Kt) f(t)dt = (n/2 + E(K»K log 11K
o t
then
T
J(T) = f f(t)dt (1 + E')T log T
o
-1 -1 -1 2
T (log T) (K (T (log T) •
where
Since
f K"R < f
191
-1
Assuming, as we may, that E ) (log T) ,we have
-1
R(T.K/T) <E xT log T for xl .; x .; xZ. Hence
x2 -1 -3 -1
f K"R <E T (log T) f min(I, x ) x dx <E T log T.
xl o
For n >0 take
so that
1 Hltl';l,
A
Thus
00
fo f(t)K n (t/T)dt = (1
A
elaborate estimate.
T
f IS(t)12 dt (T + 0(0- 1» L I c( \.I) 12
0 \.I EM
+ o( T L 1c(\.I)c(v)l) •
\.I, v EM
0 < I \.I-vi < 0
+00
and f Hence
T +00
f Is12 .. f IsI2 F+ = I C(II)c(V) ;+(v - 11) •
o \.I,V
_1
The terms \.I = v contribute (T + 0 ) L\.I IC(\.I)!2. Since
-1
T + 0 .. 2T ,
2T L 1c(\.I)c(v)l.
o< I \.I-vi <0
This gives an upper bound, and a corresponding lower bound is
derived similarly using F_.
193
T
f
o p p
-2
1T 2 (X,k) <( k/$(k»)x(log x)
-2 2X -2
<T C(X)2 OX2 (log X) < oT f C(u)2 u(log u) du.
X
L _ 8. and
A6~ume RH, .te~ F(X,T) be ~ ~n (9). Then F(X,T) > 0,
F(X,T) = F(1/X,T), and
Leama 9. 16 0 .. h .. T then
T
fo (N(t+h) - N(t) - ~ h log t)2 dt
211
<T log(2 + h log T)
for 0 .. h .. 1. Hence
T
f N( t+h) - N( t»)2 dt < h2 T(log T)2
o
_1
for (log T) .. h .. 1. This gives (27) in this case. To derive
-1 1
(27) when 0 .. h .. (log T) , i t suffices to consider h = (log T) - •
As for the range 1 .. h .. T , it suffices to use the bound
+.. +co
J la(it)1 2 I [.\ 1 +c(y)
(t-y)2
12 dt =J I t
I y (Z
a(I/2 + i y )c(y)1 2 dt
1 + (t-y)2
y
(30)
Pnaa6. By (28), the sum that occurs in the integral on the left is
< log (2 + Itl) • Since
(31)
and consequently
Let I denote the integral on the left in (30), and J the correspond-
ing integral with a(it) replaced by a( V2 + it). Then
Write J in the form J - J IAI2. From (28) and (31) we see that
196
Thus
and hence
J - K < 02(log 2/0)3
-1 -1
B - C <: min(Z , It I ) log(2Z + Itl),
we find that
Thus
K - L < Z-l (log 2Z)3
4. Proof of Theore. 1.
Although we arrange the technical details differently, the
ideas are entirely the same as in Selberg's paper. If oX (1 then
there is at most one prime power in the interval (x, (1 + o)x], so
197
1/0
f ... < o(log 2/0)2.
o
Thus it suffices to consider the range 1/0 .; x .; X Here we apply
the explicit formula for W(x) (see Davenport [1, 17]), which gives
Y
iyy 2
f I L a(p)e I dy<oYlog2/0. (35)
log 1/0 Iyr.;z
By Lemma 5 we see that this integral is
f (L
-00hf.;Z
I y-27TU I.;2/Y
a (p) 2 ) du <Y I
h ';Z
I y' ';Z
la(p)a(p') I •
ly-y'I.;4/Y
By (31) and Lemma 9 this gives (35), and the proof is complete.
5. Proof of Theorea 2.
We first assume (8) as needed, and derive (10). Let
198
T
J(T) a J(X,T) - 4 f
o
Montgomery [13] (see his (26), but beware of the changes in
notation) used (28) to show that
XiY
f la(it)1 2 12 + (t-y)Z I2 dt - (n/2 + O(I»K log I/K
o y
= (n/4 + 0(1»6 log 1/6 • (37)
The values of T for which we have used (8) lie in the range
(38)
+co
f
-1
provided that Z ~ 6 (log 1/6)3. Let S(t) denote the above sum
over y. Its Fourier transform is
+co
S(u) - f S(t) e(-tu)dt =n 2 a(p) xiy e(_yu)e-2nlul
-CD hi ( z
Hence by Plancherel's identity the integral above is
I \'
L. a(p)X i Y e(-yu) 12 e- 4n Iu I du •
hi ( Z
199
+00
f I \ a(p) e iY (Y+Y)1 2 e- 2lyl dy = (1 + 0(1»0 log 1/0 •
hlL.( z (39)
In Lemma 1 we take
R(y) ,.
o( Y ( log 2,
o otherwise •
2X
f I L a(p)x p 12 dx = ( 3/2 + 0(1») OX2 log 1/0 •
X hi ( z
We replace X by X2-k , sum over k, 1 ( k ( K , and use the explicit
formula (34) with Z = X(log X)3 to see that
We take K = [loglog xl, and note that it suffices to have (8) in the
-K
range (11). To bound the contribution of the range 1 ( x (X2 ,
we appeal to (3) with X replaced by X2- K • Thus we have (10) •
-2
= O( 0 (log 1/0) Xl ) .
2
We add these relations, and multiply through by Xl By making a
further appeal to (10) with X = Xl we deduce that
00
-3
X(log X) (T ( X,
H X
J J (~(x+h) - ~(x) - h)2 dxdh ~ 21 H2 X log X/H (40)
o 0
o
H
J (~(x+h) - ~(x) - h)2 dh dx ~ i H2 X log X/H ( 41)
B
J f(x,ox)2 x dx ~ (B3 - A3) 0 log 1/0 + O(X 3 o log 1/0).
A
ZOl
(l+n)H X
I I f(x,h)2 dx dh = (n +V2 n2 +0(1»XH2 log X/H
H o
Let g(x,h) = f(x,H). From the identity
f2 - g2 = 2f(f-g) - (f-g)2
nH X+H
II (f-g)2 = I I f(x,h)2 dx dh
o H
x
nH I (~(x+H) - ~(x) - H)2 dx = II g2
o
II f2 + O(n 3 / 2 XH 2 log X/H)
We now divide both sides by nH, and obtain the desired result by
letting n +
+
0 sufficiently slowly.
References.
10. D.R. Heath-Brown, Gaps between primes, and the pair correlation
of zeros of the zeta-function, Ac.ta ~th. 41 (1982), 85-99.
14. B. Saffari and R.C. Vaughan, On the fractional Parts of x/n and
related sequences II, Ann. In6~. Fo~e~ (Grenoble) 27, no. 2,
(1977), 1-30.
D. A. Goldston H. L. Montgomery
San Jose State University, University of Michigan,
San Jose, CA 95192, Ann Arbor, HI 48109,
U.S.A. U.S.A.
ONE AND TWO DIMENSIONAL EXPONENTIAL SUMS
1. Introduction
In number theory, one often encounters sums of the form
(1)
I
n EI
L e(f(n»)1 2 ( III + Q
Q
L (1 - l1l) L e(f(n+q) - f(n»)
Iql<Q Q n EI
n+q E I
n+q E 1
S L e(f(n») and S
q
L e(f(n+q) - f(n»).
nO n EI
n+q E 1
16 Q ( III then
(2)
and -that m~ = mZm4 • Let: f'(b) = <1, f'(a) = 13, and le-t nv be ¢uc.h
-that f'(n v ) = v nOll <1 < V < 13. Then
-1/Z
L e ( f (n ) - vn - 1/ 8) If" (n ) I
<1<v~13 v v v
(3.Z) there exists y > 0, s > 0, and d, ° < d < liZ, such that
o 2
A 1 o
o o
Then
k/(2k + 2)
£ + 1)/(2k +
Z09
(0,1). It follows that any exponent pair obtainable from the A and
B processes can be written either in the form
(4)
or in the form
(5)
(0 .; ex .; 1) (6)
and
~(l/Z + it) < to/ Z log t.
In 1945, Rankin [14] found an algorithm for computing (7). His work
was published ten years leater, but he did not give the details of
his method since they involved much heavy algebra. Recently, one of
us (Graham) has found an algorithm for computing
ak + b + c
inf (8)
dk + e + f
(k,~)E P
ak + b + c
e(k,~)
dk + e + f •
[: ~J
b
e e
w(k + i) + v - u.
Y = max {w + v - u, wr + v - u},
and
Z min {w + v - u, wr + v - u}.
s L e(f(m,n)).
(m,n)EV
where
Hf det l D
xx
D f
xy
f D f
xy
D f
yy
X2y2 Xy
I SI2 < """'OR + QR r IS 1 (q, r) I ,
Iqr < Q Ir < R
(q, r) F (0, 0)
whelte
S1 (q, r) I e(f1 (m,n;q,r»),
(m,n) EV1(q,r)
wah
f1 (m,n;q,r) f(m + q, n + r) - f(m, n)
1
f ...l f(m + qt, n + rt) dt,
at
and 0
k R. k R.
S (: L IX lL 2y 2 (10)
1 2 '
where L1 = IAlx- a - 1y-8 and L2 = IAlx- a y-8-1. Note that L1 ~ Dxf and
L2 ~ Dyf. If we can prove an estimate of the form (10) under
appropriate assumptions on f and D, we say that (k1,R. 1 ; k 2 ,R. 2 ) is an
exponent quadruple. Note that since
f (m, n) Am -a n -8 •
f 1 (m,n; q,r) f1 d 8
~ A(m + qt)-a(n + rt)- dt
o t
215
-Cl -fl -1 -1
-Am n (Clqm + flrn ) •
where
Now
and
1 d
fl(m,n; q,r) f ~ f(m + at, n + rt)dt
o t
.. ~ + rF .. pF
X Y
Now assume that Q and R are chosen so that QX- 1 Ry-1. If we set
Z = Q2YX-1 R2Xy-1, then
(k 1+k )/2
1
L (...l.) 2
QR XY
Iql<Q Irt<R
It follows that
Choose Z so that the two terms on the right-hand side are equal.
Then
We may use (6) and take the average of Al and A2 to get the exponent
quadruple
Z17
The "s" here stands for Srinivasan, who used essentially this
operation in his method of exponent pairs [17]. We shall say more
about this later.
and
k k + ~ + k k + ~ + 1)
(Zk + Z' Zk + Z Zk + Z' Zk + Z
and
B(k,~; k,O (~ - l/Z, k + 1/2; ~ - 1/2, k + 1/2).
k 3k + R. + 1).
(4k + 2' 4k + 2
and
B(k,R.) (R. - 1/2, k + 1/2).
(12.1 )
(12.2)
(12.3)
1. (k , R.) = As °
3 B( '1)'
, e 19/58. This was done by Titchmarsh
[19] for 1,;(1/2 + it).
[18] for E(x), by Min [12] for ~(1/2 + it), and by Richert [15] for
l\(x).
Note that
35 -
108 = .324 074 •
23
8 = 7T = .32394 36619 ••••
If we assume the conjecture for all (k,O and apply the algorithm
mentioned in Section 1, we find that the optimal q-sequence is
~ a(m) e(f(m,n)).
(m,n)EV
a(m) e(xm
-8 n-8 )
~ ~
X<m<2X Y<n<2Y
< F1/4 X3/4 y1/2 + X5/6 y5/6 + F- 1/ 4 XY + Xy1/2,
220
12k + 16~ - 5
e 18k + 30~ - 6
Acknowledgements.
We had the opportunity to speak on this material at the
Mathematisches Forschingstitut of Oberwohlfach, at Oklahoma State
University, and the University of Michigan. We wish to thank those
institutions for their hospitality.
221
References.
4.
-
W. Haneke, Verscharfung der Abschatzung von ~(1/2 + it), Acta
A~h. 8 (1963), 357-430.
S.W Graham
Michigan Technology University
Houghton, Michigan 49931 USA
G. Kolesnik
California State University - Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
NON-VANISHING OF CERTAIN VALUES OF L-FUNCTIONS*
Ralph Greenberg
L(X,s) = L ~
a N(a)s
where the sum is over the nonzero ideals of the ring of integers OK
of K. Here X is a grossencharacter of K of type Ao. That is, X is
a complex-valued multiplicative function on the ideals of OK such
that X« a» = an "(i' m for all a
OK' a ;: 1 (mod f x ), where n, m e: Z
and fx is an ideal of OK (the conductor of X). We call (n,m) the
infinity type of x. The above series defines an analytic function
for Re(s) sufficiently large which can be analytically continued to
the entire complex plane and satisfies a functional equation. By
translating s or applying complex conjugation, we can clearly assume
that X has infinity type (n,O) with n = nX ) 0, as we will from here
on. The functional equation is then as follows. Let
-s
A(x,s) = A r(s)L(x,s)
A(x,n+l-s) = W A<X,s).
X
L<X,s) L
X o c(a)
N(a)s
L(xo c,s),
a
(so that Ww = +1) and this of course is true for many elliptic
curves E. Also, Nelson Stephens has found a number of examples
2k+l
where L(w ,s) vanishes to even order at s = k+l for small values
of k > O.
Rohrlich has proved other non-vanishing results, which we
combine in the following theorem. Here W= WE is the grossen-
character attached to an elliptic curve E as above.
Cases (i) and (iii) in this theorem are proved in [6). Note
that if X W~ where ~ is of finite order and satisfies ~o c =~ -1
where
-s
A(6,s) A r(s)L(6,s), A = 2Tl/lN 6"
2
L( 1jJcP, s) •
k
(AN( a) )j
L L .,
J.
a j=O
L( lj/~ ,1)
av
233
Rohrlich shows that lim", L(1/I<j> ,1) is nonzero as ord(<j» + "" and <j>
'f av
varies as restricted above and such that «-( 1/I<j» = +1. Now 1/1 has its
values in K and so the grossencharacters Xi = 1/I<j> i are all
conjugate. The root numbers «-(Xi) are all +1 and a theorem of
Shimura shows that either all or none of the values L(X.,1) are
1
zero. Hence L(1/I<j>,1) is nonzero i f ord(<j» is sufficiently large and
«-( 1/I<j» +1.
(1 + w( 1/I<j»)
L( 1/I<j>
,1). When is <j> (a) i= O? If W is a pn-th root of unity,
av av
then the sum of the conj ugates of w will be zero unless rAP = 1.
If ord(<j» = pn, then we can regard <j> as a character of Gal( K-/ K).
n
K- / K
Now <f>{ a) = <f>{ (_n_)), and so <j> (a) i= 0 implies that the Artin
a av
K-/ K
symbol (~) has order 1 or p. It must then fix K:_ 1 and so
K- / K
( n-a1 ) must be tr i via I • As ord(<j» + "", the terms that survive in
K-/ K
the series for L(1/I<j> ,1) are those for which (--""--) is trivial, i.e.
av a
those that correspond to ideals a such that a = Ii. The contri-
bution of those terms to the limit in question is
\' 1jJ( a)
2 L _ N( a)' nonzero as before.
fPa
K/K
Let a = (_00_) The condi tion a = a means that a E r +. For
a a a
a given <j> such that ord(<j» = pn, the remaining nontrivial terms in
the series for L( 1jJ<j> ,1) are those for which a i= Ii and
av n-l
aa I K- = proj _(a J is in (r-)p If a = (a), we can translate
"" r
this into a statement about a. Class field theory gives a canonical
isomophism U/Utorsion =r , where U is the group of units in
234
References.
R. Greenberg,
University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington 98195, U.S.A.
ON AVERAGES OF EXPONENTIAL SUMS OVER PRIMES
Glyn Harman
1. Introduction.
e(nex)A(n) (1)
where lal < q-2 and (a,q) = 1, then one expects that
(2)
Without any hypothesis one can only establish (Z) with the
current state of knowledge, for q < (log N)A (any given A) and with
(3)
The bound (3) in this form is due to R.C. Vaughan [lZ]. We note
Z 5 3 5
that for q < N / or q > N / and given only lsi < q-Z, this is only
weaker than the result obtained on the GRH by a power of (log N).
No stronger bounds are possible for small q when lal is substant-
ially smaller than q-Z, however, by the Vinogradov-Vaughan method.
Vaughan also established that
f SN(a)
2
e(-na) da
M
where M is the union of maj or arcs, equals the value expected with a
suitably small error plus some unpleasant terms coming from a
possible 'exceptional~ character ·(one whose L-function has a zero
very close, in terms of n, to 1). In this use is being made of
averaging over both numerator and denominator and the latter can
take values up to a small power of n.
whe.Jte.
I-a
n
th.i.6 te.Jtm oc.c.UJt.trrg orrltj .i6 the.Jte. .i.6 a modulM r d-iv.id-irrg q wilh a
Jte.al pJt.imil.ive. c.haltacte.Jt X who.6e. L-6urrc.t.iorr hC1.6 a Jte.al ze.Jto a w.ith
(1 - a) < (log N) -1 / 2 • (The.Jte. c.arr be. at mO.6t orre. .6uc.h r 60Jt a g.ive.rr
240
N).
(8)
2
+ NLq-1/2 + N9 / 10 (RL)1/2 + RN 4 / 5 + (NLRq(l + ~ »)1/2
The author does not know of any applications at present for the
first two theorems although they do imply a bound O( N7 / 8 (10g N)5
min(N, S-1)1/8/ q ) on average over q. Theorem 3 is, however, a
stronger result than can be obtained by applying the GRR for each
modulus qr, when the parameters are in certain ranges. For example,
when R = L = Nl/ 3 , q = Nl/ 2 , a < N, the right hand side of (8) is
O(N 4 / 3 + E:) whereas applying the GRR (and not making use of the
averaging over r) there is a term ( qLNR 3)1/2 which is of size
N4 / 3 + 1/12 Professor P.X. Gallagher has remarked that this may
have some implications for the vertical distribution of zeros of L-
functions. Theorem 3 is applied in [7] to prove that there are
infinitely many solutions of lap - P 3 + sl < p-l/300 where p is a
prime, P3 a number having no more than three prime factors, a is
irrational, and S is arbitarary. This improves upon a result of
Vaughan [ll] who adapted his method in [10] which has a "GRR true on
average" strength. Several variations on the above results are
possible. We shall only briefly sketch the proofs of the results
here.
Thus
I IT(X)II1/J{N,x,S )1
q
X
mod q
(9)
~ N7 / 8 S- 1 / 8 (log N)7/2
3/2 5
I * IT(X) 111/I(N,X,S )1 + Q
q
(log N)
X mod M
242
1/2
< L ----<L- 1:* 11jI(N,X,yq) I (log Q) + Q3/2(log N)5, (10)
1<q~2Q ~(q) X mod q
since
_1_ <: l2lL.Q.
~(qm) ~(q)'
L*
X
11jI(N,X,yq) I .. L* max
X y"N
IljI(y,X,v(q)/u(q))1
1/2
u
<: ~(u) L max IljI ( y , X) I
X mod uq y"N
since X1 X2 runs over all characters (mod uq) no more than once as
Xl' X2 run over characters mod q and mod u respectively. An appeal
to Theorem 2 of [10] then furnishes the bound
-s
F(s,X) x(n)A(n)n
and
-s
G(s,X) x(nhl(n)n
6+iT L' s
1
21ri f (L (s,X) + F(S,x»); ds
6-iT
+ O(N8log N + u).
The error term above contributes < z3/20og N)3u to (6) which will
be satisfactory providing u < N8 1 / 2 •
Writing
s-l
h(s) fN e(y y)y dy
1 q
T'
I *f IH(6+it,X)h(6+it)ldt
X -T'
T'
I *f II(1/2 +it,X)h(6+it)ldt
X -T'
For integrals with 4N8 ( t ( T the same estimates hold without the
factor T' appearing on the right-hand side. The choice u = 28- 1 / 2Z- 1
244
3. Proof Of Theorem 3.
a b e(ajmn)
L L L L n m qr
R(r<2R J(j<2j M(m<2M n(N/m
a b e(ajmn)
L L L L n m qr
R(r<ZR J(j<ZJ M(m<2M n(N/m
24S
The proof of Lemma 1 uses the fact that the inner sum is a geometric
series, while the proof of Lemma 2 is based on the large sieve and
counting the solutions of certain diophantine inequalities.
I a b f(mn)
n m
n.. N/m
with either
References.
24 (1977), 135-141.
G. Harman
Department of Pure Mathemtics,
University College,
P.O. Box 78,
Cardiff CF1 1XL, Wales, U.K.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF n(n) AMONG NOKBERS
WITH NO LARGE PRIME FACTORS
Douglas Hensley
O. Abstract
The main result concerns the distribution of n(n) within
1. Introduction.
The question of the distribution of v(n) among natural numbers
n ( x with no prime factors >y has received increasing attention in
recent years. Alladi's Turan-Kubilius inequality made a good start,
and there has been further progress (see [1,2]).
,-1
L p log p log x.
p~y
~(cx,y)
given by
249
where
and
a
Q(d) = TT (L (-l)j/j!) = IT qa ' say.
pa "d j=O pa II d
(1.2)
'[-1
L P
p(y
shifts from being packed largely into (ly ,y) to being far more
spread out. The application of the Berry-Esseen theorem in Sec. 6
breaks down, and all the many calculations along the way are vastly
complicated. Happily, there are other ways to study the
distribution of n(n) in S(x,y) for smaller u, and Alladi [2) has
shown that here too it is Gaussian.
+
T + 2 , Z;(2(1 - lIT)) + '" and the proportion of square-free numbers
drops toward zero.
Selberg showed that for all El > 0, all E2 > 0, there exists an
x(E l ,E 2 ) such that if x > x(E l ,E 2 ) then [71
(E l - 58 / 77 )
v =y ~ v(y)
252
and
).(s) = L ). (s) •
p .. y P
PJtoo6. Clear.
99 -1 s t
m{ s ).(s) < 100 s e and log y - t .. s .. log y} .. 100.
99
-1 s
PJtoo6. Fix t and let Ut = { s : ).(s) < 100 s
e and log y - t ..
s .. log y}. Assume m(U t ) > t/l00. We derive a contradiction.
There must be some interval L of length 1 within [log y - t,
log y] which intersects Ut in a set of measure greater than 1/100.
Let L' = {sl,s2, ••• ,sk} be a set of k > v/l00 elements of L, with
Sj+l - Sj > v for 1 .. j .. k - 1. Such an L' exists by Lemma 1.
For Sj€ L' consider the intervals [exP(sj- v/2), exp(sj+ v/2»
= [aj,b j ), say. These are disjoint for distinct j, 1 .. j .. k - 1.
Fix a particular j and drop the subscripts: [a,b). Temporarily,
let 0 = 77
19
+ E1/2. For each integer m,
o
a .. m .. a + a , consider
the sequence ai(m) determined by
(2.2)
(m)
a i
for a ( m, n ( a + a° (2.3)
a (m) > a (m-l) for a + 1 ( m ( a + a °•
i i
B(i,m) = (2.4)
and
N(m) { i B(i,m) c [a,b) and B(i,m) contains
fewer than 199/200 E(i,m) primes}.
199
200 L E(i,m).
i E M(m)
i"- N(m)
RemaJtk.. (This is not to say that we can sum over the various m and
get still more primes. But for each fixed m, this is correct).
primes in [aj,b j ).
On the other hand since SjE L' there are no more than
99 -1 Sj
100 vS j e primes in [aj,b j ). Thus
3v -1 Sj -1 OSj
1000 Sj e (Sj e #N(m),
and so
3v (l-o)Sj.
#N(m) ) 1000 e (2.5)
Thus also
1
Corollary. FOJt y l.IuULuentty .taJtge, r ) 0, and 1 ( t ( 2El1og Y
-1 rs 1 r
m{ s : )..(s)exp«r-l)s) < s (e - 100 Y ) and log y - t ( s (
log y} ( t/100.
r-l
G(r) l: p
p .. y
r-l
I(r) l: p log p
p.. y
(3.1)
r-l log2 p ,
J(r) l: P
p .. y
and
r-l
K(r) .. l: p log3 P •
p .. y
1
1I(y)
1 -1
v X (s),
1I(y)
[log p - v12, log p + v12]
For r ;. 0 let
log y
-1 rs
G(r) J s e ds ,
1
log y
rs
I(r) J e ds ,
1
(3.3)
log y
rs
J(r) J se ds ,
1
and
log Y 2 rs
K(r) =J s e ds.
1
(3.4)
r-1
P~oo6 • G(r) = I p
J2y t
r-1 dt r -C/log y
- - + O(y e
log t 2
y r-1 -C/log td )
) + O( J t e t
257
so that
,-- log y ,-
G(r) G(r) + O(yre-Crlog y) + 0(1 ers-Crs ds). (3.5)
1
log y
rs-c/-;
I e ds.
1
We need a sublemma.
(a) F(T,r) .; 32
32 rT-/r
(b) F(T,r) .; - e (T- 1/ 2 " r).
r
For r > __
3_ h
, t oug ,
h
hog y
I log y 2 ,-
e rs - rs ds .; Ilog y I 32 1
e rs - rs ds .; _ e r og
y - 'log y
r
1 1 r
(3.6)
258
The other error term in (3.5) adds to this to give the claimed error
bound of Lemma 3.
log p + vl2
r-1 -1
IG - GI .; L p - v f e(r-l)s dsl
p.;y log p - v/2
-1
v/2
r-1 e(r-l) s dsl r-1
L p 11 - v f < v2 L p
p.$y -v/2 p.;y
L _ 6. Folt each C > 0, .the 60Uow.i..ng ho.tcL6 un.i..60ltm./'.y .i..n 0 <r <C
and y .. exp(1/r)
1 r 1 -2
(3) J(r) =; y (log y - ;) + r + 0(1) ,
1 r -3
K(r) .. - Y (log y - ~ + 2r- 2 ) + 2r
2
(4) + 0(1)
r r
2r
(5) -=-,V--,_ ( 1 + _ 4 _ + ( 1 »)
4 2 rlog y 0 2 2
r log y r log y
1 ( r
+ r -2 log (-) y (rlog y - 1) + 1) + O(log r)
r
log y 1 rs r 1 -1 t
Plto06. We have G(r) =f -- e rds" li(y ) + f t edt.
1 rs r
The last integral is log r + 0(1), uniformly in 0 <r .; C. The rest
is also a simple calculus exercise.
r r -/log y
GJ - 12 GJ - r2 + o(--I---
rlog y
+ Ye
r2
)
•
(3.7)
Let
a = IIG (3.8)
and
(3.9)
Irlog y - ~I ~ 2. (3.10)
1
Then (3.10) is contained in (-1-- ~ r ~ C + 1), and for any r
og y
satisfying (3.10), all the previous results of this section are
valid. From now on, we assume (3.9) and (3.10).
260
~ 1 r
(3) I(r) = -(y - 1) + 0(1) ,
r
r
(4)
~
J(r) = -r1 y (log y - - ) + r
1
r
-2
+ 0(1) ,
~ 1 r( 2 21011 v -2 -3
(5) K(r) = - y log y - ~ + 2r ) + 2r + 0(1),
r r
r -1 -2 -3
(6) G(r) = y (r10g y) + (r log y) + O«r log y) »),
2r 4 1
/2 {1+~+0(2 2)}·
r log y g y r log y
-2 4 1
(8) r (1 + ~ + O( 2 2»)
g y r log y
2
(~)(1 + O(log log u») and
10g2 u log u '
a log y (3.13)
-3
flo = 0(1), (3.14 )
1/2 log Y -1 rs
f s e ds
< ;y
1 r/2
1
r
a 1 ,3 rs d < 1 ra -4 < y
< f 1h log ylog y 's - a e s log y e r 4
r log y
log y () log y 1
f (s - a)3 e r-1 sA(s)ds < r
-3
f s
- rs
e ds < 4
y
a 1/2 log y r log y
_ _1_ (-.!L)
log x GJ-I2
2
= ~(1 + O(loglog u»)
u log u '
u u
uniformly in hO - - - .. h .. hO + _.- •
log 2u log 2u
G r( 1 + 1 2 6 1)
= Y rlog y 2 2 + 3 3 + 4 4 + O( 5 5)'
r log y r log y r log y r log y
2 3 3
~h log (Gi;I\ -I ( I K - J G ),
(GJ-I 2 )log x (GJ-I 2 )IJ
and 13K - J3G < y4r/ r 7log y. On the other hand, (GJ - I2)IJ •
y4r /r6 log y, so
and
a
2 2 (1 + O(~h log
00 u
u».
2 GJ-I 2
Pnoo6· a = ---2--. Now
G
d GJ-I 2 d GJ - 12 d IJ
dh log( -2-) = dh log( IJ ) + dh log( 2" ).
G G
But log (IJ/G 2 ) = 2 log (I/G) + log (J/I). Expanding as before and
simplifying now gives (3.16).
We make one last observation.
-1
Given (3.9) and (3.10), and moreover Ir - 91 < (log y) ,for
r < 2/3
(log y)
1/3 IV
< u < 2 log y. (4.2)
'" m m
Pltoo6. f'(x/d,y) = L ~ Prob( L Yi " log x - log d}. Now
m=O m. 1
m m
Prob (L Yi " log x/d) " Prob ( L Yi + Zi " log x - log d + m~ )
1 1
G(lla' m..
,,~ J(log x/d) + mv
e
(1) ( )
-a sf(s) m ds •
ll(y)m 0
Thus
1
'" ~ (l-a)(log x - log d + ~v)
f'(x/d,y)"
oL m.
f e (4.4)
Lemma 9.
L Q(d)d a- 1 < K(a- 1/2\og y.
d)K
\'
L.
LM qJop j(S-I) 0j(s). Then
j=O p
-B2/12 - 41 (21 - -
e)B/u/10g u
l: 1 <( e + e )x
k E S(x.y)
n(k) ;> hO + B/U/10g u
l: Q(d) l: H(x/d.y)
d m ( h O-B/U/10g u - n(d) m
( L Q(d) H (x/d.y)
m
d
H (x/d,y)
m
= -,
m.
f
0
e -r Sd(Prob(l: Y
1 i
= s») ( -, (x/d) -r.
m.
Thus m
H (x/d,y)
m
< f-
m!
(x/d)l-r
and
267
Now
Hence
L Q(d)d r - 1 < Ilog y. (5.4)
d
1 -
Now recalling that M = M(B), we have for B < 2/u/log u ,
1-r M
Mx G 1M! < x/u- exp(Mlog G - Mlog M + M - rlog x). (5.5)
1 2 -1 2
hO - Slog x - 2(1 + o(I»)(ho - M) u log u.
Thus
- (ho-Slog x) 1 2 -1 2
L < x/u e exp(- t<hO-M) u log u).
(5.6)
k E S(x,y)
n(k)<M
x
From Sec.4 we have '¥'(x,y) > log x exp (h O - Slog x), and (a)
follows.
1 Bru
PJtoo6 (b). Let K = exp(t; log)' The quantity on the left of (b)
is
\ '¥ (x,y) =
l - n
n>hO+B/u/log u (5.7)
9-1/2
L Q(d) L Hn_n(d)(x/d,y) + 0 (K log y log x '¥(x,y»),
d<K n>hO+Bru/log u
268
from (4.8).
For d (K, Q(d) ( log K/log 2, and for n ) hO + BI;/log u ,
1 -
n - Q(d) ) hO + 2Blu/log u. Now consider
l: Q(d)
d(K
This is larger than the double sum on the right of (5.7). For each
1 -
n ) hO + 2Blu/log u, the corresponding r = r(n) is less than S. As
in the proof of (a),
-3/2
Hn(x/d,y) < d
r-1 1
exp(2 ny )x exp(G(r»). (5.8)
1 2
G(r(M» ( G(8) - 12 B •
Further,
dG/dh ( 1 B log u
- "3 lu
for h ) M. Thus
and so
l: Q(d)d S- l
d
(5.10)
2 -B 2 /12
< log x 'I'(x,y)e •
Z 1 -
u/log u], and 1 .; d.; exp(?,u log y/log u), and estimate ~(x/d,y).
Under these circumstances, we have
L~ 11.
H (x/d,y)
n = dr-1(1 + O«I+log d)log u»).
H (x,y) lu log y
n
(6.1)
(6.Z)
(6.3)
-3
From Sec.3, 80 <1 , so by the Berry-Esseen theorem, for any
a < b,
Prob ( t
n
Xi E [log x - b, log x - a]) =
b
H oIn } - Ho~n} + O(/n).
1
so
1 r
Now from Sec.Z and 3, fn(S) is ) 3G(~) throughout
and
2
log u
2
u10g y
(6.4)
log u (1 + O(loglog u»).
l21ru log y log u
Since the Qi(s) depend on r, and since Ql(log x) will appear several
times, we introduce the notation Q(r) = Ql(log x).
Now consider
2
Ql(s) '" Q(r) + O( (10~ X-S~log u) (6.5)
log Y
__ ""_
O(r)x
.... 1- r e (1)
_ ..._~_ ru
r- c {I + 0 (U 1og Y e (1)(b)
r- -c) +
l-r log u
271
1 / l/~ log y
If we now restrict c to - - " c ...
2 2 log u ' these error
terms reduce to o( (1 +c)1og u). Thus uniformly in that range of c,
lu log y
and in In - hoi" u/10g2 u,
(6.7)
log x-c (1 ) () _ Q(r)x 1- r e(r-l)c (1)
J e -r s f n (s) ds _ -- -
n l-r
{I + O( +c log u)).
lu log y
log x-b
10g2 u
In particular, with n = nO' r = 9 + 0 ( 1 ) from (3.11) so
og x
with c = 1,
log x-I
J e(l-r)s f(n)(s) ds
n
> log u
lu10g y x
l-r
log x-b
But
~n n n n
Hn(x,y) = ~ n.I Prob(I
1
Yi " log x) > ~ Prob(I Yi + Zi " log x-I)
n. 1
G(r)nenx-r
by Stirling's formula. Now n = exp(G(n», and from
n 10g2 u
(3.15), since n = hO + 0(1), G(n) = G(h O) + o( u ) . Thus
Hn 0(x,y) > dog yu exp «h»
u10g GO'
But G(h O) = x-9 e ho , and u10g y =
log x, so
log x-b
J e(l-r)s f(n)(S) ds " x (l-r) e (r-l)b (6.9)
o n
272
< Q(r)x1-re(r-l)c(I+c)log u)
lu log y ,
(6.10)
and so
(6.11)
7. Y(cx.y).
lbeorem 1.
'!'(cx,y)
1-£
+ 0 (~(x,y)exp(-u ») + O( L Q(d)~'(x/d,y»).
£
d)K
But
L Q(d) L Hn-n(d) (cx/d,y) (7.4)
d.;K In-hoi .; u/1og2u
L Q(d) L H (cx/d,y)
n
d.;K In-hoi.; u1og2u
+ O( L
d.;K
1-£
This last error term is <£ ~(x,y) exp(-u ), from Lemma 10. Thus
1 3
~(x,y) x O{log x log y exp( -(2' - a)u/1og u) +
1 - 1-£
log x log y exp(-(2' - a)iu log y/1og u) + exp(-u )
and finally to
274
0(~(x,y)e-~/310g2 U).
That is,
2
r = S + 0(6h log u/10g x). (7.7)
H (cx/d,y)
n = (c/d)l-S{l + o(log u(1+10g (d/c»)
H (x,y) lu log y
n
(7.8)
2
+ O( 6h10g u(1+10g (d/c»)} •
log x
n
Hn(x,y) = ill.!:.2..::. x 1- r .Q.W.. { 1 + o( log u )}. (7.9)
n! l-r lu log y
1 -1/4
Now Q(r) = (1 + O(u »), and from (3.16), this is
/21Tn a(r)
constant In In - hoi ( u/10g 2u to within a factor of 1 + 0(u- 1/4 ).
Thus
(7.10)
275
L~ 12
(a) Ld Q(d)da-I(I + log (d/c») < (log y)3/2(1 + log (1/c»
This derivative is
< TT (I + t p2( a- 1) ) L p
2(a-l) I
og p.
p .. y p .. y
I-a I-a hO ·3
Error2 <
Ac x
2
e log u L 2 11Ihie -1/2 V(lIh)2 ,
log x In-h o I"u/log u
where
276
1 + 10g(1/c)
A =
3/2
(1 + 10g(1/c»)log y
I-a I-a hO - 2
< Ac x e lulog u
2
log x
I-a hO
~'(x,y) > I~ x e log u
log u log x
I-a 3u(l
< clog + 10g(1/c»/lu log y.
-
c 1- S (1 + 10g(1/c»)log u
Errorl < { lu log y L Q(d)d a- 1 } H (x,y). (7.12)
d n
1/8
(a) L ~n(x,y) < ~(x,y)exp(-u )
In-h OI>u4/7
4/7
(u ,
1 2
- ZV(n-h O) -1/4
~ (x,y) =e ~ (x,y)(l + O(u »).
n nO
from (4.8).
Let ~ (x,y) = L Q(d)H _Q(d)(x/d,y). From (7.10),
n d(K n
r(n-Q(d) )-1
Hn_Q(d)(x/d,y) = d Hn_Q(d)(x,y). (8.5)
From (3.11),
Thus
r(n)-l
Hn_n(d)(x/d,y) = d Hn_n(d)(X,y) x
while
1-r' , n-n(d) n-n(d) ,
( ) --;:~x==:::;:::;:;: G(r ) e ~ (1+0( log u »).
Hn-n(d) x,y - Ih(n-n(d»
: (n_n(d»n-n(d)
.. 1-r lu log y
Thus
Hn_n(d)(x,y) z ;; 1-r.2i.Ll. (1 + 0 log u )
H (x,y) In-n(d) 1-r' Q(r) (/u log y) (8.7)
n
The product of all but the last factor here is 1 + O(u- 1/ 4 ), from
(6.4) and (3.11). As for exp{G(n - ned»~ - G(n)},
since lfihl ( u 4/ 7 and IdG/dhl < lfihl log 2u/u from (3.15). Thus
(8.8)
We now show
279
~ (x,y)
n
(1 + 0(u- l / 4 ») L Q(d)dr(n)-l Hn(x,y). (8.9)
d(K
Pltoo6. We have
As in Lemma 12,
I
d~l
Q(d)d r (n)-llog i d < 10gi u
d=l
L Q(d)dr(n)-l (8.12)
4 3
< (.!2&....!!.
log x + .!2&....!!.)
3/7 ~n (x ,y,
)
u
L Q(d)d r - l / L Q(d)d S- l
d(K d(K
L Q(d)d r - l = TT ( + I
j=2
q p (r-l)j
j
(8.13)
d-l p(y
so
280
2(a-1)1
Now we already observed that L P og P < log y, so this
p(y
equals
1 + O(u- 3/ 7 10g 2u) = 1 + O(u- 1/ 4 ).
To summarize, there is a nO ~ L P
a-I with a determined
p(y
essentially by the condition L p a-I log p = log x. To a looser
p(y
1
approximation, nO = u(l + -1--)'
og u
In S(x,y), the distributionn of n(k) is roughly normal, with
mean nO and standard deviation ~ l/lv, where V is defined by (3.15),
so that the standard deviation is loosely !.;/log u. Out to a
distance of at least u4/7 from no' that is, ~ u
1/14 log u standard
deviations, the number of k in S(x,y) with n(k) = n is, to within
an error factor of 1 + O(u- 1 / 4 ), given by
1 2
- 2Y(n-h O)
e ~ (x,y).
nO
References.
D. Hensley
Texas A&M University,
College Station,
Texas 77843, U.S.A.
ON THE SIZE OF I d(n)e(nx)
n<x
Takeshi hno
x-[x]-% x ~ Z
D(x) =
o x E Z
and
and a> C
L ....!!. sin(211nx).
11 n=1 n
'lbeorea 1. Both 06 (1) and (2) c..onvelLge to the .6ame value 601L
alm0.6t aU x inciud.ing aU algebtwic.. numbelL.6, whde they d.ivenge on
a dert.61!. I.>e:t 06 :tnart.6cel1del1tal l1umbelL.6. The 6ul1c..tiol1 thU.6 de6,il1ed by
(I) and (2) belol1g.6 to LP 6011. any p > 0, but it i.6 di.6 cOl1til1UOU.6
284
almo~t even~hene.
I D(nx)/n (3)
n=l
and
1 \' d( n)
n L --n-- sin(2nnx), (4)
n=l
I den) e(nx)
n
(5)
n=l
d(n) 2
L( 1/ Z +E) < co ,
n=l n
which shows that (7) holds for almost all x. It is still possible
to deduce the first assertion from the following estimate due to
Erdos [5]:
L d(n) e(nx)
n=Z Iii
diverges for all irrational x.
Next we shall show that (6) is not summable by Abel's method.
In fact we can prove
L c
n
(11 )
n=l
286
.w .()ummable :to S by Abel'.() me.:thod and .() ctt.w 6-iu :the cond-i:t.-ion
L nc = o(N),
n"N n
o(N log N)
L d(n) cos(2nnx)
n=2 n log n
N
Apply partial summaiton to L d c xn.
n=1 n n
L d(n) e(nx)
n=3 In log n (loglog n)3/2
Does \'
L
d(n) e(nx) converge almost everywhere?
n=2 IIi log n
A
n
a '"A
L -2!. D( nx)
n
L-2!. sin(2nnx), (14)
n=1 n n=1 n
~(n) D( nx) 1
L n
- -:; sin(2nx), (1S)
n=1
2
L A(n) D(nx) 1
n L
sin(2nn x)
(16)
n=1 n n=1 n
2 '
-K
L ~(n) e(nx) = O(N(log N) ), K > 1,
nC;N
However, unfortunately, this theorem dos not tell us for what values
of x do both sides converge or diverge. In spite of this fact, we
can somewhat simplify the proof of Theorem 1 by virtue of it.
\~
L. sin(211nx) - { logr(x) + (18)
11 n=1 n
21 -
log(sinllx) + (y + log211)x} + ( log/2 11 + y/2 ) ,
References.
T. Kano
Okayama University,
Okayama, Japan.
ANOTHER NOTE ON BAKER'S 'l1IEOREK
1. Introduction.
Recently G. Wustholz [5), [6) proved a theorem in transcendence
which includes and greatly extends many classical results. In
particular it generalizes Baker's famous theorem [2) on linear forms
in logarithms, and places it within the context of arbitrary
commutative group varieties.
i6 tlLQI'L6 c.endentat.
LeIDIIl. FOIL MIj C ) 1 the 6oUow.ing hold6 60IL att ;.,u66.iuentl.1j lMge
.ilttegelLJ.> D. TheILe ex.i;.,.u, a non-zelLo polljnomi.al p .in Z[xl'." ,x n ],
a 6 total deglLee o.t rna;., t D, ;., uc.h tho.t the 6unc.:t.ion
zl zn-l 6 zl + ••• + 6 lz 1
p( e , ••• ,e e 1 n- n- )
,
(a/az n _ 1 ) n-l .p(s~I, ••• ,s~n_l) o
1 + 1/(2n-2) cn1/2
'1 + ••• + 'n-l .. D , s.. •
The last step is to prove that cp(zl' •••• zn-l) has too many
zeroes. For example in [2] this is done by means of generalized
Vandermonde determinants, and Kummer theory is used in some of the
later quantitative refinements. Wiistholz proceeds by proving a zero
estimate that is essentially algebraic in nature. To emphasize this
we formulate it over the polynomial ring
Then .i6
n
2n Dn ,
with
01 + 1/(2n-2)
T S
2n 4(n-1)
c n o ) n
2. Jacobians.
Let P be a prime ideal of R, and regard R as embedded in the
corresponding local ring Rp. We shall be considering matrices M
with entries in Rp, and we write rank ~ for the rank of M taken
modulo P.
Let D1 , ••• ,Dk be commuting derivations on R. For an ideal 1 of
R we define the Jacobian J D( 1) of 1 with respect to the system
D = (D 1 , ••• ,Dk ) as follows. It is the infinite matrix with k
columns whose rows are indexed by elements of 1; for P in 1 and an
integer j with 1 .. j .. k the entry corresponding to P and j is
DjP. In practice no ambiguity will arise from not specifying the
order of the rows.
We consider first the system ~ = (~1' ••• '~n-1) defined in
Section 1 for 1,131' ••• ,13 n - 1 linearly independent over Q. We say
that a prime ideal P of R is general if xl ••• x n is not in ~
PltOO 6. If r = n then P contains xl - i';l' ••• ,x n - i';n for i';l, ... ,i';n
x
in K The corresponding finite submatrix B of J~(P) has a square
minor of order n-l whose determinant is xl ••• x n _ l ; and since this is
not in P we deduce that B, and hence also J~(P), has rank n-l modulo
P as desi red.
r • (2)
(3)
(4)
rank p J D(L, P) .; r •
Comparing this with (2), we conclude that there exist finitely many
elements P of P and elements A, Ap of R, with A not in P, such that
(6)
(7)
where Fl' ••• ,F n are power series in the variables t 1 , ••• ,t r which
converge for t 1 , ••• ,t r sufficiently small. The Jacobian matrix with
entries aF.fat (1.; i .; n, 1 .; s .; r) therefore has rank r.
1. s
Since the constant terms of Fl' ••• ,F n are 1, we can define
convergent power series
and we deduce easily that the Jacobian matrix with entries aYifats
(1 .; i .; n, 1 .; s .; r) also has rank r. In particular Yl' ••• , Yn
are not all zero, so the vector space they generate over Q has
dimension m satisfying .; m .; n. Let Yl' ••• 'Ym be a basis
consisting of a subset of Y1 , ••• ,Y n • Then the Jacobian matrix with
entries ay.fat (1 .; j .; m, 1 .; s .; r) also has rank r.
J s
n
a A/at
s I (~i/Fi)(aFi/ats) (1 ( s ( r) •
i=l
n
I ~iDiP(aFi/ats) (1 ( s ( r).
i=l
(1 ( i ( n),
(l(s(r).
since
A(O, ••• ,O)
m
( n)
I
j=l
qiJ' YJ' (1 ( i
298
and therefore
(1 " j " m) •
3. Integration.
Let D = (D l , ••• ,D k ) be a system of commuting derivations on R,
and let T be a non-negative integer. For an ideal I of R we define
f 1dTn (the notation was suggested by a remark of D.J. Lewis) as
the ideal generated by the polynomials P for which all the
derivatives
lie in I. Clearly
(8)
1T+l £ f 1d Tn ~ I . (9)
(10)
for T = 1 implies the same equality for all T :> O. This is proved
by induction on T. For suppose T :> 1 and (10) holds with T replaced
299
n-I
ADiP = L Ai.A . P (mod P) (1 ( i ( n) (13)
j=I ]]
Now (12) and (14) together give (11). From our opening remark
we deduce that in fact
f PdTA
(1 ( i ( n-I)
natural injection from Rp,f]'R p' to Rpf JRp as vector spaces over
is ( T+n-1).
n-1 • this completes the proof in the case r = n.
4. Proof of Proposition.
2nDn
n • (15)
T' = [Tin]
Next, we prove that if 1 ( r < nand 1*r has rank m < n, then
1 *r+l has rank strictly larger than m. For this it will suffice to
deduce a contradiction if 1*r+l has rank m. But in this case let P
be a prime component of 1 *+1 of rank m. Evidently P is general,
* * r
and, since 1 r ~ 1 r+ 1 s... P, i t follows that P is also a prime
component of 1 *r; let Q be the corresponding primary component. It
T'
is clear from the definitions that 1r ~ f 1r+ld ~, and since
1r+l s... 1 *r+l s... P, we get
T'
1r £f Pd ~. (16)
Comparing lengths and using once more the Integration Lemma, we find
that the length ~(Q) of Q satisfies
QcfPdT't;. (0 .. s .. S),
s- s
Thus
S
L
s=O
S
L
s=O
References.
Melvyn B. Nathanson
Let m ) 1. The k-th polygonal number of order m+2 is the sum of the
first k terms of the arithmetic progression I, l+m, 1+2m, l+3m, •••
The polygonal numbers of orders 3 and 4 are the triangl!lar numbers
and squares, respectively.
Uspensky and Heaslet [7, p.380] stated that "Cauchy showed that
other parts of the Fermat theorem can be derived in a comparatively
306
p (k)
m
= ~k2
2
- k) + k.
1..2 + /6(.!!.) - 3
m
<b .. 13 + 18(.!!.) - 8.
m
(1)
Then
(i) L) 4 -<-6 n ) 108m,
(ii) L) hm -<-6 n ) 7h 2m3 •
L = /8(.!!.) - 8 - / 6(.!!.) - 3 +
m m
1..6 ) g
if
(2)
212
Let g ) 3. Then 7g ) 7(g - (6») + 5 and so L ) g for
2
n ) 7g m. This yields (ii) for g = hm.
n = .!!(a - b) + b + r. (3)
2
16
2~
-l r
+- n-
I 6(!!.) - 3 <b .. - + I 8(!!.) - 8
2 m 3 m
.then
(1) b 2 .. 4a
(11) 3a < b2 + 2b + 4
a = (4)
Therefore,
2 2 2 n-r
b - 4a = b - 4(1 - ;)b - 8(-m-) .. 0
if
o .. b .. '32 + r--n
I 8(;) - 8 •
if
b > (-12 - -)
3 + / (-
1 - -) n-r - 4 •
3 2 + 6(-)
m 2 m m
308
Therefore, 3a < b2 + 2b + 4 if
b > 12 + / 6(.!t) - 3 •
m
(i) b 2 .. 4a
(11) 3a < b2 + 2b + 4
b s + t + U + v.
P~oo6. Suppose that (iii) holds with d = 1. Then a and b are odd,
hence 4a - b 2 := 3 (mod 8). Since 4a - b 2 ~ 0 by (i), Gauss's
theorem implies that there exist odd integers x ~ y ;;. z > 0 such
that
(5)
s = b + x + Y+ z
4
b + x
t =-2-- s =
b +x y + z -
4
b - x + y + z
u =~- s =
2 4
b + Z b - x - y + Z
v=-t-- s 4
309
Then
b s + t + u + v
o = 4a = b 2 + x 2 + y2 + z2 _ 2(b + x + Y + z) (mod 8)
4A
and
B2 + 2B + 4 (b 2 + 2db + 4d 2 )/d 2
.. (b 2 + 2b + 4)/d 2
that
B = S + T + U + V.
b n - mx
d = -d--
_ 1 (mod 2).
n' - m'(2x' + 1)
2k+1 3
Theorem 7. Let m ) 3, k ) 1, 1 ( j ( k+1, and n ) 74 m. 16
m :: 2 (mod 4) and n :: 22k+1 (mod 22k+2), OIL i6 m :: 2 + 2 (mod 2j +1 )
j
2k+2
and n :: 0 (mod 2 ), then n if.> a .6urn 06 60Wl. polygonal numbelt.6 06
olLdelL m+2.
Theorem 7 is equivalent
to the statement that n is a sum of four polygonal numbers of order
m+2 if m' t n'(mod 2).
b n - mx
and so a/d 2 :: 2 (mod 4). The Theorem follows from Lemmas 3 and 4.
the sense that there exist integers (for example, 2m+3 and 5m+6)
that cannot be represented as the sum of m+1 polygonal numbers of
order m+2. It is natural to define F(m+2) as the smallest number f
such that every sufficiently large integer is the sum of f polygonal
numbers of order m + 2. Clearly F(3) =3 and F(4) = 4.
and so there are infinitely many positive integers that are not sums
of two polygonal numbers of order m+2. Therefore, F(m+2) > 3.
This is equivalent to
Ref erences.
[5] A.- M. Legendre, Theorie des nombres, 3rd ed., vol.2, 1830,
pp.331-356.
Note (added November, 1985). The following two articles are related
to the subject of this paper
M. B. Nathanson
Rutgers University,
Newark, New Jersey 07102
Andrew D. Pollington
It is the purpose of this note to show that the same results can be
obtained for B2-bases.
(3)
Put
V~ (4)
where
(5)
a i - a 2 .. 2Pn2 - Pn by (2)
and
violating (5).
Put A =
n=l
0
Vn • Then A is B2 , since VI C V2 C • • • • A is
1/3
A(n) >- 1 (n log n) for all n > nO.
10 3
iii) Bi is B2
triangles
Referenees.
A. D. Pollington
386 TMCB
Brigham Young University
Provo, Utah 84601
USA
STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF EIGENVALUES OF THE HECKE OPERATORS
Peter Sarnak
O. Introduction.
(1) Rarna nuja n conj ecture: !,(p)! < 2pll/2 for all primes p.
~
211
14-x 2 dx if Ixl" 2
o otherwise
(1.1)
for n = 1, 2, ••••
It is well known that {Tn} forms a commutative family of self-
adj oint opera tors. Furthermore H decomposes into Heeke inva riant
subspaces
H {l} $ E $ Cusp
T u, p/p)u j
P ]
(1.2)
1 2
(7; + rj )u j
where Al ..
A2 .. A3 ••• . ,
Thus we use the A's to order the Uj s.
For these cusp forms u j , very little is known about Pj (p) or
rj" Very interesting computations of Pl(P) for p < 1000 and rj for
small j appear in Stark [10] and Hejhal [3] • For these, the
Ramanujan conjecture takes the form
Ip , (p)1
]
<2 (1.3)
Put another way o(T! .L) c [-2,2]. Here o(T) is the spectrum of
p {I} I; _ I;
T. On the other hand T 1 (p 2 + p 2)1 and indeed
p
n(p): = liT II p
liz + p
- 1/2
> 2. 0.4 )
P
It is known that
liS -1/5
!P.(p)! .. 2 (p + P ). (l.5 )
]
The Sato-Tate conjecture for the numbers Pj(p), states that for
fixed j, Pj(p) is lJ-equidistributed, where lJ is the semicircle
distribution.
Our approach here is to study these questions concerning Pj(p)
in both variables j and p. Thus we consider seriously the operator
Tp!Cusp i.e. the variation in j for fixed p. Our first result is a
density result concerning the number of exceptions Tp may have to
the Ramanujan conjecture. We recall Weyl's law, see Selberg [9]
1 2
N(K) = /I {r j .. K} - 12 K • (1.7)
In paM:-ic.ui.aJe. atmo.6t aU. Pj{p) Un the .6en.6e 06 d.e.n.6ay -in j) lie -in
[-2,2].
The following Corollary was first proved by Phillips and Sarnak [7]
by completely different methods. In that paper approxima te eigen-
functions for Tp were constructed directly.
lim 1
K+'" KZ tI{r . .. Klp.{p ) E[a, 8m], m = 1, ••• ,k}
J J m m
> o.
What this shows is that in this way of averaging the numbers p.(p),
J
we do have equidistribution with respect to the semicircle. There
are obvious advantages in averaging over j, since if for example we
consider cusp forms for ro(N), N > 1, then there is a subset of the
j's (the number of which whose rj " K, is of order K) for which the
Sato-Tate conjecture is false. These are cusp forms coming from the
Maass-Hecke construction [4). Of course these disappear in our
averaging and indeed we still find that the generic cusp form has
the semicircle behaviour. These Maass-Hecke cusp forms have their
eigenvalues equidistributed with respect to ].Ip above, with p = I!
The measures ].Ip therefore interpolate between this distribution at
p = 1, and the semicircle at p = 00 •
2. A Weyl Law.
In this section we describe an extension of the classical Weyl
theorem on eigenvalues of the Laplacian to the case where we have a
family of operators commuting with the Laplacian. Let M be a
compact Riemannian manifold and M ~ S its universal cover. Let G be
the isometry group of S and so r = III (M) is a discrete subgroup of
G. fi will denote the Laplacian on M or S. Now suppose we are given
a family of operators T1 ,T 2 , ••• on L2 (M) for which the family
fi, T 1 ,T 2 , ••• is commutative. We take the T j to be bounded, with say
IITk II = n k • We my then simultaneously diagonalize the family:
x = II Bk • (2.3)
'k
(2.4)
(k)
where S~ E G. The important assumption is that
T k : L 2 (r/S) ... L 2 (r/S), which can be arranged with appropriate s~k)
i f the commensurator of r in G is non-trivial [Ill.
v E N let
r
In this case, since we are assuming that the Tk's are self-adjoint,
our space X in (2.3) is a product of intervals.
Theorea 2.1 Let Tk be a.6 above, .then the .6equenc.e {x.} '-1 , 2 , ••• E X
J ]-
.u., II eqtUciWtlUbuted, «itelte II .u., .the tnea.6UJte 9-i..ven by .the moment.6
327
Notice that since X is compact, one sees easily that ~ exists and is
unique. We now examine some simple instances of the above theorem.
Tf(x) f(Sx).
j 1,2, •••
Example 2.3.
-
M = S' = R/z, ~ = ~
dx""
u.(x)
]
= e2nijx. Let
<X 1 ' ••• ''1< "R and Tk(x) = x + <Xk • In this case Pj(k) = e 2nij <Xk.
The theorem thus asserts that the sequence j(<X1'<X2' ••• '<Xk)'
j 1,2,... is ~-equidistributed in the k-torus. Clearly
M(vl' ••• ,Vk) = 0 if l'<Xl'<X2' ••• '<Xk are linearly independent over Q.
so that in this case the sequence is equidistributed with respect to
Lebesgue measure. This is the well known result of Weyl (12).
T n+1+ T n-1
p p
We find
o if v is odd
N(v) J n
Zn -j
L ( .
n-J-1
)) p , if v Zn.
j=O
The inverse moment problem is easily solved giving the Il 's in
p
Theorem 1.Z. The fact that Il is a product of the II p 'S follows from
the multiplicative property of the Hecke operators.
3. Outline of Proofs.
K(z,1,;)
j
L h(r. )u. (z)u. (1,;) +
J J J
-!- J
11 _<Xl
<Xl h(t)E(z, l/Z + it)E(1,;, l/Z + it) dt.
(3.Z)
(3.3)
329
and hence
(3.4 )
(3.5)
Theorems 2.1 and 1.2 follow from this type of argument. If one is
more careful in the analysis in the case r =SL(2,Z), and keeps track
of all contributions above, one finds: (i) that the contribution
from the continuous spectrum is controlled by the constant term of
the Eisenstein series which is essentially the zeta function.
(ii) the number of terms y Si Si ••• Si with fixed points in F is
1 2 \I
easily majorized by elementary bounds for class numbers of binary
quadratic forms. This leads to the inequality:
4. Geneml Case.
The results in this section are joint with I. Piatetski-
Shapiro. The first thing to observe is that the measures lip are
none other than the spherical Plancherel measures for SL 2 (Qp)' see
for example MacDonald [5]. He uses the variable e where
x = 2 cos e. One may also see that this is so by carrying out the
above proof using the adelic trace formula for GL2(Q)/GL2(~) (2).
330
C (4.1)
n
where
k.j 1.2 ••••• n and 01 + 02 ••• + On o.
References.
[3]. Hejhal, D., The Selberg trace formula for PSL(2,IR), Vol.2,
S.L.N. 1001, 1983.
[12]. Weyl, H., Uber die Gleichverteilung von Zahlen Mod. eins,
Math. Ann. 77 , 1914, 313-352.
P.Sarnak,
Stanford University,
Stanford, CA, 94305 U.S.A.
TRANSCENDENCE THEORY OVER
RON-LOCAL FIELDS
Bans-Bernd Sieburg
1. S~ry.
For any commutative ring R let Val(R) denote the set of all
multiplicative real valuations. Let 0 : Val(R) ... R denote the map
given by ~ ... o(~) := inf {~(a): a € R, afO}. Here R is the field of
real numbers. In the first part of the present paper we show that
for o(~) > 0 the quotient field of R "is" either an algebraic
extension of the field Q of rational numbers, i f and only i f ~ is
Archimedian , or an algebraic extension of a rational function field
in arbitrarily many variables, if and only if ~ is non-Archimedian.
Local fields are contained in the class of rings (R,~) with
o(~) = O.
2. Classification of groundfields.
Let Ii denote the class of all valued fields which are quotient
fields of rings in D. The following result classifies the
Archimedian and non-Archimedian members of Ii
max
O(j(n-l
1
( 0($)
1
This shows $(a) (0($) Since a was arbitrary, we have the above
inequality especially for all a € R, a contradiction.
RemaltR. This shows that all local fields are contained in the class
of all rings R with real multiplicative valuation $ satisfying 0($)
= o. D contains all global fields.
3. Transcendence results.
K[ [xli iff t = 0
iff t 0
i E Z} iff t F 0
0 iff a 0
sea) :=
{ max {log raT, log~(d(a»} , iff a # 0
~(Z) .; r'}
R.
L limsup
logT
log( max s(fi(a j ») > R. - 1.
i=1 T N l.;j';T
:= l /].1max].1 /T s( III + 11 2 8)
... l' 2'"
and
(2)
xT :=
(1) (2)
We find x T .. c 1 and xT .. c2T with suitable constants depending
only on k'. This together with Theorem 1 shows
a cont radiction.
Corollary 2. Let m, n EO If be ~u.c.h that mn > m+n. Let {ul' ••• ' ~},
{vI' A ••• ' Vn} den.ote Q:-tin.eMly .in.depen.den.t ~u.b~e.t6 06 K ~u.c.h
that ~(uiVj) <1 60~ all 1 .. i .. m, 1 .. j .. n. Then.
Rema4k. The simplest cases are (m,n) (2,3) and (3,2) ("Theorem of
six exponentials").
Corollary 3. Let a EOA(K), 0 < ~(a-l) < 1. Let 8 EOK ~u.c.h that
8 EO A(K) .imptiu deg(8) > 3. Let ~(8vlog(a» < 1 60~ 0 .. v .. 3.
Then.
v2 S, v3 = S2 in Corollary 2.
D( L "l. na Xn-l
n=O n=1 n
1
(1) liminf
n
n E .N
Plto06. Let k' := k(a,exp(a», r' := ~(a). Let r ~ ~(K) n ]r' ,l[ be
such that f1 := X and f2 := exp(X) are in P~. Then f 1 , f2 are
algebraically independent over K. For all n ~ N, let an :=
na ~ U'r'(O). D operates on k' + k'f 1 + k'f 2 • We have s(a n ) (
ns(a) and s(exp(a n » ( ns(exp(a» for all n ~ N and therefore there
exists a C ~ R+ such that
1
A := limsup - max {max s(ja), max s(exp(ja») ( C •
nEB n 1~j(n 1(j(n
340
60ft aLe. BO' B1 , ••• , Bn € A(K) wah deg(B) .; d and H(B) .; B 60ft
o .; v .; n.
With the usual method, suitably adjusted for our purposes, one
obtains the following transcendence measures for arbitrary
characteristic.
341
Theorem 4. Let b f': R, ~(b) > 1, be 6-{.xed. Let (cn)n f': Ii denote a
~equenee 06 ~ntege~ ~uch that c n f 0 ~n6~n~teiy 06ten. Let
a: = Co + L c b -n'. •
n
n=l
Then, 60~ eve~y polynom~al P f': R[X] 06 deg~ee D ( 1 and he~ght Hone
h~
Finally let us note that, using the same methods as in [1] and
[2], we can prove
4. Auxiliary results.
log(~(a» ) - 2deg(a)s(a) •
0, 1 ( i ( n,
342
Le..a 6. Le~ r ~ Ri
T,r ' ~ Ri T,O , r' ( r . Le~ 0 ~ f ~ pKr have h zete.ol.l
in U'r'(O), h ~ No' Fote. R. ~ No .tet f(R.) deno~e ~he R.-~h 60te.ma.i'.
detc..tvM.tve 06 ~e powete. l.Ietc..tu f. Then
5. Proof of Theorem 1.
1
limsup 10g(T) log( max s(f i (a . ))) -+0> •
TEN 1(j(T 0 J
1
limsup ~ log( max s(f i (a]. ))) < -+0> ,
TEN og l(j(T
_Po
max s(fi(a j )) ( T 1 for all T ;> T, 1 ( i ( R.,
l(j(T
343
J/,
then I Pi) J/, - 1. A simple argument shows that we can restrict
i=1 1 1 J/,
to the case max Pi < P + -;;- , where P := \' Pi ' Let
-J/, i __Ll
Iv
1 l"i"J/,
E := P + R: •
P :=
J/, Gi Ai
EA . := IT 0i . (fi(uj ») E: I(R,k').
_,J i=1 J
o, 1 .. j .. T, (*)
.. exp(4J/,T E) =: S •
J/,
Applying Lemma 4 with m := IT (Gi +l), n := T and S as above,
i=1
344
we obtain p(~) € r(R,k'), not all zero, which solve (*) (=) (**) and
are such that
R.
s (n ) .. log
o
fPl + L Gi s(fi(a *»,
i=l T
(1)
II L
A
(2)
References.
H. B. Sieburg
Stanford University and The Salk Institute for
Stanford, CA 94305 Biological Studies,
U.S.A. P.O.Box 85800
San Diego, CA 92168
Progress in Mathematics