Basics of Mechanical

Engineering
GTU Code: BME-3110006
 Mechanical Engineering
• Mechanical engineering is the discipline that applies engineering,
physics, engineering mathematics, and materials science principles to
design, analyze, manufacture, and maintain mechanical systems.
• It is one of the oldest and broadest of the engineering disciplines.
 Mid sem. exam
(30 marks)
Theory
(100 marks)
3 hrs/week
GTU End sem. Exam
BME (70 marks)
(150 Marks)

Laboratory Viva (20), Journal (10)

& Seminar, Attendance,
(50 marks) Model making (20)
2 hrs/week (50 marks)
 Marks Distribution
• External Examination of GTU: 70 Marks

• Internal Examination : 30 Marks

• 20 marks will be considered from best of two mid semester exams of 70 marks
on pro-rata basis
• 10 marks to be considered from attendance

• Practical 50 Marks
• For lab evaluation: Viva, Laboratory manual, Presentation, Working model
GTU paper style (70 Marks)
• Q. 1 (a) 3 Marks (b) 4 Marks (c) 7 Marks
• Q. 2 (a) 3 Marks (b) 4 Marks (c) 7 Marks
OR
• Q. 2 (c) 7 Marks
• Q. 3 (a) 3 Marks (b) 4 Marks (c) 7 Marks
OR
• Q. 3 (a) 3 Marks (b) 4 Marks (c) 7 Marks

• Q. 4 (a) 3 Marks (b) 4 Marks (c) 7 Marks

OR
• Q. 4 (a) 3 Marks (b) 4 Marks (c) 7 Marks
• Q. 5 (a) 3 Marks (b) 4 Marks (c) 7 Marks
OR
• Q. 5 (a) 3 Marks (b) 4 Marks (c) 7 Marks
Course Outcome:
After learning the course the students should be able to
1. To understand the various sources of energy and basic terminology of Mechanical
systems
2. To able to make elementary calculations of ideal gases and steam
3. To understand various energy conversion cycles and systems
4. To understand power transmission elements, and applications of various
engineering materials
5. To understand and appreciate significance of mechanical engineering in different
fields of engineering
Reference Books:
1. Elements of Mechanical Engineering by N M Bhatt and J R Mehta, Mahajan Publishing House
2. Basic Mechanical Engineering by Pravin Kumar, Pearson Education
3. Fundamental of Mechanical Engineering by G.S. Sawhney, PHI Publication New Delhi
4. Elements of Mechanical Engineering by Sadhu Singh, S. Chand Publication
5. Introduction to Engineering Materials by B.K. Agrawal, McGraw Hill Publication, New Delhi

List of Experiments:
1. To understand construction and working of various types of boilers.
2. To understand construction and working of different boiler mountings and accessories.
3. To understand construction features of two/four stoke petrol/diesel engines
4. To determine brake thermal efficiency of an I. C. Engine.
5. To understand construction and working of different types of air compressors.
6. To demonstrate vapor compression refrigeration cycle of domestic refrigerator OR window air
conditioner OR split air conditioner.
7. To understand construction, working and application of clutches, coupling and brakes
8. To understand different arrangement and application of various power transmission drives
Chapter 1 Introduction

• Basics of Energy

• Prime movers and its types,

• Force, Pressure, Energy, Work, Power

• System, Change of state, Path, Process, Cycle

• Heat, Temperature, Specific heat capacity, Internal energy, Enthalpy,

• Zeroth Law and First law of Thermodynamics

 Basics of Energy
What is Energy ??? Energy is capacity to do work

Energy (E)
Prime movers
Heat (Q) Work (W)

Microscopic view of a liquid.

Microscopic view of a solid. Microscopic view of a gas.

•liquid are close together with no regular arrangement.
•liquid vibrate, move about, and slide past each other.

•solid are tightly packed, usually in a regular pattern. •gas are well separated with no regular arrangement.
•solid vibrate (jiggle) but generally do not move from place to place. •gas vibrate and move freely at high speeds.
Sources of Energy
Conventional Energy Sources
• Fossil fuels – Coal, Liquid and Gaseous fuels (Wood, coal, Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene)
• Natural gas - LPG (Propane), CNG (Methane)
• Water energy (Hydro energy)
• Nuclear energy (Unstable U235, Th232)
Renewable (non-conventional) Energy Sources
• Solar energy • Ocean energy
• Wind energy • Fuel cell
• Bio-mass
• Sea tides • Thermo-electric and Thermionic energy
• Geothermal energy • Magneto-hydrodynamic

Que. What are the various forms of energy ? List the non conventional sources ofenergy
Que. What do you mean by non-conventional energy sources ? How does it differ from conventional sources ?
Prime movers
• It is a engine/device which converts energy of natural sources into mechanical
energy
• Prime means “first” & Movers means “moves”

Fig. Solar Power Plant (Central Tower

Fig. Wind Mill Receiver type) Up to 2000 °C
Fig. Heat Engine (IC)
Types of Prime Movers

Thermal (conversion into heat and then work)

• Heat Engines
• Nuclear Power Plant
Non Thermal (conversion into work)
• Hydraulic Turbines Power Plants
• Geothermal Power Plant
• Tidal Power Plant
• Biogas Power Plant
• Wind Mills
• Solar Energy Power Plant
Que. What is Prime mover ? How prime movers are Classified ? GTU: June 2009, Jan2011
Que. Define the following terms : Primemover GTU: Dec2010
Prime Movers with energy source
Mass (m ) & Weight (W )
Mass (m)
It is quantity of matter contained in a body. The mass of a body remains constant
anywhere on the earth surface.

SI Unit: kilogram (kg)

Weight (W)
The force exerted by gravity on mass of a body. It is equal to the product of mass
of the body and the acceleration due to gravity.

W = m (kg) * g (m/s2) (value of g varies place to place, Avg. Value of g: 9.81 m/s2)
SI Unit: Newton (N)
Force (F )
Force (F)
It is a pull or push acting on a body

According to Newton’s second law of motion, force is directly proportional to the

rate of change of linear momentum of the body.

F = m (kg) * a (m/s2)

SI Unit: Newton (N)

Definition: One unit of force is that which produces an acceleration of 1 m/s2 in

a mass of 1 kg.
Pressure (P )
Pressure (p)
It is defined as the force applied over unit area of the boundary of the body.

Pressure (p) = F/ A = Force / Area (N/ 2)

SI Unit: Pascal (Pa) 1 kPa = 103 Pa;1 MPa = 106 Pa; 1 GPa = 109 Pa

Standard atmospheric pressure: It is derived from the mercury column of 760 mm

𝒌𝒈 𝒎 𝟕𝟔𝟎
p 2 3
𝒎𝟑 𝒔𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
5

Atmospheric Pressure : Pressure exerted by the atmosphere.

At a sea level, patm = 101.325 x 103 (N/m2 or Pa) = 1.01325 × 105 Pa = 1 atm [1 atm = 105 Pa ]
 • Pressure gauge and Manometer are
used to measure the Gauge pressure
• Barometer is used to measure
atmospheric pressure
• A perfect vacuum is obtained when
absolute pressure is zero, at this
instant molecular momentum is zero

Gauge Pressure (pgauge) is a pressure measured above atmospheric pressure by the pressure
gauge.

Absolute Pressure: It is equal to the sum of atmospheric pressure and gauge pressure
pabs = patm + pgauge

Vacuum Pressure: The pressure below atmospheric pressure is called Vacuum.

pabs= patm – pvacuum (Vacuum is measured in Torr, 1 Torr = 133.3 Pa)
Temperature (T )
• The temperature is property expressing degree of coldness and hotness of a
system or substance.
• Temperature of a body is proportional to stored molecular energy i.e. the average
molecular kinetic energy.

• SI Unit: Kelvin, degree Celsius (°C)

Other Units: Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (F), Kelvin (K), Rankine (R)
K = °C + 273.15
°C = 5/9 (°F – 32)

• Absolute zero Temperature is −273.15 ℃= 0K

At absolute temperature gas will not occupy any volume, thus the molecular momentum is Zero.
Measuring Device :- Thermometer

Fig. Thermometers. (a) Liquid-in-glass. (b) Electrical-resistance (c) Infrared-sensing ear

thermometer.
Temperature Scales P -T plots of the experimental data
obtained from a constant-volume gas
thermometer using four different
gases at different (but low) pressures.

Concluded that

Absolute zero Temperature

= −273.15 =0K
Thermodynamic System
• System is defined as a quantity of matter or region of space under consideration for analysis of
the problem
• Everything external to the system is called as surrounding or environment
• System boundary is a real/ imaginary which separates the system and surrounding

System Boundary Real boundary

Surrounding
Real boundary
System
(moving)
Real Imaginary
Piston
Cylinder
ICE
Universe = System + Surrounding
Imaginary boundary

Que. Define the following terms : Boundary GTU: Nov-Dec2010

Types of System

Fig. (a) Open System (b) Close System (c) Isolated System
Que. Classify thermodynamic system and give example of each. GTU: Dec2011
• Closed system is one in which no mass transfers and only energy
transfers across the boundary. It is a system of fixed mass.
• E.g. Gas confined between piston and cylinder, boiling of water in closed pan

• Open system is one in which both mass and energy transfers across
the boundary of the system. (e.g. steam or gas turbine, air compressor)
• E.g. Turbine, I.C. Engine, Boiler,

• Isolated system is one in which neither mass nor energy transfers

across the system boundary.
• E.g. perfectly insulated thermos flask, The universe
 Fig. a) Close System b) Open System with Control Volume

Control Volume :- The fixed volume in space of the open system under study is
called control volume and surface surrounding this volume is called control surface

Que. Classify thermodynamic system and give example of each. GTU: Dec2011
Definitions
Properties
• Properties are the measurable quantities/ characteristics of the system which defines the
physical condition of the system. e.g. Pressure, Volume, Temperature etc.
• Properties are coordinates to describe and distinguish state of the system.

Properties Types:

1.Intensive Properties :- Independent of the mass of the system

(Pressure (p), Temperature (T), Entropy (S), Enthalpy (H))

2.Extensive Properties :- Dependent of the mass of the system (length

(L), Volume (V), mass (M))
 State
• When all the system properties have definite values, the system is
said to be in a definite “State”
• The state of the system can be represented by a point on a
diagram whose coordinates are properties like pressure,
temperature, specific volume etc.
Change of state
• Any operation in which one or more of the system
properties change is called change of state.
Path :
• The curve joining the successive state represents “Path”
a,1,2,3,4,b State Process
a- 1 Change of state • When system undergoes change in its state following the
a- b Path, Process specified path is known as a “Process”
a- b - a Cycle
Cycle
• If a system undergoes process in which the final state is
identical with initial state is called “cycle”
• Point Function
The properties depend only on the state of the system not on the path followed in reaching
the state. Such properties are point function. e.g. Pressure, Temperature, specific volume
Point functions are exact differentials. e.g. dT = T2 – T1

• Path Function
There are certain quantities like heat and work (boundary phenomena) which are not
depended on the state of the system but it depends on the path of the process. e.g. a, b, or c
Such quantities are called path function and they are inexact differentials. e.g. δW & δQ
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous System
• If a system consist of a single phase then it is called homogeneous system
• Example :- Ice, Water, Air, Vapor etc.

• If a system consist more than one phase then it is called as heterogeneous system.
• Example :- Ice + Water, Two non miscible Liquid etc.

Homogeneous System
Heterogeneous System
Fundamental Physical Dimensions
• All physical quantities have a fundamental dimension that is independent of the units of
measurement. The basic physical dimensions are: length, mass, time, electrical charge,
temperature and luminous intensity.
• Fundamental Physical Dimensions (MLT) in IS units (International System of Units)
1) Length L (metre, m)
2) Mass M (kilogram, kg)
3) Time T (second, s)
4) Electric current I (ampere, A)
5) Luminous intensity (candela, cd)
Energy
• Energy can be defined as the capacity to do work (or capacity to exert force
through a distance)
SI Unit: Joule (J)
Various form of energy
1) Stored energy contained within the system boundary
e.g. kinetic energy, potential energy, internal energy, chemical & nuclear energy

2) Energy in transition form which crosses the system boundary

e.g. heat energy, work energy and electrical energy

Total Energy (ΔE) = U + P.E + K.E

Internal Energy
• According to the kinetic theory of matter, the molecules of a body are constantly in
translation, rotational and vibratory motions.

• Kinetic energy due to the motion and relative position of the molecules contributes
to the internal energy of matter.

• It is determined by the intensive properties, such as, pressure and temperature.

• Internal energy is the function of temperature

• U = m cv ΔT

• SI Unit: Joule (kJ)

Heat (Q )
• Heat is the transient form of energy which transfers across the boundary of the system by
virtue of temperature difference.
• Heat naturally transfers from higher temperature to lower temperature.
• Heat is path function
• Abbreviated as ‘Q’
+Q
System
• Heat Addition into system :- Positive ( +Q) Sign
-Q
Convention
• Heat Rejection from system :- Negative (-Q)
surrounding

• Extensive Property and Path Function (Inexact Differential) Fig. Sign Convention

• SI Unit = Joule (J) • 1 Calorie (cal) = 4.184 Joules

Work
• Analogous to heat, Work is also a transient form of energy which is observed
when it crosses the boundaries of the system without transfer of mass
• Work done is the product of the force and distance travel in direction of force
• Work is Path Function
• Abbreviated as ‘W’
+W
• Work done by the system:- Positive ( +W) Sign
Convention -W
• Work done on the system:- Negative (-W)
• Extensive Property and Path Function (Inexact Differential) surrounding

W1-2= Fig. Sign Convention

• SI Unit = Joule (J) • 1 Calorie (cal) = 4.184 Joules

Sign Convention of work :-

If the work is done by the system on surrounding, e.g. when a fluid +W

expands pushing a piston outwards, the work is said to be positive System

-W
Work done by system +W
surrounding
If the work done on the system by surrounding, e.g. when a force is
applied to a piston to compress fluid, the work is said to be negative. Fig. Sign Convention
Work done on system –W
Flow work / Energy
• Small work done 2 Piston
• Force Exerted on piston, F = PA
Weight area,A
due to • Small work done,
displacement dl δw = Fdl δw
dl
= (N)∙ l (m) = (p A)dl δw
SI Unit = Joule (J) = P dV
1
Gas
W1-2=
Power
• Power :- It is the time rate of doing work.
SI Unit: Joule/second (J/s = Watts)

=
π
(where torque (T) = F. r (N.m))
1 H.P = 746 Watts

Indicated power of an engine = P = (kW)

L = Length of stroke; A = Area of piston; N = rpm; pm = mean effective pressure

Power of a hydraulic turbine = P = (kW)

𝛾 = specific weight of water = 9.81 x 103 N/m3
Q = discharge, m3/s
H = head, m
External and Internal Work
• System whose sole effect external to the system is to exert a force on
the surroundings. This work is called an external work.

• When the work done by the force of one part of the system (internal
force) on to another part of the same system, it is said that it has done
an internal work.
• We are only concerned with external work.
Similarities between heat and work
1. Energy interaction
2. Transient phenomenon
3. Boundary phenomena
4. Not the property of the system
5. Path function
Difference between heat and work
1. Heat can only transfer when there is difference of temperature
between the system and surrounding, while work transfer can
take place even without the change in temperature

2. In constant volume process though work can not take place, however
heat can be transferred.

3. Heat is low grade energy while work is high grade energy.

Enthalpy
• It is total energy (internal energy + flow energy) of the system

H = U + pV

• Specific Enthalpy,
h = u + pv

• u, p, V are point function, so H is point function and property of system

• SI Unit: kilo Joule (kJ)
• Unit of Specific Enthalpy (h) is kJ/kg
Specific heat of a substance.
• It is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg
of substance by 1 degree of temperature
= (∆ ) Q = heat transfer (J)
∆T = T2− T2= temperature change
Q
C= J/kg K C = Specific heat, J/kg K
m (∆T)

• Solids and Liquids have only one value of specific heat but gases have two specific heat
• Specific heat at constant Volume, CV (increases internal energy or temperature)
• Specific heat at constant Pressure, Cp (Volume changes and produces work)

Que. Define Specific heat of asubstance. GTU: Jan2011

Zeroth law of thermodynamic
• If two bodies A and B are individually in thermal equilibrium with a third body
C then the two bodies A and B will also be in thermal equilibrium with each
other

A B

Fig. Body A, B,C

Another word,
TA = TC &TB = TC then TA= TB

Que. State and explain zeroth law of thermodynamics. GTU: June2009

Que. What is zeroth law of thermodynamics? GTU: Dec2011
First law of thermodynamic (Energy conservation law)
• “ Energy can neither be created nor-destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another.”
• Change in total energy = Net energy transfer as heat and work (to or from system)

∆E = Q − W Where ΔE is summation of energies like internal Energy (ΔU), Potential Energy

(ΔPE), kinetic energy (ΔKE)

State 1-2
∆E =∆ U + ∆ PE +∆ KE = Q − W
Close System

In close system, mass is fixed no elevation difference and Q ∆𝐔 = 𝐔 𝟏 −𝐔 𝟐 W

movement. Hence ΔKE = 0 and ΔPE = 0

Q −W = ∆U Fig. Heat and work transfer during a process

For cyclic process (initial and final states are identical). Hence the ΔE = 0
Q −W = 0
Second Law of Thermodynamics
The kelvin-Plank Statement: It is impossible to
have a cyclically device, whose sole effect is to
absorb energy in the form of heat from a single
thermal reservoir and to deliver an equivalent
amount of work.

The Clausius Statement: It is impossible to

construct a device which operates on a cycle and
produces no other effect than the transfer of heat
from a cooler body to a hotter body.
Efficiency
• 100% energy conversion is not possible, So a fraction of the energy supplied to engine is
converted into useful work. This fraction is called efficiency of the engine.
• Definition: It is a ratio of useful energy output (work) to total energy input.
Brake power: It is the power available at engine output shaft.
Indicated power: It is power developed inside the engine cylinder by burning of fuel.
Friction power: Friction power is given by
F.P = I.P – B.P

• Mechanical Efficiency: It is indicator of frictional losses

ηm= B.P/ I.P
• Thermal Efficiency: Thermal efficiency is ratio of output of engine to energy supplied
by fuel.
ηth= output of engine/ Heat input from the fuel
Que. SI Units ofFollowing GTU: Dec2012

1) Work J
2) Enthalpy J
3) Mean Effective Pressure Paor N/𝑚 2
4) Heat J
5) Power W or J/s
6) Force N
7) Energy J
8) Specific Heat J/kg K
9) Specific Volume 𝑚 3 /𝑘𝑔
10) Calorific value J/kg
11) Stroke m
12) Dryness Fraction Dimensionless
13) Efficiency Dimensionless
14) Swept Volume 𝑚3
Que. What is flow and non-flow process? GTU: Dec2011
Flow Process :- Processes carried out in open systems having mass flow across
the boundaries are called flow process.
Non-Flow Process :- While the processes carried out inclosed system without
mass transfer its boundaries are called Non-flow process.

Que. Barometer is used to measure ( Ans. Pressure ) GTU: Dec2012

Example. An artificial satellite has a mass of 600 kg and is moving Nov 2010
towards moon. Calculate its kinetic and potential energies in (MJ)
relative to earth when it is 50 km from launching and moving at 2500
km/hr. Take acceleration of earth’s gravitational field as 790cm/ 2
Given Data :-
m = 600 kg,
g =7.9 m/ 2,
h = 50 km = 50,000 m,
v=2500 km/hr. = 694.44 m/s

1. Potential energy = m g h =2.37 ×108 J

1 2 = 1.44 ×108 J
2. Kineticenergy =
2
Thank You…