Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology

157/ F, Nilgunj Road, Panihati, Kolkata 700114

Title of Work: Classification of Rectifying Columns, Bubble Cap, Sieve Plate

and Packed Columns

Paper Code: R21_PT317

Paper Name: Pharmaceutical Engineering

Report Submitted for the Evaluation of Continuous Assessment II

Submitted by

Name: Somali Sengupta

Roll No.: 186012101067

Program: B. Pharm

Semester: 3

1
 CONTENT

1. ABSTRACT
2. Rectifying column
3. Bubble-cap columns
4. Sieve-plate columns
5. Packed columns
6. Reference
7. Plagiarism Report

2
ABSTRACT
In the following report there is a short brief about the classification of rectifying columns, bubble-cap, sieve
plate and packed columns. Rectification is one of the highly developed methods of distillation which is most
commonly used. A rectifying column mainly consists of (a) a still or reboiler (b) a rectifying or fractioning
column, and (c) a condenser. The rectifying column may be divided into plate and packed columns. Plate
columns may be further sub-divided into bubble-cap columns and sieve-plate columns. Sieve plates are a
recent features of column design used instead of bubble-cap plates. These columns are flat plates with a
large number of relatively small perforations. Previously it was believed that sieve plate was effective over a
much narrower range of loading than bubble cap. But recent studies begin to question this conclusion. In
packed columns, the column is entirely empty so far as permanent construction is concerned and is filled
with some sort of material that offers a large surface area supposedly wetted by the liquid. Certain
advantages and disadvantages of packed column are also discussed.

1. Rectifying Column
Rectification is one of the highly developed methods of distillation which is most commonly used. A
rectifying column mainly consists of [1]
a) a still or reboiler, in which vapour is generated
b) a rectifying or fractioning column through which vapour rises in counter-current contact with a
descending stream of liquid, and
c) a condenser, which condenses all the vapour leaving the top of the column, sending the reflux back to the
column to descend counter to the rising vapours and delivering the rest of the condensed liquid as product.

Fig 1: Diagram of still and fractionating column

3
As the liquid stream descends the column it is progressively enriched with the high boiling constituent, and
as the vapour stream ascends it is progressively enriched with the low-boiling constituent. The column then
becomes an apparatus for bringing these streams into intimate contact, so that the vapour stream tends to
vaporize the low-boiling constituent from the liquid, and the liquid stream tends to condense the high-boiling
constituent from the vapour. The top of the column is cooler than the bottom, so that the liquid stream
becomes progressively hotter as it descends and the vapour stream becomes progressively cooler as it rises.
This heat transfer is accomplished by actual contact of liquid and vapour; and for this purpose, likewise,
effective contacting is desirable.

1.1 Classification
There is considerable variety in the equipment by which this intimate contact may be affected. The types
may be divided into plate and packed columns. Plate columns may be further sub-divided into bubble-cap
columns and sieve-plate columns.[2-4]

Rectifying
Columns

Packed Plate
Columns Columns

Bubble-cap Sieve-plate
Columns Columns

2. Bubble-cap Columns
The column is divided into sections by means of a series of horizontal plates (A). Each plate carries a
number of short nipples (B). Each nipple or riser is covered by a bell-shaped cap (C) which is secured by a
spider (D) and bolt (E). the edge of the cap maybe serrated, or the sides may be slotted. Vapour rises from
the plate below through the nipple, diverted downward by the cap, and bubbles out under the serrations or
through the slots [5]. A layer of the liquid is maintained on the plate by means of an overflow or downpipe
(F), and the depth of the liquid is such that the slots are submerged. The downpipe (G) from the plate above,
is sealed by the liquid on the plate below so that vapour cannot enter the downpipe. Ordinarily the liquid is
4
delivered at one end of the diameter by the downpipe from the plate above, flows across the plate, and is
discharged by a downpipe at the other end of the same diameter.

Fig 2: Construction of bubble-cap column

The edge of the plate lip may be welded to the shell. However, it is rarely done so. The plate may be bolted
to a ring that is welded to the inside of the shell. The plates maybe supported, from one another, by standing
bolts. Quite a wide variety of constructions are used according to the size of the column and the frequency
with which repairs maybe needed.

3. Sieve-plate Columns
These are a recent features of column design used instead of bubble-cap plates. Sieve-plate columns are flat
plates with a large number of relatively small perforations usually of 3⁄16 to 1⁄4 inch in diameter and on centres
varying from 1 to 2 inch. The velocity of the vapour up through these holes is sufficient to prevent the liquid
running down the holes, so that such a plate is provided with the usual liquid feed and discharge weirs.
Previously it was believed that sieve plate was effective over a much narrower range of loading than bubble
cap. But recent studies begin to question this conclusion [6-7]. Sieve plates are widely used in columns in
practice today, and their importance as compared to the bubble-cap plate is increasing. Apparently, the sieve
plate is as effective in enriching the vapour stream in the lower-boiling constituent as is a bubble-cap tray;
and it can apparently operate with higher vapour velocities than a bubble-cap tray without causing excessive
entrainment, if properly designed.
A still further development of this idea is the Turbogrid plate, a relatively recent introduction. Here the plate
instead of being made of a flat sheet of metal with holes drilled in it, consists of a series of horizontal bars
with narrow slots in between. In this case there is no attempt to prevent the liquid feeding back down
through the openings through which the vapour rises, and therefore such plates are not normally provided
5
with inlet and overflow weirs. The liquid flows down between the bars at the same time that the vapour is
coming up through the same slot. Such trays have been used on large columns; they apparently have a higher
separating effectiveness and a much lower pressure drop than the bubble-cap plate.
4. Packed Columns
Since the purpose of a column is to bring liquid and vapour into contact with each other, it follows that any
type of filling in the column that presented a large surface of contact would be suitable to carry out the
suitable operation [8-9]. This has led, in some cases, to the use of packed columns in which the column is
entirely empty so far as permanent construction is concerned and is filled with some sort of material that
offers a large surface area supposedly wetted by the liquid. A satisfactory tower packing should be light in
weight, should offer the maximum wettable surface per unit volume, and should offer a reasonably large
cross-section for the gas passage, therefore causing a small friction drop.
A large number of materials have been used at one time or the other for tower packing, but probably the
commonest is the Raschig ring. It is a hollow cylinder whose length is equal to its diameter. These may be
made from metal; in which case they are usually made by sawing sections of a pipe. They maybe formed in
stone ware or porcelain or other materials. Many variations of the Raschig ring have been suggested, but the
plain Raschig ring with no webs or vanes in the interior still remains a standard packing [10]. Raschig rings
are usually dumped into the column at random and are seldom stacked in any regular order.

4.1 Advantages
(i)They have a low pressure drop per unit of height than bubble cap
(ii) For very small diameters of column, where it would be difficult to get in more than two or three bubble
caps, packed columns can be effectively used.
(iii) Since Raschig rings can be made of any material, hence packed columns can be used for corrosive
operations, at least where stainless steels and similar alloys are not suitable.
(iv) The amount of liquid held up in the column is low so sensitive thermolabile liquid remains in contact
with high temperature for a short time than bubble cap method.

4.2 Disadvantages
(i) They are relatively inflexible, that is, not operable over wide ranges of either vapour or liquid loading per
unit of cross-section.
(ii) Distribution of liquid uniformly in such packed column is difficult. It is found that, as the liquid passes
down the tower it tends to concentrate at the walls and leave the centre unwetted.

6
 Reference

R. Teti, K. Jemielniak, G. ODonnell, and D. Dornfeld,

“Advanced
monitoring of machining operations,” CIRP Annals-
Manufacturing
Technology, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 717–739, 2010.
[2] R. X. Gao, X. Tang, G. Gordon, and D. O.
Kazmer, “Online product
quality monitoring through in-process measurement,”
CIRP Annals-
Manufacturing Technology, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 493–
496, 2014.
[3] A. Vijayakumari, A. Devarajan, and N. Devarajan,
“Decoupled control
of grid connected inverter with dynamic online grid
impedance measure-
ments for micro grid applications,” International
Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, vol. 68, pp. 1–14, 2015.
[4] H. Wang, P. Senior, R. Mann, and W. Yang,
“Online measurement
and control of solids moisture in fluidised bed dryers,”
Chemical
Engineering Science, vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 2893–2902,
2009.
[5] A. K. Pani and H. K. Mohanta, “Online
monitoring and control
7
of particle size in the grinding process using least
square support
vector regression and resilient back propagation
neural network,” ISA
transactions, vol. 56, pp. 206–221, 2015.
[6] A. M. F. Fileti, L. S. Pedrosa, and J. A. Pereira, “A
self tuning controller
for multicomponent batch distillation with soft sensor
inference based
on a neural network,” Computers & Chemical
Engineering, vol. 23, pp.
S261–S264, 1999.
[7] W. Luyben, “Feedback control of distillation
columns by double
differential temperature control,” Industrial &
Engineering Chemistry
Fundamentals, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 739–744, 1969.
[8] T. Mejdell and S. Skogestad, “Estimation of
distillation compositions
from multiple temperature measurements using
partial-least-squares
regression,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
Research, vol. 30,
no. 12, pp. 2543–2555, 1991.
[9] L. Fortuna, S. Graziani, and M. G. Xibilia, “Soft
sensors for product

8
quality monitoring in debutanizer distillation
columns,” Control Engi-
neering Practice, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 499–508, 2005
R. Teti, K. Jemielniak, G. ODonnell, and D. Dornfeld,
“Advanced
monitoring of machining operations,” CIRP Annals-
Manufacturing
Technology, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 717–739, 2010.
[2] R. X. Gao, X. Tang, G. Gordon, and D. O.
Kazmer, “Online product
quality monitoring through in-process measurement,”
CIRP Annals-
Manufacturing Technology, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 493–
496, 2014.
[3] A. Vijayakumari, A. Devarajan, and N. Devarajan,
“Decoupled control
of grid connected inverter with dynamic online grid
impedance measure-
ments for micro grid applications,” International
Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, vol. 68, pp. 1–14, 2015.
[4] H. Wang, P. Senior, R. Mann, and W. Yang,
“Online measurement
and control of solids moisture in fluidised bed dryers,”
Chemical
Engineering Science, vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 2893–2902,
2009.
9
[5] A. K. Pani and H. K. Mohanta, “Online
monitoring and control
of particle size in the grinding process using least
square support
vector regression and resilient back propagation
neural network,” ISA
transactions, vol. 56, pp. 206–221, 2015.
[6] A. M. F. Fileti, L. S. Pedrosa, and J. A. Pereira, “A
self tuning controller
for multicomponent batch distillation with soft sensor
inference based
on a neural network,” Computers & Chemical
Engineering, vol. 23, pp.
S261–S264, 1999.
[7] W. Luyben, “Feedback control of distillation
columns by double
differential temperature control,” Industrial &
Engineering Chemistry
Fundamentals, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 739–744, 1969.
[8] T. Mejdell and S. Skogestad, “Estimation of
distillation compositions
from multiple temperature measurements using
partial-least-squares
regression,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
Research, vol. 30,
no. 12, pp. 2543–2555, 1991.

10
[9] L. Fortuna, S. Graziani, and M. G. Xibilia, “Soft
sensors for product
quality monitoring in debutanizer distillation
columns,” Control Engi-
neering Practice, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 499–508, 2005
[1] R. Teti, K. Jemielniak, G. ODonnell, and D.
Dornfeld, “Advanced
monitoring of machining operations,” CIRP Annals-
Manufacturing
Technology, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 717–739, 2010.
[2] R. X. Gao, X. Tang, G. Gordon, and D. O.
Kazmer, “Online product
quality monitoring through in-process measurement,”
CIRP Annals-
Manufacturing Technology, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 493–
496, 2014.
[3] A. Vijayakumari, A. Devarajan, and N. Devarajan,
“Decoupled control
of grid connected inverter with dynamic online grid
impedance measure-
ments for micro grid applications,” International
Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, vol. 68, pp. 1–14, 2015.
[4] H. Wang, P. Senior, R. Mann, and W. Yang,
“Online measurement
and control of solids moisture in fluidised bed dryers,”
Chemical
11
Engineering Science, vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 2893–2902,
2009.
[5] A. K. Pani and H. K. Mohanta, “Online
monitoring and control
of particle size in the grinding process using least
square support
vector regression and resilient back propagation
neural network,” ISA
transactions, vol. 56, pp. 206–221, 2015.
[6] A. M. F. Fileti, L. S. Pedrosa, and J. A. Pereira, “A
self tuning controller
for multicomponent batch distillation with soft sensor
inference based
on a neural network,” Computers & Chemical
Engineering, vol. 23, pp.
S261–S264, 1999.
[7] W. Luyben, “Feedback control of distillation
columns by double
differential temperature control,” Industrial &
Engineering Chemistry
Fundamentals, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 739–744, 1969.
[8] T. Mejdell and S. Skogestad, “Estimation of
distillation compositions
from multiple temperature measurements using
partial-least-squares
regression,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
Research, vol. 30,
12
no. 12, pp. 2543–2555, 1991.
[9] L. Fortuna, S. Graziani, and M. G. Xibilia, “Soft
sensors for product
quality monitoring in debutanizer distillation
columns,” Control Engi-
neering Practice, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 499–508, 2005
[1] Badger Walter L. and Banchero Julius T. (2008) Introduction to Chemical Engineering Nintheenth
reprint 6 245-319
[2] R. Teti, K. Jemielniak, G. ODonnell, and D. Dornfeld, “Advancedmonitoring of machining operations,”
CIRP Annals-ManufacturingTechnology, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 717–739, 2010.
[3] R. X. Gao, X. Tang, G. Gordon, and D. O. Kazmer, “Online productquality monitoring through in-
process measurement,” CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 493–496, 2014.
[4] A. Vijayakumari, A. Devarajan, and N. Devarajan, “Decoupled controlof grid connected inverter with
dynamic online grid impedance measure-ments for micro grid applications,” International Journal of
ElectricalPower & Energy Systems, vol. 68, pp. 1–14, 2015.
[5] H. Wang, P. Senior, R. Mann, and W. Yang, “Online measurementand control of solids moisture in
fluidised bed dryers,” ChemicalEngineering Science, vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 2893–2902, 2009.
[6] A. K. Pani and H. K. Mohanta, “Online monitoring and controlof particle size in the grinding process
using least square supportvector regression and resilient back propagation neural network,” ISAtransactions,
vol. 56, pp. 206–221, 2015.
[7] A. M. F. Fileti, L. S. Pedrosa, and J. A. Pereira, “A self tuning controllerfor multicomponent batch
distillation with soft sensor inference basedon a neural network,” Computers & Chemical Engineering, vol.
23, pp.S261–S264, 1999.
[8] W. Luyben, “Feedback control of distillation columns by doubledifferential temperature control,”
Industrial & Engineering ChemistryFundamentals, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 739–744, 1969.
[9] T. Mejdell and S. Skogestad, “Estimation of distillation compositionsfrom multiple temperature
measurements using partial-least-squaresregression,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.
30,no. 12, pp. 2543–2555, 1991.
[10] L. Fortuna, S. Graziani, and M. G. Xibilia, “Soft sensors for productquality monitoring in debutanizer
distillation columns,” Control Engi-neering Practice, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 499–508, 2005

13
 Plagiarism Report

PLAGIARISM SCAN REPORT

Date August 29, 2022

Exclude URL: NO

Unique Content 100% Word Count 1,388

Plagiarized Content 0% Records Found 0

Paraphrased Plagiarism0

CONTENT CHECKED FOR PLAGIARISM: 14

ABSTRACT
In the following report there is a short brief about the classification of rectifying columns, bubble-cap,
sieve plate and packed columns. Rectification is one of the highly developed methods of distillation
which is most commonly used. A rectifying column mainly consists of (a) a still or reboiler (b) a rectifying
or fractioning column, and (c) a condenser. The rectifying column may be divided into plate and packed
columns. Plate columns may be further sub-divided into bubble-cap columns and sieve-plate columns.
Sieve plates are a recent features of column design used instead of bubble-cap plates. These columns
are flat plates with a large number of relatively small perforations. Previously it was believed that sieve
plate was effective over a much narrower range of loading than bubble cap. But recent studies begin to
question this conclusion. In packed columns, the column is entirely empty so far as permanent
construction is concerned and is filled with some sort of material that offers a large surface area
supposedly wetted by the liquid. Certain advantages and disadvantages of packed column are also
discussed.

1. Rectifying Column

Rectification is one of the highly developed methods of distillation which is most commonly used. A

rectifying column mainly consists of

a) a still or reboiler, in which vapour is generated

b) a rectifying or fractioning column through which vapour rises in counter-current contact with a

descending stream of liquid, and

c) a condenser, which condenses all the vapour leaving the top of the column, sending the reflux

back to the column to descend counter to the rising vapours and delivering the rest of the

condensed liquid as product.

Fig 1: Diagram of still and fractionating column

As the liquid stream descends the column it is progressively enriched with the high boiling

constituent, and as the vapour stream ascends it is progressively enriched with the low-boiling

constituent. The column then becomes an apparatus for bringing these streams into intimate contact,

so that the vapour stream tends to vaporize the low-boiling constituent from the liquid, and the liquid

stream tends to condense the high-boiling constituent from the vapour. The top of the column is

cooler than the bottom, so that the liquid stream becomes progressively hotter as it descends and

the vapour stream becomes progressively cooler as it rises. This heat transfer is accomplished by

actual contact of liquid and vapour; and for this purpose, likewise, effective contacting is desirable.

1.1 Classification
15
There is considerable variety in the equipment by which this intimate contact may be affected.

The types may be divided into plate and packed columns. Plate columns may be further sub-

divided into bubble-cap columns and sieve-plate columns.

1. Bubble-cap Columns

The column is divided into sections by means of a series of horizontal plates (A). Each plate carries

a number of short nipples (B). Each nipple or riser is covered by a bell-shaped cap (C) which is

secured by a spider (D) and bolt (E). the edge of the cap maybe serrated, or the sides may be

slotted. Vapour rises from the plate below through the nipple, diverted downward by the cap, and

bubbles out under the serrations or through the slots. A layer of the liquid is maintained on the

plate by means of an overflow or downpipe (F), and the depth of the liquid is such that the slots

are submerged. The downpipe (G) from the plate above, is sealed by the liquid on the plate below

so that vapour cannot enter the downpipe. Ordinarily the liquid is delivered at one end of the

diameter by the downpipe from the plate above, flows across the plate, and is discharged by a

downpipe at the other end of the same diameter.

Fig 2: Construction of bubble-cap column

The edge of the plate lip may be welded to the shell. However, it is rarely done so. The plate may

be bolted to a ring that is welded to the inside of the shell. The plates maybe supported, from one

another, by standing bolts. Quite a wide variety of constructions are used according to the size of

the column and the frequency with which repairs maybe needed

2. Sieve-plate Columns

These are a recent features of column design used instead of bubble-cap plates. Sieve-plate

columns are flat plates with a large number of relatively small perforations usually of 3⁄16 to 1⁄4

inch in diameter and on centres varying from 1 to 2 inch. The velocity of the vapour up through

these holes is sufficient to prevent the liquid running down the holes, so that such a plate is

provided with the usual liquid feed and discharge weirs. Previously it was believed that sieve plate

was effective over a much narrower range of loading than bubble cap. But recent studies begin to

question this conclusion. Sieve plates are widely used in columns in practice today, and their

importance as compared to the bubble-cap plate is increasing. Apparently, the sieve plate is as

effective in enriching the vapour stream in the lower-boiling constituent as is a bubble-cap tray;

and it can apparently operate with higher vapour velocities than a bubble-cap tray without causing

excessive entrainment, if properly designed.

A still further development of this idea is the Turbogrid plate, a relatively recent introduction. Here

16
the plate instead of being made of a flat sheet of metal with holes drilled in it, consists of a series

of horizontal bars with narrow slots in between. In this case there is no attempt to prevent the

liquid feeding back down through the openings through which the vapour rises, and therefore such

plates are not normally provided with inlet and overflow weirs. The liquid flows down between the

bars at the same time that the vapour is coming up through the same slot. Such trays have been

used on large columns; they apparently have a higher separating effectiveness and a much lower

pressure drop than the bubble-cap plate.

3. Packed Columns

Since the purpose of a column is to bring liquid and vapour into contact with each other, it follows

that any type of filling in the column that presented a large surface of contact would be suitable to

carry out the suitable operation. This has led, in some cases, to the use of packed columns in which

the column is entirely empty so far as permanent construction is concerned and is filled with some

sort of material that offers a large surface area supposedly wetted by the liquid. A satisfactory

tower packing should be light in weight, should offer the maximum wettable surface per unit

volume, and should offer a reasonably large cross-section for the gas passage, therefore causing a

small friction drop.

A large number of materials have been used at one time or the other for tower packing, but

probably the commonest is the Raschig ring. It is a hollow cylinder whose length is equal to its

diameter. These may be made from metal; in which case they are usually made by sawing sections

of a pipe. They maybe formed in stone ware or porcelain or other materials. Many variations of the

Raschig ring have been suggested, but the plain Raschig ring with no webs or vanes in the interior

still remains a standard packing. Raschig rings are usually dumped into the column at random and

are seldom stacked in any regular order.

3.1 Advantages

(i) They have a low pressure drop per unit of height than bubble cap

(ii) For very small diameters of column, where it would be difficult to get in more than two or three

bubble caps, packed columns can be effectively used.

(iii) Since Raschig rings can be made of any material, hence packed columns can be used for

corrosive operations, at least where stainless steels and similar alloys are not suitable.

(iv) The amount of liquid held up in the column is low so sensitive thermolabile liquid remains in

17
 contact with high temperature for a short time than bubble cap method.

4. 2 Disadvantages

They are relatively inflexible, that is, not operable over wide ranges of either vapour or liquid loading

per unit of cross-section.

Distribution of liquid uniformly in such packed column is difficult. It is found that, as the liquid passes

down the tower it tends to concentrate at the walls and leave the centre unwetted.

MATCHED SOURCES:

Report Generated on August 29, 2022 by prepostseo.com

Questions on Classification of Rectifying Columns, Bubble Cap, Sieve Plate and Packed
Columns
I. Multiple Choice Questions – Multiple options maybe correct (10 × 1 = 10M)
1. Rectifying continuously is known as ____________.
a) Partialization
b) Fractionation
c) Condensation
18
d) Evaporation

2. The use of vapour produced from the reboiler is

a) to strip out more volatile component from the liquid
b) to strip out low volatile component from the liquid
c) to increase the temperature of the fractionator bottom
d) to decrease the temperature of the fractionator bottom

3. The light key components are ___________.

a) Non volatile
b) Partially volatile
c) Less volatile
d) More volatile

4. Find the reflux ratio if the feed, residue and reflux rate is 100, 40 and 50 mole/hr respectively
a) 1.25
b) 1.5
c) 0.83
d) 1

5. Vapour is generated in this part of the rectifying unit

a) Still
b) Reboiler
c) Rectifying column
d) Condenser

6. Rectifying columns may be divided into

a) Bubble-cap column
b) Plate column
c) Sieve-plate column
d) Packed column

7. Sieve-plate columns include

a) Flat plates with a small number of relatively small perforations
b) Flat plates with a small number of relatively large perforations
c) Flat plates with a large number of relatively small perforations
d) Flat plates with a large number of relatively large perforations

8. Size of diameter of the perforations is

a) 5⁄16
b) ¼
c) 3⁄16
d) 3⁄8

9. Which type of plate consist of a series of horizontal bars with narrow slots in between?
a) Sieve plate
b) Turbogrid plate
c) Bubble-cap plate
d) Tuborgal plate

10. Advantage of a packed column is that it

19
a) has a low pressure drop per unit of height than bubble cap
b) can be used for corrosive operations
c) is relatively flexible
d) holds up small amount of liquid in the column

II. Short Answer Type Questions (25M)

1. Classify rectifying columns with the help of a flow chart. (2)
2. With the help of a diagram represent a still and fractionating column. (3)
3. What are sieve-plate columns? (2)
4. Write a short note on sieve-plate columns (3)
5. Write a short note on Turbogrid plate. (2)
6. How does a rectifying unit work? (3)
7. State the components of a rectifying unit. (3)
8. Draw a diagram to show the cross-section of a bubble-cap. (2)
9. What are the advantages of using a packed column? (3)
10. State the disadvantages of using packed columns. (2)

20