enna Competition 3. Section Systems of Parlicles & Rotational Motion GLIMPSES Particle. A particle is an object whose mass is finite but whose size and internal structure can be neglected. System. A system is a collection of a very large number of particles which mutually interact with one another. Centce of mass. It is the point at which entire mass of a system may be supposed to be concentrated. The nature of motion of the system remains ‘unaffected when all the forces acting on the system are applied directly on the centre of mass of the system. If and, are the position vectors of two particles cof masses m and m., then the position vector of their centre of mass is given by x -mitms Me im For a system of N-particles, the centre of mass is given by Row Ses nom For a continuous mass distribution, the centre of ‘mass is given by Rural Fam where dm is the mass of small element located at position 7” The velocity of the centre of mass of a two-particle system is given by A mR m+ ty Properties of centre of mass : (i) The location of the centre of mass is the weighted average of the locations of the particles of the system. (ii) Centre of mass moves as if the external force acts on the entire mass concentrated at this, point. (iii) In the absence of any external force, the centre vf mass moves with a constant velocity. (iv) For bodies of normal dimensions, centre of mass and centre of gravity coincide. Rigid body. A rigid body is one whose constituent particles retain their relative positions even when they move under the action of an external force. Rotational motion of a rigid body. A body is said to possess rotational motion if all its particles move along circles in parallel planes. The centres of these circles lie on a fixed line perpendicular to the parallel planes and is called the axis of rotation. Equations of rotational motion, For a body moving in circle, let wy be the initial angular velocity, «the final angular velocity, « the angular acceleration and @ be the angular displacement after the time t. Then equations of rotational ‘motion can be written as ()o=0, + at (iii) o? ~ 0} = 208, (o=at+ tar 7837.84 __PHYSICS-XI 10. uu. im . Torque (2), The turing effect of a force about the axis of rotation is called moment of force or torque due to the force. Torque = Force xits perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation or ‘orce x moment arm = Fd ~ Ifa force F acts at a point whose position vector is 7 with respect to the axis of rotation, then torque is Pat xF (In Cartesian coordinates : t, =x F-y F (di) In polar coordinates t=rFsin ® ‘where 6 isthe angle between force vector F and. position-vector 7”, SI Unit of torque is Nm. Principle of moments of rotational equilibrium. When a body is in rotational equilibrium, the sum of the clockwise moments about any point is equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moments about that point. Or, the algebraic sum of moments about any point is zero. In rotational equilibrium, Clockwise moment = Anticlockwise moment or Rxd, = xd, : or Load xload arm = Effort x effort arm This is sometimes called the lever principle. Couple. A pair of equal and opposite forces acting ‘ona body along two different lines of action corsti- tute a couple. Ina couple, total extemal force is zero but torque is non-zero. So a couple has a turning effect but cannot produce translational motion. Moment of a couple. The moment of a couple is, equal to.the product of either of the forces and the perpendicular distance, called the arm of the couple, ‘between their lines of action. It is independent of the choice of the fulcrum or the point of rotation. Moment of couple = Force x arm of the couple or a : ‘A couple can only be balanced by an equal and opposite couple. Work done by a torque and power of a torque. Ifa torque t applied ori a body rotates it through an angle 8, the work done by the torque is AW = 128 ‘or Work done = Torque x Angular displacement Power of a torque is given by aw cat At ie, Power ofa torque =Torque x Angular velocity 13. 14. 15. 16. Cora Angular momentum (L’), It is the moment of linear momentum of a particle about the axis of rotation. Angular momentum = Linear momentum its perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation, or iL=pd iS If p is the linear momentum of a particle and 7” its position vector, then its angular momentum is Larxp (i In Cartesian coordinates : I, = xp, — yp, (ii) In polar coordinates : mpsin ® where 6is the angle between the linear momentum vector j? and the position vector 7”. Ifa particle of mass m moves with uniform speed » along a circle of radius r, then its angular moment iss © Lemor ‘SL .unit of angular momentum is kgm? s~', ‘The linear momentum 7 and velocity vector 2° are always parallel to each other. But the angular momentum L and the angular velocity @ are not necessarily parallel vectors. Geometrical meaning of angular momentum. Geometrically, the angular momentum of a particle {s equal to twice the product of its mass and areal velocity. Equivalently, the areal velocity of a particle is just half its angular momentum per unit mass. TrmSt gp S45. at at Bm Relation between torque and angular momentum. ‘The rate of change of angular mdmentum of a system. of particles about a fixed point is equal to the total ‘extemal torque acting on the system about that point. te al at Equilibrium of rigid bodies. A rigid body is said to be in equilibrium if both the linear momentum and angular momentum of the rigid body remain constant with time. It must possess the following, two equilibria simultaneously : ( Translational equilibrium. The resultant ofall the external forces acting on the body must be zero. EP™ 20 (i) Rotational equilibrium. The resultant of all the torques due to all the forces acting on the body about any point must be zero. B22 oe Px E2017, Moment of inertia. The moment of inertia of a rigid body about an axis of rotation is the sum of the products of masses of the various particles and squares of their perpendicular distances from the axis of rotation. Mathematically Tem Ptmg totm = Smt ‘SI unit of moment of inertia = kg m?. ‘The moment of inertia of a body can be regarded as the rotational inertia of a body. It is the rotational analogue of mass in linear motion. Factors on which the moment of inertia depends. The moment of inertia of a body depends on the following factors (0 Mass of the body. (id) Size and shape of the body. (fi) Distribution of mass about the axis of rotation. () Position and orientation of the axis of rotation with respect to the body. Radius of gyration. It may be defined as the distance from the axis of rotation at which if whole mass of the body were supposed to be concentrated, the moment of inertia, would be same as with the actual distribution of mass. The relation between moment of inertia [and radius of gyration K is 18. 19. T T=MK? or K= M 20. 2. Kyoble Moments of Inertia of some Bodies of Regular Shape a Thin rod of length L Con perpendicular to the rod Passing through centre and SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES & ROTATIONAL MOTION 7.85 Fora body composed of particles of equal masses, ie, radius of gyration is equal to the root mean square distance of the particles from the axis of rotation SI unit of radius of gyration = m. ‘Theorem of perpendicular axes. It states that the ‘moment of inertia of a plane lamina about an axis perpendicular to its plane is equal to the sum of the moments of inertia of the lamina about any two mutually perpendicular axes in its plane and intersecting each other at the point, where the perpendicular axes pass through the lamina. Mathematically, L=L+l, where X- and Y-axes lie in the plane of the lamina and Z-axis is perpendicular to its plane and passes throdigh the point of intersection of X-and Y-axes. Theorem of parallel axes. It states that the ‘moment of inertia of a rigid body about any axis is equal to the moment of inertia of the body about a Parallel axis through its centre of mass plus the product of mass of the body and the square of the perpendicular distance between the parallel axes. ‘Mathematically, I= Ioy + Md” ruts mca ‘Thin rod of length L Through its one end and ‘Through its centre and perpendicular to its plane Rectangular lamina of length land breadth b perpendicular to its length Circular ring of radius R- | Passing through its centre and perpendicular to its plane7.86 PHYSICS-XI comer. Cao ues ‘Circular of radius R | Diameter | e+ t | 7 Circular ring of radius R_ | Tangent in its plane : | a Circular disc of radius R | Passing through its centre i =a and perpendicular to its MR? plane } r ker Circular disc of radius R | Diameter Circular disc of radius R Right circular solid ‘Symmetry axis cylinder of radius R and length L Hollow cylinder of "Symmetry axis radius Rand lengthL “Solid sphere of radius R | Diameter Solid sphere of radius R | Any tangent E Hollow sphere of radius R | Symmetry Hollow sphere of radius R | Any tangentRotational K.E. If a body of mass M and moment of inertia rotates about an axis of rotation with an angular velocity «, then Rotational K.E.= 3 ta? Total K.E. of a rolling body. The centre of mass of 1 rolling body moves along a straight line, so it possesses translational K.E. in addition to rota- tional KE, «. Total KE. of a rolling body ‘ = Translational K.E. + Rotational KE. Mc? +2 fo? 2 23. 1 2 Relation between ML. and angular momentum. ‘Angular momentum =M.L. x Angular velocity L=lo 24. Relation between M.l. and torque. Torque = MA. x Angular acceleration 25. ie, =I. Law of conservation of angular momentum. If no extemal torque acts on a system, total angular ‘momentum of the system remains unchanged. In the absence of any external torque, L= lo=constant 2, 2m 2265 hm ve hy 5s 26. orf, A MULTIPLE CHOIDE QUESTIONS WITH DNE CORREST ANSWER 1. Look at the drawing given in the figure which has been drawn with ink of uniform line-thickness. ‘The mass of ink used to draw each of the two inner circles, and each of the two line segments is m The ‘mass of the ink used to draw the outer circle is 6 m. The coordinates of the centres of the different parts are : outer circle (0, 0), left inner circle wy (a, a) right inner circle (a, a) vertical + ine (0, 0) and horizontal line (0,-a). The y-coordinate of the centre of ‘mass of the ink in this drawing is a oe 5 Os On 5 {uF 09) 2. Two particles A and 8 initially at rest, move towards each other under mutual force of attraction. At the instant when the speed of Ais v and the speed of Bis2v, the speed of the centre of mass of the system is SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES & ROTATIONAL MOTION 7.87 27.. Motion of a cylinder rolling down an inclined plane without slipping. As shown in figure, consider a solid cylinder of mass M and radius R rolling down an inclined plane of inclination 0 without slipping. (Linear acceleration of the cylinder down the inclined plane, (ii) Force of friction between inclined plane and cylinder, f +3 Mgsin @ (ii Condition for rolling of cylinder without slipping is 1 Janos aera where p, is the coefficient of static friction. IIT Entrance Exam (30 ev (9150 (@) zero. 3. Two blocks of masses 10 kg and 4 kg are con- nected by a spring of negligible mass and placed on a frictionless horizontal surface. An impulse gives a velocity of 14 m/s to the heavier block in the direction of the lighter block. The velocity of the centre of mass is (a) 30 m/s (b) 20 m/s (©) 10 m/s (a) 5 mls 4, An isolated particle of mass m is moving in horizontal plane (x-y) along the x-axis at a certain height above the ground. It suddenly explodes into two fragments of masses m/4 and 3m/4, An instant later, the smaller fragment is at y= +15 cm. The larger fragment at this instant is at () y= 420m (@ y=-20cm. (ur 82} lure) (a) y=-Sem (y=+5cm ur 97}