17.

Effects of Light
Q. 1. Fill in the blanks :
(1) When the beams from the headlights of a car fall on an object in the
night, the shadows called umbra and penumbra can be seen.
(2) During a lunar eclipse the shadow of the earth falls on the moon.
(3) During a solar eclipse the shadow of the moon falls on the earth.
(4) Various shades of colour are seen in the sky at sunrise and sunset due to
scattering of light.

Q2) Give scientific reasons:

(1) Space beyond the earth's atmosphere appears dark.
Ans. There is a vacuum beyond earth's atmosphere, due to which there is no
medium for scattering of sunlight. As a result, space appears dark.
(2) We should not observe the solar eclipse with naked eyes.
Ans. The earth receives the harmful ultra-violet rays from the sun. During a
solar eclipse, even if brightness of the sun is less, the ultra-violet rays reach the
earth. If the solar eclipse is seen/watched with naked eyes, the ultra-violet rays
directly enter our eyes and damage vision. Hence, the solar eclipse should not
be observed with naked eyes.
Q. 3) Answer the following question in your own words:
(1) What is meant by scattering of light?
Ans. The light rays hit the molecules, dust particles and other tiny particles
present in the atmosphere and get scattered. This phenomenon is called
scattering of light. When the scattered light rays enter our eyes, we perceive
the light. A beam of light, blue sky, reddish appearance of sun are all effects of
scattering of light.
Q. 4. Explain the difference :
(1) Point sources of light and extended sources of light.
Ans
1. A point source is tiny in 2. An extended source of light is
size. bigger in size.
 (2) In this source umbra is 2) In this source both umbra and
obtained. penumbra are obtained.

(3) Example : Light from tiny hole 3)Example : the sun, torch.

Q2. Difference between umbra and

penumbra.
Ans

1) Umbra is dark 1) Penumbra Is faint

2) A total eclipse takes place from the 3) A partial eclipse takes place
part of umbra from the part of penumbra.

Lesson no 18. SOUND: PRODUCTION OF SOUND

Q. 1) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words and complete the sentence:
(1) Sound is generated by the rhythmic vibrations of any object.

(2) The frequency of sound is measured in Hertz

(3) If amplitude of sound is decreased, its loudness also decreases.
(4) A medium is necessary for propagation of sound.
Q. 2) Match the columns:
Answers.

(1) Flute - Vibrations in the air

(2) Frequency - Measured in Hz
(3) Sound level - Decibel
(4) Ultrasonic sound - Frequency more than 20000 Hz

(5) Infrasonic sound - Frequency less than 20 Hz

Q. 3) Give scientific reasons:
(1) Your friend will not be able to hear your call, if you were both on the moon.
Ans. (1) Medium is necessary for the propagation of sound.
 (2) There is no atmosphere on the moon as that of the earth and thus due to absence of
medium sound does not propagate while talking on the moon. This is the reason, why your
friend will not be able to hear your call.

(2) We can hear the movement of a mosquito's wings but we cannot hear the movement of
our hands.
Ans. (1) The up-down movement of a mosquito's wings occur very fast. That means, the
frequency of movement of the wings is 300 Hz to 600 Hz. Thus, audible sound is produced
and the movement of the wings can be heard. (2) On the other hand, the frequency of
sound produced by movement of hands is less than 20 Hz. We cannot hear this infrasonic
sound. Thus, the movement of our hands cannot be heard..
Q. 4) Answer the following questions:
(1) How is sound produced?
Ans. Vibrations are produced in an object when it is struck. Vibrating object is a source of
sound. The rhythmic vibrations of an object produces sound.

(2) What does the intensity of sound depend upon? Ans. The intensity of sound depends
upon ?
Ans . (1) Amplitude of vibrations: The intensity of sound is proportional to the square of the
amplitude of vibration.

(2) Frequency of fibrations: If frequency is higher then intensity of sound is also higher.
(3) Distance from the source of sound: If the distance between the listener and the source
of sound is less, than intensity of sound can be felt greater.

Prepared by RM.