OTTO CYCLE

By EngineerProf PH/Engr. Raymart Bonete

The Otto cycle is the ideal cycle for spark-ignition reciprocating engines. It is named after Nikolaus A. Otto, who built a
successful four-stroke engine in 1876 in Germany using the cycle proposed by Frenchman Beau de Rochas in 1862 .

The Ideal Otto Cycle: P-V and T-S Diagram

IDEAL GAS LAW Process 3 → 4: Isentropic Expansion

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 𝑃3 𝑉3 𝑘 = 𝑃4 𝑉4 𝑘 ;
P= Absolute Pressure=Patm+ Pgage 𝑇4 𝑉3 𝑘−1
V= volume, m= mass =( )
R= Gas Constant 𝑇3 𝑉4
𝑘−1
T= Absolute Temperature (K;R) 𝑇4 𝑃4 𝑘
Constants and Conversions =( )
𝑐𝑝 𝑘𝐽 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑇3 𝑃3
(a) 𝑘 = 𝑐𝑝 = 1.0062 = 0.24 (ideal gas) Since 𝑣2 = 𝑣3 and 𝑣1 = 𝑣4 then;
𝑐𝑣 𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝐾 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑅
where k=1.4 which is the specific heat ratio at room air 𝑇1 𝑉2 𝑘−1 𝑉3 𝑘−1 𝑇4
temperature. =( ) =( ) =
𝑇2 𝑉1 𝑉4 𝑇3
𝑐𝑝
𝑐𝑣 = 𝑘
; 𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐𝑣 = 𝑅 where R is the specific gas constant
(b) 𝑅 = 0.287 𝑘𝐽
= 53.34 𝑙𝑏
𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑓
Process 4 → 1: Constant Volume Heat Rejection
𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝐾 𝑚𝑅

𝑅̅ = 8.314
𝑘𝐽 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑓
= 1545 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑅 (Universal Gas Constant) 𝑣1 = 𝑣4
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾
𝑅̅ Heat Rejected; 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇4 − 𝑇1) = 𝑚(𝑈4 − 𝑈1)
𝑅=
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑃4 𝑃1
=
𝑇4 𝑇1
Temperature Conversions
℉ = 1.8℃ + 32 ; 𝐾 = ℃ + 273; 𝑅 = ℉ + 460 Thermal Efficiency
Pressure Conversions 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
1 atm (atmosphere) = 101.325 kPa 𝜂𝑡ℎ = = =1−
𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑖𝑛
1 atm = 14.7 psi = 760 mm Hg = 760 Torr = 1.0332 kgf/cm 2
Mass Conversions 𝑇4 − 𝑇1
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 −
1 kgm = 2.2046 lbm 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
1
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1− 𝑘
Process 1 → 2: Isentropic Compression 𝑟𝑘 − 1
𝑣 𝑉
Isentropic Relations: PVk=Constant Where 𝑟𝑘 =compression ratio = 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉1
𝑚𝑖𝑛 2
𝑘−1
𝑇 𝑉 𝑘−1 𝑇 𝑃2 𝑘
𝑃1 𝑉1𝑘 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑘 ; 𝑇1 = (𝑉2 ) ; 𝑇2 = (𝑃 ) Mean Effective Pressure (MEP)
2 1 1 1
Wnet = MEP X Piston Area X Stroke
Process 2 → 3: Constant Volume Heat Addition Piston Area X Stroke= Volume Displacement (VD)
𝑣𝐷 = 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
𝑣2 = 𝑣3 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
Heat Added: 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ) Therefore; 𝑀𝐸𝑃 = 𝑣𝐷
If Internal Energy is given by Air Tables:
𝑃2 𝑃3 Reference: (Images) Thermodynamics: An Eng’g Approach by Cengel and Boles
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚(𝑈3 − 𝑈2 ) ; =
𝑇2 𝑇3