Study Guide

For exams
CONTENTS:

ENGLISH AND LITERATURE

MATH AND BELIZEAN HISTORY

IT AND RELIGION

SPANISH AND INTEGRATED SCIENCE

1.ENGLISH
Vocabulary:
1. Rancorous: Rancorous means filled with or showing resentment, bitterness, or malice

2. Meticulous: Meticulous means carried out with great attention to detail, thorough, and careful

3. Estrange: Estrange means unusual, unconventional, or out of the ordinary

4. Propensity: Propensity refers to a tendency or inclination towards a particular behavior or action

5. Demeanour: Demeanour means a way of behaving or conducting oneself, especially in a way that is considered
polite or appropriate

6. Fraudulent: Fraudulent means done fraudulently, which means done in a way that is dishonest or deceitful

7. Assimilate: Assimilate means to take something or someone in, especially into a group or society, while respecting
their differences

8. Concurrent: Concurrent means happening at the same time, or occurring together

9. Inherent: Inherent means existing in something by nature or by birth, or present without being added or acquired

10. Spontaneous: Spontaneous means done without prior planning or intention, and resulting from a natural impulse

11. Relegate: Relegate means to relegate or to deal with (a problem or issue) in a way that is less important or
effective than necessary
Synonyms and Antonyms part
1:
1. Rancorous
Synonyms: acrimonious, bitter, resentful, spiteful, vindictive
Antonyms: forgiving, kind, pleasant, sympathetic, warm

2. Meticulous
Synonyms: careful, conscientious, detailed, exact, precise
Antonyms: careless, haphazard, sloppy, thoughtless, unmethodical

3. Estrange
Synonyms: alienate, disaffect, distance, isolate, separate
Antonyms: attract, befriend, connect, reconcile, unite

4. Propensity
Synonyms: inclination, leaning, penchant, predisposition, proclivity
Antonyms: aversion, disinclination, reluctance, repulsion, unwillingness

5. Demeanour
Synonyms: behavior, conduct, manner, bearing, deportment
Antonyms: misbehavior, misconduct, rudeness, impoliteness, discourtesy

6. Fraudulent
Synonyms: deceitful, dishonest, fake, phony, spurious
Antonyms: genuine, honest, real, sincere, truthful

7. Assimilate
Synonyms: absorb, integrate, incorporate, merge, unite
Antonyms: exclude, reject, segregate, separate, divide

8. Concurrent
Synonyms: simultaneous, coexisting, coinciding, contemporaneous, parallel
Antonyms: consecutive, subsequent, successive, nonconcurrent, noncontemporaneous

9. Inherent
Synonyms: innate, intrinsic, natural, essential, built-in
Antonyms: acquired, extrinsic, learned, accidental, incidental

10. Spontaneous
Synonyms: impulsive, instinctive, unplanned, unpremeditated, voluntary
Antonyms: calculated, deliberate, planned, premeditated, intentional

11. Relegate
Synonyms: demote, downgrade, transfer, assign, delegate
Antonyms: promote, elevate, upgrade, advance, retain
Synonyms and
Antonyms part 2
Synonyms are words that have the same meaning

Antonyms are words that have different meaning

Capitalization Rules:

Common capitalization rules:

Capitalize the first word of a sentence.

Capitalize proper nouns and names.

Capitalize the majority of titles.

Capitalize the first word of a direct quotation.

Capitalize the first word of a line of poetry.

Capitalize important words in a title.

Capitalize specific geographic locations.

Capitalize family relationships only when they are a part of or a substitute for a person's name.
Do not capitalize earth, moon, and sun, except when those names appear with other capitalized celestial bodies.
Homonyms, Homographs, and
Homophones
1. Homonyms:
Homonyms are words that have the same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings. For example,
"bat" (the animal) and "bat" (the sports equipment) are homonyms because they are spelled and pronounced
the same but have different meanings

2. Homophones:
Homophones are words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings, and may or may not be
spelled the same. For example, "to," "too," and "two" are homophones because they sound the same but are
spelled differently and have different meanings

3. Homographs:
Homographs are words that are spelled the same but have different meanings or pronunciations. For
example, "lead" (to go in front of) and "lead" (a metal) are homographs because they are spelled the same
but have different meanings and pronunciations
Punctuation rules:
1. Period (.)
Use a period to end a declarative or imperative sentence.

2. Comma (,)
Use a comma to show a pause in a sentence and to separate items in a list.

3. Question Mark (?)

Use a question mark to end an interrogative sentence.

4. Exclamation Point (!)

Use an exclamation point to end a sentence that expresses strong emotion or surprise.

5. Colon (:)
Use a colon to introduce a list or an explanation.

6.Semicolon (;)
Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses.

7.Dash (-)
Use a dash to indicate a sudden break or change in thought.

8. Hyphen (-)
Use a hyphen to join words together, such as in compound adjectives.

9. Quotation Marks ("")

Use quotation marks to indicate direct speech or a quote.

10. Apostrophe (')

Use an apostrophe to show possession or to form contractions.

11. Ellipsis (...)

Use an ellipsis to indicate a trailing off or omission of words.

12. Parentheses (())

Use parentheses to enclose additional information or to clarify a point.

13. Brackets ([])

Use brackets to enclose editorial comments or to clarify a point.

14. Braces ({})

Subject Verb
Agreement Rules
1. A singular subject takes a singular verb, and a plural subject takes a plural verb.
Example: "John lives in France" (singular subject and verb), "The arguments are sound and well supported" (plural subject and
verb).

2. When the subject of a sentence is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns connected by "and," use a plural verb.
Example: "She and her friends are at the fair."

3. When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by "or" or "nor," use a singular verb.
Example: "Neither the cat nor the dog is in the house."

4. When a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural noun or pronoun joined by "or" or "nor," the verb
should agree with the part of the subject that is nearer the verb.
Example: "The doctoral student and the committee members write every day."

5. If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular too. If the subject is plural, the verb must also be plural.
Example: "She writes every day" (singular subject and verb), "They write every day" (plural subject and verb).
Facts and Opinions

Facts: Facts are statements that can be proven true or false through objective evidence. They are based on
things that can be measured and are not affected by personal beliefs or feelings. For example, "The sun is
the center of our solar system" and "New York is the largest city in the world by population" are facts.

Opinions: Opinions are statements that express a feeling, attitude, or belief. They cannot be proven true
or false and are based on personal beliefs. For example, "The government should increase spending for
preventing unwanted pregnancy" and "Pizza is better than hamburger" are opinions.
Email Writing
The parts of an email include :

1. the subject line

2. The greeting,
3. the body of the email,
4. the closing,
5. the signature.

The "To" field is used to specify the primary recipient of the

email,

the "CC" field is used to send a copy of the email to additional

recipients,

"BCC" field is used to send a copy of the email to additional

recipients without the other recipients being aware of it.

"CC" stands for "carbon copy," and "BCC" stands for "blind
carbon copy."
Bias Language
Bias in language, also known as biased language, refer to words and phrases that are considered prejudiced,
offensive, or hurtful. These expressions can make certain people or groups feel excluded, underrepresented, or
demeaned. Biased language can be based on factors such as age, sex, race, ethnicity, social class, or physical or
mental traits. It is essential to be aware of biased language and strive to avoid it in communication to ensure
inclusivity and respect.
Some common examples of biased language include:

1. Gender-biased language: Words or phrases that reinforce traditional gender roles or expectations.

2. Age-biased language: Expressions that stereotype or generalize people based on their age.

3. Racial-biased language: Terms that negatively or positively stereotype or generalize people based on their race or
ethnicity.

4. Disability-biased language: Words or phrases that portray people with disabilities in a negative or limiting manner.

5. LGBTQ-biased language: Expressions that negatively or positively stereotype or generalize people based on their
sexual orientation or gender identity.

To avoid biased language, it is crucial to:

1. Be aware of the implications of the words and phrases used.

2. Consider the context and the audience when choosing appropriate language.
3. Consult professional or disciplinary community standards for guidance on appropriate language use.
4. Replace biased language with more inclusive and respectful alternatives.
For example, instead of using "Blacklist" (racial-biased language), you could use "list of resources" or "curated list."
This approach ensures that your writing is more inclusive and respectful of all individuals and groups.
 Paragraph Writing

A well-structured paragraph typically consists of a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a concluding
sentence. The topic sentence introduces the main idea, and the supporting sentences provide details, examples, or
explanations. The concluding sentence summarizes the main idea or provides a transition to the next paragraph
Denotation and
Connotation
Denotation and connotation are two different aspects of word meaning in language. Here's a simple explanation:
● Denotation: The denotation of a word is its direct meaning. It is the objective meaning of a word, or the
meaning most widely agreed upon by scholars that is not based on personal experience. For example, the
denotation of the word "dog" is "a domesticated carnivorous mammal."

● Connotation: The connotation of a word is the indirect meaning or feeling it conveys, in addition to its
literal meaning. It includes the nuances, shades of meaning, and emotional associations that a word carries.
For example, the connotation of "dog" might include ideas like loyalty, friendship, or pets.
In summary, denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, while connotation refers to the indirect meaning or
feelings associated with a word. Understanding both denotation and connotation can help you better understand
the meaning and usage of words in language.
Literature
Elements of fiction
The elements of fiction include:
1. Character: The individuals who participate in the story.”
2. Plot: The sequence of events that make up a story.
3. Setting: The time and place in which the story takes place.
4. Theme: The central idea or message of a work.
5. Point of View: The perspective from which a story is told.
6. Conflict: The struggle between opposing forces.
7. Tone: The attitude of the author toward the audience and characters.
Genres of Literature

1. Poetry: A form of literary art that uses aesthetic and

rhythmic qualities of language.
2. Prose: Written or spoken language in its ordinary form,
without metrical structure.
3. Drama: A composition in prose or verse presenting a story
in pantomime or dialogue.
Fiction is a sub-genre of prose that includes:
● Novels
● Novellas
● Short stories
Other genres within fiction include:
● Literary fiction
● Historical fiction
● Science fiction
● Horror
● Tragedy
● Romance
● Western
Literacy paragraph
● The Topic Sentence: Introduces the main idea of the paragraph.
● Supporting Sentences: Provide details, examples, or explanations that
support the main idea.
● Concluding Sentence: Summarizes the main idea or provides a transition
to the next paragraph.
Figurative Language
Compare two unlike ideas to increase understanding of one
Describes ideas sometimes difficult to understand
Shows a deeper emotion or connection
Influences the audience
Helps make a connection
Makes descriptions easier to visualize
Elicit on emotion

1. Similes and metaphors

Similies compares two unlike things using as or like often used to highlight a characteristic of one of the items
Metaphor: Is a direct companion without using the comparative words like or as, some metaphor which continue for several lines or an
entire piece are called extended metaphors

Personification - attributing human characteristics to non-human things

Onomatopoeia: The use of descriptive words that sound or mimic the sound they are describing
PEE and PEEL method
PEEL -
P - POINT
This is where you introduce what you are writing
about and state your main point (topic sentence)

E - EVIDENCE
Add details to support your point: done by providing
evidence from research, an example or a reference or
a quote

E - EXPLANATION
Comment on your evidence: Explain how your
evidence supports your main point

L - LINK
Explain how all your evidence presented connects
back to the main point, or connects to your next
paragraph