English Lecture No: 1

Writing Skills
Writing Process: Writing process guides writers to express their opinions, views, suggestions in
a readable manner. By following a constructive writing process, students can express their
points of views carefully. Good writing is appreciated in each sector. In schools, students need
to write letters, paragraphs, articles, essays, short stories, etc. There are specific format for
each kind of write up. However, a general process of writing a document or content is referred
as the writing process. Writing something on a paper by using own words is not as simple as it
seems. Students get perplexed for the first time, but gradually, improve their writing skill and
consequently, they overcome their obstacles. They must read different kinds of books to
improve their writing skill. On the other hand, good vocabulary is a skill that is needed to write
different kinds of documents. However, the writing process is structured by including some
essential steps. According to academicians, by following these common steps, students can
successfully develop ideal pieces of writing.
Five Steps of Writing Process
There are some specific steps of writing that help students to express their ideas, opinions or
their creations in a right order. Therefore, readers can get engaged with each write
up.Prewriting: Prewriting is a process of collecting ideas on any of the topic you choose, before
you are ready to go and write about something interesting first research on that topic thoroughly.
Introduce your ideas write it down when it struck your mind, it will help you writing and inspire
you in exploring more ideas. Note down your ideas which comes into mind every time and now
the other part is brainstorming, where you can explore, elaborate and analyse which means
getting in depth of topic. And now we move to planning, where how you write a story using the
ideas noted and form beautiful story. Structure is also important with flow from start of the story
to end of the story with conclusion.
Tips to be followed during the pre writing phase;Generating/inventing new ideas through Mind
Map, Lists, Chart Set or Tables
Identifying audience
Purpose
Message
Lecture 2
Organising Infromation
Five Ways to Organize Information (LATCH)Whenever you are faced with organizing
information it may seem that there are a million options ahead of you. In reality, I suppose, there
are infinite possibilities for designing anything. But when it comes to organizing information,
there are really only five ways to do it. (Well, there may be a few abstract and obscure ways to
organize outside of these five, but for most intents and purposes, there are really only
five).Imagine, for example, that your boss asks you organize all of the sales and product
manuals that your company has collected over the past decade. How would you organize them?
Alphabetically? By the year they were produced? By area of the country in which the products
are manufactured? By Color? Or by the ones you read most to ones you read least? Thoughtful
consideration of your options is important for effective communication and information access
later. The good thing is, there really only are five options you need to worry about. And I just
alluded to all five of them in the questions above.Many designers have referred to the five ways
to organize as the “Five Hat Racks” but information design forefather Richard Saul Wurman
came up with a handy acronym that I like to use to remember the five ways to categorize:
LATCH. Location, Alphabet, Time, Category, and Hierarchy. That’s it. Whenever you face the
need to organize (whether it be anything from representing human anatomy to creating a
budget), you’ll want to think of these five methods and choose the best one (or, you might
choose multiple). Below you’ll see descriptions and examples of each of the five ways to
organize information.
Location: You can organize information by showing a visual depiction of a physical space. Maps
are really common ways to organize by location (think about shopping mall directories or college
campus maps). You might also show a diagram of, say, the human brain and where the
hypothalamus is in relation to the cerebellum. Whatever your reason, organizing by location
usually requires some sort of visualization of an area or place e.g organize by location: map or
diagram.
Alphabet: Organizing information alphabetically works really well when people know specific
terms and topics they are looking for. The key is that the reader/viewer knows the terms and
they have something to look up (like in the index in the back of a textbook or in a dictionary). But
if a person wants to learn biology but doesn’t know the names of the parts of a cell, alphabetical
won’t work out so well. There is a problematic default on website organization to put long menus
in alphabetical order. If the terms you use don’t make a lot of sense to a viewer, alphabetical
order won’t be helpful. Alphabetical order works well for fiction novels (by author last name) but
not for non-fiction reference books (which use the Dewey-Decimal system).
Time: Organizing information by time is useful for finding information in a chronological pattern
(like the history of humankind’s most influential inventions) or by the months or years in which
events happen. Time is also good for showing how things happen over a fixed duration of time.
Consider a flow chart that describes a process, like how chicken nuggets are made, from
beginning to end of cycle. Organizing by time can tell a very different story about information
than organization by another method. See the image below, which is organized by time. If it
were organized by category, the information would mean something completely different to the
person looking at it. Organize by Time: Timeline of Products.
Category: Perhaps the broadest of the five ways to organize information, categories are useful
for a number of purposes, like describing different animal types or organizing a grocery store.
Imagine how differently the information about the foods above would appear if they were
organized by category instead of time. You can use categories to organize information in just
about any way imaginable, whether it be by color, shape, gender, model, price, or anything else.
Hierarchy: Hierarchies are useful when showing how one piece of information is connected to
another in order of importance or rank. Hierarchies are used in organizational charts to show
who reports to whom. Hierarchy is also used to show scale, like biggest to smallest or heaviest
to lightest.

Lecture 3
Strategies for adequate development of ideas.
Elaborate: Spell out the details by defining, or by clarifying and adding relevant, pertinent
information.
Illustrate: Paint a verbal picture that helps make or clarify your point(s). Well illustrated pieces
are easier to read and follow than those on a high level of abstraction.
Argue: Give the reasons, justifications, and rationales for the position or view you have taken in
the topic sentence. Draw inferences for the reader and explain the significance of assertions or
claims being made.
Narrate: Relate the historical development of the phenomenon at issue.
Chronological order: Arrange the ideas into a date wise or chronological order.
General to Specific or Specific to General: organize the idea accordingly.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Problem Solution patternProcess: Describe how something works.
Describe: Observe without preconceived categories.
Classify: Organize phenomena or ideas into larger categories that share common
characteristics.
Most important to least important and vice versa: write the most important first and develop it
towards the least important.
Analyze: Divide phenomena or ideas into elements.
Compare and Contrast: Show similarities and differences between two or more phenomena or
ideas.
Relate: Show correlations and causes (beware of logical fallacies, however!)
Step No 2: Rough Drafting and Drafting : After accumulating the information, students arrange
the entire content in some points by maintaining a sequence. This part of the work is known as
rough drafting. Drafting is the process of summarizing ideas or thoughts on paper without
focusing on the grammar correction.
3. Editing: After finishing the drafting, students must do editing to make each sentence with
appropriate punctuation, avoid grammatical mistakes, spelling check and considerate. Editing is
an essential process to evaluate each content efficiently. Students can give the write up to their
friends or teachers for editing.
4. Revising: Revising is rechecking the content, has it reached the limit whether the idea or
thought is suitably explained or not. Consider only the interesting part of the story avoiding
information which is over expressed. It is better to ask someone who have experience in
reading and analyzing the best part and the worst. Feedback is the better way to know the
quality of the script, so best way you can approach to your friends or teacher and get there
view.Publishing:
5. Publishing is the last step when the articles, stories or essays are given to the concerned
person for publishing. You can publish your book and find the audience having interest in your
stories.
Lecture 4
Paragraph Writing
A paragraph is a number of sentences grouped together and relating to one topic; or, a group of
related sentences that develop a single point.
Principle of Paragraph Structure
A basic paragraph structure usually consists of five sentences: the topic sentence, three
supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence. But the secrets to paragraph writing lay in
four essential elements, which when used correctly, can make a okay paragraph into a great
paragraph.
Element #1: Unity.
The first and most important principle to be observed in constructing a paragraph is that of unity.
Just as each sentence deals with one thought, each paragraph must deal with one topic or idea
and with no more than one. In writing an essay, for example, every head, and every sub-head,
should have its own paragraph to itself and every sentence in the paragraph must be closely
connected with the main topic of the paragraph. The paragraph and every part of it must be the
expression of one theme or topic. Unity in a paragraph begins with the topic sentence. Every
paragraph has one single, controlling idea that is expressed in its topic sentence, which is
typically the first sentence of the paragraph. A paragraph is unified around this main idea, with
the supporting sentences providing detail and discussion. In order to write a good topic
sentence, think about your theme and all the points you want to make. Decide which point
drives the rest, and then write it as your topic sentence.
Element #2: Order.
The second principle of paragraph construction is order — that is, logical sequence of through
or development of the subject. Events must be related in the order of their occurrence, and all
ideas should be connected with the leading idea and arranged according to their importance or
order. Order refers to the way you organize your supporting sentences. Whether you choose
chronological order, order of importance, or another logical presentation of detail, a solid
paragraph always has a definite organization. In a well-ordered paragraph, the reader follows
along easily, aided by the pattern you’ve established. Order helps the reader grasp your
meaning and avoid confusion.
Element #3: Coherence.
Coherence is the quality that makes your writing understandable. Sentences within a paragraph
need to connect to each other and work together as a whole. One of the best ways to achieve
coherency is to use transition words. These words create bridges from one sentence to the
next. You can use transition words that show order (first, second, third); spatial relationships
(above, below) or logic (furthermore, in addition, in fact). Also, in writing a paragraph, using a
consistent verb tense and point of view are important ingredients for coherency.Element #4:
Completeness.
Completeness means a paragraph is well-developed. If all sentences clearly and sufficiently
support the main idea, then your paragraph is complete. If there are not enough sentences or
enough information to prove your thesis, then the paragraph is incomplete. Usually three
supporting sentences, in addition to a topic sentence and concluding sentence, are needed for a
paragraph to be complete. The concluding sentence or last sentence of the paragraph should
summarize your main idea by reinforcing your topic sentence.A good paragraph is a mini-essay.
It should demonstrate three components:Introduction, i.e., a topic sentence Body, i.e.,
supporting details Conclusion or a transitional sentence to the paragraph that follows.A
paragraph should be neither too short nor too long. A good paragraph should be 5-6 sentences
long. As a general rule, avoid single-sentence paragraphs. If your paragraphs run longer than a
page, you are probably straining the grader’s thought span. Look for a logical place to make a
break or reorganize the material. Indent each new paragraph five spaces.