Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ing epibiotic and pelagic communities. These 13. H. J. W. de Baar et al., Nature 373, 412 (1995). Mineral. Geochem. 59, 53 (2005).
icebergs can be compared to estuaries that supply 14. R. S. Kaufmann et al., Mar. Biol. 124, 387 (1995). 33. I. Marinov, A. Gnanadesiker, J. R. Toggweiler,
15. D. G. Ainley, E. F. O’Connor, R. J. Boekelheide, Ornithol. J. L. Sarmiento, Nature 441, 964 (2006).
surrounding coastal regions with nutrients. In that Monogr. 32, 1 (1984). 34. We thank all the shipboard scientific personnel
respect, icebergs may be thought of as “Lagran- 16. C. R. Joiris, Polar Biol. 11, 415 (1991). on the research vessel Laurence M. Gould cruise
gian estuaries,” drifting through the Southern 17. C. A. Ribic, D. G. Ainley, W. R. Fraser, Antarct. Sci. 3, 181 LMG05-14A for excellent support, including R. Wilson,
Ocean while enriching the surrounding pelagic (1991). K. Reisenbichler, R. Sherlock, J. Ellena, M. Vardaro,
18. Materials and methods are available as supporting K. Osborn, D. Chakos, J. Derry, L. Ekern, J. Kinsey,
zone. Our preliminary studies suggest that free- material on Science Online. C. Koehler, and K. Noble. Captain R. Verret and his crew
drifting icebergs and their associated communities 19. Shipboard acoustic doppler current profiler data taken made sampling around icebergs a reality even under the
could serve as areas of increased production and during the cruise were analyzed by T. Chereskin most difficult conditions. The Raytheon Polar Services
sequestration of organic carbon to the deep sea, a (University of California, San Diego; Scripps Institution of support group of S. Suhr-Sliester, J. Spillane,
Oceanography) to provide a description of surface P. Fitzgibbons, K. Pedigo, J. Dolan, E. Roggenstein, and
process unaccounted for in current global carbon currents surrounding icebergs A-52 and W-86. D. Elsberg provided excellent deck and laboratory support.
budgets (33). 20. B. M. Loscher, H. J. W. de Baar, J. T. M. de Jong, C. Veth, D. Long (Brigham Young University) provided timely
F. Dehairs, Deep-Sea Res. II 44, 143 (1997). QuikSCAT images of the location of iceberg A-52 during
References and Notes 21. H. J. W. de Baar, J. T. M. de Jong, in The Biogeochemistry our cruise. RADARSAT images of our study area were
1. I. Velicogna, J. Wahr, Science 311, 1754 (2006). of Iron in Seawater, D. R. Turner, K. A. Hunter, Eds. forwarded to the ship through Palmer Station. This
2. R. Thomas et al., Science 306, 255 (2004). (Wiley, New York, 2001), pp. 123–253. research was supported by NSF grants ANT-0529815,
3. D. W. J. Thompson, S. Solomon, Science 296, 895 22. W. O. Smith, D. M. Nelson, Science 227, 163 (1985). ANT-0650034, and OCE-0327294, and by the David and
(2002). 23. K. H. Coale et al., Science 304, 408 (2004). Lucile Packard Foundation. We thank P. Penhale (NSF,
4. E. Rignot, S. S. Jacobs, Science 296, 2020 (2002). 24. P. W. Boyd et al., Science 315, 612 (2007). Polar Programs) for having the foresight and courage to
5. D. G. Vaughan, G. J. Marshall, W. M. Connolley, 25. E. A. Pakhomov, P. W. Froneman, R. Perissinotto, fund this speculative project. W. Moore and C. Hexel
contributed to the 224Ra analysis and data synthesis.
0.9
Petroleum
Materials
Raw
Products
Forest
Cereals
Intensive
Labor
Intensive
Capital
Machinery
Chemicals
Agriculture
Tropical
Agriculture
Animal
0.8
0.7
Proximity
0.6
0.5 link color (proximity) node size (world trade [thousands of US$])
0.4 0 1 2 3 4
0.3
3.0x10
1.5x10
7.5x10
3.7x10
1.9x10
0.2
0.1
8
fruits
B
fishing
garments
metallurgy
Fig. 1. The product space. (A) Hierarchically clustered proximity (f) matrix with their proximity value. The sizes of the nodes are proportional to world
representing the 775 SITC-4 product classes exported in the 1998–2000 trade, and their colors are chosen according to the classification introduced by
period. (B) Network representation of the product space. Links are color coded Leamer.
B C
130 1 0 1 2 3 4 Simulation
φ=1
Steps
Number of Countries
φ = 0.65 0.8
φ = 0.55
0
40
IQR / IQR
0.6
P
0.4
20
0.2
0 4 0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 x 10 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
<PRODY> 50
20,φ
φ
Fig. 4. Simulated diffusion process and inequality. (A) Simulated diffusion countries basket before and after 20 rounds of diffusion. The original distribution
process for Chile and Korea in which we allowed countries to develop RCA in all is shown in green, whereas the one associated with the distribution after 20
products closer than f values of 0.55, 0.6, and 0.65. The number of steps diffusion rounds with f = 0.65 is presented in yellow and f = 0.55 in red. (C) IQR
required to develop RCA can be read from the color code on the bottom right of the distribution of the best 50 products after diffusing with a given f
corner. (B) Distribution for the average PRODY of the best 50 products in a normalized by the IQR of the best 50 products in absence of diffusion.