Advanced Level Student Book Answer Key University Success - Part 1 Fundamental Reading Skills

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University ADVANCED LEVEL

Success STUDENT BOOK ANSWER KEY
READING
P A R T 1 | Fundamental Reading Skills

LINGUISTICS
Active Reading SUPPORTING SKILL 1

PREVIEWING A TEXT
UNIT PROFILE
Exercise 2A page 8
page 2 The reading defines “dialect” and discusses the differences between
The article is about a disappearing dialect of English found on the dialects and languages.
Ocracoke Island off North Carolina, in the United States. Exercise 2B page 9
1. spoken
FUNDAMENTAL SKILL 2. Dialects and languages
READING ACTIVELY 3. politics
4. regional
5. social
Exercise 1C page 5 6. disappear
1. T
2. T Vocabulary Check B page 10
3. F - Sign language contains structural rules, like spoken 1. stems from
languages. 2. distinction
4. F - Every language has rule-based complexity. 3. quipped
5. T 4. evolve
6. F - Panini wrote a grammar of Sanskrit between the 6th and 4th 5. complexity
centuries bce. 6. Classification
7. T 7. blurred
8. F - Some linguists today continue to study ancient languages, 8. implied
and others focus on different aspects of language.
Exercise 1D page 6 SUPPORTING SKILL 2
Possible answers: SCANNING
1. Three. (1) Language facilitates social interaction whenever we
ask someone a question. (2) We use language to express identity Exercise 3A page 12
because every person has a name, and we can use language The reading defines code-switching, looks at reasons why code-
to describe how someone looks, feels, etc. (3) Language is a switching might occur, and discusses how linguists view code-
mechanism of thought because most people think in words. switching as a sign of a speaker’s communicative competence and not a
2. Possible answer: English has a complex verb system, but substandard way of speaking.
adjectives are simple in that they do not have gender or number,
unlike adjectives in many languages. Exercise 3B page 12
1. b
Vocabulary Check B page 6 2. b
1. systematic 3. b
2. inferior 4. a
3. comparative 5. a
4. facilitate 6. b
5. myth
6. means Exercise 3C page 14
7. gesture 1. with their own social group
8. cognition 2. larger group that includes speakers of a majority language or dialect
3. secret
4. “forbidden”
Vocabulary Check B page 15
1. b
2. a
3. c
PART 1 | LINGUISTICS Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 1
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4. f VOCABULARY STRATEGY
5. d
6. e CHOOSING AND WRITING VOCABULARY TO LEARN
7. g
8. h Exercise 5A page 24
Possible answers:
INTEGRATED SKILLS dialects, evolve, factor, variety, status
ANNOTATING
APPLY YOUR SKILLS
Exercise 4A page 18
Possible annotations: Before You Read B page 25
1. The vowel in words like caught and bought sounds like the vowel in
Language, Thought, and put and book. The vowel in the word house sounds like “hUH-OO-s.”
Identity 500 BCE: The vowel in hoi toider sounds like a combination of but and beet.
The question of (1.) how language Aristotle 2. Elizabethan English may have been spoken by the island’s
relates to identity and cognition has thought > original settlers, and the dialect has some words that date back to
long been the subject of study and lang. = Shakespearean times.
speculation in many cultures. In (4.) rep. of 3. Nowadays the island’s economy is based on tourism, not fishing.
Western scholarship, philosophers thought This implies that the dialect may be becoming diluted because of
in the Golden Age of Greece in the influx of outsiders. It also implies that the dialect may contain
500 BCE discussed the origin and more words related to tourism and that words related to fishing
(2.) Two function of language. Aristotle, may be dying out.
views the father of logic in philosophy, 4. The speech patterns are more typical of British or Australian
#1 ⇒ called language a representation English.
of thought. The (3.) opposite of 5. They are documenting it and making recordings.
that theory—that thought is a Thinking Critically page 29
representation of language—is a
more recent idea about the way 1. The writer believes it should be preserved. She uses positive
language works. This concept, adjectives to indicate her attitude toward the dialect: distinctive,
known as (5.) linguistic relativity, unique, unusual. The final paragraph points toward a hope that
holds that an individual’s particular features of the brogue will continue in the speech of younger people.
#2 ⇒ language shapes the way the 2. Folk legends are passed down from person to person and don’t
person perceives the world, much necessarily have research to back up their veracity. Scientific study
like viewing the world through a is the opposite.
pair of colored glasses. Linguistic 3. Possible answer: The dialect will most likely die out because of the
relativity is also called the Sapir- 20th c.: (7.) Internet and greater contact between islanders and mainlanders.
Whorf hypothesis after scholars thought Thinking Visually A page 30
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee shapes view 1.
Whorf, who are credited with of wld.
forming the theory in the early 20th Number of Endangered Languages by Country
century.
1–10 11–29 30–75 76–125 125+
Exercise 4C page 21 Uruguay, Chile, Argentina, Peru, Canada United
1. e French Guyana, Paraguay, Colombia, States,
2. a Suriname, Guyana, Bolivia, Mexico,
3. d Panama, Costa Ecuador, Venezuela Brazil
4. b, d Rica, Honduras, Guatemala,
5. g, d El Salvador, Nicaragua
6. f, d Belize
7. c
2. Possible answer: The number of endangered languages is roughly
Vocabulary Check B page 22 proportional to the size and population of an area and its history
1. superiority of colonization. The United States, for example, is an enormous
2. perception territory that at one time had millions of indigenous people
3. measurable belonging to dozens of ethnic and linguistic groups. As a result
4. diversity of colonization, these indigenous people—along with their
5. empirical languages—were largely exterminated. The same process occurred
6. conduct throughout the Americas. Today, languages are dying as a result of
7. intersection urbanization and globalization.
8. concede Thinking About Language page 31
1. it = Ocracoke Island
2. this notion = that the dialect is a living form of the English spoken
during Shakespeare’s time.
3. them = outsiders
4. This unusual environment = Ocracoke’s isolation
5. Many = linguists
6. do so = speak the Ocracoke brogue

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BUSINESS ETHICS
a transition from the first paragraph and introduces the topic.
Main Ideas and Supporting The second sentence introduces the main idea that is explained
by the rest of the sentences in the paragraph. The main idea of
Details Paragraph 3 is expressed in the first sentence, and the following
sentences support this idea.
UNIT PROFILE 4. The reading contains various examples and reasons that
support the main ideas. Signal language includes for example, for
page 32 instance, and because.
The article defines investment banks, explains how they were Vocabulary Check B page 36
involved in the Great Recession of 2007–2009, and discusses how 1. executive
improving ethics in trading would benefit those banks. 2. retirement
The main ideas are that investment banks play an important role 3. collapse
in the global economy and that the role of investment banks in 4. implication
causing the Great Recession has led to public distrust. 5. defect
Some details include the following: examples of the role and 6. violations
responsibility of investment banks; poll results showing lack of 7. repercussions
trust in banks; examples of unethical decisions made by investment 8. bring about
bankers; and results of investigations into the role investment banks
played in the mortgage crisis. SUPPORTING SKILL 1
IDENTIFYING MAIN IDEAS
FUNDAMENTAL SKILL
IDENTIFYING MAIN IDEAS AND SUPPORTING Exercise 2A page 38
Topic: Three theories of corporate governance (including
DETAILS shareholder theory).
Exercise 1A page 34 Main Idea: Models of corporate governance that seek to consider the
interests of those affected by a business have gained in popularity in
Possible answers: recent years.
1. The study of ethics explores what is fair and unfair and what is Exercise 2B page 39
morally acceptable and unacceptable. Cheating is an example of
unethical behavior. Main Idea of passage: (Other) models of corporate governance that
2. Business decisions can have a big impact on others. seek to consider the interests of those affected by a business have
gained in popularity in recent years.
Exercise 1B page 34 Main ideas:
Topic: Ethics and business ethics
Paragraph 1: Since the 1980s, most corporations have followed a
Main Idea of text: In our daily lives and in business, we are faced
model of governance based on shareholder theory, or stockholder
with ethical decisions that have implications for others.
theory, which states that a company’s primary responsibility is to
Paragraph 1: The study of ethics explores what is fair and unfair and increase earnings for its shareholders, the people who own shares of
what is morally acceptable and unacceptable. stock in a company.
Paragraph 2: Just as our personal ethics are determined by our Paragraph 2: Stakeholder theory says that a business must consider the
everyday decisions, business ethics are determined by the decisions interests not just of shareholders but of all of a company’s stakeholders.
of the individuals who work in the business.
Paragraph 3: A third model of corporate governance is known as
Paragraph 3: Business ethics are especially important because corporate social responsibility, or CSR, which says a company should
business decisions often affect not only a company and its employees seek not only to make a profit but also to make a positive impact on
but also customers, society, and the environment. the community and the environment.
Exercise 1C page 35 Exercise 2C page 39
1. T 1. corporate governance
2. F - The study of ethics explores what is fair and unfair and 2. Shareholder theory
morally acceptable and unacceptable. 3. stakeholder theory
3. F - Business ethics are determined by the decisions made by 4. profits
individuals within a business. 5. corporate social responsibility
4. F - The repercussions of business decisions can be felt beyond 6. inclusive
the organization and include customers, society, and the
environment. Vocabulary Check B page 40
5. T 1. d
6. T 2. e
3. g
Exercise 1D page 36 4. f
Possible answers: 5. a
3. The main idea appears in different places depending on the 6. c
purpose of the paragraph. Paragraph 1 is an introduction to 7. h
the topic. The sentences at the beginning of the paragraph lead 8. b
up to the main idea. The first sentence of Paragraph 2 makes
PART 1 | BUSINESS ETHICS Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 3

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SUPPORTING SKILL 2 Exercise 4B page 49

IDENTIFYING SUPPORTING DETAILS I. Potter’s Box = useful guide for reasoning through process of
ethical decision making
Exercise 3A page 42 A. Dev. by ethicist Ralph Potter (1960s )
B. Questions organized into 4 main categories – equal and
Main idea: There are clear benefits for companies dedicated to interrelated
making a positive social impact. 1. Facts
Exercise 3B page 44 2. Loyalties
1. F - Corporate social responsibility means a company makes a 3. Values
commitment to having a positive impact on its employees and 4. Principles
other stakeholders as well as broader society. II. Facts
2. T A. Listing everything known about a situation
3. F - According to one survey, more than half of young people 1. Ex: Pharmaceutical co. sells drug w / negative side
would refuse to work for a company that is not socially effects
responsible. 2. Facts, e.g.: cost of taking off market, safety studies,
4. T benefits of keeping on the market, how much corp.
5. F - Investors are interested in companies with reputations for knows, what has been done re: problem
behaving ethically. Exercise 4C page 50
6. F - In 2008, Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz aimed to increase
profits while being socially responsible. Possible answers:
7. F - In 2017, Starbucks was honored as one of the world’s most III. Loyalties
admired companies. A. Why? Consider repercussions for diff. parties affected
8. T Ex: Pharma co. = shareholders, customers, community
B. Think about: which stakeholder most imp., most to lose
Exercise 3C page 44 IV. Values = worldview / things person considers most important
Sentence 2 D, F A. Determines how person looks at situation
Sentence 3 F, E B. Can be most important
Sentence 8 F 1. Ex: Pacifist morally opposed to helping manufacture
Sentence 13 F items used in war
Sentence 15 E 2. Ex: Pharma co.: What does it value most? Reputation?
Sentence 16 Q Customers?
Sentence 17 R, F
Exercise 3D page 44 1. loyalty
1. Sentence 2: or 2. dilemmas
Sentence 3: such as 3. principles
4. prioritize
Sentence 8: A survey … found
5. facilitates
Sentence 13: Research shows that 6. are opposed to
Sentence 15: One example is
Sentence 16: use of quotation VOCABULARY STRATEGY
Sentence 17: As a result of USING WORD PARTS TO ANALYZE MEANING
2. Facts. The goal of the passage is to convince the reader that
corporate social responsibility is beneficial, so the writer Exercise 5A page 53
provided evidence in the form of facts. The final point of consideration in Potter’s Box is personal principles.
3. Supporting details appear in the middle of the paragraph Applying moral principles, or a mode of reasoning, will help the
following general statements that express main ideas. Locating the decision maker come to a rational conclusion. Some examples of
main ideas first can help you to locate their supporting details. different modes of reasoning include end-based reasoning, virtue-
Vocabulary Check B page 45 based reasoning, and duty-based reasoning. End-based reasoning
1. turnover is the idea that doing what is good for the most number of people
2. reputation is the most ethical decision. End-based reasoning is also known as
3. commitment teleological ethics. Virtue-based reasoning states that moral decisions
4. dedicated are made by pursuing certain beneficial virtues, such as prudence,
5. ultimately fairness, courage, and respect. Finally, duty-based (or deontological)
6. consumption reasoning is the ethical argument that decisions must be considered
7. productivity in the context of a person’s duty. If a company executive believed a
8. staggering decision was right because the duties of his position required it, he
would, for example, be making an ethical decision using duty-based
reasoning.
INTEGRATED SKILLS Exercise 5B page 53
OUTLINING A TEXT Part of Speech Meaning
1. predictability noun the ability to guess in
Exercise 4A page 48 advance
1. The four main topics are facts, loyalties, values / worldview, and 2. cofacilitator noun one who facilitates
principles. These can be indicated by roman numerals or by with
numbers. 3. beneficial adjective relating to benefit
2. The example is a hypothetical pharmaceutical company. It can 4. unproductive adjective not productive
be referred to as “EX” or “e.g.,” or indented or numbered. 5. consciousness noun being conscious

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6. implementation noun the process or act of IV. Banks have been subject to fines and regulations since recession
accomplishing something A. $110 billion in fines from gov’t
7. misstate verb incorrectly state Ex: Goldman Sachs $5 billion in penalties
B. New gov’t regulations
Exercise 5C page 53 Ex: Dodd-Frank Act
Possible answers: V. Banks not inherently unethical. Not totally to blame.
bankruptcy, beneficial, encourage, engage, internal, integrity, predict, A. Take care of imp. financial services
transparent, commitment, environment, statement, recognizing, B. Subject to human error
retirement, engagement, awareness, essential, conspiracy, C. Others failed too – US regulators & credit-rating agencies
hypothetical, executive, pharmaceutical, substantial, initiative, VI. Ethical decisions challenging
fraudulent, violation, supplier, ultimately A. Very competitive industry
B. Pressure to drive é profits in short term
APPLY YOUR SKILLS Thinking Critically page 57

1. The writer believes investment bankers committed ethics
Before You Read A page 54 violations, but they are not inherently unethical. The writer
says that the crisis was, in part, the responsibility of investment
Possible answers: bankers, but they also made plenty of ethical decisions.
1. Investment banks are large banks that invest and manage large 2. They are very large, and there is a lot of pressure to earn high
amounts of money. They are traditionally located in New York profits in the short term.
City (Wall Street). Thinking Visually A page 57
2. Large banks contributed to the market collapse leading to the
Great Recession. 1. The graphs shows the US gross domestics product growth rate
3. They are large and pressured to return profits. between 2001 and 2016. The numbers on the left show change
changes in the rate, by percentage. The figures across the
Before You Read B page 54 middle show dates: year – month – day.
1. Investment banks are private companies that act as a bridge 2. In June of 2007, the growth rate began dropping from about
between buyers and sellers on a very large scale. Investment 2.25%, dipping to a low of about -4% between 2008 and 2009,
banks manage complex financial transactions. Investment and then climbing into the positive range in late 2009.
banks play an important role in our society because they advise 3. After 2009, the GDP growth rate has ranged between about 1
companies in important financial transactions, buy and sell and 3 percent.
securities, and assist in the country’s overall economic growth. Thinking About Language page 59
2. Investment bankers made questionable ethical decisions when
they sold off risky subprime mortgage-backed securities to Possible answers:
investors. They earned huge profits for investment banks, 1. The US Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, / which
and they embedded risk throughout the entire economy. As a explored what happened and what went wrong in the financial
result, many Americans lost their jobs, homes, and savings. The meltdown, / pointed the finger at investment banks as the
government paid billions of taxpayer dollars to bail them out. principal cause of the crisis.
3. The banking industry has paid the government billions of Main idea: The US Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission pointed
dollars in fines. The banking industry has also been forced to the finger at investment banks.
deal with extensive new governmental regulations. 2. Goldman Sachs, for example, one of the largest investment
4. Other important institutions, including the US Federal Reserve, banks, paid more than $5 billion in penalties associated with
the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and credit the sale of risky mortgage-backed securities
rating agencies were also responsible. Main idea: Goldman Sachs paid more than $5 billion in
5. Investment banks are very competitive in the business world, penalties.
and the pressure to drive up profit in the short-term makes it
challenging for them to make ethical decisions 3. In the aftermath of the Great Recession of 2007–2009, many
investment banks were accused of making deals / that sacrificed
Read A page 55 ethics for profitability, leading to worldwide economic hardship.
Possible answers: Main idea: Many investment banks were accused of making
deals that sacrificed ethics for profitability.
I. Investment banks = private companies bridging buyers & sellers
on large scale = Wall Street 4. Moreover, the government paid billions of taxpayer dollars / to
A. Manage complex financial transactions bail out the very institutions / that, in part, caused the problem,
B. Clients include individuals., large corps., gov’ts, pension funds / which further angered many Americans.
C. Largest include: JPMorgan Chase, Goldman Sachs, Bank of Main idea: The government paid billions of dollars to bail out
America, Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, & Citigroup the institutions that caused the problem.
D. Play imp. role in society 5. It is important to note that / while investment banks played
1. Advise cos. imp. financial transactions a role in the crisis, / the inquiry commission also accused
2. Buy & sell securities other important institutions of major failings, including the
3. Assist in country’s overall economic growth US Federal Reserve, the Securities and Exchange Commission
II. Ethical decisions have significant effects (SEC), and credit-rating agencies.
A. Responsible for decisions leading to Great Recession and effects Main idea: The inquiry commission accused other important
1. Millions lost jobs, homes, and savings institutions of major failings.
2. Taxpayer bailout 6. Nevertheless, big banks are the ones / that have faced the most
3. American distrust public outrage over the financial meltdown.
III. US Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission blames IBs as principal Main idea: Big banks are the ones that have faced the most
cause of crisis public outrage.
A. Questionable decisions selling subprime mortgage-backed
securities
B. Earned huge profits while taking on too much risk

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EARTH SCIENCE
Organizational Structures 4. Sample answer: Create a three-part outline or chart. The first
part will include information about weather, the second about
climate, and the third about climate anomalies such as El Niño.
UNIT PROFILE
page 60 1. anomaly
The article uses compare-and-contrast to explain the similarities and 2. cycle
differences between the two planets, and then focuses on how the 3. dramatically
Milankovitch cycles change in the orbital patterns of both planets, 4. variability
helping influence the occurrences of ice ages. 5. atmosphere
6. factor
FUNDAMENTAL SKILL
RECOGNIZING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES
SUPPORTING SKILL 1
RECOGNIZING DEFINITIONS
Exercise 1A page 62
1. Temperatures rose and declined, from January to December. Exercise 2A page 68
reaching a peak average of about 82 degrees in July–August. 1. The major greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
Changes throughout a calendar year can be attributed to the (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases
Earth’s rotation around the sun. Between 1871 and 2001, 2. forcings, greenhouse gases, global warming potential
average temperatures ranged from a high of about 83 degrees in Exercise 2B page 69
the late 80s to a low of about 71 in the early 30s, with a general
trend of steadily rising averages. 1. T
2. Answers will vary. 2. F - Forcings refer to man-made and natural factors in climate
3. The article uses both compare-and-contrast, definition, and change.
example structures to organize ideas. 3. F - Greenhouse gases heat the planet by blocking and trapping
heat in the atmosphere.
Exercise 1B page 63 4. F - The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane,
Signals of definitions: describe, refers to, is, is considered nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases.
Signals of examples: such as, for example, for instance, such as 5. T
6. T
Signals of comparison / contrast: both, while, unlike, slower to change, 7. F - CO2 has a lower GWP than fluorinated gases.
distinction, Though, compared to
Exercise 2D page 70
Exercise 1C page 65
Word / Concept Signal Meaning
This condition . . . Weather Climate Both 1. forcings Paragraph 1: factors that influence
1. describes conditions √ are known as the climate of our
of the atmosphere. planet by forcing the
2. refers to short-term √ climate system to
conditions. change
3. refers to long-term √ 2. greenhouse gases Paragraph 2: gases that trap heat

conditions. are defined as in the atmosphere
3. fluorinated gases Paragraph 2: man-made gases
4. requires a minimum √
m-dash (—) that contain the
of 30 years of data to
chemical fluorine
describe.
4. global warming Paragraph 3: how much warming
5. can change. √
potential or effect a gas creates
6. can vary dramatically √
5. GWP Paragraph 3: global warming
from one minute to the
referred to as potential
next.
7. can experience short- √
term anomalies such Vocabulary Check B page 71
as El Niño. 1. retain
2. emissions
Exercise 1D page 65 3. absorbed
2. Paragraph 1 defines and compares and contrasts weather and 4. emit
climate. Paragraph 2 defines and gives an example of climate 5. Potential
anomaly (variability). 6. driving
3. See Exercise 1B answers. 7. shift
PART 1 | EARTH SCIENCE Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 6

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SUPPORTING SKILL 2 Exercise 4B page 80

IDENTIFYING COMPARISON-AND-CONTRAST Possible answers:
ORGANIZATION 1. Carbon is the gas that accounts for 80%
dioxide of greenhouse gas
Exercise 3B page 75 (CO2 ) emissions in the US.
1. F – Latitude is one factor that determines a region’s climate.
2. Methane is the gas that is the second-most
Others include elevation, topography, wind, ocean currents, and
(CH4 ) abundant human-created
distance from bodies of water.
greenhouse gas.
2. F – Esfahan, Iran, and Dallas, Texas, have different elevations
and different climates. 3. Carbon is a that distributes carbon dioxide
3. F - The Köppen climate classification system distinguishes cycle process between atmosphere,
climate types based on their average monthly temperature and ocean, and land.
precipitation patterns. 4. Global is a number that is determined by how
4. T warming much energy a gas is
5. T potential able to absorb from
6. T the sun and how long
7. F – Monsoons are wind systems that reverse direction. the gas lasts in the
8. T atmosphere on a
Exercise 3D page 76 100-year time scale.
Signal words for comparison and contrast: Like, however, similar to, on Exercise 4C page 81
the other hand
Possible answers:
Climates Temperature Precipitation Location
Tropical predictable, regular Latitudes within CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) BOTH METHANE (CH4)
rainforest warm throughout the 25 degrees most abundant (80% greenhouse 2nd most abundant
year; monthly of the equators, of US human-made gases in atmosphere (11%
average at most commonly emissions) of US)
most
least 2.4 in South
naturally emitted: plant abundant naturally emitted:
inches (6 cm) America,
decay, volcanic eruptions gases in wetlands,
central Africa,
human source: burning atmosphere permafrost,
Indonesia, and
fossil fuels from natural microbial sources
Southeast Asia
>400 parts / million processes human sources:
Tropical high in rainy South and and human cattle farming,
monsoon temperatures season, similar Central worldwide
activities landfills, production
year-round, to tropical America, South part of “carbon cycle” of fossil fuels
wet and dry rainforest; in Asia, western can stay in atmosphere
seasons dry season, and central stays in atmosphere
1,000s of yrs. about 10 yrs
less than 1.6 Africa, the
inches (6 cm) Caribbean emissions stable in recent GWP 30% > CO2
monthly years
emissions rising
total amount = major issue 30% in last decade
in global warming—impact
Vocabulary Check B page 76 for many generations potency = major
1. equator issue in global
2. vary warming
3. predictable
4. reverse Vocabulary Check B page 82
5. humid
6. characterized a. 4
b. 2
c. 3
INTEGRATED SKILLS d. 6
TAKING NOTES WITH GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS e. 1
f. 5
Exercise 4A page 80
1. carbon dioxide, methane, carbon cycle, global warming potential VOCABULARY STRATEGY
2. how they are emitted, amount in the atmosphere, how long UNDERSTANDING SUFFIXES IN SCIENTIFIC TERMS
they stay in the atmosphere, global warming potential
3. CO2 only: Paragraph 3 Exercise 5A page 84
Similarities: Paragraph 2
Differences: Paragraphs 4, 5 1. scientific, atmospheric, geology, mathematics, physics,
oceanography, historical climatology
2. geologists, radiometric, volcanic
3. Paleoclimatology, scientific, dendrochronology

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Exercise 5B page 84 3. Milankovitch cycles are variations in orbital patterns that affect
1. a heart doctor the amount of solar energy that reaches a planet. On Earth,
2. the study of drugs (how drugs affect our bodies) obliquity varies only slightly—a few degrees—whereas Mars’s
3. life systems in oceans and lakes tilt varies dramatically over time, up to 60 degrees. This results
4. human cultures and societies in ice ages on Mars that look very different from those on Earth.
5. the detection and treatment of poisons Thinking Visually A page 88
6. heat 1. Their atmospheres are composed of the same gases though they
Exercise 5C page 85 are present in different quantities. Earth’s atmosphere has much
1. (Geo)graphy more oxygen. The planets’ surface temperatures are not that
2. (Geo)graphers different though Mars is colder.
3. (cart)ographers 2. Sample answer: Somewhat likely. Humans would have to adapt
4. (Geo)logy to the atmospheric and temperature differences.
5. (geo)logists Thinking About Language page 89
6. (aquat)ic 1. Ice ages are spans of time when a planet becomes cooler
7. (atmospher)ic 2. Interglacial periods are warmer periods that follow ice ages.
8. (geo)logists 3. Milankovitch cycles are cyclical variations in orbital patterns
9. (paleont)ology that produce variations in the amount of solar energy that
10. (volcan)ology reaches a planet.
4. Obliquity is the Milankovitch cycle that most contributes to
APPLY YOUR SKILLS climate change.
Before You Read B page 85

1. They are similar in composition. Both have water and both have
polar ice caps. They have experienced ice ages differently due to
the differences in the Milankovitch cycles.
2. They are the warm periods between ice ages.

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MEDIEVAL HISTORY
Reading Fluency Vocabulary Check B page 100

1. ornate
UNIT PROFILE 2. spectacle
3. on a regular basis
page 90 4. sustenance
5. mythical
The main reasons for the popularity of spices in the Middle Ages
6. appeal
include the following: because cooks needed spices to mask the
7. cuisines
taste of bad meat (debunked); because spiced food made a good
8. went to great lengths
impression; and because they were believed to have medicinal
properties.
SUPPORTING SKILL 2
FUNDAMENTAL SKILL MANAGING AMBIGUITY
READING FLUENTLY
Exercise 3B page 104
Exercise 1A page 92 1. F - Persian poetry influenced Turkish literature.
2. T
The article explains how social class divisions influenced the daily
3. T
life of people in the Middle Ages, focusing on the differences
4. F – Some Medieval Persian poetry is still well known today.
between the diet of wealthy and poor people.
5. F - Rumi was a poet.
Exercise 1C page 93 6. T
√ 1, 2, 4 Vocabulary Check B page 105
Exercise 1D page 93 1. conquest
2. penned
Possible answers:
3. mystical
1. The social classes differed in the clothes they wore, the places 4. prominent
they lived, and the jobs they had. 5. flourished
2. Answers will vary. 6. genre
3. Possible answer: Previewing the reading helped me to predict 7. reverence
what to expect in a text, which led to faster reading and better 8. lyricism
comprehension. Looking at visuals, asking questions that I hope
the text would answer, and previewing vocabulary are some
other possible strategies to improve reading fluency. INTEGRATED SKILLS
Vocabulary Check B page 94 SUMMARIZING A TEXT
1. noble
Exercise 4A page 108
2. Roasted
3. staple Main idea: Chaucer uses clothing and other symbols to illustrate the
4. mobility morality and immorality of his characters, and, by extension, of the
5. lavish Church itself.
6. nutritious Exercise 4B page 108
7. hierarchical
8. virtually 1. Summary 2 best captures the ideas in the essay.
2. Summary 1: Some phrases are copied verbatim from the
original. The last sentence contains unnecessary detail. The
SUPPORTING SKILL 1 summary does not include the name of the article. The
INCREASING READING FLUENCY summary is the same length as the original.
Summary 3: It includes the writer’s opinion and is written in
Exercise 2A page 97 the past tense. Although the description of the story—a main
idea—is missing, the summary is nearly as a long as the original
The reading explains how medieval chefs used to prepare elaborate
paragraph.
dishes at feasts wherein it appeared that live animals were being
served. Vocabulary Check B page 112
Exercise 2D page 99 1. extravagant
1. T 2. laypeople
2. F - Only the outside of the peacock was used. It was filled with 3. critique
a cooked goose. 4. clergy
3. T 5. depiction
4. F – Elaborate animal-imitation dishes are not still popular today. 6. severely
5. T 7. immoral
6. T 8. Monastery
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VOCABULARY STRATEGY Thinking Critically page 122

RECOGNIZING MULTIPLE MEANINGS OF WORDS Possible answers:
1. Venice is positioned on the water (referenced as a “port city”
Exercise 5A page 114 in the text) and is accessible to both Europe and neighboring
1. 3 continents.
2. 4 2. Trading spices was often the goal of explorers, but a lot of
3. 1 exploration was also about colonization. The wars may have
4. 2 been more about territory than the actual commodity of spices.
5. 2
Thinking Visually A page 123
6. 1
7. 3 1. 1490s
2. 476 ce
Exercise 5B page 116 3. 1000
1. Part of speech: verb 4. 13th century
Definition: to fasten two or more things together with a staple 5. mid-16th century
2. Part of speech: adjective 6. 7th century
Definition: the food that you normally eat 7. 14th century
8. 14th century
3. Part of speech: adjective
Definition: thin in a healthy and attractive way Thinking Visually B page 123
4. Part of speech: verb KEY EVENTS OF THE MIDDLE AGES
Definition: to sit or stand in a position that is not upright and Late 400s Roman Empire falls
use another surface for support 600s Arabs conquer Iran
5. Part of speech: noun 1000s Spices become popular in Europe
Definition: something that you add to food to decorate it 1200s Life of Rumi
1300s Life of Hafiz
6. Part of speech: verb Canterbury Tales written
Definition: to take money from someone’s salary because he or 1400s Span. Port. voyages of exploration
she has not paid a debt 1500s Euro spice trade declines
Exercise 5C page 118 Thinking About Language page 124
Possible answers: Uses of language found online will vary.
1. during the medieval era, when
1. a. a substance such as coal, gas, or oil that can be burned to
2. By the close of the 15th century
produce heat or energy
3. today, over the course of time
b. to make something happen, grow, increase, etc.
4. old, modern, shelf life
2. a. the amount of money that something is worth 5. simultaneously
b. to think that something is important to you 6. today
3. a. done without involving other people, actions, processes 7. contemporary
b. to aim something in a particular direction or at a particular 8. At the turn of the 16th century
person, group, etc.
4. a. to hide the truth about a situation, about how you feel, etc.
b. something that covers all or part of your face, to protect or to
hide it
APPLY YOUR SKILLS

1. western Europe, including England, Italy, Spain, and Portugal
2. nutmeg, cinnamon, pepper, ginger, mace, cloves, sugar
3. More spices flowed into the economies of western European
countries; the price of spices dropped; spices became accessible
to everyone; the use of spices decreased; other commodities
replaced spices in trade; it led to a race between European
nations to colonize other nations.
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MATERIALS ENGINEERING
Research Articles SUPPORTING SKILL 1

UNDERSTANDING THE INTRODUCTION
UNIT PROFILE
Exercise 2C page 134
page 126 1. b
The article reviews research on the use of soft polymeric materials 2. d
in the use of robots, and explains how the design of soft-bodied 3. c
robots has been inspired by creatures in nature. Paragraph 1 is the 4. b
introduction; Paragraph 2 is the Methodology; Paragraph 3 is the 5. b
Results; and Paragraph 4 is the Discussion. 6. d
Exercise 2D page 135
FUNDAMENTAL SKILL 1. 4
UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH ARTICLES 2. 2
3. 1
Exercise 1A page 129 4. 3
1. Polymers are substances composed of long chains of molecules, Vocabulary Check B page 136
and they are used in many everyday objects, including cars, 1. emission
phones, and clothing. 2. advantageous
Exercise 1B page 129 3. reduction
4. nonrenewable
The article presents an abstract of a research article that defines 5. components
polymers and explains a specific research study that a company 6. legislated
performed in order to test its polymeric material. 7. comprehensive
Exercise 1C page 130 8. novel
1. T
2. F - Polymers are affected by changes in temperature. SUPPORTING SKILL 2
3. F - Medical devices are affected by brittle polymers.
4. T UNDERSTANDING THE DISCUSSION
5. T
6. T Exercise 3A page 138
7. T An algae collection system is a system in which algae is cultivated,
8. F - The results of this study match the results of other studies. either without any type of cover in a contained body of water like a
lake or a pond, or in a closed-collection system.
Parts of a Research Article Sentence Range 1. T
Introduction Sentences 1–6 2. T
3. F - Location of closed-collection algae-growing systems is very
Methodology Sentence 7 important when considering a system’s capacity for effectively
Results Sentences 8–9 growing algae.
4. F - Photobioreactors (PBRs) are closed-collection systems for
Discussion Sentences 10–11
hosting algae.
5. T
Vocabulary Check B page 131 6. T
1. longevity
2. simulated Exercise 3D page 141
3. fractured 1. Sentence 1: “The first result of this study on the strengths and
4. durable weaknesses of different types of algae collection systems …”
5. concurred 2. Possible paraphrase: Prices are important to consider when
6. fluctuations deciding between the two types of algae collection systems that
will use algae as a biofuel source.
This is supported by Hannon’s (2010) research, which states,
“… cost competitiveness of open-pond systems may be the only
viable way to support large-scale algae-cultivation systems.”
3. Sentence 5: “The implication of our results is that closed-
collection algae systems must be designed in a way that makes
them cost-competitive with open-pond systems.” It makes
sense because the aforementioned finding was that open-
pond systems are cheaper and might be the only “viable way”
to support algae cultivation systems. Accordingly, if closed-
collection algae systems are to exist and be used, designers must
determine a way to make them cheaper.
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4. The reason an in-text citation is given is to give credit to the Vocabulary Check B page 147
source that gave the author the following information: OMEGA, 1. position
which stands for Offshore Membrane Enclosures for Growing 2. orthopedic
Algae, uses clear, flexible polyethylene tubes that float offshore 3. aesthetic
in a protected bay area. 4. filling
5. It is used to support the author’s conclusion that putting algae 5. composed of
collection systems next to wastewater may be ideal for growing 6. dentures
micro-algae on a larger scale. 7. deterioration
6. Further research is needed on whether floating PBRs can 8. versatility
withstand high waves and storms, and if / how much and how
fast the plastic of the PBRs decays. The latter is supported
because it says Zittelli et al. (2013) pointed it out. VOCABULARY STRATEGY
Vocabulary Check B page 141 RECOGNIZING AND LEARNING MULTIWORD
1. contamination UNITS
2. nourish
3. noteworthy Exercise 5A page 149
4. viable 1. b
5. filter 2. b
6. promising 3. g
7. carries a risk 4. d
8. outlet 5. a
INTEGRATED SKILLS
Possible answers:
SUMMARIZING A RESEARCH ARTICLE
1. influence; play a role in
Exercise 4A page 144 2. to be directly related
3. significant results
The article discusses how a polymer material known as PEEK can be 4. in certain circumstances
used in dentistry as an alternative material to amalgam. It examines 5. a reference to something mentioned earlier in the text
the advantages and disadvantages of using PEEK. 6. to give a very simple definition of something
Exercise 4B page 146 7. to be made up of something
8. true according to the findings in a study
√ 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10
APPLY YOUR SKILLS
Possible summary:
According to Aaronson (2017), the polymer material Before You Read B page 151
polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is currently used in a variety of 1. They are modeled after biological species—such as worms,
applications in the field of dentistry. One of its greatest strengths caterpillars, squids, octopuses, snakes, fish, and larvae—that
is that the stiffness of this polymer is similar to that of bone. PEEK can do things like roll, flip, crawl, and twist.
has been used in dentistry in recent years as an alternative to 2. Applications include in manufacturing, disaster-rescue
metal in response to concerns as to whether mercury in amalgam operations, the military, and medicine.
is detrimental to humans. This study reviewed all journal articles 3. It was conducted by reviewing literature on soft robotics and
on PEEK and dentistry published in the last ten years in the examining the polymeric materials that have been most effective
online database of the US National Library of Medicine through in the construction of soft robots. The study looked specifically
the National Institute of Health (PubMed.gov) and summarized at three soft robots—the Meshworm, the GoQBot, and a
findings. PEEK was found to be frequently used in dentures and cephalopod robot.
has also been tested in other dental applications. Many studies 4. The results are that soft silicone and PET are optimal materials
showed that this polymer material is not detrimental to health. for use in soft robotics.
PEEK should be considered a viable material for a variety of dental 5. Areas needing further research are actuation, temperature
applications. control, and implementation in the medical industry.

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Soft Robot Animal Mimicked Materials Used Description of Movement Results
Meshworm worms polyester polymeric nickel-titanium alloy rod; body PET was flexible and durable
fibers in tube shapes contracts when heated and but temperature-sensitive
moves like a worm
GoQBot caterpillars soft silicone polymer metal alloy is coiled in the the silicone was resistant to
materials, metal alloy body, then contracted to create temperature changes
movement
Cephalopod robot squids, octopuses layers of soft silicone, moves like it is floating, tubes can help robot be
tiny tubes filled powered by pneumatic inflation camouflaged and glow in the
dark
Thinking About Language page 156

1. Such rigid robots are easily programmed to complete specific
tasks, but the range of tasks is narrow, and the robots’
adaptability and movability is limited (Rus and Tolley 2015).
2. The subjects of this study were three soft robots that mimic the
motion of animals.
3. The first example reviewed is the Meshworm, a robot created
by researchers to simulate the movement of a worm (Seok et al.
2010).
4. The research team that created the Meshworm used polyester
polymeric fibers shaped into a tubelike—wormlike—structure.
5. The cephalopod robot moves as though it is floating, and, like
an octopus, it can camouflage itself.
6. It also functions well when combined with the circuitry of
electronics in the robots.
7. The silicone in the soft-bodied caterpillar robot withstands
temperature changes of the metal alloy.
8. In the case of the worm robot, temperatures must be very
carefully controlled. If this is not done, the metal in the robot
would become excessively hot.

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P A R T 2 | Critical Thinking Skills

LINGUISTICS
Facts and Opinions 2. Opinions:

Paragraph 1: The emotional power of speech is a complex issue,
UNIT PROFILE and researching it is not easy.
Paragraph 2: Until the middle of the 20th century, recording
page 158 technology was too poor to enable reliable research into speech and
The article is about the role that some linguists have played in emotion.
contributing their linguistic knowledge in the making of some TV Paragraph 2: Many vocal cues to emotion are subtle, easily lost in
shows and movies. the scratchy recordings that in use prior to the 1950s.
Factual statements: All of Paragraph 1 is factual. Paragraph 2: 3. Mix:
“Linguists in movies are usually portrayed only as translators. Paragraph 1: As illustrated by this simple example, spoken language
Finally, this character does real linguistics. She doesn’t just translate. often communicates emotion beyond the meaning of a speaker’s
She analyzes, synthesizes, reconceptualizes.” Gunarsson hints at words.
a common misconception concerning the work of linguists—that Paragraph 2: Philosophers since before the time of Cicero
their job is to know a lot of languages. Although it is not unusual (106–43 bce) have recognized that vocal quality can communicate
for linguists to speak more than one language (Louise Banks can emotion even without words, but real research had to wait for tape
apparently speak English, Mandarin, and Farsi), multilingualism is recorders.
not at the heart of their profession. They are specialists not so much
at using other languages as at analyzing them, applying principles of Vocabulary Check B page 163
their science to discern patterns. 1. ensure
Opinion statements: Paragraph 2: Linguists may be used to being 2. input
ignored in the movies, as opposed to doctors, engineers, and other 3. cue
professionals. Thus most were probably delighted to see their field 4. subtle
not only portrayed but lionized in a hit film. 5. Prior to
6. enable
Both: Arrival is a movie, and some linguistic concepts may be
7. nonsense
warped somewhat for cinematic effect, but Louise Banks is broadly
believable as a linguist.
SUPPORTING SKILL 1
CRITICAL THINKING SKILL IDENTIFYING AND UNDERSTANDING STATEMENTS
IDENTIFYING AND UNDERSTANDING FACTS AND OF FACT
OPINIONS
Exercise 1B page 160 Topics: Sound, meaning, and shapes
Topics: Research about speech and the emotional power of speech Exercise 2D page 168
The article explains the emotional power of speech, and the 1. b
difficulty of researching speech and emotion. It examines concerns 2. a
about recording tools and identifying vocal features that convey 3. d
emotion. 4. d
5. c
Exercise 1C page 162 6. d
1. F - The main idea is that words have emotional meanings.
2. T Exercise 2E page 169
3. T 1. The main idea is that a few linguists are attracted to the concept
4. F – Baider and L’Anse drew up a list of vocal cues that some of sound symbolism, but most linguists oppose it. The author
researchers now use. uses mostly nonfactual language in order to convey his or her
5. T opinion that this theory is incorrect.
6. T 2. Factual. The writer uses objective language, neutral verbs, and
7. T declarative sentences.
8. F – Most listeners cannot understand emotion in a foreign 3. reputable reference sites, academic articles, US government
language as well as in their native language. publications, recognized magazines such as Scientific American
4. Answers will vary.
Possible answers:
1. innate
1. Facts:
2. adherents
Paragraph 1: Spoken language often communicates emotion beyond 3. mainstream
the meaning of a speaker’s words. 4. take it from there
Paragraph 2: In simplified terms, they are: (1) basic pitch (high or 5. draw
low “notes”); (2) amplitude (loudness); (3) voice quality or timbre; 6. arbitrary
and (4) speed and pauses. 7. universal
Researchers have to achieve this with actual speech, in some real 8. sweeping
language.

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SUPPORTING SKILL 2 2. The author defines the vocal tract as “a long passageway from
the throat to the openings of the mouth and nose … , involving
IDENTIFYING AND UNDERSTANDING STATEMENTS not just the open areas of the throat, mouth … , and nose …
OF OPINION but also a number of structures and surfaces along the way.”
3. The author points out that vowels do not involve “ ... tight
Exercise 3A page 171 restriction of the flow of air.”
The reading explains that linguistics is a cognitive science that values 4. By close, Walski means “high” or close to the top of the mouth.
empirical research; however, because it is difficult to actually observe 5. The author quotes Walski as noting that the point where the
language being generated or decoded in the brain, linguists must be vocal tract is closed is “where any given consonant lives.”
satisfied with indirect evidence of many of their hypotheses. It also 6. The author observes that American English may seem difficult,
introduces the field of historical linguistics. but “its system of phonemic sounds is actually quite tidy.”
Exercise 3C page 173 Vocabulary Check B page 183

1. b 1. strung together
2. c 2. manner
3. a 3. clicking
4. d 4. vibrating
5. c 5. cavity
6. d 6. restrictions
7. a 7. physiological
8. b 8. constricts

VOCABULARY STRATEGY
1. fiercely, iffy
2. tiny USING A DICTIONARY TO STRENGTHEN
3. especially hard time, less-than-informed VOCABULARY
4. nonspecialist
5. intrusive, broad, exciting Exercise 5A page 185
6. concise, interesting, vitally current
1. 5
Vocabulary Check B page 176 2. 3
1. in isolation 3. 1
2. boundary 4. 4
3. cognitive 5. 2
4. presume 6. 3
5. complementary Exercise 5B page 186
6. iffy
7. empirical 1. call for help
8. constraints 2. needs help
3. professional help / outside help
4. gave her some help / offered (her) help
INTEGRATED SKILLS 5. outside help / professional help
QUOTING MATERIAL FROM A READING 6. give (me some) help
Exercise 4A page 178 1. prior to
Possible answers: 2. all by itself
3. have … [a] hard time, keeping … at bay
Parini, Glesser and Tomei, Walski, Matabole
4. Long ago
Exercise 4B page 181 5. make sense
1. I Parini (2007) suggests becoming aware of your vocal tract by 6. For the most part
opening your mouth and throat as much as possible and forcing
air from your lungs through the passages. APPLY YOUR SKILLS
2. H Glesser and Tomei (2016) define a vowel as “a sound
produced with the vocal folds vibrating and an open vocal tract
above the vocal folds.” Before You Read B page 188
3. H The tongue can be, as Walski says, “high for a vowel like [i] 1. She analyzes, synthesizes, and reconceptualizes the language of
as in beat, mid-height for a vowel like the [ε] in bet, or low for a the alien Heptapods.
vowel like the [æ] in bat.” 2. It’s possible that they might not have subjects and verbs, or
4. D Glesser and Tomei say, “The basic physiological mechanism they might not know the difference between a statement and a
for producing consonant sounds involves a narrowing of the question.
vocal tract, which tightly constricts or even stops the flow of air.” 3. He says, “ … the concepts built into one’s language affect one’s
5. D Walski says, “The point where the vocal tract is closed—or ability to think in certain ways.”
almost closed—is where any given consonant lives.” 4. They invent new languages and resurrect old ones.
6. I Matabole notes that English is far less complicated than many
languages, such as the southern African Khoisan languages.
1. The author says, “The consonant-vowel distinction is important
to professional linguists as well—although for specialists the
situation is a bit more complicated.”

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Thinking Visually page 192

Possible answers:
Language Year Creator Purpose Sample Word or Phrase (in
the Roman Alphabet)*
Dothraki 2009 / 2011 David J. Peterson For use in the HBO television series Game sekke verven (“very violent”)
and others of Thrones
Elvish 1954 J.R.R. Tolkien For the book The Lord of the Rings elen (“star”)
Esperanto 1887 L.L. Zamenhof To promote international cooperation Mi amas lin
(“I love him.”)
The first phrases 1979 James Doohan For the movie Star Trek: The Motion Picture cha yIghuS!
of Klingon (“Tactical, stand by on
torpedoes.”)
The main body 1984 Marc Okrand For later Star Trek movies jaghpu’ (“enemies”)
of the Klingon
language
Na’avi December Dr. Paul Frommer For the James Cameron film Avatar Oel ngati kameie
2009 (“I see you.”)
Pakuni 1979 Victoria Fromkin for the TV show Land of the Lost Wesa
(“good”)
SolReSol 1827 Francois Sudre to promote multi-modal communication (via fala (“tasty”), remiresi (“brother”)
spoken sounds, musical notes, and colors)
Thinking About Language page 193

1. may
2. hints at
3. might
4. may
5. may
6. would probably

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BUSINESS ETHICS
Implication and Inference Exercise 2B page 202

Possible answers:
UNIT PROFILE 1. a description of male and female traits
2. a list or description of countries that tend to be masculine or
page 194 feminine
The author believes that despite the challenges, the experience adds 3. an example or examples of countries that are masculine
depth to management experience and can provide personal rewards. 4. advice for Americans doing business abroad
CRITICAL THINKING SKILL 1. traits
UNDERSTANDING IMPLICATION AND INFERENCE 2. competitive
3. modesty
Exercise 1B page 196 4. tough-tender
5. stereotypes
1. Cultural ethos is a broad set of beliefs, moral values, and norms 6. quality of life
held by a group of people. 7. Scandinavian
2. The reading is about the three dimensions of cultural ethos: 8. dominance
worldview, mindset, and ideology.
1. d
1. d 2. g
2. f 3. h
3. c 4. c
4. a 5. a
5. e 6. f
6. b 7. b
Exercise 1D page 198 8. e
Possible answers:
2. The author implies that Americans value punctuality more than SUPPORTING SKILL 2
Indians. The author states that the American businesswoman IDENTIFYING STRONG AND WEAK INFERENCES
may be offended if someone is late, while the Indian might not
“think twice.” Exercise 3A page 207
3. The author implies that rich and poor people in America may
1. people of Greek heritage or citizenship
have very different personal experiences because they may have
2. The title suggests that playing it safe has some risk.
very different mindsets.
3. The graph shows in some instances an inverse relationship
Vocabulary Check B page 199 between uncertainty avoidance and innovation: the less a
1. dimensions country plays it safe, the more innovative it is.
2. perspective Exercise 3B page 208
3. invisible
4. underlying High Uncertainty Low Uncertainty
5. Punctuality Avoidance Avoidance
6. apparent
7. expectations 1. √
2. √
SUPPORTING SKILL 1 3. √
MAKING PREDICTIVE INFERENCES 4. √
5. √
6. √
1. The genre is a business magazine article. The audience is
businesspeople, probably those who engage in international 7. √
business or otherwise need to consider culture, meaning the 8. √
style is probably businesslike.
2. The article explains a cultural dimensions theory developed by
the social psychologist Geert Hofstede that compares the focus
on competition and achievement in some cultures versus the
emphasis on cooperation in others—dubbed “masculine” and
“feminine,” accordingly.

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Exercise 3D page 209 Vocabulary Check B page 210

1. innovative
Strong Weak 2. uncertainties
1. √ The author refers to “we 3. ambiguity
Greeks.” 4. stability
5. bureaucracy
2. √ The author says “In these 6. aversion
countries, where people
feel threatened by the
unknown, there is often a INTEGRATED SKILLS
higher tolerance for laws and PARAPHRASING
regulations because they give
citizens a sense of order and
stability even though rules can
get in the way of progress.” 1. Yes, it uses synonyms though the first sentence is structured the
same as the original.
3. √ Although the author says 2. The paraphrase doesn’t mention that the theory was developed
the experience can be by Geert Hofstede.
frustrating, it’s implied that the 3. yes
sense of stability outweighs 4. no
the frustration. 5. yes
4. √ √ This is not supported Exercise 4B page 213
by the text.
Possible answers:
5. √ It cannot be inferred
that low risk aversion is Paraphrase 1: Indulgent societies tend to emphasize leisure activities
associated with being because they see the value in enjoyment and having a good time.
calm. Paraphrase 2: Foreign workers need to consider how indulgent or
6. √ The text says “… new restrained a culture is to help guide their behavior.
entrepreneurial ventures and Paraphrase 3: Freedom of speech, happiness, control over one’s own
business models are less life, an optimistic attitude, and being extroverted toward strangers
likely to originate in places like are examples of cultural values in these countries.
Greece …” Paraphrase 4: In contrast to those in indulgent cultures, members
7. √ The author believes of restrained cultures are more pessimistic and do not value their
that Greece’s economy leisure time as much.
would grow if it were Paraphrase 5: Larger numbers of police and lower crime rates are
more tolerant of risk but also more common in restrained cultures due to the emphasis in
does not imply that the those cultures on stability over freedom of speech.
culture caused Greece’s
current problems. Vocabulary Check B page 215
1. c
8. √ The author says that people 2. d
in risk-tolerant countries 3. e
“also seem to be able to 4. b
recover from financial crises 5. f
better than those displaying 6. a
a greater fear of uncertainty.
For example, investors in
low uncertainty-avoidance VOCABULARY STRATEGY
countries may not be as GUESSING WORD MEANINGS FROM CONTEXT
worried about entering
the market again, despite
future uncertainties. … If we
Greeks wish to innovate, 1. Worldview is the overall way that members of a culture view life
grow our economy, and stay and the world. In other words, it is the shared perspective of
competitive in the world, the members of a culture.
we will need to become 2. In addition, culture can be a fluid structure, changing in
more tolerant of risk and response to any number of influences such as globalization and
uncertainty.” technology, as well as changes in attitude from generation to
generation.
Exercise 3E page 210 3. The cultural domain of “masculinity-femininity” is part of
1. Strong inferences are supported by evidence from a reading social psychologist Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory
passage. Weak inferences may be based on our prior knowledge and is based on what are considered to be traditional male and
or our beliefs but not on evidence from the passage. female traits.
4. The United States leans toward the masculine side due to our
emphasis on financial success, power, and dominance, especially
on Wall Street. Americans may come across as too aggressive or
arrogant when operating in more feminine cultures.

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5. According to Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory, people 3. Websites in low-context cultures may feature linear messages
in nations that rank low on the uncertainty-avoidance with direct, logical, clear information and simple navigation.
scale are more willing to calmly accept a certain degree of Websites from high-context countries are more interactive and
unpredictability and ambiguity in the future. have more “contextual interplay,” that encourages the user to
6. When a nation ranks high in the power-distance category, it interact with the content to discover the key messages.
means that the people of the country expect organizations to be 4. In low-context cultures, employees communicate with managers
organized in hierarchies, with power concentrated at the top. about issues that arise in their work. In a high-context culture,
employees may be expected to solve problems without
Exercise 5B page 217 discussing issues with managers.
Synonyms will vary.
1. Many people in restrained cultures are introverted —or at least Thinking Critically page 221
not overtly friendly—toward strangers. 1. The writer believes that international business can be very
private rewarding, but it is important to be prepared by understanding
2. Likewise, long-term-oriented cultures have more interest in cultural differences. The author says that the benefits are
thrift and saving—be it in money or other resources. improvement in negotiating skills, exposure to international
financially. business approaches, and personal growth that develops as
conservative a result of learning to operate in cultures that may be very
different from your own.
3. Restrained cultures often have strict moral values and carefully 2. Those from low-context cultures could find it difficult to
regulated social norms. interpret indirect messages, and they may consider those from
inflexible high-context cultures to be secretive or irresponsible. Those
4. A much larger, invisible part of a culture, its ethos, lies under from high-context cultures may find direct expressions of
the surface. disagreement to be rude or disrespectful.
unseen
5. Hofstede conducted his initial research between 1967 and 1973.
Subsequent studies confirmed the earlier results. 1. Low-Context Cultures include Germany, Scandinavian
Following countries, the Americas, the UK, France, and Italy.
6. Hofstede’s research was one of the most comprehensive studies Thinking About Language page 223
of culture, as it involved questioning a wide range of workers in Possible answers:
over 70 countries.
widespread, large 1. Before you make a value judgment about the communication
style of people from other cultures, you should remember that
Exercise 5C page 218 one culture is not better than another.
2. One way that people from high- and low-context cultures differ
Possible unknown words: reserved, indirect, interpret, offensive, hints,
is in how directly or indirectly they communicate.
nuances
3. People in low-context cultures tend to communicate directly
about what they think even if they disagree with you.
APPLY YOUR SKILLS 4. What we know about our own culture can cause us to
misinterpret the behavior of people from other cultures.
Before You Read A page 218 5. Managers from high-context cultures may expect that their
employees will solve problems on their own.
1. Communication in a high-context culture involves conveying 6. How websites are designed can vary quite a bit by culture.
ideas indirectly, using nonverbal hints and context to relay a Japanese websites, for example, tend to have a lot of “contextual
message. Low-context culture is more direct, with information interplay.”
expressed frankly.
2. A direct communication style involves being more explicit, less
subtle.
1. It can help the international businessperson to understand
cultural differences in communication styles, and in turn, avoid
misunderstandings and communication breakdowns.
2. People from high-context cultures have communication
styles that are more direct. People from low-context cultures
communicate in a reserved and indirect manner, with implied
meanings behind messages.

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EARTH SCIENCE
Cause, Effect, and Classical / Correlational Natural Anthropogenic

Relationship
Correlation 3. Volcanic activity causes the √
sun to be blocked with dust
UNIT PROFILE and ash and then the planet
cools.
page 224
The article defines these two terms and then gives examples of 4. Sulfur dioxide from √
climate tipping points (rising level of atmospheric carbon dioxide, volcanoes creates sulfuric
escalating sea and glacier melt, and a decrease in the amount of acid aerosols, which reflect
carbon dioxide absorbed by the Amazon rainforest.) It explores sunlight and cool the planet.
the effects that crossing these critical thresholds will have on the 5. Massive volcanic activity √
environment and societies. releases carbon dioxide,
causing global warming
through the greenhouse
CRITICAL THINKING SKILL effect.
UNDERSTANDING CAUSE, EFFECT, AND 6. Burning fossil fuels releases √
CORRELATION CO2, causing warming.
7. Deforestation causes the √
Exercise 1A page 226 release of CO2, contributing
1. Between 1900 and 2000, the temperature was slowly increasing. to warming.
2. Possible answer: Natural factors include heat from the sun (based
on Earth’s orbital patterns) and volcanic activity. Human factors Vocabulary Check B page 229
including burning fossil fuels and methane emissions from 1. massive
farm-raised animals. 2. output
3. The article looks at natural and human-made factors of climate 3. fluctuate
change. It examines how these factors have resulted in higher 4. concentration
levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which has caused 5. tissue
global temperatures to rise. 6. models
Exercise 1B page 226 7. blocked
Paragraph 1: have caused, the main driver behind, factors
Paragraph 2: has been driven by, factors, influence, cause, cause, SUPPORTING SKILL 1
resulting in, cause, has caused, has led to, In this process, As a result UNDERSTANDING CAUSE-AND-EFFECT
Paragraph 3: the consequence of, then, when RELATIONSHIPS
Paragraph 4: Since, due to
Exercise 1C page 227 Exercise 2A page 231
Possible predictions:
1. F – In the past, the main cause of climate change was natural
1. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap heat in the
factors (not anthropogenic).
atmosphere, causing increased temperatures.
2. F – The sun’s solar output fluctuates over 11-year cycles.
2. Increased temperatures cause oceans to absorb excess heat,
3. T
then rising ocean temperatures cause ocean water to increase
4. F – Dust, ash, and sulfur dioxide released from volcanoes cause
in volume (thermal expansion), leading to rising sea levels.
the planet to cool.
Increased temperatures also cause glaciers and sea ice to melt,
5. T
which leads to rising sea levels.
6. T
3. Rising sea levels lead to flooding in low-lying areas (e.g. Nile
7. F – The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has been
delta, Bangladesh, low-lying islands) and coastal areas.
increasing since the 18th century.
8. T Exercise 2B page 233
Exercise 1D page 228 1. T
2. T
Possible answers: 3. F – Sea levels will rise at an accelerated rate.
4. F – Sea levels may rise by several feet by 2100.
Classical / Correlational Natural Anthropogenic 5. F – Temperatures are increasing at a faster rate in Alaska than in
Relationship the lower 48 states.
1. Earth’s orbital patterns √ 6. T
influence temperature. 7. T
8. F – The island nation of Kiribati may disappear with a few
2. Solar activity causes warmer √ decades.
or cooler temperatures.

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Exercise 2D page 234 Vocabulary Check B page 240

Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere. → Global temperatures 1. uninhabitable
increase. → Ocean waters expand. → Polar ice and glaciers melt. → 2. relevant
Sea levels rise. → Coastal and low-lying areas become submerged. → 3. Biodiversity
Residents are displaced. 4. intense
5. consequential
Exercise 2E page 234 6. mammals
1. Paragraph 1: effects, leading to 7. extinction
Paragraph 2: caused by, Once, causing, When, cause, When 8. decline
Paragraph 3: to leave, because of, As a result,
2. Answers will vary.
3. “As a result of rising sea levels, the entire island country may
INTEGRATED SKILLS
become submerged within a few decades, leaving residents USING FLOWCHARTS TO NOTE CAUSES AND
country-less.” The hedging signal “may” softens the certainty of EFFECTS
the claim.
Vocabulary Check B page 234 Exercise 4A page 243
1. accelerate The article is about how global warming has contributed to more
2. expanding extreme weather, which, in turn, has had adverse effects on societies
3. displacement and the environment.
4. thaw Exercise 4B page 243
5. relocate
6. thermal Possible answers:
7. volume
Temperature Extreme weather events • Adverse effects
rises become more likely: on societies and
SUPPORTING SKILL 2 e.g. heat waves the environment
CAUSATION AND CORRELATION intense rainfall, are created
droughts, • Other natural
Exercise 3A page 236 flooding, disasters such
hurricanes, as wildfires and
Possible answers: snowstorms, landslides are
1. Species who lose habitat because of climate change die off. tornadoes triggered
2. In the past, dinosaurs were eradicated by climate change. The
polar bear is a species that is affected now. Exercise 4C page 244
Exercise 3B page 238 Possible answers:
1. T Global Heat waves • Increase in
2. F - The extinction of the dinosaurs occurred during a period of warming more frequent, heat-related
global cooling. intense, and hospitalizations
3. F – “The Great Dying” 250 million years ago may have been long-lasting and deaths
caused by intense volcanic activity.
4. T • More water
5. T evaporation
6. F - Higher temperatures is causing some species such as the • Wildfires
Alpine chipmunk to relocate to new habitats now. Drought
7. F - The Alpine chipmunk may become extinct due to global and
warming. crop failure
8. T
1. adverse
1. c; is connected to 2. trigger
2. c; coincided with 3. vulnerable
3. b; most scientists agree, was caused by 4. evaporation
4. b; There is strong evidence, was caused by 5. saturated
5. a; produced, created 6. capacity
6. c; is contributing to 7. exacerbate
7. a; is creating
8. a; due to
Exercise 3E page 240
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
UNDERSTANDING COLLOCATIONS
Possible answers:
1. Possible causation is most common for discussing events far in Exercise 5A page 247
the past because it is difficult for scientists to know exactly what
happened. They need to guess based on evidence. This is why Possible answers:
the writer often uses possible causation. 1. Glacial periods, or ice ages, have occurred approximately every
2. Answers will vary. 100,000 years.
3. Possible causation and correlation are common to discuss 2. At the heart of survival in early human settlements was access to
results of experiments or research findings. fresh water.

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3. Today, however, the main driver behind climate change on our 3. The critical threshold for atmospheric carbon dioxide is 400
planet is anthropogenic factors. ppm, which was crossed in 2016. The consequence is that
4. There is strong evidence that the extinction was caused by the planet will warm no matter what we do. The amount of
volcanic activity. warming depends on how much we limit carbon emissions.
5. In climates where fresh water was plentiful enough to grow 4. Albedo is the measure of the ratio of light that is reflected off
crops, successful civilizations developed. a surface. As ice melts into sea water, it develops a low albedo,
6. Smog is a type of air pollution caused when fog mixes with causing it to absorb more heat, and in turn melts ice further.
smoke or other airborne pollutants. 5. Trees absorb CO2. Droughts are causing trees to die and absorb
7. Earth’s orbital patterns influence temperature as the planet less carbon. Carbon is encouraging young trees to grow fast but
moves closer to or farther away from the sun. die young, reducing the number of trees to absorb CO2.
8. Conservation efforts must focus individually on local species to
try to curb extinction rates.
Read A page 250
Possible answers:
1. Crossing critical thresholds ( = point at which the climate
1. endangered species
system takes a turn that will have major, negative consequences
2. cause problems
on the future) → Damaged ecosystems, food scarcity, war, mass
3. adverse effects
migrations, severe economic loss
4. adapt to
2. No flowchart needed.
5. food chain
3. Atmospheric CO2 concentration of 400 ppm (crossed in
6. fluctuate between
2016) → The planet will warm no matter how much we limit
7. vital part
emissions
8. risk factors
4. Ice melts into sea water → It develops a low albedo → Water
Exercise 5C page 248 absorbs more heat → Temperatures increase further → More ice
melts
Possible answers:
5. Droughts → Trees die → Less carbon is absorbed by trees →
1. marine: habitat, species, wildlife, plants, environment, mammal, Carbon is absorbed by trees → Trees grow fast but die young →
science, biology Less CO2 is absorbed
2. habitat: loss, destruction, protection, conservation, natural
habitat, wildlife habitat, protected habitat Thinking Critically page 252
3. heat: loss, source, transfer, stroke, map, wave, excess heat, high 1. The writer believes global warming is a serious crisis for
heat, low heat, midday heat humans and the planet. The writer says global warming
4. extreme: weather, reaction, conditions, dangers, circumstances, will result in damaged ecosystems, food scarcity, war, mass
harm, action, heat, cold, temperatures, cases, ideas migrations, and severe economic loss.
5. visible: clue, damage, injury, sign, difference, change, to the eye 2. Limiting emissions is the only way to stop or slow the damage.
6. alarming: results, outcome, number, rate, symptom, increase,
drop, rise, statistics, trend
7. block: the sun, a search, access, a move, a rule, efforts, attempts, 1. Natural factors such as solar output, orbital cycles, and volcanic
change, reform activity caused the rise and fall of CO2 levels before 1950. The
8. cultivate: land, plants, growth, a mind, a desire, awareness, highest level was 280 ppm.
cells, support, relationships, a love for (something), an 2. 1950; 400
attraction to (something), an awareness 3. Possible answer: Projections are that levels could reach 550 by
2050 and 800 by 2100.
APPLY YOUR SKILLS Thinking About Language page 253

1. is often used - the performer is unimportant or unknown
Before You Read A page 249 2. are also considered - the performer is not known or
unimportant; is triggered – the performer is less important
1. A critical threshold is a point at which the climate system takes 3. will also be crossed - the performer is not important
a turn that will have major, and often negative, consequences in 4. be continue to be impacted - the performer is unknown or
the future. Tipping point means “a point of no return.” unimportant or the writer may want to avoid mentioning; being
2. The albedo effect says that a surface without snow or ice will made - the performer is unknown
absorb most of the sun’s heat, while a surface with snow and ice
will reflect most of the sun’s heat.
1. A critical threshold is a point at which the climate system takes
a turn that will have major, and often negative, consequences in
the future. Tipping point means “a point of no return.”
2. The three main critical thresholds are the rising level of
atmospheric carbon dioxide, escalating sea and glacier ice melt,
and a decrease in the amount of carbon dioxide the Amazon
rainforest absorbs.

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MEDIEVAL CULTURE
Author’s Purpose and Tone 6.

7.
quest
doctrines
UNIT PROFILE
SUPPORTING SKILL 1
page 254 DETERMINING AN AUTHOR’S PURPOSE
The author’s attitude toward non-Western art from the Middle
Ages is positive. The author’s purpose is enlighten the reader about Exercise 2A page 261
impressive art from the Middle Ages, located beyond Europe. The
The purpose is to inform. The article compares and contrasts
intended audience is Western readers.
three styles of medieval architecture: Anglo-Saxon (early stage),
Romanesque (middle), and Gothic (late).
CRITICAL THINKING SKILL Exercise 2B page 263
DETERMINING AN AUTHOR’S PURPOSE AND TONE Possible answers:
Exercise 1B page 256 1. F - The materials used in the construction of medieval buildings
over the three main periods of medieval architecture remained
Possible answers: more or less the same.
Purpose: to convince the reader that Margery Kempe, who is the 2. T
topic of the article, is a relatively unreliable author 3. F - Few Anglo-Saxon buildings are still in existence today.
Tone: critical 4. F - Structures from the early period of medieval architecture
were dull in design compared to structures built later in the
Intended audience: general audience or students Middle Ages.
Exercise 1C page 258 5. F - The Romanesque style evolved into the Gothic style, with
structures in the latter style boasting features such as stained-
1. T
glass windows and vaulted ceilings.
2. F - Kempe’s own religious experience and prayers were given
6. T
great emphasis in her writing.
3. T Exercise 2C page 264
4. F - Kempe was ridiculed for the odd manner in which she
Possible answers:
exhibited her religious beliefs. (The passage does not state that
the ridicule stopped.) 1. define
5. T 2. classify
6. F - Kempe was quite unlikeable as a person, but as a writer, “her 3. compare, describe, define
story reveals interesting information about early 15th-century 4. contrast, describe, critique, praise
English society.” 5. describe, contrast, critique, praise
7. F – Some changes have been made to Kempe’s story over time, 6. describe, praise
impacting it authenticity. Vocabulary Check B page 265
8. T
1. endure
Exercise 1D page 258 2. floor plans
Possible answers: 3. evolved
4. fortified
1. The purpose was to convince the reader that Margery Kempe 5. humbler
was a relatively unreliable author due to her strange behaviors 6. invaders
and the unreliable way that her story was recorded. 7. Wonders
2. Tone language: Sentence 1: but this claim is disputed by many; 8. stunning
Sentence 4: bizarre; Sentence 5: various ordeals; she was mocked
and regarded with suspicion for the peculiar ways in which she
expressed her religious beliefs; Sentence 6: These behaviors were so SUPPORTING SKILL 2
outrageous that she was accused of heresy; Sentence 7: Among her RECOGNIZING AN AUTHOR’S TONE
many odd traits; frequently exhibited uncontrollable, loud weeping
spells that left others unsure of how to react; Sentence 8: despite the Exercise 3A page 267
fact that Kempe is a rather unlikable main character; Sentence 9:
putting the book’s authenticity into question; Sentence 10: Kempe’s The reading looks at Byzantine and Romanesque art, focusing on the
reliability as an author is questionable art and architecture related to the Christian Church.
3. Yes, Kempe’s strange personality, beliefs, and actions are Exercise 3B page 269
emphasized. This serves to make readers view her critically—as
1. F – Romanesque and Byzantine artwork were two styles of art in
an unreliable author.
the Middle Ages.
Vocabulary Check B page 259 2. T
1. devotion 3. F - Byzantine artwork is best known for its mosaics and expertly
2. dictated stylized, or designed, figures.
3. ordeal 4. F – The materials for Byzantine artwork were often quite
4. bizarre expensive.
5. authenticity 5. T
PART 1 | MEDIEVAL CULTURE Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 23

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6. T Exercise 4C page 275

7. T
8. F - Romanesque cathedrals were elaborate and had a lot of Possible answers:
paintings, sculptures, and stained-glass windows inside. 5) Using specific adjectives ... : “Woven in silver and white thread”;
“a gold lion’s head spout”
Exercise 3C page 269 6) Discussing implications or interpretations: “The material from
Possible answers: which the tapestry is made—silk, wool, gold, and silver—
implies a sense of wealth”; “... the ‘star’ of the tapestry, the
Author’s Techniques Example from the Passage unicorn itself, is a symbol of Christ and purity”
7) Moving from general to more specific details: “Situated at the
1. Repeated use of elegant, intricate, iconic, foreground of the painting is a unicorn lowering its horn into
positive or negative memorable, phenomenal, a stream of water”; “The material from which the tapestry is
adjectives brilliantly colored, stunning, made—silk, wool, gold, and silver—implies a sense of wealth”;
remarkable, fascinating “The letters are woven into each of the tapestry’s four corners
2. Repeated / All introductory and conclusion and into its center, where the letters appear on either side of the
emphasized ideas sentences in the paragraphs are fountain”
throughout the text also praiseworthy.
3. Ideas dismissed, In Paragraph 2, the author 1. implies
mentioned only in says that the architecture of 2. engage in
passing, or ignored the Byzantine era may seem 3. textiles
like “bland afterthoughts.” 4. disputed
This could be seen as not 5. indicate
positive, but it is not dwelled on 6. gesture
because the author still likes the 7. coincidence
architecture of this time period. 8. foreground
4. Level of detail or Detailed descriptions of features
imagery provided of the individual types of
architectural styles: “mother-of-
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
pearl, colored glass, and gold DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN DENOTATION AND
leaf.” CONNOTATION
1. The author seems to agree that Byzantine architecture is less
appealing than the mosaics and paintings of the same era. Sample answers:
2. No. The rest of the sentence praises Byzantine architecture. 1. the same
3. It does not affect the overall tone because the purpose of the 2. different from – Peculiar is more negative in meaning than
sentence is to praise Byzantine architecture. The first part of atypical.
the sentence acknowledges the counterargument but is not the 3. the same
main point of the sentence. 4. the same
4. Tone at the sentence level, or even in part of a sentence, is not 5. the same
necessarily indicative of the overall tone of the passage. 6. different from – Burden better conveys the idea; issue is more
Vocabulary Check B page 270 neutral.
1. f
2. d APPLY YOUR SKILLS
3. e
4. g Before You Read A page 280
5. b
2. Given the subject matter, the purpose is possibly not only to
6. c
inform but also to persuade. Therefore the tone will likely be
7. a
neutral and positive.
INTEGRATED SKILLS
1. Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Muslim-ruled southern Spain
USING DESCRIPTIVE IMAGERY 2. Africa: Djenné Mosque; Asia: Angkor Wat; The Americas:
Machu Picchu; Muslim-ruled southern Spain: the Alhambra
Exercise 4B page 275 Palace
A. 4 The overall tone is positive.
B. 2 3. Post-classical refers to the era in world history that corresponds
C. 7 to the Middle Ages in Europe. The period before this time
D. 1 was considered the classical period. As it was coming to an
E. 5 end, many empires (e.g., Greece and Rome) and societies
F. 3 disappeared, and new cultures and religions began to emerge.
G. 6 4. architecture

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Thinking Critically page 284 four different parts of the world: Africa, Asia, the Americas, and
2. mud bricks, timbers, sandstone, clay Muslim-ruled southern Spain. - metaphor
4. The terra-cotta color of the material gives the Djenné Mosque a
Thinking About Language page 285 deep orange glow in the sunlight. - imagery
1. In the West, there is a long and unfortunate tradition of 5. Four towers crown the top level of the temple, with a fifth
sidelining the art of non-European nations. – sports metaphor tower—the largest—in the center. –metaphor, imagery
2. However, art history during the centuries that coincided with 6. An almost endless number of decorative relief sculptures covers
the European Middle Ages (known in world history as the “post- the temple’s walls, towers, and roofs. - hyperbole
classical” period) reveals incomparable artistic accomplishments 7. The tops of the towers are sculpted in the shape of curved stone
in societies wholly separate from European medieval traditions. lotus flowers that pierce the sky. imagery
- hyperbole 8. Sophisticated stone drainage systems provided water to terraces
3. In this article, we will go on a brief around-the-world tour of that look like bright green steps cut into the mountainside.
four important post-classical achievements in architecture from imagery, simile

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Visuals Exercise 2C page 297

1. F - The ultimate objective of regenerative medicine is for the
UNIT PROFILE body to be capable of rejuvenating its own cells.
2. T
3. T
page 286 4. T
The article defines nanotechnology, and then explains how 5. F - Collagen and biodegradable plastic materials are two of the
nanomaterials are used in drug-delivery methods to fight cancer. many materials from which medical scaffolds are made.
6. T
CRITICAL THINKING SKILL 7. F - In some cases, tissue scaffolds have been used to create
natural organs.
UNDERSTANDING VISUALS
Exercise 1C page 292 1. illustration
1. T • As shown in Fig. 1
2. F - Polymers have a number of applications in the healthcare • Possible answers: As can be seen in Figure 1; As demonstrated in
industry, primarily in devices and materials inserted into the Figure 1; In Figure 1
body. 2. photo
3. F - Coronary stents become wider to facilitate blood flow to the • (see Fig. 2)
heart. • Possible answers: as displayed in Figure 2; as shown in
4. T Figure 2; Figure 2
5. F - Second-generation coronary stents differ from first- 3. photo
generation ones in that the former contain medicine. • as displayed in Figure 3
6. T
7. F - Bioresorbable stents are different from metal stents in that • Possible answers: as illustrated by the photo in Figure 3; as shown
the polymer materials that bioresorbable stents are made up of in the photo (see Fig. 3)
dissolve after about three years. 4. flowchart composed of illustrations
8. T • Figure 4 demonstrates; as depicted in the flowchart; as can be seen
in the third part of the image
Exercise 1D page 293 • Possible answers: Figure 4 demonstrates / represents / shows; The
Possible answers: flowchart in Figure 4 shows; As depicted / indicated in the image
1. an illustration and a flowchart Exercise 2E page 298
2. Possible answer: I looked at the visual before reading and when
there were textual references to them Possible answers:
3. Language used to refer to visuals: Paragraph 1: “(see Fig. 1)”; 1. Only one reference is used because the information in Figure 1
Paragraph 2: “As can be seen in the close-up detail of a stent in is intended to prepare the reader for the main topic of the
Figure 2” reading—scaffolds in regenerative medicine. More emphasis
No, this language does not describe the type of visual because is given to Figure 4 through textual references because it is the
“Figure X” is sufficient. main focus of the reading and a more complex visual.
4. Figure 1 shows that how in an angioplasty, the plaque is 2. Figure 3 shows a scaffold, a temporary structure built on the
compressed. Figure shows how the balloon is removed. outside of buildings to support workers and materials during
the building process.
Vocabulary Check B page 293 3. Figure X is used most often.
1. fleece
2. woven Vocabulary Check B page 299
3. in the works 1. malfunctioning
4. artery 2. transplanted
5. generation 3. scab
6. refined 4. spontaneously
7. vessels 5. ambitious
6. platform
7. stimuli
SUPPORTING SKILL 1 8. rejuvenate
UNDERSTANDING TEXTUAL REFERENCES TO
VISUALS

The reading explains regenerative medicine and discusses how
scaffolds are used in the process of tissue engineering.

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SUPPORTING SKILL 2 3. temporary: continuing for only a limited period of time

structure: something that has been built, especially something
INTERPRETING INFORMATION IN VISUALS large such as a building or bridge
support: to hold the weight of something, keep it in place, or
Exercise 3A page 302 prevent it from falling
The reading looks at the field of regenerative medicine and the 4. synthetic: made by combining different materials; not natural
growing increase in public and private investment in it. It explains polymer: See item 1
the process by which regenerative medicine therapies are approved. transplanted: relocated from one place to another
malfunctioning: operating poorly
5. nanomedicine: one-billionth part of something
1. c sensitive: reacting quickly or strongly to something
2. d
3. a Exercise 5C page 317
4. b 1. chronological
5. b 2. technical
6. c 3. malignant
7. a 4. intervened
8. d 5. deduct
6. thermometer
7. heartburn
1. healing 8. understood
2. trigger
3. marketable
4. fracture(s) APPLY YOUR SKILLS
5. composite
6. customizable Before You Read B page 318
1. Nanotechnology is the science of making and using extremely
INTEGRATED SKILLS small structures in medicine, electronics, etc.
2. Nanomaterials are small enough that they can deliver drugs
EXPLAINING INFORMATION IN VISUALS directly to the site of a cancerous tumor without negatively
affecting other areas of the body. Their release can be controlled
Exercise 4B page 311 more easily than that of traditional medicines.
Possible answer: 3. Nanomedicines specifically target tumor cells. They move
through the body’s systems, enter into the tumor, disintegrate,
3. The number of gene-therapy clinical trials a country sponsors
and release their drugs into the tumor.
correlates to some degree with the economic robustness of the
4. Light, temperature, and magnetic fields can activate
country. For example the United States, whose GDP (gross
nanomedicines. The choice depends on the specific type of
domestic product) is the largest in the world, leads with nearly
medicine used.
67 percent of all trials during this period. The EU has the next
largest GDP, and in fact France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Thinking About Language A page 323
Germany, and the UK combine to conduct approximately 2. Liposomes, for example, are like tiny, spherical bubbles, as
20 percent of trials. China, Japan, Canada, and Australia illustrated in Figure 3.
follow, reflecting their order in the world market. Surprisingly, 3. Dendrimers are somewhat branchlike in appearance, as shown
however, economic heavy hitters like India, Brazil, and South in Figure 4.
Korea don’t appear in this graphic. 4. As shown in Figure 2, the walls of the device are a woven mesh
Vocabulary Check B page 312 material.
5. As shown in Figure 1, this material is semirigid and holds its
1. To date
shape well despite being flexible and permeable.
2. robust
6. As demonstrated in Figure 2, the catheter is inserted into a
3. combat
blood vessel in the groin and threaded through the vessel until
4. Chronic
it reaches the heart.
5. innovative
7. A close-up of a hip replacement implant is depicted in Figure 3.
6. alter
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
RECOGNIZING GREEK, LATIN, AND GERMANIC
WORD ROOTS

1. generation: all the members of a group of things which have
been developed from a previous group
polymer: a large molecule formed from many smaller molecules
2. Regenerative: related to regrowth after having been damaged
rejuvenate: become young again

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P A R T 3 | EXTENDED READING
LINGUISTICS
Accent and Affect 3. The fronting of the back vowels is an element of what linguists
sometimes describe as the California vowel shift. Linguists
EXTENDED READING characterize this as a shift because speakers’ tongue positions
for these vowels are not stable over time, but instead shift from
Check What You’ve Learned Paragraphs 1–7 A backer to fronter.
page 330 4. Previous studies that have drawn a connection between vowel
pronunciation and affect have been limited in two respects.
1. The six aspects are age, gender, social class, race, political First, they have focused on the behavior of single individuals,
orientation, and expressions of affect. Expressions of affect are which constrains our ability to draw generalizations. Second,
less stable. they have not considered whether speakers are smiling when
2. It causes the vocal tract in front of the tongue to become shorter they are producing vowels with higher F2 values.
and the voice to resonate at a higher frequency, which produces
5. It is therefore unclear whether higher F2 values are simply
a higher second formant (F2).
automatic consequences of smiling, which speakers typically
3. Back vowels, such as those in goose, foot, and goat, are produced
do when expressing positive affect, or whether the connection
with the tongue in a fronter position. And the front lax vowels
between affect and vowel production is more fundamental.
are lowered. It is changing from one generation to the next.
6. The same pattern would not be expected in other varieties,
Each new generation produces vowels that are more fronted
especially ones associated with working-class toughness, as
than those produced by the generation before.
found in Eastern cities like Philadelphia and Pittsburgh.
4. The author cites two studies that provide evidence of speakers
who manipulated the F2 to create a more positive or negative Thinking About Language: Understanding
affect. Structures Used for Hedging page 336
5. This is a statement of opinion. The author uses the subjective
1. I will show that speakers produce stronger California accents
adjective limited and the verb constrains, which communicates a
when they are smiling and suggest the value of thinking about
subjective attitude. The author is explaining these limitations in
regional accents in terms of their potential to signal affect.
order to point out why further research is needed. We know this
2. That smiles are hearable can be attributed, at least in part, to the
because in Paragraph 7 he explains how the study he and his
fact that the physical act of smiling has acoustic consequences.
colleagues conducted addressed these limitations.
3. Another important element of the California vowel shift is the
Check What You’ve Learned Paragraphs 8–14 A lowering (and to some extent, retraction) of the front lax vowels.
page 334 4. The front vowels of English are typically divided into tense
vowels and lax vowels.
6. Vowels that were produced while smiling produced a higher F2.
5. The laboratory was staged like a living room (to encourage
7. F1 is related to the length of the back cavity, while F2 is related
relatively unguarded conversation), but had the acoustical
to the length of the front cavity. F1 is not affected by the
specifications of a sound-recording booth (so that high-quality
physical act of smiling. This is significant because a shift in F1
audio recordings could be collected).
while smiling shows there is a connection between affect and
6. At a minimum, it appears that the range of meanings that
the vowels pronounced in the Western shift.
accents can communicate must expand to include affect. I
8. F1 is higher when speakers move their bodies more. Body
would also like to suggest the value of thinking about regional
movement correlates to emotional arousal. This shows that a
accents in terms of their affective valences.
shift in vowels is connected to affect.
7. It is quite possible that the shifted vowels of these accents
9. These results suggest that accents can communicate affect.
correlate with expressions of negative affect, exhibiting opposite
10. The author is suggesting that burnouts are rewarded in their
patterns from those presented here for California. And of
social group for speaking in a way that produces negative affect.
course, Southern English might pattern differently still, as a
11. This quote supports the idea that we don’t usually express our
warm, friendly affect underlies many of this region’s character
emotions directly through language, but instead we signal our
types, including the Southern belle, and even more negative
emotions in indirect ways, such as through our accent.
representations, such as the redneck.
Thinking Critically page 335 8. In probably all speech communities, emotions can be described
(e.g., I hate him) although such overt avowals in the first person
Possible answer:
are likely to be associated with rather marked situations.
Speakers can also signal affect through volume, speed, and
intonation of speech. For example, speaking more loudly, quickly,
and with rise and fall in intonation can signal excitement.
Thinking About Language: Understanding
Pro-Forms page 335
1. Smiles can convey a variety of affective stances, and even
though they vary in terms of their sincerity, foundational work
in psychology has illustrated that they are conventionally used
to communicate positive affect.
2. When the front tube shortens, like it does during a smile, the
F2 is higher. Compare a piccolo to a flute; the former is higher
(resonates at a higher frequency) because it is shorter.

lOMoARcPSD|2935381
P A R T 3 | Extended Reading
BUSINESS ETHICS
Sustaining Values Thinking About Language: Simplifying Complex

Sentences page 349
EXTENDED READING 1. Wall Street firms were creating risky investments.
They created risky investments by fashioning and selling (and
Check What You’ve Learned Paragraphs 1–5 A buying) financial products that packaged subprime mortgages.
page 342 The subprime mortgages had been sold to low-income real
1. In 2007 Goldman Sachs was selling risky investments while estate buyers.
misleading investors and profiting from their losses. Goldman The subprime mortgages were often sold with little or no
made billions of dollars in earnings, and then they were paid documentation.
$10 billion in taxpayer paid bailout money when the market 2. Blankfein as CEO will be operating within a particular
collapsed in 2008. At the same time, millions of American worldview.
properties went into foreclosure, and more than 10 percent One worldview is “economic man,” who pursues self-interest
of Americans became unemployed as a result of the Great single-mindedly in a free market.
Recession. The free market maximizes the distribution of goods and
2. The author quotes what Bernanke said when testifying before a services through the “invisible hand.”
government committee in 2007. The author then mentions that The “invisible hand” was referenced by economist Adam Smith.
Bernanke was a tenured professor of economics at Princeton Another worldview is of an American citizen trying to uphold
University and was an expert on the Great Depression. This legal rights of life, liberty, and property for all.
detail implies that even though Bernanke was highly qualified to Another worldview is of a nationalist trying to put America first
predict the upcoming crisis, he did not do so. and make the United States most competitively successful in the
world.
Check What You’ve Learned Paragraphs 6–10 A Another worldview is of a religious person.
page 345 The religious person thinks first about the plight of “widows
3. He should consider the Potter’s Box tool to facilitate ethical and orphans” or operates with a “preferential option for the
decision in four quadrants: facts, loyalties, principles (mode of poor.”
ethical reasoning), and values (worldview). There are a number of other possible worldviews.
4. Goldman Sachs’s stakeholders include clients, stockholders, 3. The “economic man” worldview was used.
employees, the financial industry, homeowner mortgagors There was a stated loyalty priority: clients’ interests came first.
or borrowers, government regulators, taxpayers who provide After clients’ interests were those of government regulators.
bailout money, and the country and world beyond if Goldman’s Employees were expected to fulfill specific duties.
actions lead to major recession or depression. They fulfilled their duties with new training and performance
5. Values / Worldview is the most important because this can reviews.
impact the other quadrants: It can “skew” understanding of the The training and performance reviews related to clients and to
facts or determine which facts are considered, set up priorities legality.
for stakeholder loyalty, and influence the mode of reasoning The training and performance reviews provided clarity and
used. transparency about the type of client and product.
6. The author is implying that we operate with a worldview They provided clarity and transparency about avoidance of
though we may not be conscious of it. conflict of interest.
Check What You’ve Learned Paragraphs 11–17 A Thinking About Language: Understanding Noun
page 347 Clauses page 350
7. The efforts made by Blankfein to create a positive corporate O 1. Let us work through each of them to analyze how Lloyd
ethical climate within Goldman Sachs failed to address some Blankfein might be helped in sorting out his thinking.
key concerns that would have been revealed had he used Potter’s S 2. First, it is unclear how much factual analysis was undertaken of
Box to guide his decision making. past ethical violations by the firm.
8. The themes were 1) a higher standard of client care; 2) O 3. Harvard ethicist Ralph Potter some 50 years ago created what is
reputational awareness; and 3) individual and collective now affectionately known as “Potter’s Box” as a tool to facilitate
responsibility, including employee training programs. ethical decision making.
9. clients (shareholders) and government regulators O, OP 4. First, in relation to facts, Blankfein needs to know exactly
10. The author is suggesting that the effort to make changes what his employees did, and may be continuing to do, and who
at Goldman Sachs was not strong, and as a result, some knew or knows about it at what point.
considerations were missed. O 5. He created a business Standards Committee to “ensure that
11. The stakeholders mentioned include the nation, “Main Street,” the firm’s business standards and practices are of the highest
the world, and the homeowners whose mortgages were quality; that they meet or exceed the expectations of ... clients,
packaged and sold by Goldman Sachs. The author implies that other stakeholders, and regulators; and that they contribute to
investment banks should consider the effects of their actions on overall financial stability and economic opportunity.
many other stakeholders who are impacted by their business
decisions, not just shareholders.

lOMoARcPSD|2935381
EARTH SCIENCE
Climate and scientists must gather information about different regions across
time and fit them together in order to understand how they
impact the entire planet, just as you might fit together different
Environmentalism pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
EXTENDED READING 7. The first principle is that the further back in time you go, the
less you know. The second principle is that we don’t have a
direct measurement of the past. As a result, climate scientists
Check What You’ve Learned Paragraphs 1–13 A
must rely on proxy records to deduce past climate conditions.
page 358 8. A proxy is a substitute measurement for something you
1. Climate is a complex system, and the study of paleoclimate can actually want to measure. Proxies for different regions of Earth
help us to understand the “internal workings” of the climate that contribute to understanding climate in the distant past. The
will help to inform our decisions about climate change. proxies described in the passage are tree rings, ice cores, corals,
2. It wasn’t until the 20th century that we developed global cave deposits, and sediment cores.
coverage of weather stations and other climate monitoring 9. The author states that the research that has been done offers
systems. This short period of climate coverage makes it hard to insights into fundamental processes and suggests that it will “stir
understand climate change in the distant past. your imagination” to pursue future research.
3. The Milankovitch cycles predict the year-to-year timing of 10. In the author’s opinion, ENSO is an extremely important factor
when Earth is exposed to energy from the sun. There are also in year-to-year climate variability. The author provides the
occasional abrupt events that can “kick off a series of feedbacks” examples of hurricane activity, pandemics, monsoon strength,
that contribute to ice-sheet advance and retreat. crop yields, fish catch, forest fires, and “a range of climate
4. This suggests that climate change is a real problem that we face extremes.”
today.
5. Teleconnections are the processes by which different parts of
Thinking Critically page 365
the ocean-atmosphere system communicate over distances. The Possible answer:
study of paleoclimate records from around the globe helps us to Sediment cores can reveal ash layers that indicate past volcanic
understand all of the teleconnections acting across time. activity. Examining tree rings from that period could reveal changes
Check What You’ve Learned Paragraphs 14–25 A in temperature or precipitation during that period. Studying corals
page 364 could reveal changes in ocean temperatures at the time.
6. The “puzzle” refers to understanding all of the “teleconnections
acting across time” as mentioned in Paragraph 13.
Understanding teleconnections is like a jigsaw puzzle because
Thinking Visually B page 365

Possible answers:
Paleoclimate Location Method for Gathering Information Provided Advantages / Disadvantages
Archive (Proxy / Examining
Record)
Tree rings Different regions Examining rings from Each ring can provide Advantage: Trees grow for
trees that have been cut information about the climate hundreds or thousands of years, so
conditions of the year in which measuring rings can put together
the tree grew. history that spans centuries
Ice cores Cold locations Collecting ice cores Composition of atmosphere Disadvantage: Only found in
such as from ice sheets and in the past: concentration regions cold enough to have ice
Greenland or examining bubbles of greenhouse gases, and year-round
Antarctica that contain pockets of variations in the chemistry of
ancient atmosphere molecules that indicate the
annual temperatures
Corals Seawater Examining calcium Changes in geochemistry are Advantage: Useful for
carbonate deposits correlated with fluctuations in understanding frequency and
(similar to tree rings) temperature and salinity strength of changes associated
with El Niño
Cave deposits Caves, such as Examine speleothems Long-term variations in Advantages: Protected from
in China strength of monsoons erosion and have stable
temperatures, and located in
tropics and midlatitudes
Sediment cores Freshwater Examining sequences Contain numerous indicators; Advantages: Information about
lakes or oceans of mud, silt, sand, and for example, ash layers from volcanic eruptions are important for
other geological material volcanic eruptions in the past understanding the past chemistry
present in depositional of the atmosphere and incoming
basins solar radiation

lOMoARcPSD|2935381
Thinking About Language: Recognizing Relative Active voice is used to focus on the purpose of the Milankovitch
Clauses for Definition page 366 theory and to explain how the Earth moves around the sun.
Passive voice is used in the third clause because the focus is on
1. The majority of incoming solar radiation, which is all of the the name of the variations rather than on who has named them.
energy on Earth that is derived from the sun, is concentrated
at the tropics and becomes more diffuse as you move poleward 3. When we look (active) at the climate system on time
from the equator. scales of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years,
2. Milankovitch cycles, named after the Serbian scientist Milutin glacial-interglacial cycles are partially explained (passive) by
Milankovitch, describe small variations in the way Earth Milankovitch cycles.
revolves around the sun. The first clause is in active voice to focus on our examination of
3. The advance and retreat of ice sheets, which scientists refer to the climate system. Passive voice is used in the second clause to
as glacial-interglacial cycles, are only partially explained by the keep the focus on the glacial-interglacial cycles rather than the
Milankovitch cycles. Milankovitch cycles.
4. The goal of climate science is to understand internal 4. There are (active) periods where Earth undergoes (active)
mechanisms and teleconnections, which are processes by which climate transitions at rates much faster than what can be
different parts of the ocean-atmosphere system communicate explained (passive) by Milankovitch theory alone.
over vast distances. The first two clauses are in active voice to focus on the periods
5. Proxy records are measurements that substitute for things you of climate transition. The third clause is in passive voice to focus
actually want to measure. on the explanation for that rather than on the Milankovitch
6. Speleothems, which are cave deposits such as stalagmites and theory.
stalactites, offer important advantages. 5. Ice cores are (active) especially useful when they are collected
Thinking About Language: Understanding (passive) from large ice sheets like those that are found (passive)
Passive and Active Voice page 366 on Greenland or the Antarctic continent.
The first clause is in active voice to focus on the ice cores. The
1. Collectively these sources of energy are known (passive) as fossil second two clauses are written in passive voice to keep the focus
fuels, and when we ignite (active) fossil fuels, we release (active) on the ice cores rather than those who collect or find them.
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Passive voice is used in the first clause to keep the focus on 6. However, the research that has been done (passive) globally
fossil fuels. The second two clauses focus on the human role in offers (active) insight into fundamental processes, …
burning fossil fuels and releasing greenhouse gases. The main clause is in active voice to focus on the research. The
dependent relative clause is in passive voice to keep that focus
2. Simply put, the Milankovitch theory describes (active) small rather than on those who have done the research.
variations in the way Earth revolves (active) around the sun.
Collectively these are called (passive) orbital variations.

lOMoARcPSD|2935381
MEDIEVAL CULTURE
Medieval Feasting for dancing and drinking might have been performed at courtly
gatherings in the 12th and 13th centuries.”
EXTENDED READING 10. The lines “willingly I would fight with you” and “I would
compete with you to be a good drinker” mention competing by
Check What You’ve Learned (Paragraphs 1–8) A fighting and drinking.
page 375 Thinking Critically page 380
1. Feasts were a way for participants (nobility) of the region to Possible answer:
celebrate their shared values of feudal culture and show their
loyalty to a ruler, and for a ruler to demonstrate his generosity Today, weddings, state dinners, business and sports banquets, as well
and temperance and affirm his authority over the guests. They as religious celebrations are still held to accomplish similar goals.
also were a way to “negotiate social relations” (Paragraph 1). Though the food, music, and rituals may be different, many of these
2. Historians can learn about feasting in the Middle Ages through events are lavish affairs involving food and entertainment as a way
chronicles and romances (for example, Flamenca), musical of bringing people together to celebrate shared values or to promote
compositions (“I Have Never Seen Her Like”), and images causes. For example, weddings often involve religious ceremonies,
(the image of from the Grandes Chroniques de France, music, singing, and dancing as ways to celebrate the union of two
c. 1375–1380). people and two families.
3. Minstrels were performers who sang, played instruments, and Thinking Visually B page 381
entertained by doing physical tumbling and tricks.
4. The “ostensible purpose” for the feast was so Philip and others Possible answers:
could take crusading vows. According to the author, “a more People / Roles Purposes or Goals at the
practical reason” was that the feast allowed Philip “to assert his
Objects Feast
control over the nobility of his territories and create a unified
community.” This was an unstated purpose that served a Charles V of Host Motivate guests for war;
political function. France affirm shared social
5. The entremets included an “elaborate set” that included a values of feudal culture;
costume of “luxurious materials” and “culinary inventions.” demonstrate his generosity
These would have demonstrated the generosity of the ruler and and temperance
created a “sumptuous affair.” The performances “moved among Charles IV Guest Show allegiance to host;
the audience,” creating a moving theater “probably interacting Wenceslaus actively engage
with various audience members in different ways.” This would
have been a way to involve the guests and celebrate their shared Minstrels Entertainers Provide musical and
values and social relationships. theatrical entertainment
Check What You’ve Learned (Paragraphs 9–17) A Boat Theatrical Create a moving spectacle
page 379 element in a
play about
6. Eating, drinking, listening to musical performances, and the siege of
watching and participating in performances and visual Jerusalem
spectacles engaged all of the senses. The purpose, according
to the author, was to affirm the values of an elite class, to Tablecloth with Political Combine statesmanship
encourage political or religious causes, and to create shared fleur-de-lys, symbols with entertainment and
experiences. heraldry on boat culinary pleasure
7. The singer, or “lover,” demonstrates loyalty to a lady through Servants Serve food / Provide culinary pleasure
song. This “civilizes” him in that he “dedicates himself to a drink
worthy ideal in the form of a lady,” aspiring to better himself
through his art. Thinking About Language: Understanding
8. Polyphonic songs were produced by using multiple voices.
Combined with the visual effect of the boy on the stag, the
Language Associated with Chronology
voices coming from the stag “would have solicited wonder” page 381
and contributed to the “multisensory celebration.” 1. era
(Paragraph 11) 2. at the turn of the
9. The author does not know for sure but infers that these songs 3. lead up
were performed. The author uses hedging: “One cannot rule 4. Simultaneously
out the possibility that more popular songs might have been 5. By the close of the century
performed at events … ” and “we can guess that popular songs 6. Over the course of time,

lOMoARcPSD|2935381
Thinking About Language: Recognizing

Figurative Language page 382
Text from Reading Type of Figurative
Language
1. As if to temper the pleasurable imagery
concoction of music and pageantry personification
taking place in the banquet hall,
the motet emerging from the
church after the singing of the stag
reminds its audience about the
moral and spiritual intentions for the
assemblage.
2. Your very great sweetness awakens personification
my spirit and touches my eye, my
heart, and that I can rightly say, since
it disposes me to serve you.
3. This kind of courtly service “civilizes” symbolism
the lover in that he dedicates himself
to a worthy ideal in the form of a lady,
and aspires to better himself morally
through artistic prowess.
4. During the time of such feasts, personification
people believed that the diverse
polyphonic sound of multiple voices
recalled the classical tradition of
the banquet that celebrated music
making and dining as a multisensory
celebration of the senses, one that
cultivated knowledge, intellectual
community, and morals coming
together at the feasting table.
5. In thinking about this urban simile
“soundscape” (Dillon 88) in
relation to the feasting songs, it
is important to note that like the
courtly representations of Flamenca
and Feast of the Pheasant, such
songs drew from their environments
and are echoes of live, improvised
performances in particular court or
urban settings, with various actors
and artificial inventions.

lOMoARcPSD|2935381
Polymers: Regenerative could become brittle and crack if they were too cold. One way to
test them would be by heating them. This would reveal how they
would behave under hot temperatures and to determine how they
Medicine would behave over a longer period of time. Scientists could also test
EXTENDED READING the materials by exposing them to cold temperatures to find out how
brittle the materials would become.
Check What You’ve Learned (Paragraphs 1–7) A Thinking About Language: Understanding
page 388 Modifiers page 394
1. Polymers are a class of materials that are long, chain-like 1. In the second case (prepositional phrase to distinguish which
molecules that are constantly in motion. case is being discussed)
2. If you stretch gum slowly, the molecular chains have time to abruptly (adverb to describe how the gum snaps)
disentangle. If you pull the gum apart quickly, the molecular into two pieces (prepositional phrase to describe how the gum
chains do not have time to slide past one another and remain snaps)
knotted. The tension on the individual chains causes them to
snap and break apart in a brittle manner. as you pull your hands apart quickly (adverb clause to describe
3. Stirring the mixture slowly causes it to act compliantly, and it the cause of the snapping).
behaves like a liquid. Stirring it quickly causes it to act stiffly, 2. In both instances (prepositional phrase to indicate that both
and it behaves like a solid. cases are being discussed)
4. The concentrated mixture is named after a strange substance exact same (adjectives to describe molecules)
called “oobleck” in a children’s story. It is named after oobleck in very differently (adverbs to describe the behavior of the
Dr. Seuss’s story because it is also a strange substance. molecules)
5. If a person stopped running, the oobleck would become
depending on their conditions (participial phrase to describe
compliant, and the person would sink into the oobleck and get
the different behavior of the molecules)
stuck in it. This is because the polymer chains in the oobleck
would have time to disentangle, making the oobleck behave like 3. slowly (adverb to modify pull)
a liquid. sufficient (adjective to modify time)
Check What You’ve Learned (Paragraphs 8–15) A to slide past each other and become disentangled (infinitive
phrase to modify the chains)
page 392
4. on the individual chains (prepositional phrase to describe the
6. Thermal energy is created as molecules heat up. They move tension)
more quickly, and their chemical bonds vibrate and rotate faster. to snap and break apart (infinitive phrase to describe what the
When polymer chains are heated, the molecules move more tension causes the chains to do)
quickly and require less time to move past one another and
distentangle. This makes them more likely to be ductile. in a brittle manner (prepositional phrase to describe how the
7. When gum is cold, the molecules move more slowly, and the chains break apart)
chains need more time to move. The chains remain tangled, 5. chemical (adjective to describe bonds)
which makes it more difficult to stretch the gum, and it faster (adverb to describe how the bonds vibrate and rotate)
becomes more stiff and brittle. When gum is warmed, the resulting in a more molecular motion (participial phrase to
molecules move more quickly, and the polymer chains slide describe what happens to the chemical bonds)
past one another to disentangle. This allows the gum to be more
easily deformed and stretched. 6. For this reason (prepositional phrase to link the sentence to the
8. The concept of time-temperature superposition refers to the previous sentence and introduce it as an effect)
fact that the effects of time and temperatures on a polymeric made from polymeric materials (participial phrase to describe
material are similar. This is useful for materials scientists and objects)
engineers because it is possible to test a material at warmer suggested (adjective to describe temperature range)
temperatures over shorter periods of time to determine how a over which they should be used (adjective clause to describe
material will behave over a long period of time. temperature range)
9. The author mentions the temperature at the time of the launch
of the space shuttle Challenger because it was colder than any Thinking About Language: Understanding the
other temperature on record for a space shuttle launch. This Use of Passive Voice in Research Writing
low temperature caused the O-rings on the rocket boosters to page 394
become stiff and brittle and unable to seal in the gases.
10. This statement implies that the system did not allow safety 1. are held
concerns to be expressed efficiently. If a system had been in 2. can be thought of
place, safety concerns could have been been communicated and 3. is (sometimes) referred to
the disaster avoided. 4. is placed
5. was propelled
Thinking Critically page 393 6. must be made
Possible answer: 7. was grounded
8. would be designed
Seat covers would need to be ductile enough to conform to the shape
of the seat and to move when you sit on them. They would need to
be designed for any extreme weather conditions of the area where
the car is used. If they get too hot, they could melt, whereas they

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lOMoARcPSD|2935381

University ADVANCED LEVEL

P A R T 1 | Fundamental Reading Skills

Active Reading SUPPORTING SKILL 1

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P A R T 1 | Fundamental Reading Skills

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SUPPORTING SKILL 2 Exercise 4B page 49

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APPLY YOUR SKILLS Thinking Critically page 57

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P A R T 1 | Fundamental Reading Skills

3. refers to long-term √ 2. greenhouse gases Paragraph 2: gases that trap heat

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SUPPORTING SKILL 2 Exercise 4B page 80

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Before You Read B page 85

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P A R T 1 | Fundamental Reading Skills

Reading Fluency Vocabulary Check B page 100

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VOCABULARY STRATEGY Thinking Critically page 122

APPLY YOUR SKILLS

Before You Read B page 119

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P A R T 1 | Fundamental Reading Skills

Research Articles SUPPORTING SKILL 1

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Thinking Visually A page 155

Thinking About Language page 156

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P A R T 2 | Critical Thinking Skills

Facts and Opinions 2. Opinions:

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Exercise 3C page 173 Vocabulary Check B page 183

Exercise 3D page 175

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Thinking Visually page 192

Thinking About Language page 193

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P A R T 2 | Critical Thinking Skills

Implication and Inference Exercise 2B page 202

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Exercise 3D page 209 Vocabulary Check B page 210

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P A R T 2 | Critical Thinking Skills

Cause, Effect, and Classical / Correlational Natural Anthropogenic

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Exercise 2D page 234 Vocabulary Check B page 240

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APPLY YOUR SKILLS Thinking About Language page 253

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P A R T 2 | Critical Thinking Skills

Author’s Purpose and Tone 6.

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6. T Exercise 4C page 275

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P A R T 2 | Critical Thinking Skills

Visuals Exercise 2C page 297

Exercise 2A page 295