DAT General Chemistry Equation Sheet

Chapter 0: General and Lab Concepts Review Chapter 5: Gases

Dilutions 𝑀1 𝑉1 = 𝑀2 𝑉2 or 𝑀 𝑜𝑟 𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Pressure 𝐹 𝐹 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑃= 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐶1 𝑉1 = 𝐶2 𝑉2 𝐴
𝐽
Percent Error (𝐴 − 𝑇) 𝑇 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 Average Kinetic 𝐾𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 3⁄2 𝑅𝑇 𝑅 = 8.314
× 100 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 Energy 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝐾
𝑇
Absorbance 𝐴𝑏𝑠 = 𝜀𝑐𝑙 𝜀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐽
Root-Mean- 𝑅 = 8.314
(Spectro- 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 3𝑅𝑇 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝐾
𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦) Square Speed 𝑣= √ 𝑀𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
photometer) (𝒗) 𝑀𝑚
𝑐 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑙 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ Ideal Gas Law 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑛 = # 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐿 ⋅ 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑅 = 0.0821
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐾
Boyle’s Law 1
Chapter 2: Atomic and Electronic Structure 𝑉∝
𝑃
Energy of a ℎ𝑐 ℎ = 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑘 ′𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 Charles’ Law 𝑉∝𝑇
𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 = ℎ𝑓 = (6.63 × 10−34𝐽 ∙ 𝑠)
photon 𝜆 𝑓 = 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 Avogadro’s Law 𝑉∝𝑛
𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 Combined Gas 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
(3.0 × 108 𝑚⁄𝑠) =
Law 𝑛1 𝑇1 𝑛2 𝑇2
𝜆 = 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛′ 𝑠
𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ Standard Temp. P=1 atm *1 mol of gas = 22.4 L
at STP
Absorption/ 𝛥𝐸 = 𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 & Pressure (STP) T=273 K
Emission Line Standard All aqueous species @ 1M
Conditions All gaseous species @1 atm
Spectra
𝜙 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
T=298 K
Kinetic Energy 𝐾𝐸𝑒− = 𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 − 𝜙 𝑃(𝑀𝑀) 𝑚 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
(𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 Density
of an electron = 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛) 𝑅𝑇 𝑣 𝑅 = 0.0821
(Photoelectric 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐾
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Effect) 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Dalton’s Law of 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 + ⋯
Partial Pressures
Chapter 7: Chemical Solutions 𝜒𝐴 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Dalton’s Law of 𝑃𝐴 = 𝜒𝐴 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
Molarity 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝐴
𝑀= Partial Pressures
𝐿𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Graham’s Law of 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Molality 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑟1 𝑀𝑚2 𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑚= Effusion =√
𝑘𝑔𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟2 𝑀𝑚1
Henry’s 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑘𝐻 [𝐴] 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝐴
𝑘𝐻 = 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Real Gas 𝑎𝑛2 𝑎 & 𝑏 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
Law Equation (𝑃 + )(𝑉 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑔𝑎𝑠
(𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚) 𝑉2 𝑎𝑛2
[A] = conc. of gas A − 𝑛𝑏) = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟
𝑉2
Freezing 𝛥𝑇𝐹 = −𝑖𝐾𝐹 𝑚 𝑖 = 𝑣𝑎𝑛′ 𝑡 𝐻𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑀𝐹𝑠
𝐾𝐹 = 𝐹. 𝑃. 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Point 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
−𝑛𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Depression
Boiling 𝛥𝑇𝐵 = 𝑖𝐾𝐵 𝑚 𝑖 = 𝑣𝑎𝑛′ 𝑡 𝐻𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐾𝐵 = 𝐵. 𝑃. 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Point 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 Chapter 8: Chemical Kinetics
Elevation
General A+B→C+D 𝑘 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Vapor 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 𝜒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣 0 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 𝑉𝑃 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Rate Law 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴]𝑚 [𝐵]𝑛 𝑚 & 𝑛 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝜒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 e𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦
Pressure
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣 0 = 𝑉𝑃 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 0 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 𝑘 = 𝑀1 ∙ 𝑠 −1 𝑘 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Depression Rate
1𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 𝑘 = 𝑠 −1 𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦
(Raoult’s Constant s= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Units 2𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 𝑘 = 𝑀 −1 ∙ 𝑠 −1
Law)
𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
3𝑟𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 𝑘 = 𝑀 −2 ∙ 𝑠 −1
Osmotic 𝜋 = 𝑖𝑀𝑅𝑇
𝑖 = 𝑣𝑎𝑛′ 𝑡 𝐻𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 Arrhenius 𝑘 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝐸𝑎 ⁄𝑅𝑇 𝑘 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Pressure 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑎𝑡𝑚 Equation 𝐴 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑥𝑛
𝑅 = 0.0821 𝐸𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑡. 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
(𝝅) 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐾
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝐽
𝑅 = 8.314
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝐾
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛

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 DAT General Chemistry Equation Sheet

Chapter 9: Chemical Equilibria Chapter 11: Thermodynamics & Thermochemistry

Equilibrium [𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠] 𝑘 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 Enthalpy (H) (𝛥𝐻 > 0): 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐
𝐾𝑐 = 𝑃 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
[𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠]
Constant (𝛥𝐻 < 0): 𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐
𝑘𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝛥𝐻𝑓 = 𝛴𝑛𝛥𝐻°𝑓(𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡) − 𝛴𝑛𝛥𝐻°𝑓(𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠)
Expressions 𝐾𝑒𝑞 = Enthalpy of
𝑘𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 Formation
𝑃𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠
𝐾𝑃 = 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑥𝑛
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝛥𝐸 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙
First Law of 𝛥𝐸 = 𝑞 + 𝑤
Reaction [𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠] 𝑄 > 𝐾 = 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑄= 𝑄 < 𝐾 = 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 Thermo- 𝑞 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
Quotient (Q) [𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠] 𝑄 = 𝐾 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 dynamics 𝑤 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
Pressure- 𝑤 = −𝑃𝛥𝑉 𝑃 = 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
Solubility [𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠] 𝛥𝑉 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝐾𝑠𝑝 = Volume
Product [𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠] Work
Constant (𝑲𝒔𝒑 ) 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
Calorimetry 𝑞 = −𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝛥𝑇
𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Thermal 𝛥𝑇 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝.
Energy (q)
Chapter 10: Acid-Base Equilbria & Titrations +𝑞: ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
Heat Curves 𝑞 = 𝑚𝐶𝛥𝑇
Ionization 𝐾𝑤 = [𝐻3 𝑂+ ][ 𝑂𝐻− ] = 1 × 10−14 −𝑞: ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
& Thermal 𝑞 = 𝑚𝛥𝐻𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Constant @ 25 °C 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Energy (q) 𝑞 = 𝑚𝛥𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
of Water
[𝐻+ ] Entropy (S) 𝛥𝑆 = Σ𝑛𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − Σ𝑛𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
pH & pOH 𝑝𝐻 = −log [𝐻+ ]
𝑝𝑂𝐻 = −log [𝑂𝐻− ] = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑆𝑔𝑎𝑠 > 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 > 𝑆𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
[𝑂𝐻− ] 𝑆𝑎𝑞 > 𝑆𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
𝑝𝐻 + 𝑝𝑂𝐻 = 14 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒
[H+] & [𝐻+ ] = 10−𝑝𝐻 Bond 𝛥𝐻 = 𝛴𝛥𝐻𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 − 𝛴𝛥𝐻𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠
[OH-] [𝑂𝐻− ] = 10−𝑝𝑂𝐻 Dissociation = 𝛴𝛥𝐻𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑛 − 𝛴𝛥𝐻𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
[𝐻+ ][𝑂𝐻− ] = 1 ∗ 10−14 Energy
Weak 𝐻𝐴 + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇌ 𝐻3 𝑂+ + 𝐴− 𝐾𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐 (−𝛥𝐻)
[𝐻3 𝑂+][𝐴−] 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐 (+𝛥𝐻)
Acids 𝐾𝑎 = Gibb’s Free 𝛥𝐺° = 𝛥𝐻° − 𝑇𝛥𝑆° 𝛥𝐺° = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
[𝐻𝐴] 𝛥𝐻° = 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦
Energy (𝜟𝑮)
[𝐻+] = √𝐾𝑎 [𝐻𝐴] 𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛
𝛥𝑆° = 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦
Weak 𝐴− + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇌ 𝐻𝐴 + 𝑂𝐻− 𝐾𝑏 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝛥𝐺 = 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑
[𝑂𝐻− ][𝐻𝐴] 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 Gibb’s Free 𝛥𝐺 = 𝛥𝐺° + 𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛𝑄
Bases 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝐾𝑏 = Energy (𝜟𝑮) 𝛥𝐺° = −𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑒𝑞 𝐽
[𝐴− ] 𝑅=8.314 𝑚𝑜𝑙∙𝐾
− 𝑄 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
[𝑂𝐻 ] = √𝐾𝑏 [𝐴− ]
Larger 𝐾𝑎 = smaller p𝐾𝑎 𝐾𝑒𝑞 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
pKa & pKb 𝑝𝐾𝑎 = −log [𝐾𝑎 ]
=stronger acid
𝑝𝐾𝑏 = −log [𝐾𝑏 ]
Larger 𝐾𝑏 = smaller p𝐾𝑏
𝑝𝐾𝑎 + 𝑝𝐾𝑏 = 14 =stronger base
𝐾𝑤 = 𝐾𝑎 × 𝐾𝑏 = 1 Chapter 12: Electrochemistry & Redox Reactions
∗ 10−14 Standard 𝐸° = 𝐸°𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝐸°𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Neutralization 𝑛𝐴 𝑀𝐴 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑛𝐵 𝑀𝐵 𝑉𝐵 𝑛𝐴 = # 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐻 + Cell 𝐸° = 𝐸°𝑐𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑒 + 𝐸°𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒
Reaction 𝑛𝐵 = # 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑂𝐻−
Potential
Buffers [𝐴− ] [𝐴− ] = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑝𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝑎 + log [𝐻𝐴] = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 Nernst 0.0592 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑
[𝐻𝐴] 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸° − log 𝑄 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
Equation 𝑛 𝑛 = # 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠
t𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑
Chapter 13: Nuclear Reactions 𝑄 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
Kinetics 𝑁 = 𝑁0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝑁 = 𝑎𝑚𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑒 Faraday’s 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 𝑀𝑊 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐. 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 𝐼 ∗ 𝑡𝑠 ∗ 𝑀𝑊𝑝𝑑𝑡 𝐼 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (Amps)
(always 1st ln 𝑁 = ln 𝑁 − 𝑘𝑡 𝑁0 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑡
Law
0 𝑡𝑠 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠)
order) 0.693 𝑘 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑛∗𝐹 𝑛 = # 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑡1/2 = 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑘 𝑡1/2 = ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 𝐹 = 𝐹𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
*note that 𝑡1/2 is independent 𝐼 ∗ 𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑠
(96485 )
of concn for 1st order rxns 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒 −
𝑛∗𝐹
Nuclear 𝐸 = 𝛥𝑚𝑐 2 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑀𝑈𝑆𝑇 𝑏𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔)
𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Binding 𝑚
(3.0 × 108 )
Energy 𝑠

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