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Superior Aorta
vena cava Parietal
pleura (cut)
Pulmonary Left lung
trunk
Pericardium
(cut)
Apex of
heart
Diaphragm
(a)
Midsternal line
2nd rib
Sternum
Diaphragm Point of
maximal
intensity
(PMI)
(b)
Mediastinum
Heart
Right lung
(c) Posterior
Pulmonary Fibrous
trunk pericardium
Parietal layer of
serous pericardium Pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Visceral layer of
serous pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium Heart wall
Endocardium
Heart chamber
Pulmonary Fibrous
trunk pericardium
Parietal layer of
serous pericardium Pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Visceral layer of
serous pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium Heart wall
Endocardium
Heart chamber
Right pulmonary
veins Pulmonary semilunar valve
Left atrioventricular valve
Fossa ovalis (bicuspid valve)
Aortic semilunar valve
Right atrioventricular
valve (tricuspid valve)
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Visceral pericardium
(epicardium)
(b) Frontal section showing interior chambers and valves
Left
ventricle
Right
ventricle
Muscular
interventricular
septum
▪ Interatrial septum
▪ Separates the two atria longitudinally
▪ Interventricular septum
▪ Separates the two ventricles longitudinally
Right pulmonary
veins Pulmonary semilunar valve
Left atrioventricular valve
Fossa ovalis (bicuspid valve)
Aortic semilunar valve
Right atrioventricular
valve (tricuspid valve)
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Visceral pericardium
(epicardium)
(b) Frontal section showing interior chambers and valves
▪ Pulmonary circulation
▪ Blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs
and back to the left side of the heart
▪ Blood is pumped out of right side through the pulmonary
trunk, which splits into pulmonary arteries and takes
oxygen-poor blood to lungs
▪ Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart from the lungs
via pulmonary veins
▪ Systemic circulation
▪ Oxygen-rich blood returned to the left side of the heart
is pumped out into the aorta
▪ Blood circulates to systemic arteries and to all body
tissues
▪ Left ventricle has thicker walls because it pumps blood
to the body through the systemic circuit
▪ Oxygen-poor blood returns to the right atrium via
systemic veins, which empty blood into the superior or
inferior vena cava
Pulmonary Circuit
Pulmonary
arteries Pulmonary
veins
Venae Aorta and
cavae
branches
Left
atrium
Left
Right ventricle
atrium Heart
Right
ventricle
Systemic Circuit
Capillary
beds of all body
tissues where gas
exchange occurs
KEY:
Oxygen-rich, CO2-poor blood
Oxygen-poor, CO2-rich blood
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Heart Valves
▪ AV valves
▪ Anchored the cusps in place by chordae tendineae to
the walls of the ventricles
▪ Open during heart relaxation, when blood passively
fills the chambers
▪ Closed during ventricular contraction
▪ Semilunar valves
▪ Closed during heart relaxation
▪ Open during ventricular contraction
▪ Valves open and close in response to pressure
changes in the heart
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Figure 11.6a Operation of the heart valves. Slide 1
1 Blood returning
to the atria puts
pressure against
AV valves; the AV
valves are forced
open.
Ventricles
1 Blood returning
to the atria puts
pressure against
AV valves; the AV
valves are forced
open.
2 As the ventricles
fill, AV valve cusps
hang limply into
ventricles.
Ventricles
1 Blood returning
to the atria puts
pressure against
AV valves; the AV
valves are forced
open.
2 As the ventricles
fill, AV valve cusps
hang limply into
ventricles.
AV valves open;
atrial pressure
greater than
ventricular pressure
2 As the ventricles
fill, AV valve cusps
hang limply into
ventricles.
AV valves open;
atrial pressure
greater than
ventricular pressure
2 As the ventricles
fill, AV valve cusps
hang limply into
ventricles.
AV valves open;
atrial pressure
greater than
ventricular pressure
1 As ventricles
contract and
intraventricular
pressure rises, blood
is pushed up against
semilunar valves,
forcing them open.
Right atrium
Circumflex artery
Right coronary artery
in coronary sulcus (right Left coronary artery in
atrioventricular groove) coronary sulcus (left
atrioventricular groove)
Anterior cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Marginal artery
Anterior interventricular
Small cardiac vein artery (in anterior
Inferior vena cava interventricular sulcus)
Apex
(a) Anterior view of heart showing major vessels
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Physiology of the Heart
Superior
vena cava
Sinoatrial (SA)
node (pacemaker) Left atrium
Atrioventricular
(AV) node
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Activation of
Sympathetic nervous system activity skeletal muscle
and respiratory
“pumps”
Parasympathetic
nervous system Increased contractile
controls (via force of cardiac muscle
vagus nerves)
Tunica intima
Artery Vein
• Endothelium
• Loose connective tissue
Internal elastic lamina
Tunica media
• Smooth muscle
• Elastic fibers
External elastic lamina
Tunica externa
• Collagen fibers
Valve
Venule
Arteriole
Capillary
Lumen bed Lumen
Basement membrane
Endothelial cells
(b) Capillary
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels
Valve (open)
Contracted
skeletal
muscle
Valve (closed)
Vein
Direction of
blood flow
Vascular shunt
Precapillary sphincters
True
capillaries
Right atrium
Circumflex artery
Right coronary artery
in coronary sulcus (right Left coronary artery in
atrioventricular groove) coronary sulcus (left
atrioventricular groove)
Anterior cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Marginal artery
Anterior interventricular
Small cardiac vein artery (in anterior
Inferior vena cava interventricular sulcus)
Apex
(a) Anterior view of heart showing major vessels
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Figure 11.13 Major arteries of the systemic circulation, anterior view.
Celiac trunk
Abdominal aorta
Radial artery
Superior mesenteric
artery Ulnar artery
Renal artery
Gonadal artery
Deep palmar arch
Arcuate artery
Celiac trunk
Abdominal aorta
Radial artery
Superior mesenteric
artery Ulnar artery
Renal artery
Gonadal artery
Deep palmar arch
Arcuate artery
Right atrium
Circumflex artery
Right coronary artery
in coronary sulcus (right Left coronary artery in
atrioventricular groove) coronary sulcus (left
atrioventricular groove)
Anterior cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Marginal artery
Anterior interventricular
Small cardiac vein artery (in anterior
Inferior vena cava interventricular sulcus)
Apex
(a) Anterior view of heart showing major vessels
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Figure 11.14 Major veins of the systemic circulation, anterior view.
(b)
Arterial Venous
blood blood
Inferior
vena cava
Stomach and intestine Liver
Nutrients and Liver cells (hepatocytes)
toxins absorbed
Nutrients
and toxins
leave
Hepatic
portal vein
Gastric veins
Liver
Spleen
Stomach
Hepatic portal vein
Splenic vein
Pancreas
Inferior
mesenteric vein
Superior
mesenteric vein
Small intestine
Large intestine
▪ Vital signs
▪ Measurements of arterial pulse, blood pressure,
respiratory rate, and body temperature
▪ Arterial pulse
▪ Alternate expansion and recoil of a blood vessel wall
(the pressure wave) that occurs as the heart beats
▪ Monitored at pressure points in superficial arteries,
where pulse is easily palpated
▪ Pulse averages 70 to 76 beats per minute at rest, in a
healthy person
Facial artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Posterior tibial
artery
Dorsalis pedis
artery
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Blood Pressure
▪ Blood pressure
▪ The pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls
of the blood vessels
▪ The force that causes blood to continue to flow in the
blood vessels
120
Blood pressure (mm Hg)
Systolic pressure
100
80
60
Diastolic
40 pressure
20
Blood pressure
120 systolic
70 diastolic
(to be measured)
Brachial
artery
120 mm Hg
Rubber cuff
inflated with
air
Brachial
artery
closed
120 mm Hg
70 mm Hg
Sounds
audible in
stethoscope
70 mm Hg
Kidney conserves
water and salt
KEY:
Increases, stimulates
Increased arterial blood pressure
Initial stimulus
Physiological response
End result
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Blood Pressure
Lumen of
capillary
Vesicles
Fenestra
Intercellular (pore)
cleft
4 Transport
via vesicles
3 Diffusion
through pore
2 Diffusion through
1 Direct intercellular cleft
diffusion
through
membrane Interstitial fluid
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Blood Pressure
Arterial Venule
end of end of
capillary capillary
Blood pressure is
higher than osmotic
pressure Osmotic pressure
remains steady
in capillary bed
Blood pressure is
lower than osmotic
pressure
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular
System
▪ In an embryo
▪ The heart develops as a simple tube and pumps blood
by week 4 of pregnancy
▪ The heart becomes a four-chambered organ capable
of acting as a double pump over the next 3 weeks
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary artery
Foramen ovale
Pulmonary veins
Umbilical vein
Fetal umbilicus
Aorta
Common iliac artery
Umbilical cord
KEY:
High oxygenation
Moderate oxygenation
Low oxygenation
Very low oxygenation Placenta
Right atrium
Circumflex artery
Right coronary artery
in coronary sulcus (right Left coronary artery in
atrioventricular groove) coronary sulcus (left
atrioventricular groove)
Anterior cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Marginal artery
Anterior interventricular
Small cardiac vein artery (in anterior
Inferior vena cava interventricular sulcus)
Apex
(a) Anterior view of heart showing major vessels
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Figure 11.3b Gross anatomy of the heart.
Right pulmonary
veins Pulmonary semilunar valve
Left atrioventricular valve
Fossa ovalis (bicuspid valve)
Aortic semilunar valve
Right atrioventricular
valve (tricuspid valve)
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Visceral pericardium
(epicardium)
(b) Frontal section showing interior chambers and valves