CHEN 3009

Fluid and Particle Processes Tutorial-3

Motion of particles in a fluid

Lihong LIU
Lihong.Liu@curtin.edu.au
Single Spherical Particle

 𝑹 ′ = 𝑭 = 𝑭 R’ is the drag force per unit projected

𝑨 𝑫𝟐
𝝅 area of particle
𝟒
𝑹′
Drag coefficient
  𝑫=
𝑪
𝟏   𝑫 = 𝟒 𝒈𝑫 ( 𝝆 𝒑 − 𝝆 )
𝑪
𝝆 𝒗𝟐 𝟑 𝝆𝒗
𝟐
𝟐

  = 𝝆 𝒗𝑫
𝑹 𝒆𝒑
𝝁 Rep is particle Reynolds number

CD

Rep
   𝑫 = 𝟒 𝒈𝑫 ( 𝝆 𝒑 − 𝝆 )
𝑪 𝟐
𝟑 𝝆𝒗

𝟏
  𝟒 𝒈𝑫
𝒗=
(
𝟑 𝝆 𝑪𝒅
( 𝝆 𝒑− 𝝆) ) 𝟐
   𝑫 𝟑 ( 𝝆 𝒑 − 𝝆) 𝝆 𝒈
1
𝑨𝒓=
𝝁𝟐

  𝑹𝒆 𝒑 𝝁
3 𝒗=
𝝆 𝑫
Boundary Effect on Particle
Multiple Particle Systems

 1) Maude and Whitmore relation

 is the terminal velocity of a single particle

is generally called hindered settling velocity
is particle volume fraction
 For the entire range of Reynolds number, Khan and Richardson recommend

Ar is Archimedes number
Dp is particle diameter
DT is the vessel diameter

2) Famularo and Happel equation

  = 𝒗𝟎
𝒗
𝟏+ 𝜸 𝒄 𝟏/ 𝟑
𝜸  =𝟏 . 𝟑
 Question 1
A spherical particle with diameter 1 or 200 μm is falling in air.

(1) If Stokes’ law were correct for this particle, how fast would it
be falling and what would its Reynolds number be? (μair =1.8x10-
5
Pa s, ρp = 2000 kg/m3, ρair = 1.20 kg/m3)

 
(2) For Q1, estimate the true settling velocity of the 200 μm diameter particle
using the experimental drag coefficient correlation listed below.
Known

D = 1 μm = 1.0 × 10-6 m, or 200 μm = 2.0 × 10-4 m

g = 9.81 m/s2
μ air = μ fluid = μ = 1.8 × 10-5 Pa·s;

ρ air = 1.20 kg/m3 ; ρp= 2000 kg/m3

Solution (1)
Single particle, Stokes’ law, then use the equation
  (

When D = 1 μm
  (
m/s

 Checking

𝑫𝒗𝝆𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝟏.𝟎×𝟏𝟎 ×𝟔.𝟎𝟓×𝟏𝟎 ×𝟏.𝟐 −𝟔

−𝟔 −𝟓
 

𝑹𝒆𝒑= = −𝟓
=𝟒. 𝟎𝟑×𝟏𝟎 <𝟎. 𝟑
𝝁 𝟏.𝟖×𝟏𝟎
 When D = 200 μm
  −𝟒 𝟐
( 𝟐 . 𝟎 ×𝟏𝟎 ) × 𝟗 . 𝟖𝟏
𝒗 𝟐𝟎𝟎 = −𝟓
× ( 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 −𝟏 . 𝟐 )=𝟐. 𝟒𝟐 𝒎 / 𝒔
𝟏𝟖 ×(𝟏 .𝟖 ×𝟏𝟎 )
  Checking
𝑫𝒗 𝝆 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝟐 .𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 × 𝟐. 𝟒𝟐 × 𝟏 . 𝟐
𝑹𝒆𝒑 = = −𝟓
=𝟑 𝟐 .𝟑
𝝁 𝟏. 𝟖 ×𝟏𝟎
Archimedes’ number
 

18 < Ar < 330000, use chart

𝑹𝒆 𝒑 =𝟏𝟓
  580.98

  𝑹𝒆 𝒑 𝝁 𝟏𝟓 ×𝟏 . 𝟖 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟓
𝒗= = −𝟒
𝝆𝑫 𝟏 . 𝟐× 𝟐 .𝟎 ×𝟏𝟎
¿ 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
  15
 
Question (2): For Q(1), estimate the true settling
velocity of the 200 μm diameter particle using
the experimental drag coefficient correlation
listed below.
Known
D = 200 μm = 2.0 × 10-4 m
g = 9.81 m2/g;
μ air = 1.8 × 10-5 Pa·s;

ρ air = 1.20 kg/m3 ; ρp= 2000 kg/m3

Rep

CD = 24/Rep(1+0.14Rep 0.7)
𝟏
 
𝟒 𝒈𝑫
𝒗=
(
𝟑 𝝆 𝑪𝒅
( 𝝆 𝒑− 𝝆) ) 𝟐
Solution (2)
continue to Q (1), use trial-and-error method
Assuming the particle Reynolds number, Rep = 30
 
)

then
 
)

From lecture notes page 5

𝟏
  𝟒 𝒈𝑫
 
𝑪 𝑫=
𝟒 𝒈𝑫
𝟑 𝝆𝒗
𝝆 − 𝝆)
𝟐( 𝒑
𝒗=
[
𝟑 𝝆𝑪 𝑫
( 𝝆𝒑 − 𝝆)
] 𝟐

velocity is proportional to (1/Cd)1/2

  −𝟒 𝟏
𝟒 × 𝟗 .𝟖𝟏 × 𝟐. 𝟎 ×𝟏𝟎
𝒗= [
𝟑 ×𝟏 .𝟐 ×𝟐 . 𝟎𝟏 ] 𝟐
( 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏. 𝟐 ) =𝟏 . 𝟒𝟕 𝒎/ 𝒔
 Checking back Rep and CD

  , not 30
  𝟐𝟒 𝟎.𝟕 𝟐𝟒 𝟎.𝟕
𝑪 𝑫𝟏 = ( 𝟏+𝟎.𝟏𝟒 𝑹𝒆 𝒑 )= ( 𝟏+𝟎.𝟏𝟒× 𝟏𝟗.𝟔 ) =𝟐.𝟔𝟎
𝑹𝒆 𝒑𝟏 𝟏𝟗.𝟔
Because velocity is proportional to (1/Cd)1/2
𝟏 𝟏
  𝑪𝑫 𝟐 .𝟎𝟏
𝒗 𝟏 =𝒗
𝑪 𝑫𝟏 ( ) 𝟐
=𝟏 . 𝟒𝟕 ×
𝟐. 𝟔𝟎 ( ) =𝟏. 𝟐𝟗 𝒎 / 𝒔
𝟐

Checking back Rep and Cd again

  7.2, not 19.6

 
82
𝟏 𝟏
  𝑪 𝑫𝟏 𝟐 .𝟔𝟎
𝒗 𝟐 =𝒗 𝟏
( )
𝑪 𝑫𝟐
𝟐
=𝟏 . 𝟐𝟗×
𝟐 . 𝟖𝟐 ( ) =𝟏 .𝟐𝟒 𝒎 / 𝒔
𝟐

 Repeating, until
Question 2
Spherical particles of density 2000 kg/m3 and in the
size range 20 – 100 µm are fed continuously into a
stream of water (density, 1000 kg/m3 and viscosity,
0.001 Pa s) flowing upward in a vertical, large
diameter pipe.
1) What maximum water velocity is required to ensure that
no particles of diameter greater than 50 µm are carried
upwards with the water?
2) If the particles at concentration of 0.15, what will be the
maximum water velocity under which no particles of
diameter greater than 50 µm are carried upwards with
the water?
 DT = ∞ 1) What maximum water velocity is required to
ensure that no particles of diameter greater than
50 µm are carried upwards with the water?

Particle: Dp = 20 – 100 µm
ρp = 2000 kg/m3
Gravity
Fluid: ρw = 1000 kg/m3
50 µm µ = 0.001 Pa S
Drag force
large diameter pipe

Buoyancy fw = 1
FG - FB – FD = 0
𝟐
No particle concentration
  𝑪 𝑫 𝝆 𝒗 𝝅 𝑫𝟐
′
𝑭 𝑫 =𝑹 𝑨 =
𝟐 𝟒 single particle
𝒗  ↑→ 𝑭 𝑫 ↑ → 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 > 𝟎→ 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒍𝒆 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒖𝒑𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒔
   𝑫 𝟑 ( 𝝆 𝒑 − 𝝆) 𝝆 𝒈
1
𝑨𝒓=
𝝁𝟐

  𝑹𝒆 𝒑 𝝁
3 𝒗=
𝝆 𝑫
1)
 Choose D = 50 µm, calculate particle terminal velocity

First calculate the Archimedes number Ar

¿  𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟔

 For Ar = 1.226 < 18, in Stokes’ Law region

  𝑪 𝑫 𝝆 𝒗 𝟐 𝝅 𝑫𝟐
𝑭=  
When
𝟐 𝟒
 Gravity   𝝅 𝑫𝟑 𝝅 𝑫𝟑
𝝆𝒑 𝒈 − 𝝆 𝒈 − 𝐅=𝟎
Drag force 50 µm
𝟔 𝟔

 For slow velocity, Stokes Law region, Week 3 Lecture Note:

Buoyancy

F G - FB – FD = 0
 2) If the particles at concentration of 0.15, what will be the maximum water
velocity under which no particles of diameter greater than 50 µm are carried
upwards with the water?

If particle concentration c = 0.15, what is the terminal velocity when D = 50 µm

Famularo and Happel correlation

Question 3

Bead catalyst is formed by pumping a hot solution of

silicates and acid through a screen into the top of a
tower filled with organic liquid which flows in the
opposite direction. During the fall through the tower,
the droplets formed at the screen solidify into sphere.
Estimate the velocity of fall of the solidified spheres.
Data
Droplet diameter 1.3 mm Tower diameter 1200 mm
Mixture density 1400kg/m3 Liquid density 880 kg/m3
Mixture feed rate 3500 kg/hr Liquid viscosity 0.02 Pa s
    Liquid feed rate 25000 kg/hr
       
Known:
 

Multiple particle system

 1) Maude and Whitmore relation 2) Famularo and Happel equation

  = 𝒗𝟎
𝒗
𝟏+ 𝜸 𝒄
𝟏/ 𝟑 𝜸  =𝟏 . 𝟑
𝑚𝑠
 
𝑉𝑚 𝜌𝑠
𝑐= =
𝑉 𝑚 +𝑉 𝑙 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝐿
+
𝜌𝑠 𝜌𝐿
  𝑫 𝒑 = 𝟎 .𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑 =𝟏 .𝟎𝟖 ×𝟏𝟎 −𝟑
𝑫𝑻 𝟏 .𝟐
𝟐 .𝟐𝟓
  𝑫𝒑  𝑫 𝒑
(1) Francis: (
𝒇 𝒘 = 𝟏−
𝑫𝑻 ) 𝑹𝒆
  𝒑 ≤𝟎 . 𝟑 𝑫𝑻
≤ 𝟎 . 𝟗𝟕

𝑫𝒑
𝑫𝒑
𝟏 .𝟓 𝟑 𝟒   .𝟏 ≤
𝟎 ≤ 𝟎 .𝟖
  𝟏𝟎 ≤ 𝑹𝒆 𝒑 ≤ 𝟏𝟎
(2) Munroe: (
𝒇 𝒘 = 𝟏−
𝑫𝑻 )   𝑫𝑻

  𝑫 𝟑 ( 𝝆 𝒑 − 𝝆) 𝝆 𝒈   = 𝑹𝒆 𝒑 𝝁
𝑨𝒓= 𝐴=𝜋 𝑟 2
 𝑹𝒆 𝒑 𝒗 𝟎
𝝁𝟐   𝝆𝑫
𝒗 𝑣
𝒇  𝒘= 𝐴=𝜋 𝑟 2 𝑣  ∞ =
𝒗∞   𝒇𝒘

Multiple particle system

 1) Maude and Whitmore relation 2) Famularo and Happel equation

  = 𝒗𝟎
𝒗
𝟏+ 𝜸 𝒄 𝟏/ 𝟑
𝜸  =𝟏 . 𝟑
𝒎𝒔
 
𝑽𝒎 𝝆𝒔
𝒄= =  𝟒 . 𝟖 − 𝒏 𝟎 . 𝟓𝟕
𝑽 𝒎 +𝑽 𝒍 𝒎𝒔 𝒎 𝑳 = 𝟎 .𝟎𝟒𝟑 𝑨𝒓 ¿
𝝆𝒔
+
𝝆𝑳 𝒏− 𝟐 . 𝟒
Solution:  
Particle volume fraction:

18<Ar<330,000, using chart

 
Checking the solid boundary: When a particle is falling through a fluid in the
presence of a solid boundary, the terminal velocity reached by the particle is less
than that for an infinite fluid (.
For Francis correlation:

 
 
  

(1) Maude and Whitmore relation

  n=4.46
m/s
Or (2) Famularo and Happel

  𝜐𝑜 0.021
𝜐= 1 /3
= 1 /3
=0.0134 𝑚 / 𝑠
1+𝛾 𝑐 1+1.3∗ 0.081