1.

INTENSIVE COMMUNICATION ENGLISH

It involves using the learner's own movements, body language and vocalisation to take turns and share
attention with each other. Intensive interaction can be used to develop our learner's communication
skills.

-9 parts of speech

NOUN

-Nouns are a person, place, thing, or idea. They can take on a myriad of roles in a sentence, from the
subject of it all to the object of an action. They are capitalized when they're the official name of
something or someone, called proper nouns  in these cases.

Examples: pirate, Caribbean, ship, freedom, Captain Jack Sparrow.

PRONOUNS

-Pronouns stand in for nouns in a sentence. They are more generic versions of nouns that refer only to
people.

Examples: I, you, he, she, it, ours, them, who, which, anybody, ourselves.

Adjective
-Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. They specify which one, how much, what kind, and more.
Adjectives allow readers and listeners to use their senses to imagine something more clearly.

Examples: hot, lazy, funny, unique, bright, beautiful, poor, smooth.

Adverb
Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs. They specify when, where, how, and why
something happened and to what extent or how often.

Examples: softly, lazily, often, only, hopefully, softly, sometimes

Verb
Verbs are action words that tell what happens in a sentence. They can also show a sentence subject's
state of being (is, was). Verbs change form based on tense (present, past) and count distinction (singular
or plural).

Examples: sing, dance, believes, seemed, finish, eat, drink, be, became

Preposition
Prepositions show spacial, temporal, and role relations between a noun or pronoun and the other words
in a sentence. They come at the start of a prepositional phrase, which contains a preposition and its
object.
Examples: up, over, against, by, for, into, close to, out of, apart from.

Conjunction
Conjunctions join words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence. There are coordinating, subordinating, and
correlative conjunctions.

Examples: and, but, or, so, yet, with.

Articles and Determiners

Articles and determiners function like adjectives by modifying nouns, but they are different than
adjectives in that they are necessary for a sentence to have proper syntax. Articles and determiners
specify and identify nouns, and there are indefinite and definite articles. Examples: articles: a, an, the;
determiners: these, that, those, enough, much, few, which, what.
Some traditional grammars have treated articles as a distinct part of speech. Modern grammars,
however, more often include articles in the category of determiners, which identify or quantify a noun.
Even though they modify nouns like adjectives, articles are different in that they are essential to the
proper syntax of a sentence, just as determiners are necessary to convey the meaning of a sentence,
while adjectives are optional.

Interjection
Interjections are expressions that can stand on their own or be contained within sentences. These words
and phrases often carry strong emotions and convey reactions.

Examples: ah, whoops, ouch,  yabba  dabba  do!

IDIOMATIC EXPRESSION
-An idiom (also called idiomatic expression) is an expression, word, or phrase that has a figurative
meaning conventionally understood by native speakers. This meaning is different from the literal
meaning of the idiom’s individual elements. In other words, idioms don’t mean exactly what the words
say. They have, however, hidden meaning. 

EXAMPLES:

1. Adding insult to injury – Make things worse

2. Beat around the bush – Avoid saying something
3. Blessing in disguise – An unexpectedly good thing
4. Birds of a feather flock together – People with a lot in common become good friends
5. Biting off more than you can chew - Be overwhelmed
6. Costs an arm and a leg – Expensive
7. Devil’s Advocate – Offer another point of view
8. Don’t judge a book by its cover – Appearances can be deceiving 
9. Don’t count your chickens before they hatch – Don’t make assumptions
10. Give someone the cold shoulder – Ignore
10 EXAMPLE OF FILIPINISM, DEFINITION OF THE TOPIC AND IT’S EXAMPLE

FILIPINISM

Filipinism – these are words or phrases that seem to be correct in usage but they are actually
grammatically incorrect and are a result of transliteration. These filipinisms are commonly heard in
conversations and even some in writing. This is alarming since they contain grammar errors and should
be corrected. Here are some filipinisms and their correct usage:

EXAMPLES

1. Come again?

This is a common expression Filipinos use to say “could you repeat that?” Instead of saying “come
again”, it is better to say “I am sorry I didn’t get that”, “Excuse me?”, “I am sorry, would you please
say that again?”

2. It’s for free!

It should be “It’s free!” or “It’s free of charge!”

3. Open the light/computer/TV

Might as well get a screw driver and start “opening” that thing. Instead of the verb “turn on”, use
the verb “switch on/ff.”

4. He/She was salvaged.

The word “salvage” means “to save somebody or something.” Filipinos have another meaning of it
which means “to kill”. To make this correct, it should be said as, “He/She was assassinated.”

5. Where are you studying?

This question can be answered by simply telling a place where you study – library, bed room, or
even coffee shops. But some use this expression to ask about “the school” where one is enrolled.
Hence, it should be corrected by saying, “Where do you go to school? or Which school do you go
to?”

6. Aircon – air conditioner

7. Fall in line – stand in line

8. For a while – please hold; hold on

9. Ref – refrigerator; fridge

10. Rubber shoes – sneakers; trainers, running shoes

Because of its constant usage within conversations, these filipinisms have started to be acceptable;
however, in English proficiency training, this should be greatly avoided. These expressions have to be
used in their correct usage to avoid confusion and errors in both speaking and writing English.

10 EXAMPLES OF JARGONS, DEFINITION OF THE TOPIC AND IT’S EXAMPLES.

JARGON - Jargon refers to the specialized language of a professional or occupational group. While this
language is often useful or necessary for those within the group, it is usually meaningless to outsiders.
Some professions have so much jargon of their own that it has its own name; for example, lawyers
use legalese, while academics use academes. Jargon is also sometimes known as lingo or argot. A
passage of text that is full of jargon is said to be jargon.

EXAMPLES ;

 Due diligence: A business term, "due diligence" refers to the research that should be done
before making an important business decision.
 AWOL: Short for "absent without leave," AWOL is military jargon used to describe a person
whose whereabouts are unknown.
 Hard copy: A common term in business, academia, and other fields, a "hard copy" is a physical
printout of a document (as opposed to an electronic copy).
 Dek: A journalism term for a subheading, usually one or two sentences long, that provides a
brief summary of the article that follows.
 Stat: This is a term, usually used in a medical context, that means "immediately." (As in, "Call the
doctor, stat!")
 Phospholipid bilayer: This is a complex term for a layer of fat molecules surrounding a cell. A
simpler term is "cell membrane."
 Detritivore: A detritivore is an organism that feeds on detritus or dead matter. Examples of
detritivores include earthworms, sea cucumbers, and millipedes.
 Holistic: Another word for "comprehensive" or "complete," "holistic" is often used by
educational professionals in reference to curriculum that focuses on social and emotional
learning in addition to traditional lessons.
 Magic bullet: This is a term for a simple solution that solves a complex problem. (It is usually
used derisively, as in "I don't think this plan you've come up with is a magic bullet.")
 Best practice: In business, a "best practice" is one that should be adopted because it has proven
effectiveness.
2. AMERICAN CULTURE AND GEOGRAPHY RESEARCH

Space is much bigger than it used to be. Over the past two decades, critics working in various disciplines
have been wilfully trespassing on terrain normally reserved for geographers. An explosion of interest in
space is one of the defining features of contemporary work in literary studies and critical theory, history
and philosophy, sociology and economics, film, media and cultural studies. Key words from the
geographer’s lexicon – ‘landscape’, ‘place’, ‘space’, ‘mapping’ and ‘cartography’ – have become
common currency throughout the humanities. This renaissance in the geographical imagination has
been celebrated as a ‘new geography’ and critiqued as a ‘spatial vogue.’ Whilst various disciplines have
been encroaching on its traditional territory, geography has been broadening its own horizon. Human
geography has undergone a ‘cultural turn’. Across the sub-disciplines of economic, political and social
geography, cultural factors have increasingly come to the fore. The cultural turn has been accompanied
by a proliferation in handbooks, guides and companions. Despite, or perhaps because of this
burgeoning interest, it has become increasingly difficult to define the discipline. The common
denominator in contemporary definitions of cultural geography is the desire to resist prescriptive
definition. Cultural geography has become a sprawling, restless, migratory discipline and an
introductory essay needs to approach this field with caution. My intention here, with this in mind, is to
chart in broad brushstroke the key areas that cultural geography now covers before moving on to some
working definitions of this expansive and expanding terrain. In conclusion, I will be underlining the
special relevance of cultural geography to American Studies and surveying recent contributions in this
field.

-50 States of US-

State Abbrv. Capital

Alabama AL Montgomery
Alaska AK Juneau
Arizona AZ Phoenix
Arkansas AR Little Rock
California CA Sacramento
Colorado CO Denver
Connecticut CT Hartford
Delaware DE Dover
Florida FL Tallahassee
Georgia GA Atlanta
Hawaii HI Honolulu
Idaho ID Boise
Illinois IL Springfield
Indiana IN Indianapolis
Iowa IA Des Moines
Kansas KS Topeka
Kentucky KY Frankfort
Louisiana LA Baton Rouge
Maine ME Augusta
Maryland MD Annapolis
Massachusetts MA Boston
Michigan MI Lansing

Minnesota MN St. Paul

Mississippi MS Jackson
Missouri MO Jefferson City
Montana MT Helena
Nebraska NE Lincoln
Nevada NV Carson City
New Hampshire NH Concord
New Jersey NJ Trenton
New Mexico NM Santa Fe
New York NY Albany
North Carolina NC Raleigh
North Dakota ND Bismarck

Ohio OH Columbus
Oklahoma OK Oklahoma City
Oregon OR Salem
Pennsylvania PA Harrisburg
Rhode Island RI Providence
South Carolina SC Columbia
South Dakota SD Pierre
Tennessee TN Nashville
Texas TX Austin
Utah UT Salt Lake City
Vermont VT Montpelier
Virginia VA Richmond
Washington WA Olympia
West Virginia WV Charleston
Wisconsin WI Madison
Wyoming WY Cheyenne

⚫Holidays and Festivals in US⚫ ⚫

New Year's Day (January 1)

Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. (third Monday in January)

Washington’s Birthday (third Monday in February)

Memorial Day Holiday (last Monday in May)

Independence Day (July 4)

Labor Day (first Monday in September)

Hispanic Heritage Month (September 15 - October 15)

Columbus Day (second Monday in October)

National Native American Heritage Month

Veterans Day (November 11)

Thanksgiving Day (fourth Thursday in November)

World AIDS Day (December 1)

Human Rights Day (December 10)

Christmas Day (December 25)

US TIME ZONES
 Contiguous USA Time Zones
48 states
 Pacific Time Zone (PT)
Pacific Standard Time (PST) UTC − 8 h; Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) UTC − 7 h
 Mountain Time Zone (MT)
Mountain Standard Time (MST) UTC − 7 h; Mountain Daylight Time (MDT) UTC − 6 h (Note: most
of Arizona does not observe daylight saving time)
 Central Time Zone (CT) Central Standard Time (CST) UTC − 6 h; Central Daylight Time (CDT) UTC
−5h
 Eastern Time Zone (ET)
Eastern Standard Time (EST) UTC − 5 h; Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) UTC − 4 h

FAMOUS LANDMARK IN THE US

1. Statue of Liberty
2. Golden Gate Bridge
3. Seattle Space Needle
4. Mount Rushmore
5.  Hoover Dam
6.  Washington Monument
7. Niagara Falls
8. Empire State Building
9. The Grand Canyon
10. Yosemite National Park
11. The Alamo
12.  Gateway Arch
13. Times Square
14. The Hollywood Sign
15. The White House
16. . Castillo de San Marcos National Monument
17. Abraham Lincoln Memorial
3. TAG QUESTION
- A tag question is a special construction in English. It is a statement
followed by a mini-question. We use tag questions to ask for
confirmation. They mean something like: "Is that right?" or "Do you
agree?" They are very common in English.

EXAMPLES

 You haven't seen this film, have you? Your sister lives in Spain, doesn't she? ...
 I don't need to finish this today, do I? ...
 Jenni eats cheese, doesn't she? ...
 The bus stop's over there, isn't it? ...
 They could hear me, couldn't they? ...