yea Linear Modulation: Amplitude Mo i 1g, or message (low frequency) signal. Though the modulating signal an audio wae of seth or music whichis complex in wat be "AM system as well a5 Gthors is restricted to a modulating signal that T and has single frequency. esi Chapter 2 inusoidal a : the earricr and modulating vollages be v, and vp Linear Modulation: Amplitude paved ve eLegnns A ei Meee ime ep Modulation ed phase angle in the above expre in phase angle. Just to avoid the co AM does not produce ions in proceeding we~ case of FM and PM. of AM we are varying ing signal V, sin have ‘i! From the above two equations and as per def amplitude of uimodulated carrier (V,)n proportion In the previous chapter. we have covered. what is modulation, its different types » slong sath is nogd Now bere in this chapter we specifically deal with amplitude ‘dell. After completing this chaptcr, students will come to know, ‘save is made up of a number of sinusoidal components : be able to calculate the froqusosice current and voltage paramcters associated with AM signal. We have alto covered different methods of AM generation 2° moputation te we = Veg So Ve ' MocsagenMondatrg signa LF) 1, cess write f Ai Miao signal Fig. 2.1 Amplitude Modulation ‘Spectrum or Frequency Domain Representation of AM Wave we can show that frequencies present in AM are the carrier pair of sideband frequencies, where sideband frequency is Lethe 23)14. Arslog Communication {= froqueney percentage modulation 1 is addition of Vy Fig.2.2. Amplitude of AM wave. Further Eqn. 2.6 can be splitted using trigonometric identity sinx siny = 5 foos(e ~ 9) ~ caste + 5) we get rv. F680, — Wy) = Meas + we v =P sin wet 2 ZA near Modulation: Arogtude Medulation 15 Fig. 2.3 demodulator for an AM signal 25) capacitor vollage (ouput) 2.6), Fig. 2.4 Input and output voltage waveform across capacitor C. Now let us see the working of the circuit, Also assume diode as ideal one ic. zero resistance, is “R’ is not present in. the capacitor-charges to peak voltage and docs not allow the diode to éonduct further, (©) Now suppose the input amplitude is increased to a new level, then the capacitor again charges to new level because diode again becomes forward biased, @nPe Linear Modblation: Amplitude Modulation 17 a wala p, tM = ark en cyeles is extremely ; ihe a sizeable change, = Va Coup (af ve ee (evan= ‘Modulation index defines the extent upto which amplitude ofthe carrier will be varied about an unmodulated maximus carrier ~ : Mathematical: also known as depth of modulation, degree of modulation oF m also explained in terms of percentage modulation. Tts val fa between 0 and 1. ‘We know that Baseband signal is preserved in the envelop of AM signal if and only if, las S Ve On the other hand we can say that, ifthe above condition does not prevail then the original baseband signal recovered from the AM modulated signal at the 1e a distored one. Such a case where value of m exceeds, 1 is, 14) (2.4) tat he mise ower I AM is an important fact, because maximum power that relevant amplifier must be capable of handling ‘vibout aaa Power Content in AM Wave observed from the expression of AM wave that the amplitude of the carrier. a ee ‘component of AM wave is same a8 that 6f unmodulated carrier: Along with carr aos Sti wane 2. Current Calculation in AM lebands. It means That modulaiéd wave bears more od airior, However, modulation index is respon- It is offen comfortable to calculate current than power. In such cases modulation index can be calculated from the modulated and unmodulated currents in the transmitter, Assume J, be the r,s value of the unmodulated current and J, the total r.m.s. i after modulation, of an AM transmi ‘R’ ig the resistance through ‘current flows then with the help of equation (2.14), we have18_Anslog Communication 2:4.6 Modulation by Many Sine Waves eral sine waves simultaneously. Now here conditions. In the above Process We haye rcindex and then substitute the Value of my ‘Modulation index in such a case can be into eqn. 2.14 to calculat found out in two different ways. ‘ate, be the modulating voltage V, the individual voltage. ultaneous modulating voltages, then the to be the square root ofthe sum of the squares of (&) Another way to represent the same is squ We get saring eqn. (2.17) on both sides, i +mh+ 2.18) il modulation should not exceed the value 7 | NUMERICALS 8) EXAMPLE 21 We hve to signals in es of e() and (0, which are ld e1() = 2eos(2nf) + cos 2-2/0) €(0) = cos 2a hi) + 2c0s(2x-2fs) Plot amplitude-frequeney characteristics of the resultant signal assuming, (a) fp > 2f but not aharmonic of f, ©) 4 = 2%, Solution: S(O = e\(-e0 = (Leos 2h) + cos(27-2f} = 2eos2af-cos2nhN + cos(2afit) + 2eos2x-2/a/)}. 82a fil) cos (2m: 2st) Linear Modulation: Amplitude Modkation 19 + cos (Qn Pf") cos(2m fi) + 2eos(2n-2ft)-cos 2m 2h) = cos (2h + [)1) + cos2nUhy ~ fi) + 2eos mh +40 + 2eos(2m(2a - JN) + heost2nly + 24) + Feos@nls ~ 2h) 4 cos(2n02fe + 2) + cos(2ni%e ~ 2/)). ‘Taking fourier transform on both sides. SU) = ESV fe A) + SU MF FSU he +) + SUL + ISU 2 - fi) + SU + 2h + AN + ISU 2 +A) + SUF 2 fi + ASU fe - 2A) + SUL + 21) + SU f+ 21) + SU +A 2101 + TIS 2-21) + SU Whe + 2f) + U2 +21) + SU 2h = 2h Now for case I fy > 2fj- This response will occur at various frequencies ‘mentioned above in the form of delta functions I this value in above final result of S(), we get =f + cos2mfn + cos 2h) + 3 cos2n 3/0 + Leesan + Beater sf) + enn o7n Taking fourier transform on both the sides, we act SO) = 48+ ESF -I) + SU + AN) + SIS ~ 2A) + SU + 2A) + 3psy-3y) + sya + LIS 4) + 50+ 4/1 + ISU- 5h) + SU+ SA + SIs 6A) + SU + OA)20. Analog Communication = Linear Modulation: Amplitude Modulation 21 tir Mlsions Apne Mecianon = ~7-f m= 0.9381 ‘Therefore, the percentage modulation is 93.81%. Further EXAMPLE2.5 Acarrier wave of 10 MHzis amplitude modulated to 50% with a tone of 5000 Hz. Sketch the waveform and amplitude distribution in time dnd frequency doinain, Assuming carrier amplitude of 10 Volts, write down equa~ wn of the above wave and show the existence of two sidebands. Determine their EXAMPLE 2.2 A 900 watt carri Caleulate the total power in the modul sinusoidal Sol We know that | rorfe$h Bn .quency and amplitude, jon: Waveform and amplitude distribution is shown in Fig. 2.7 (a & b). wov ‘modulation percentage is 60%. Hi Solution: Again we know that Fig. 2.7. (2) Waveform (b) Amplitude distribution. ; aie EXAMPLE-ZT The scan caren of AM tant ie 10A wen ey Now eatin ofan AM wave ccarricr is sent but it increases to 12A when a carrier is modulated by a single tone nf) Sin Wt e = 10(1 +5 sin 10000 x) sin 22 x 107 t. sinusoid. Find the percentage of modulation. Find antenna current when depth of ‘modulation changes to 0.7. hore we have converted as below: 2a fad = sin 10000 and sin w,t = sin 2a ft = sin 2710 « ‘= 10sin 2 x 1071 + 2.5 cos 22(10" ~ S0000)1 = 25 cos 2 (107 + 500) + From the current calculations of AM spectrum. | O We have Here we have two sidebands which are as follows.radiates 9 KW wusoidally modulated. Calculate ermine the total radiated power, m= (2023) = (350 = 50 For second part. the total MI will be ™* el = 18774964 oo ren{iett) (8775) ; nasfie Prog eee Solurion: Since. AM is a vector quantity, it may be represented by rotating phasor diagrams as shown by diagram in ower sideband ‘The magnitude of the they rotate in opposite dir vectors are in position neutralise each other and the ¥.. When both the phasors are in position “A°, we have minimum magnitude of (V, — V,) near Moddaton: Apiuste Modulation 23 hen both the phasors are in position “B', we have the maximum + Vg) _PACGENERATION OF AMPLITUDE MODULATED WAVE playing tubes or solid-state devices to ‘There is a variety of modulator ci ese circuits may, however, be grouped produce amplitude modulated waves, A (a) Square law or non-linear modulator circuits (b) Linear modulator circuits. ‘Another way of grouping is also there, This is based upon the power level at which modulation is carried out and may be termed: 2) Low level modulation (LLM) Oy) High eve jon (HLM) ‘modulators are low {evel modulators while linear modulators are high level modulators. Now we will discuss the above AM generation techniques in a bit detail. 2a Low Level Modulation . 2.9 shows the block diagram for LLM. Here we are doing modulation at low bands) is applied usgd to preserve lulation at low power~ fers. Square-Law diode aan Aeris be AN ial (carer ad SSdad power amplifier A widcand power am wes yes Fig. 2.9 Lowlevel AM modulation.24 Analog Communication — ee Rowing Correranseoton Salleh ae —a near Modulation: Amltude Modulation 25 23d High Level Modulation Diode cutent Diode votage 3 Fig.2.41 Vi characteristics. { High over "AM Modulator Meats Var Fig. 2.12 Square law diode modulator, We can treat the theoretical concept of AM in a much better way using ‘mathematical expressions as explained below, Let us consider the modulating and carrier signal be vy and ¥., Fig. 2410. High level AM modulation. ae : . va = Fi cos 220) 25 Square Law Diode Modulation n= Iie 3 ee Then total a.c voltage across the diode will be Vp = Me + yy (at any insta + Vy £08 Hint ea Now non-linear relationship between voltage and euggent across a diode may be expressed as MR fmatbyte% (2.22) where, a, 6 and ¢ are constants, § = current = voltage (a.c). 1g the value of v, from (2.21) to (2.22), we get 1 = a+ B(ye COs Wel + Vy £05 Wil) + {VY 008 wil + Ve 608 We?. 1 = a+ BV, 005 Wel + BV 008 Wnt + oF cost ct + eVa cos w ba 2h, VpCOS Wel COS Wal. cam ™ de. These different frequency, tuned near the carrier frequency. and carrier signal whereas rejecting other frequenc at the output of tuned circuit we come out with AM wave along with two sidebands i.e,, USB and LSB. — different frequen: terms are then (2+ BY, 605 w+ Bla 08 Hat + LV? 608m 1) + eV. Vy 2008 Wet COS Wp!) Lev2 (2c0s* Fein (2eosona Lines Modulation Arpltida Modulation @B 08 7 + Voy COS Wl (225) Ful = Flt) for v6(9 > 0 2.26) =o <0 a2 load voltage varies periodic: sarvier frequency, f.. Thus, assuming the mo veak as compared (0 the carrier wave, we have effectively replaced iear behaviour of the diode by an approximately equivalent pieco-wise ‘varying operations. Slope = +, a3 Yat © Fig. 2.13. (2) Switching modulator ‘output of modulator, we receive sum of two components. AM wave. component, the spectrum of which contains delta functi 4f, and. so on and which occupies frequi ed at, #3/,, #5/, and so on, where “W" signal ‘The unwanted terms can be removed from the load voltage Vay (1) by the méans of a band pass filter with contre frequency’ f, and bandwidth 2 W. 2a Collector Modul he +m. 605 Wal} COS wel sere, m= modsason index » 26¥a Q Eqn. 2.24 is the required expression for the current out 224° Switching Modulator ion Method ¥, applied to diode has been assumed to be of Targe ampli across the characteristic curve of the diode. The diode is aga 0 as to swing right sumed io be ideal2B Analog Cormmunictton a nese Mod 1x Amplitude Modultion 29 a) T, as radio freque (b) Ty as class B at Fig.2.15 Gonerat Mathematical treatment: ‘We know that Ve = Viet Vm = slowly changing carrier supply voltage (2.28) (2.29) Also modulated output voltage is ¥9 =F, 608 wet Vp = Fec(L + mg 008 Wl) COS Wet (230) which is the sufficient equation for A.M, +05 sin EXAMPLE 2.8 The output voltage of a transmi 20001) sin 6.28 x 1071. This voltage is fed to a load of 1000 0 resistance. Determine - Carrier frequency Modulating frequency ‘Mean power output ier power, v= 500 (1 + 0.5 sin 2000 4) sin 6.28 x 1071 = 6.28 x 107 = 628x107 On Veg since there appears 20 transformer in the absence of bascband or modu-30 Analog Communication fo= 0 mHz Linear Modulation: Amplitude Modulation 31 = 500 W Out of this power, DC plate dissipation = 209%2 = 333.33 W and plate ccaleulate “a” part.) (©) Mean output power (For this first ealeulate “’ : ea 301 dissipation from modulati Gxt = 166.667 W (= Pe (a) Carrier Power (P,) = 1500 ~ 333.33 = 1166.67 W. 2 nd Power (Py) = & = GSS? = 124.9988 {i | Sideband Pe Pa = > z $83.33 W. “ (b) +. Modulator output power = 140.62365 W. Po = 583,33 + 166.67 = 750.0035 W (@) Peak carrier voltage = 500 V. ‘The carrier power across R, of 1000.2, = (32) tooo . ()/ = Tse W EXAMPLE 29 _Aclas-C ampli sam Fess of giving 780 W of power (AF). Thee Determine {@ Maximum carter power fom the ample for 100% modulation. {@) Tolal RF power uring 100% modulation ofp power = 750 W. Taduvet in amplifier = 750 x20 = 150.W Sinceticeny is" ds poner input fo modsltor i Py, = 7300035 ~ 12500058 W Now plate dissipation in modulator is given by = Pa — Po = 1250,0058 ~ 750.0035 = 50,0023. EXAMPLE 2.11 A transmitter is adjusted to deliver 50 kW of carrier power to xde modulated with a modulator an antenna whose base impedance is 36 + 40 ohms. ency of the amplifier is 80%, the base current in antenna when the transmitter is held at-a jone modulation of 40%? the peak value of voltage appearing across the base insulator at the crest of modulation. Consider modulation of 100% for this part. Solution: Since P. = 50 kW ‘also sideband power = P,, = 750 — 150 = 690 W. Zoe Q (@) Asma, Pe=2 Py * reared = 600 x2 = 1200 Wat 3 (0) Total RF power P= Pe + Pix P, = soo {r+} = 1200 + 600 P.= sanw = 1300 Wate (a) This is the power dissipated across antenna resistance, therefore current flowing through antenna will be Tis = YE = [ADE = 38.72 amperes. EXAMPLE2.10 Aclass-Cmodulated amplifier wih a sinusoidal signal requires a total plate input poser of 1500 W and its plate d ises to 500 W. ‘Assume 100% modulation. Calculate (@) Carrier power output and plate dissipation where there is no modulation. (b) Modulation power output and plate dissipation at 100% modulation if the plate efficiency of modulator is 0.6. (b) Rims current for carrier a oe 1. fE ~ EB ~ 729 ap2 AricgConmuneaton 2 ara x fF = 51S ORE. Wi gy 1 be doubled. 4 LUnear Modulation: Amplitude Modulation 33 the diode current (average) valuc docs not remain ime as shown in Fig. 2.17. Peak carrier current = J rod x Jp SLS x2 = 108 amperes Peak voltage across the base insulator during Ft of modulation | ee Tap = a Zou ~ 103-086 +540) i aaa ie: 7 a suid 2 48° vols 232) the high requeney carrie signal gy. ff Put the value of» in.thove.cauation _ = 1 = K(ZA1 + m1008 wql}co8 53) a. At the reesiver ond we are aga ne Phe baseband signal in its original form from the modu Ie a Se psc cee Gemodulatrs or detectors. There ae various type | explained here. é uare LayDemodulator PA) Square LayrDem ‘This kind of demodulator is used to detect the tude, ie. nearly IV, This is because, for demodt portion of diode may be observed that circuit is alm difference lies in ow pass filter in case of demodulator. I Detected output c Er | ‘Modulating signal Lee ‘Square law diode demodulator. ‘When we square and expand the cqn. 2.33 as in the previous eases, we obtain - frequencies like’ 21, 2(w Wy and 2W,, besides the input frequency terms. ‘Now the diode current ‘/” containing all these terms will be passed through a ow pass filter, which 10 pass the frequencies below or upto modulating frequency Mp and reject the other high frequency components re! this way we will be able to recollect or recover our baseband or modul from the AM wave. , itt non-linear region of diode characteris hhas square-law relationship bet ‘mathematical identity x= input, K = constar Since, here we are only considering non-li deri linear portion, the lower half portion oF the modulated wafer i conprested. This wil prodse enclope applied34 _AnalogComuncanon and not so expensive, also at the broadcast programmes. In detector. In the in ‘of diode characteris ° Nc STH 7) = (Gaseband signal) Fig. 218 Linear diode detectorisemodtulator is a circuit of half Waye ignal a5 shown ia 1 positive half eycle then A becomes positive w.nt Due to which C charges to the maximum amplitude of () During new conduct. Therefore, now the capacitor will discharge through & t time constant C= RC. This tine period is such selected that capaci I not fall down completely in negative half eycle, and succes half starts to charge the capacitor again to peak value of V, Hence, the output voltage across capacitor is spiky modulating signal. However these spikes are introduced due to the regular charging and discharging of — capacitor, ikes by keeping t= RC large so that that capacitor | ever, large value of r will produce another prob- period of diode is almost vertical which results in large fluctuations in a output voltage. s several peaks of the rectified output during We as shown in graph of Fig. 2.20. Linear Modulation: Amplitude Modulation 35 Inear characteristics of dose Moduistng or Baseband Stonal Fig. 219 Operation showing demodulation of baseband signal trom AM Diccharge curve with high Fig. 2.20 When time constant is quite large, Hence, we can conclude with the statoment that increase the time constant upto the extent where clipping does not start during the negative half of the modulated ave. This maximum value of the time constant can also be detected mathemati- cally as we know that v= VC +m cos Wf) 234) where Wn = maximum modulating frequency permissible. ‘The slope of the envelope is given by way, o SV, Wy Si gl 235) At time 1 = @ the value of envelope is Yo = Vel +m 608 Wh —~ (236) ay Thus, (@),., Hig me Si. Wy fy 37)DSB- SS $88 -S¢ Linear Moduliton: Amplitude Modulation 37 Je value of time constant oF too large Q annie fg the rate af change of volage toss capacitor i, | _ {UPPRESSED CARRIER MODULATION is Lynley tmeosiintd — @ asi [4 s-ae v7 Jc signals amplitude modslated th outcome is tee-fequency components ityou ant hat ee ial caer faquency tb upper siabondequney (cq) andthe ss than the slope of envelope xr sideband frequency (/; — fn). ee Here we know that the carrier does not convey any inform: avvcr component remain constant in anid, espe Tang gal docs We aso now reree(t Rather we can, say that if there is 100% modulation then 67% of the total power is required for tr ing the carrier which does not contain any information. Thus, if we will be able to suppress the carrier and allow only two sidebands to be transmitted, then 67% (2/3" of the power can be saved. In y our message signal will not be affected at all. Such a modul led DOUBLE SIDEBAND-SUPPRESSED CARRIER modulation and is the temative for the power wastage during transmission. In short we also DSB-SC- ‘Again wo are aware of the fact that both the sidebands arc images of each other, and both of them are affected by the changes in the modulating signal by a factor or ML, He we en fate conceal whe infrmation can becomes then at ¢= % the slope of v, should obvious 1c of what modu- sit Wp fo 1 RC For finding the maxima condition for time constant equate derivative of R.H, to zero. Solving eqn 244, we get 08 fy =—m Putting 2.45 and by single sideband or any one of the two, Here suppressing one of the two carriers, Pmt I help us to further reduce the required power by an amount from the Conclusion otal siteban per 28, This new scm an now be nominated a single sideband-suppressed carrier (SSB-SC) modulation. Further this technique wi fede the bandh eqirent by half what we requ incase of eonvenional AM orDSB-8C (a) With the increase in m the factor increases, (&) When m = 100% or I, then time constant (RC) approaches zero. With time constant carrier frequency componeat are not filtered out.3B _AnslogCemmunicaton (2.50) AL osesc in terms of power and FAM + Kyeq()) e082 cheap (0) = ACL ~ Ky elf) 608 (27 @51) Subtracting 5; (0, we get (0) = S40 . (2.52) . (2.53) nel) COs (27) Balanced modula itcan be realised with the help of transistorised push- pull balanced modulator or withthe help of a block diagram as shown in Fig 2.22 where ‘(0 = baseband si cos w.f = carrier signal 20 equation we can see that DSB-SC signal is basicaly ye a ea id the cartier signal, Here we know, ct seband signal an product of modulating or baset: that a single device cannot produce DSB-SC. aM S26 "| modulator A008 at, eee ore ‘Osaillator A003 Ore) } 0 ~t0)9—) aor ame Fig. 2.22 Block diagram of balanced modulator, ‘Thus, except for a scaling factor 2K, the balanced modulator output is equal to the product of the modulating wave and the carrier, which is nothing but the DSB-SC signal. Hf gerlOnd a 2.42.2. Ring Modulator “Another way of gener4fing DSB-SC signal is withthe help ofa ring modulator. ewe are connecting four diodes in a manner of ring such tha every diode point the same way. The diodes aré controlled by square wave cartier ¢,(0) of frequency f- applied through a centre tapped transformer. For ideal diodes and perfectly balanced transformers, we have two cases. “The modulated wave undergoes a phase reversal whenever the baseband signal| ‘BO crosses zero as in the Fig 2.21 2,42 Generation of DSB-SC Signal From the above discussion itis clear hat DSB-SC si of the modulating or the baseband signal and discussing two types of product modulators modulator. & 2.4.21 Balanced Modulator é ¢ Unfortunately, a single electronic device cannot produce a DSB-SC signal, A wna possible schematic arrangement is shown in the Fig 2.22. It consists of two AM. ‘modulators arranged in balanced configuration to suppress tho carrier. We also ‘assume that the two modulators are balanced and identical. One input to both of ior whichis acting asa carrier. Another input is the ase 1 one of those. The output of the two mod Carrier Wave Fig. 2.23 Circuit diagram for ring modulator. modulating wave with 180° ators can be expressed as follows: ee aejs +e, then diodes Dy and Ds conduct ang pcs a 1. Hence, fis. 2.23(a) shows the A 2 a D4! multiplied by + 1 ed a Ses Fig.220(8) Case II: When the cartier signal is -ve then diodes D, and D, conduet but D, sverse biased and offer very high impedence. Here modulator mul Fig. 2.23¢ ‘Afier considering both the cases we can ul for square wave carrier and modulating 2a Hig Zig fe se Mg 2h as Fig. 2.24 Spectrum of DSB-SC output of ring modulator, Linear Modulation: Amplitude Modulation 41 @) : © ‘ rere. ici < ‘ ru ATT 2.43” Demodulation of DSB-SC Signals ‘Whenever we transmit some signal with the help of modu: to retrieve the original signal from the received signal at the re two methods for the demodulation of DSB-SC signal. we are required ver end, We use 2.4.34 Synchronous Detection Method ‘The method used for detocig, DSC-SC is known as synchronous detection Fig 2.26 shows the block diagram forthe synchronous detection method. oo Fea Taran | td 561) | fe ba con nit Tosh ‘Loca beta, osctator Fig. 228 Synchronous detection method (22 tndsonmncton porte mnren Linear Modulation: Amplitude Modulation 43 In order to recover ¢, spectrum back t0 ori recovered from a DSB-SC wave ‘generated diagram above, We may simply note dos lator. =A cos (2/4 + 9) 2.58) as shown in the by, ‘output of the product mogat r= ) = Acenlt) c0s(2nfl) cos 2/1) cos? (nf). cos 2n240)} ) + A cos(2nfs + @) (2.60) A cos(2AfJ) cos 9 ~ A sin(2xfs) sin 9 + Acos 6) ~ Asin @ sin (27/2) 1) = e(t)cos| 261) cos(2n2fe)} 54) + filtering out the high pass si Thus, the bascband signal reappears after filtering out tind] corresponding to the second term, The second term represents a DSB-SC way With a carrier Gequency 2f- = Herein this ease, frequency and and the carir signal atthe tran cviginal baseband sign where, as fhe aly generate cami sigy stb sane, obervive the repens eM =A tx 2.62) From (2.62) we can make out that modulating signal x()) can be recovered ‘rom r(Q using an envelope detector, since the r() is basically a conventional AM ‘wave given by 24.2 Envelope Detection Method [4 + x() cos afr 2.63) then [4 + x(0] > 0. ig signal can be recovered from r(0) using envelope detector. Above case is possible by keeping m <1. If @ # 0 then phase error exists between the two carriers is given by: wave. Now this types of error © of synchronous detection, | fed by an envelope the same manner as in are again noticed a =A oe Peoso (0) 2.64 The two errors are: toshas identical equency but arbitrary to the carrer ¢,(0), ator has identical phase but difference in frequency. ly. We have DSB-SC signal as. SO = ex (255) SW) = A cos (anf) 256) Let_ A= Lin above eqn, (= cos Qnf1) @) Phase error: When local oscil phase difference @ measured Gi) Frequency error: The local os: frequency with respect to ca A ICA >> [x(O}, then we have ui eM =A + x08 9 (2.65) ‘The desired signal in the above expression will now bex(0) cos 4. If $= 0 and there is a difference in frequency A/ between the fv0 oscillators, then the enve~ lope of resulting r() will be given by (=A + x(Deos@xAf) for A >> QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (QAM) ‘QAM is also termed quadrature carrier multiplexing, However, this scheme allows two DSB-SC signals to occupy the same bandwidth and they will be separated at the receiver end. Itis, therefore, also known as bandwidth conversion scheme. Let us analyse the process mathem: (2.66) ) 57) We have inserted a carrier at the receiver with a phase difference of ¢. a nnape) 44 Analog Communication QAM transmitter and the rcciver are Linear Molton: pitt Modaton 45 consists of tvo separate balanced m carriers of same frequency but dil balanced modulators are added and trans SU) = x4 cost, or, S(t) = Axi cos(2af) + Ax 1 1 ZA) and F Axxo ind of assembly finds wider applications in colour television. ha INGLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER (SSB-5C) OBULATION sideband is suicient to convey information on Bea is reduces the power and bandwidth requirements as EE the suppressed sidcbands may be used as a second nde. pendent communication channel Therefore, carrer and one ofthe tne sidcbonds bs wil be suppressed atthe transmiteritselé Such a techmqus is known a6 figle 7 ~ sideband suppressed carrier (SSB-SC) system, Fig, 2.28 shows the concept of” rate sna SSB-SC wilh the help of diferent frequency sposiume acs Prt Z oe creme] ben i ind (oy enorter / : Ta aoe oe, vr osesewpecnm 7 a i tix) : eet 4, nat dees eee) Receives iy ie 8 By as 7 spar rs . SSB-$ < Jao) N a aaa Sorese Where x,(0) and x(t) are applied to different product modulators. Both »( and x,(0) are band limi the interval ~fy SS fy, thi bandwidth of 2f,,. This bandwidth 2f, is centred at the the bandwidth of message signal consists of the in-phase component A. ~Axx(Q). The multiplexed signal applied to two separate coherent detectors that are also suppl carriers of same frequency but 90° out of phase, From the Fig. 2.27 (b) we cat ‘make out that the two outputs are | felis Sear ao ae Fig. 2.28 (a) Spectrum of baseband sign trum of SSB-SC wave with USB with LSB transmitted, Spectrum of DSB-SC wave (c) Spec- mitted (d) Spectrum of SSB-SC wavePe | 46 Analog Communaton Wave | Linear Modulaven: Ape Modsaton AT 26.1 Time Domain Description of SSB-SC : ; |. = in we shall use the COMCCpE Of Hilbgy, To describe the SSB-SC signal domain Ww cae ilber, | sano transform The SsB.5C nal ing a bandpass ‘signal can be represented in the | ZAK time domain in the canonical form as i 2 cos 2m ft) ~ 8,(0) sin 28 f(D 2.68) | where, hase component of SSB-SC wave, | | \ / OTE sta com ohinay | tissonmuse 1 in-phase component can be derived from SC) ving it by | a Pasar through a low pass filter. Similarly quadrature A gan ment can alsa be derived from S(O) by frst multiplying Onpy z raster of 5.) and S(0) are rolacd to that of the SSB-SC wave as follow, S(fy=Sf— f+ SU + fe) [WSS oan ) tw ' = eleewhere Oe (8) 888-5 shied to ight by f- and SD = HSU ~L9- SU + JO) (eee 2.70) elsewhere =0 i Where =I W defines the fequeney band occupied by the message signal Contler the case of SSB-SC wave that is obtained by transmitting the upper Stband, The spectrum of auch a wave is shown in Fig 2.28 whieh is reproduced in Fig. 2.29 (a), (b) and (c) representing two frequency shifted spec ining to S’—[p and S(/-+ J), respectively, Spectra of in-phase component (0) and quadrature component 8;(t) are shown in Fig, 2.29(4) and (c). On the basis of | Fig 2.29(d), we can write i SD = AMD insform of the message signal e,(). Accor ined by = 7 Acem(O Where, MU) i -phase-component On the basis of Fig. 2.29 (e), we ean write the equation as SN = AMY, S70 sin = FA MY, f<0 ‘That is, Where SN = 1% San my Sgn) =1 for f>0 =-1 for f<0. Srey eae sgn) M(/) is the fourier transform of the Hilbert transform of &,(0) {in-phase component 4, $540) (6) Quadrature component Fig.2.2948. Analog Communication Thus. we have S= where, AT(/) is the Four Taking inverse fourit te Hilbert transform of -$C wave for upper sidebi 2.88 Hitbere Transform Irmay be observed that the function x4(0) obtained by provi to every frequency component present in x( transform of x()). This makes us understand that x) (0) defined as Lo 1 $e ali- ‘Also the inverse Hilbert transform can be stated as 17 HO yp alice xO =— i) In the generation of SSB signal, For the representation of band pass signal. For the design of minimum phase shift fillers Properties (Hilbert transform has same energy density spectrum as Linear Modulation: Amplitude Modulation 49 1c Hilbert transform of x(1), then Hilbert transform of x(t) 1 gd canrasion of SSB-SC above discussion it is clear that SSB-SC can be explained in both ney ins for a baseband signal, SSB-SC wave thus can be remated by frequency discrimination method and by the phase discrimination 2.6.3.1 Frequency Discrimination Method (2.84) Hore we first generate DSB-SC signal and then we extract desired sideband using B-SC appropriatc filler. It is not easy to extract any one sideband exactly from Signal simply by passing through a filter because none of the practical got ideal characteristic. Now we know that every filter has got transition band between passband and stopband, In case of signals we have overlapping of sidebands, so that itis very difficult for any filter to get them seperated by a filter circuit. Therefore, we can tise this method for the signals which are not having overlapping sidebands, ‘case of voice signals, and an appropriate filter may be designed so ‘band of filter may be adjusted suitably in the frequency band separating the two sidebands, ‘Balanced |DSB-SC Modulstor ana Pass iter | nk sse-sc Accor 7 Fig. 2.30 Block diagram of fter method of gansration of SSB-SC. {The SSB-SC modulator based on frequency discrimination consists basically off balanced modula is designed to pass the desired sideband and suppress the undesired one. T quency" component of the modulating ocess. For the satis two things of the desired sideband. for above pi50 ArogConmenicion Linear Modulation: Amplitude Modulation SI ee eS Gi) The transition band of the filer should not exceed tice the mini : Here we are considering separation between passband and stop band ast.) Bf, receives ¢,()) and (y(t) + 90°) 2.86) [At the output of M, we receive sum and difference frequencies sition band of the .crimination Method Hence, Vs = £03 @ s7 sn method is based on the time domain description of ¥, = cos f seen from eqas. 2.79 and 2.80 that SSB-SC signaf cau) it Separate DSB modulations and combining them suitaby larly atthe output of My, we have he desired sideband. oe os co) ‘Therefore, the output of the adder Vy = Vy + Va = 2eos(igt + Wy + 90°] (2.90) nothing but SSB-SC. id hence they’ add producing | Tower sideband has been cancelted. v 1 Synchronous Detection ‘The arrangement is similar to the one used in the detection of DSB-SC signal and in Fig, 2.32, Here we are considering the input to be SSB-SC with upper for the purpose of analysis, which is given by St0 = 4 tel sos2nfe ~ bald sine) eon ‘Assume carrier generated from local oscillator be AZ cos(2m/c1). Then, the ‘output of the product modulator is given by $= FA, Az 0s 2AL0 leq(O COsOALA) ~ 24(0 sinQxLN] 2.92) inno] @9) ord Phase shite [[oseiator 84, at [ea +008 _ 5 Aea (onfay = FAM, eal + LAM. [eq( 008 (Raf) ~ by (0 sin -D1(2.94) First term in above equation => demodulated signal Second term => Another SSB-SC wave corresponding,to a cartier frequency 2/.Fig. 2.32 Synchronous detection of SSB-SC wave PACA) JA NK =a Be Taw Fig. 233. Spectrum of product modulator output For thy above method to work there must be avilable atthe resciver end or of identical fsquiney’ and phase wih respect 0 carrier vied ng SSB-SC. For this wear supposed to Yequre a highly abl, srrang ihe local eanier a the rvever end and some means a compromise between DSB-SC'and SSB-SC systems. | Here we are able to explore the benefits of bth DSE-SC and SSB-SC systems 'S8B-SC. Also bandh ‘sr than DSB-SC sign: Suited for low frequi is such that the partial suppression j the wansmited sdcband i the esghbourhood of he cri is exactly compe | Aerpitude Modulation 53 ff suppressed sideband, The th of VSB signal is Wm fone W= Wf, + 295) W = Bandwidth of message signal. Jy = Width of vestigial sideband. mn 140) = Ww (2) Baseband signat sn) Anamo) ow aH (b) SSB-SC (LSB) sw + A ye vse Fig.2.34 Illustration of VSB Spectrum, sneration of VSB. san simply be generated by passing a DSB-SC signal through an appropriate ving transfer function (J). It has been explained in the block diagrs Fig. 2.35, The frequency spectrum of VSB signal, S(/) is thereforeSA AnslogCommunicaton Sp = FT of so- = Agen at) Fig.2.25 VSB Generator fications of transfer Functig| Here we are supposed to determine the spevifications Ps HQ) wo tha to mcm can. (2.96) should correspond to ye spectrum S(/) of the VSB tin VSB canaision, signal fee inboard wheres te retiiaing a se edeband: Ir ese fequncis are a conte See ear fom 00 0.73 Mile will aed Iagnitude twice that of the remaining frequencies ofthe signal. In order to ayoig ths he capone of the TY rset aduted in sch a maner tht mupiy hon st thee Sequesos in vedced to hal ofthe amplification a thea ffeqcncies ao thatthe exp onions toe onal shape 278) demodulation of VSB ~ VSB waveis fed 0. balanced modulator along with a carrer from local oscilla i.e, A c0s (27f.). The output of product modulator is S.() as shown in Fig. 236, SL) = ALS() cos 22/0 em, vse weve[ Balanced] <0 [Tonpass] Soll Fig. 236 Demoduation of VSB. Taking Fourier wansform on both sides of eqn, (2.97). we get sn £1500 + sue 7 Put the value of S(f) from (2.96) into (2.98), we get SMU 28) + MINH 1) Linear Modulation: Amplitude Modulation 5S + AA MN + MU + 26 HU + Se) (2.99) sn ABE aan Wf + HU + 10 + Aa IMU — 2f) HU - J) + MU + 2f) HU + £2) (2.100) “The first term of the eqn. (2.100) corresponds to the spectrum of the baseband the second term corresponds to the spectrum of the VSB signal using a low the output signal farts carrier Irequency 2/.. The second term can be removed aren a8 shown in Fig. 2.36. The spectrum ofthe signal Tr he LPF is given by Sot) = SAE MD) HHL) + H+ 20) as 2.101 shown in Fig. 2.37, ¥ 4 | 80 oO fe Memmoy ont HD ' C) Fig. 2.37 (a) Spectrum of product modulator output. (b) Spectrum of Demodulated ignal. 28-COMPARISON OF VARIOUS AM SYSTEMS we have studied different techniques for AM modulation. As in conventional AM there are two side bands as well as the carrier. In suppressedrsanoteg ots 5 Andegcormneton __ ea une Meson hrgin oon 57 ie sitll ane iin yp = is removed from ee advantages of th abovementiogt carrier schemes, the cartier ,dvantages and dis hhave come across different 2 schemes, 1. The demodulation of AM si SSB-SC signals. 11s easier to generate AM sig DSB-SC or SSB-SC. Due to this, AM same power with AM-SC scheme pleas compared to DSB-SC gy, eee ing demodulators can be used for demodu- LE 2.12 Which of the f signal her power levels 28 compa ares are used for broatesy = (1 + 2 cos 1000 74) sin 1000 zr purposes. Power requirement for tr @ (©) None of the above Since, above given signal is case of AM modulation (conventional) rier and two sidebands. Therefore, all the three methods can be used fotect the said signal. Whereas envelope detection with any square law device $B alo. Thus, as forage tone and finds aplizaion foro als. | yen DSB-SC ang is concerned SSB-SC i distance wansmission of voice si LA VSB signal roqires a transis SSB-SC. Saving of band Ze, TV signals are to be transmitted (0 How many broadcast aa the power content of each of the sidebands and of t has a per cent modulation of 80% and contains fing frequency for a carrier is 5 KHz? M= 80%, m= 85 P, = 1000 W. en BW =10KH2 fgg = 5 KBE To be calculated ‘We are aware that any station upper side frequency ‘f” kHz above ils carrier and lower o 2 ao Pe Puss Pisa Bel ts cre tsey equing 2 BW of 10 4a ae We know hat No.of sao = 5 TSB nor fiem) We as 7, = 15751 vais We know further that, P. + Pus + Puss = Pr 3 Psg = Prsy + Puse) = (1000 — 757.57) W = 242.42 watts. Now Peay * Pagy = BB = 25282 2a aes = 121.21 watts EXAMPLE 2.14 A SSB signal contains 4 kW. How much power is contained the sidebands and in carrier? Solution: Given Psy = 4 KW. max, modulating signal freq, Station B,W is related direct5B _Analog Communication ———— To be calculated: P roe Here whatever power is transmitted is sent thro gardless of % age modulation. Pog = 4 KW. Pex 0 KW. (7 No carrier is te 4a 2.106) Now blocking capacitor wil sk de component 4, yeing oly 20 = 5 mo 2.107) Which is the desired result EXAMPLE 2.18 Show thatthe signal x00 = ¥ (cos Qf cos(2aft + 0) sinQnfid sinQaft + 63 the expression for the (©) Obtain an expression of the total DSB-SC signal : We have a) = 3 teostenfa)costaaft + 8) ~ sinQ@n fp sinQxfi + @) . 1 st = Sf Foos ames + f0n+ 00) +4 00s (2nUhe— 1 oi)LUnear Modulation: Ample Modulaton 61 © Aware ced power, We must have genates aeney somnpoecnis highse than the carricr nal wth Bayer sh se cyooeitett + @) + Ae! hus, A, = 3. The amplitude of reinserted earmcr should be 3 3.9 TEST YOURSELF / SELF EVALUATION Define the term amplitude modulation. Derive an expression for the power relations. you recover the message signal from an overmodulated AM? is B.W for AM wave? index for AM wave, Derive an expression for it le mulation and demodulation scheme for possible ting ‘The stereophonis signal is to be accommo- The prescribed 10 kHz BAW and the system has to be compatible swith monoaural receiver. ‘Sketch the spectrum of the baseband signal and the corresponding DSB- SC modulated signal e,(0) cos(2.0) when (0) e_(0) = oP (en = 1 for (EXAMPLE 29 jest the dc component. 1 Assume >> 4. = (1 + poos(2afed)) cos 2/2) is detected by a diode for. Sketch the detector ouput assuming p= 3. ‘8. What are the different frequency components in an AM wave? 9. How can we obtain a DSB-SC signal? 10, What do you mean by Hilbert transform and inverse Hilbert transform? Explain its uses and applications. 11, Explain the methods used in generation of SSB-SC signal. 12. Determine the transmission efficiency and percentage of the total power carried by the sidebands of a single tone sinusoidal AM when #= 0.7 and n= 03. 13. Show that the Hilbert transform of 6(0 = Land HT of 4 is - 510. zr = Ae neglect the d.c. component, normalised power of the demodulated siong} i is te RUT nga par + myst MPC a62_ Analog Communication 14, An AM signal contains a total 10 kW of power. Caleulate the power, transmitted at the carrier frequency and at cach of the sidebands when gt percentage modulation is 100%. 15. List the advantages of SSB transmission over conventional double Sidebagg system. 16. What is VSB transmission? How it is used in TV broadcast? 17. With the simple phasor diagram and block diagram explain the principe generation of AM. 18, Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of AM. 19. Compare and contrast DSB/AM and SSB-SC AM systems. 20. A certain AM transmitter is coupled to an antenna. The input power tg the antenna is measured through monitoring the antenna current. With rg modulation, the current is 10 A. With modulation the current rises to 13 4, Determine the depth of modulation explaining the significance of the fy. mula used, 21. Derive an expression for the transmission efficiency of AM wave, 22. Explain the low level and high level AM modulation methods with the help. of figures. 23. Derive the current and power relations for AM wave. we