INTRODUCTION to

HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
Eden P. Cesista, RPh | Jo Ann Grace Nocete, RPh
 OBJECTIVES

At the end of this session, the student should be able to:

1. Define terminologies relevant to Health System

2. Understand the components of Health System

3. Analyze the determinants of health

4. Describe the levels of care

5. Identify health infrastructures

6. Determine the difference of healthcare system in Urban and Rural Setting

7. Know the expanded role of Pharmacist

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 OUTLINE

I. Health system

II. Healthcare System

III. Components of the Health system

IV. Goals of Health system

V. Determinants of Health

VI. Levels of Care

VII. Health Infrastructures

VIII. Healthcare system in Urban and Rural Setting

IX. National Immunization Program in the Philippines

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HEALTH SYSTEM

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Health System
▶ Consists of all organizations, people
and actions whose primary interest is
to promote, restore, or maintain
health.
▶ Example:
o Health insurance organization
o A mother caring for a sick child at
home
o Vector-control campaigns

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Healthcare System
▶ method by which healthcare is financed,
organized, and delivered to a population

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Healthcare System
▶Three Criteria used to assess the effectiveness of all
healthcare systems:
1. Patient-centered: placing the client/individual at the
center of healthcare delivery.
2. Effective: providing evidence-based services to all
individuals to achieve desirable outcomes
3. Safe: mitigating against the potential harm when
delivering health care

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Components of Health System

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Six Core Components or ___________
I. Health information system
II. Leadership/Governance
III. Access to essential medicines and
technologies
IV. Service delivery
V. Health workforce
VI. Health Financing

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I. Health Information System
▶ Collection of health data
from relevant sectors and
converts the data into
information for health-
related decision making.
• Ex. Philippine Integrated Information
System for Mental Health (PHIS-MH)

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II. Governance/Leadership
▶ Ensuring that strategic policy frameworks exist
and are combined with effective oversight,
coalition-building, provision of appropriate
incentives, regulation, attention to system
design, and accountability.

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III. Access to Essential Medicines and Technologies

▶ _________________: those that satisfy the

health care needs of the majority of the
population.

o Intended to be available at all times, in

adequate amount, appropriate strength,
dosage, assured quality, and affordable.

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IV. Service Delivery
▶ Good service delivery comprises
quality, access, safety, and
coverage.
▶ Ensuring the availability of quality
services to improve health outcome

▶ Ex. Delivery of interventions to

reduce child mortality, maternal
mortality and the burden of
HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria

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V. Health Workforce
▶ all people engaged in actions whose
primary intent is to enhance health
• Clinical staff
• Non-clinical staff/management
and support staff

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VI. Health Financing
▶ Ensure that adequate funding is available
and the right financial incentives are in
place to guarantee that all individuals have
access to needed preventive and personal
health care.

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Health Systems Framework and
Building Blocks

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Health System Goals

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Goals
WHO has identified 3 main goals for health systems:

(1) Improving the health of the population

(2) Improving the responsiveness of the health system to the

population it serves

(3) Fairness in financial contribution i.e. the extent to which the burden
of paying for health system is fairly distributed across households.

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Determinants of Health

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Determinants of Health
▶ The range of personal, social, economic, and
environmental factors that influence the population’s health
status.
▶ Fall under several categories:
o Policy-making
o Social factors
o Physical environment
o Health services

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Determinants of Health
▶ Why does a patient contract tuberculosis?

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Ecological Model
▶ highlights people's interactions with their physical and sociocultural
environments

Wheel of causation:

• The environment impacts the host

o It emphasizes the interplay of
social, physical and biological
environment
o Ex. HIV

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Levels of Care

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Levels of Care
▶Primary care
▶Secondary care
▶Tertiary care

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Primary care

▶ First level of care that patients receive when they have

medical concerns or needs.

▶ Given by general doctors, nurses, midwives, pharmacists,

dentists, and community health workers.

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Secondary Care
▶ Specialized level of care, often by
doctors who have certain expertise
such as cardiologists, oncologist,
psychiatrists, obstetricians,
dermatologist, pediatricians, and
ophthalmologists.

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Tertiary Care
▶ involves advanced and complex
diagnostic procedures and
treatments performed by medical
specialists.

▶ Ex. Surgeries, transplant, severe burn

treatment, and other complex
treatments and procedure

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Health Infrastructure

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___________________
▶ It is an organized structure which pools together all
o Health professionals
o Diagnostic and therapeutic facilities, equipment and supplies
and
o Physical facilities into a coordinated system for delivering health
care to the public.

▶ ____: Minimum number of inpatient beds

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Classification of Hospitals
▶ According to:

I. Ownership

II. Scope of Practice

III. Functional Capacity

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I. Ownership
▶ Government:

▶ Private: Owned, established, and operated with funds

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II. Scope of Services
▶ General: provides services for all kinds of illnesses, diseases, injuries
or deformities.

o Ex. Cebu Velez General Hospital, Philippine General Hospital

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II. Scope of Services
▶ Specialty: Specializes in a particular disease or condition or in one
type of patient

o Ex. Philippine Heart Center, Lung Center of the Philippines,

National Children’s Hospital, San Lazaro Hospital, National
Kidney and Transplant Institute,

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II. Scope of Services
▶ Rehabilitation and Chronic disease
o Restorative and adjustive services
o Handicapped/disabled

▶ Psychiatric
o Patients with psychiatric illnesses
o Called asylums before

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III. Functional Capacity
▶ General Hospital

▶ Specialty Hospital

▶ Trauma Capability Hospital

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III. Functional Capacity
▶ General Hospital

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III. Functional Capacity
▶ Trauma Capability Hospital

• Covers patients who figured in vehicular

accidents, gunshot wounds, falls, and other
bodily injuries severe enough to cause disability
or death.
• Ex. Southern Philippines Medical Center, Davao
City

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 TEST YOURSELF

1. Consist of all organization,people and actions who primary interest is to

promote, restore, maintain health

2. Refers to specialized level of care, often by doctors who have certain

expertise

3. Six building blocks of Health system

4. Three criteria used to assess healthcare system

5. Classification of Hospitals

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REMINDERS
• February 13, 2023/Monday
• Quiz:
• Coverage:
➢ Health System

• Pre-midterm:
➢ PHC, Health System, Medical
Abbreviations (p1-4)

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End of Discussion ☺

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REFERENCES
Estremera, S. (2022) Trauma Care. Retrieved February 1, 2023 from
https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1929811/davao/feature/trauma-care
Liliane K.B., O’Reilly N., ReLAB-HS (n.d) Levels of Healthcare. Retrieved January 31, 2023 from https://www.physio-
pedia.com/Levels_of_Healthcare
Salenga, R. (2019). Medicines and Public Health [Powerpoint Slides]. University of the Philippines-Manila, College of Pharmacy,
Ermita, Manila
World Health Organization (2010). MONITORING THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF HEALTH SYSTEMS: A HANDBOOK OF
INDICATORS AND THEIR MEASUREMENT STRATEGIES. Retrieved January 30, 2023 from
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258734/9789241564052-eng.pdf

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