a Motivation CHAPTER MOTIVATION Scanned with CamScannerSl ( Motivation Gurukul CA A. Concept of Motivation Motivation is the technique of managerial practice to increase the vitae Thee Fema to work efficiently and effectively to achieve goal in dynamic environment. ry Betting things ¢ willingly by other. According to Stephen Robbins, and persistence of effort towards Key clements in motivation are: 1. Efforts: - Motivation is done to energize the effort 2. Goal:- Effort is directed to goal achievement 3+ Needs: Motivation is need satisfying process Characteristics 1. Psychological | Motivation is needs '8 Process. Here need is the internal aspect of human, So, process Motivation is psychological process. 2. Complex and | Needs and a re of the human are unlimited and changed according 16 situation and Predictable environment. So, futur ire requirement cannot be forecasted & Motivating technique cannot be determined in advance, 3. Situational Motivation is situational Le changes according to situation. It differ from person to person, 4. Dynamic time to time. ‘5S. Intrinsic or Motivation may be self-generated (intrinsic) or generated by external incentive such as ‘money extrinsic (extrinsic) 6. Positive or Motivation may be positive or negative, Pos Negative performance. And negative is based on the pur performance, a 7. Goal-oriented — | Motivation involves efforts to achieve goals a 8. Continuous Motivation is a continuous process. Individuals have many needs, When one need is satistod” Process another emerges. Mo. 9. Pervasive Motivation is the task of all levels of managers. All managers need to motivate suboraS fo higher productivity Process of Motivation 1. Unsatisfied Need is the starting point of th motivation. There are unlimited needs. of human. So, there may need satisfying his need. They causes tension withis Tension 3. Managerial action motivate staff. 4. Goal tis satisfying the need and motives. It can be through achievement 5. Feedback Its collecting information from performance of empl ensure effectiveness of managerial action, It defines ho Scanned with CamScannerMotivation tion is important in understanding em| Mp behave as they do. Then, they ve p Ployee behavior at work, M anager MOE A direction o beg ne UMertand why lor directs or guides the worker actions in desired direction for accomplis| ines re manager ion. aati sone of important element in directing process, By maa 7 ie goal of ‘Motivated employee feel sense of belongingness and Pride in staying in organization They ‘ | economies resoure of organization. This, motion hep raenion ah ba Motivation is important for employee commitment. It leads | to Increased employee loyalty Better employee discipline, Reduced rate of accident Reduced absenteeism Low employee turnover ‘Motivated employee are creative and innovative. The 'y can easily adapt to chi z| peice ai ‘0 changing » Changing management is facilitated. Creativity is | Motivated employee work more willingly to productivity. They are more productive in term o ‘performance, Further if rewards are tied to performance productivity will increase largely. must understand motivation for higher producti ted employees are quality oriented. They give best at work. They look Tor better ways of ‘job. They minimize scrap & waste for efficiency. Thus, total quality management is by motivation, Wy Abraham Maslow. This theory advocated that human behavior is motivated by needs. chy of needs and an individual always tries to fulfill lower level and basic needs than of the lower levels need are fulfilled they are no longer motivating factors and higher level basic needs that are vital to survival such as need for water, air, food, ome secondary until these physiological nceds are met. oyment, health insurance, safety from economic crisis, ete. fulfill fulfillment phy re n ssiological needs and security ape pee. fulfill social needs. h, social recognition, prestige, status, etc. needs. They can be fulfilled by providing Scanned with CamScannerGurukul Ca 1. Thee lashicw needs first . isa ng ae c hierarchy of needs. coreeke tees presting st before higher order Actualization) can be met 5. Unfold needs intuence human behavior in organizations. Satisfied needs do not moti Contribution ‘ J+ I helps to understand human needs and take necessary decisions to motivate them. 2 erent needs which are defined by Maslow ae igh portant not only ino 3. Motivation isthe result of fulfillment of unfiled needs and motives 4. This very simple and practicable to motivate employees. 5. Italso explains that when lower level needs are fulfilled higher level needs replace is not universal Italso ignores dynamic change of environment and situational change + Itis difficult to understand human behavior + Italso ignores happiness in life and mental peace + Behavior of employs is not result of only needs and desire but can be result of p 2. ‘This theory was given by Herzberg, He analyzed the job attitude of the 200 accountant Subject of his study to think of time when they felt especially good and especially bad to describe condition that caused those feeling. Affer this research, he suggested a two-step approach for understanding employee According to him, people work in environment, where in two kind of factor exist. And a Hygiene factor: It is related to job context, based on the business need to avoid helpful in creating healthy work atmosphere. They are: 1. Company policy and administration 2. Working condition ‘Wage, salaries and other financial remuneration Job security . Interrelationship with superior, peer and subordinate, . Personal life at workplace Status at workplace ‘These factors are essential to maintain the zero level or minimum level of adequate prevent dissatisfaction to employee i.e. don’t motivate them. And. there which lead to absenteeism, grievance, and employee turnover, : Motivation Factor: These are factor related to the job content on the basis of growth. These factor helps in making employee hard working. These includes: Scanned with CamScannerMotivation a S employee work doesn’t lead to the dissatisfaction, gested two step application of this ‘remove hygiene factor that cause di d increase motivation factor that cai theory, issatisfaction use satisfaction, stand the two factor present in work environment ie. hs, ze, preventing ob dissatisaction and enhance satisfaction oe BCU ad Motivating factor that job dissatisfaction isnot, the opposite of job satstaction only the motivating factor job redesign for the motivation for motivating the professional employees, limited experiment i.e. based on only 200 accou ctive for professional employees tor as the hygiene factor of one could be motivating for other. It to motivate without considering financi intant and engineer. onneed. Maslow’s theory describes the hierarchy of need and the Herzberg’s theory describe n and preventing dissatisfaction. And Herzberg theory fits the Maslow’s theory other in following cases j : fulfilled needs motivate the employee. And only one type of need are operational at a time, iggest that the only higher order need motivate, And all the needs are operational at a time. 152 Scanned with CamScannerOO —_—_—_—— Gurukul Ca, x a was developed ‘Doug! ‘explained that nature of techniques las MeGregor, This theory ex" employees, hl och ‘may not be applicable. He explains the following two ‘Theory X ‘This theory represents the traditional approach toward work and workers. The assumptions. 8) Employees are inherently lazy and will tend to avoid work if they can. 2 Employees need to be controled to et the job done, They ay eee ©) Employees avoid responsibility. They seek formal direction by superior: 4) Most employees have little cama he creativity in solving organizational problems, ©) Employees seek security above all. They display little ambition and initiative. Theory X is pessimistic, static, rigid and control-oriented. It presents negative view of Persuade, reward, punish, contro! and direct employees. ‘Theory Y ‘This represents the new approach towards work and workers. The assumptions are: 8) Employees view work as a natural activity like play of rest. ») Employees exercise self-direction and self-control when committed to objectives, ©) Employees want to learn new things for self-development. They lean to accept ® Employees also have capacity for ¢ limited to managers. ©) Employees should be given freedom in doing work. Greater freedom and challen initiatives for employees. heory Y is optimistic, dynamic and flexible. It emphasizes self-control and direction. It goals with organizational goals. It presents a positive view of people. 4 People’s commitment to work is influenced by assumptions managers make about peop heory Y assumptions to get people’s commitment to work. Theory X assumptions don ‘Theory Y. ked and avoided Liked and acc Managerial contro! needed s Employees seeks formal supervision by supervisors Security-oriented Resisted Scanned with CamScannerTris the formal involvement of employees and sub- involves collecting, analyzing the views, opinion, Suggestion, etc. while goal, etc. : 1, It provides feeling of belongingness, recognition, 2. It fulfills social and esteem need of employee, can be participated by following techniques J. Suggestion scheme: this involve encouraging employees t i problem. Acceptable suggestion are rewarded. ton Pe + a eee 2, Joint Consultation: In this technique, joi red ee location Int Committee or task force is for med with the g member from the management and employee. All the member ‘exchange ideas ad ae a i Ordinates in the decis; ton making process. formulating plan, policies, acceptance, achievement ted or interrelated j formal supervision such formed team is encoura eae 4, Total Quality management/Quality Circle It is Japanese technique where small efficiency and to solve work related 5, Board Member There is provision of appointing member from employees in board or representative of employees in the executive committee to express information and vi in meeting. 6. Share ownership In this employees are offered ownership of organization by encouraging them to purchase share. Now, they are not only employees but also owner. They share profit. So, they perform all activities not on the basis of feeling employees. Iris another most important motivational factor. This fulfill the physiological, safety as well as psychological needs. Further, it is important incentive for workers in Nepal To be effective motivator, money payment should be linked with the performance. If pay is contingent upon performance, it will motivate for high level of effort. manage themselves without ged, and rewarded on team performance group of workers are created to im; ity to i prove quality to increase problem by them. Approved suggestion are implemented. jews of employees directly Money incentives may be further classified as following: 1. Individual monetary incentive 2. Group Monetary Incentive. “it integrate the individual needs with the productivity. Thus, Job redesign motivate the employees by ‘affecting quality of work life (QWL). QWL changes perception of employee toward job. So, important motivation technique. ign includes limpet sina ication: complex job is break down into smaller task. It leads to more station: It is allowing employee from one job to another. This expose people to the Sensis one oa F mn advantages of work /. For example, before Dee aiyac ionge ing activities but also performs only performs packing activities but also ps : Se soaeey and labeling the burgers. Many employees say that ployees fee! that job enlargement expansion of job. Scanned with CamScannerSchedule: 4. Modified Top Zz the number o 0 Jo nent is an increase in tiecines soy ana mm Psychologists including Frederick Herzberg ite an SE they are quickly bored. Simple oH aay nei Cuan hologists such as Herzberg, Maslo Y Soiven from theie work activities is work sctleranag an ‘successfully and the recognition of success tat or the se that they have. Job enrichment tries to manage dissatisfactios work, itis vertical expansion of job _ Modified work schedule can be used a8 moiiaion aie This Flextime: Allowing employees to select their w ; 2. Compressed work week allowing full time job to be completed in es hours week Job sharing: Allowing two or more employee share the job over a useful for part-time employees. Telecommuting: work arrangement that allows at least a portion x 4, 5. Behavior Modification Completed outside of office i.e. Work at home. "uses positive reinforcement to motivate workers 10 engage In Gesh 8) Identity desired behaviors to be reinforced. The acceptable defined in specific goals. Measure existing level of performance. Performance audit ¢ Purpose. Employee records also provide feedback about p dentify existing consequences of performance. Develop and administer an intervention strategy. Perf make the desired performance more rewarding. ene ee ee ae) ee b) °) a) 6. MBO (Management. by-Objectives) toe Other incentive Ivis another motivational technique. Here individual's major responsibilities © Sub-ordinate’s per d._ Reward are linked to goal achievement, + Congenial work condition Helping attitude of management Delegating authority ‘unity for advancement 01 Bement to self-development & Career develo Scanned with CamScannerSIPOD "8 SPOON “L woneaIsIPOW soIAYDE °S ‘SOINPSYOS 10M PEYLPON Y UBISapry GO “E KQUOW “T asuEyD “9 uoyedioned “1 uopeanow Buyaoaduny yo sonbiaysa,. “> paptoay | uodsoy “t Aaooyy 3199229, Snausdns pu A1oay mosey usemoq UostAedu0D, ; cease up | &q uoistasodns + mOnAGenms “HIPS SOSIDI9X9 Teurs0} 84905 uo an woneZTEMoE 9S “S$ saaxopduag | sookojdurg | wood “¢ coonaacey ‘spoau woos, Mi ;Pa|]ONUOD-FIEs | PSpasu [OsUOS s spooujeioog *¢ aue saaxojdurg jeusSeuey | [onU0D °z spaau Argyeg “ZT paidasoe Papione syiom SurBuateya “s pu saad ‘iourodns spaou jeo1Bojorskyd “1 pur poxt pur powiisia | HOM“ praia’ Te icornese oe FPSO ASTI | ‘A M1094. 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Point out the different Ghinious of improving motivation and explain the technique of Participation Importance of Motivation [3 Marks, June 2018, 3 Marks, December 2013) Importance of motivation Social Needs of Maslow. [3 Marks, December 2019] Motivation-hygiene theory. [June 2018, 3 marks] What are the five levels of needs based on the hierarchy of need theory? [3 Marks, Theory X and Theory Y [3 Marks, December 2013] e Suggest some techniques that help managers for improving motivation. | Marks, December 2015) What do you mean by the term job enlargement [3 marks, June 2017] Job enlargement and enrichment [3 Marks, June 2013] 1) Motivation is the act of ............. employees. a. Inspiring b. Directing . Controlling 4. Suggesting . Punishes employees b. Maintains employee © Induces employee for better performance 4, Gives rewards to employees 3) Motivation isa... .. satisfying process. a. Prestige b. Need c. Goal d. Behavior 4) Which one is the component of motivation process? a. Psychology b, Sociology ¢. Tension 4d. Frustration 5) Key elements in motivation are a. Effort b. Goals c. Need 4. All of above 6) Which one is not key element of motivation? a. Effort b. Need ©. Goal . Status, Scanned with CamScannerMotivation cessary for effective motivation of employee wis b. Plan 4d. None b. Inner d. All of above b. Situational d. Corrective decision _ motivation is generated by incentives & money. b. External d. None of above Motivation is self-generated b. Extrinsic 4. All of above ... 10 increase productivity. b. Security d. None of above 'b. Understand employee behavior d. Alll of the above b) complex & individualized d)all of above not the point of motivation process? git Goal achievement 158 Scanned with CamScannerGurakal CA 1 . ') Which one is not the point of motivation proces +. Goal achievereat @. Tension ‘al Addl i Oaling betavier 4 Managerial Action 19) Hierarchy of needs theory is related with a Shen, -" b. Herzberg ©. Maslow 4. Taylor ort oe Reeds do not motivate. tistied b. Unsatisfied ©. Nearly fulfilled d. Basic 21) Which one is not social needs? b. Friendship d. Prestige 22) Which one is self-actualization need? “4 a. Self-respect b. Talent utilization ©. Recognition 4. Namaste from others 23) Only one need is operational at a time means .... a, Maslow theory . Two factor theory ©. Theory X & Y 4. None of above 24) Motivation Hygiene theory was developed by ...-...-s+:+ a. Maslow b. Herzberg c, Gregor 4. Vroom 25) Hygiene factors are sesso a. Satisfier ». Motivator . Dis-satisfier d. personal growth 26) Absence of ... . factors does not lead to job dissatisfaction a. Hygiene b. dual ©. Motivation 4. satisfied 27) Which one is motivation factor? a. personal life b. Job security cc. Status d. Advancement. 28) Which one is not Hygiene factor? a. Company Policy b. Salary . Interpersonal relation 4. Achievement 29) factors are necessary to maintain a minimum level of s a. Hygiene . Motivation c. Both [a] & [b] 4d. None of these Scanned with CamScannerMotivation b. Taylor d. Maslow b. Dislike to work d. are self-directed b. controlled by formal supervision 4. money oriented b. Dynamic d.all of above b. Dynamic d. All of above Theory states that . sre needs motivates individuals. . People have hierarchy of five needs. i d, All above factors. Namaste” by superior from subordinate is related with b. Esteem need d. Basic need +b. Only lower order needs motivate. d. Unsatisfied needs motivate. able sa ‘will be neither satisfied nor dis-satisfied. ‘not be dissatisfied Scanned with CamScannerGurukul CA 42) Which theory of motivation is also called dual factor theory? a. Theory X and Y 'b, Motivation, Hygiene theory ©. Achievement theory d. Needs hierarchy theory 43) Herzberg thinks that. all ‘8 Only higher order needs motivate, _b. Only lower order needs motiva © Composition of higher d. Unsatisfied needs motivate. & lower level need motivate. 44) When hygiene factors are adequate and available .....s.ss0 a, Individuals will be satisfied. b, Individuals will be neither ie ©. Individuals will not be satisfied. __d, Individual will not be dissatist 45) Personal growth, interesting & challenging job are components of a. Social needs b. Hygiene factor ‘¢, Motivation factor 4d, Ego needs 46) In. small group of workers regularly meet voluntarily to solve work r 8) Quality circle b) Joint consultation ‘c) Suggestion schemes d) Board member 47). +.» are autonomous self-contained work units. a) Quality circle ) Joint consultation ©) Self managed team 4) None of above 48). is making job challenging & meaningful a) Job enrichment b) Job enlargement ©) Job simplification 4) Job rotation 49) Quality circle is a) American Technique b) Japanese Technique ©) Chinese Technique 4) British Technique 50) In which technique members manage themselves without any formal communication? ) Self-managed team b) Quality Circle d) Suggestion Scheme ¢) Joint consultation Scanned with CamScannerMotivation o 2 € & S a £ S Oo £ = 3 @ 2 e S 5 a