TO STUDY THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DRUGS AND THEIR

USEFULLNESS IN
human health

A Project Work
Submitted for the partial fulfillment of internal assessment of
Chemistry

Submitted by:
Name: Roshan Poudel
Class: XII
Section: D
Roll No.: 1

Submitted to: Gehendra Mainali

Narayani Model Secondary School
Department of Chemistry
Bharatpur-10, Chitwan
2022
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS i

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL ii

RECOMENDATION LETTER iii

DECLARATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

ABSTRACT 1
INTRODUCTION 2

OBJECTIVE 7

PRINCIPLE 8

OBSERVATION 9

DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 10

CONCLUSION 11

REFERENCE 12

1)

2)

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
i
The project work entitled “TO STUDY THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DRUGS AND THEIR
USEFULLNESS IN HUMAN HEALTH “by Mr. “Roshan Poudel”, under the supervision of
teacher Mr. Gehendra Mainali, Narayani Model Secondary School, Nepal is hereby submitted
for the partial fulfillment of the requirement of Chemistry in Grade 12. This project work has not
been submitted to any other school or institution previously for the award of grade 12.

Supervisior,
Gehendra Mainali
Department of Chemistry
Narayani Model Secondary School

RECOMMENDATION LETTER
ii
This is to certify that the project work entitled “TO STUDY THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
DRUGS AND THEIR USEFULLNESS IN HUMAN HEALTH “has been carried out by Roshan
as partial fulfillment of Grade 12 in Chemistry under my supervision. To the best of my
knowledge, this work has not been submitted for any other purpose in this institute. I, therefore
recommended the project work upon report for appraisal.

Supervisior,
Teacher name: - Gehendra Mainali
Department of Chemistry
Narayani Model Secondary School
Date: 2/13/2022

DECLARATION

iii
I, “Roshan Poudel” hereby declare that the project work entitles “TO STUDY THE DIFFERENT
TYPES OF DRUGS AND THEIR USEFULLNESS IN HUMAN HEALTH .” prepared under the
supervision of teacher Mr. Gehendra Mainali, Narayani Model Secondary School, is genuine
work done originally by me and has not been published or submitted elsewhere for the
requirement of any degree program. Any literature, data, or works done by others and cited in
this project has been given due acknowledgement and listed in the reference section.

Signature,

Roshan Poudel
Grade: XII
Email address:
Date: 2/13/2022

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iv
 I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my project guide Mr. Gehendra
Mainali who gave me the opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic “TO STUDY
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DRUGS AND THEIR USEFULLNESS IN HUMAN HEALTH
“which helped me broaden my knowledge over this field and I came to know about so many new
things for which I am really thankful.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents, well-wishers and my mates who helped
me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

Date: 2/13/2022 Name: Roshan Poudel

Roll no.: 1

Class: XII

v
 ABSTRACT

The use of drugs in human health has been a critical aspect of modern medicine.
Drugs are substances that can alter the body's physiology when consumed, either
for medicinal or recreational purposes. There are many different types of drugs,
including prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and illegal drugs. This study
aims to explore the different types of drugs and their usefulness in human health.
The study begins with an introduction to the different types of drugs and their
classification. The benefits and risks associated with each drug class are examined,
including their mechanisms of action and common medical conditions treated with
each type of drug. The study also delves into case studies and real-world examples
of how different drugs have been used to treat medical conditions.

1
 INTRODUCTION

Drugs are substances that can alter the body's physiology when consumed, either
for medicinal or recreational purposes. They can have a variety of effects on the
body, ranging from pain relief to altering mood and perception. The use of drugs
has been a critical aspect of modern medicine, with prescription drugs used to treat
medical conditions such as pain, infections, or mental illnesses. Over-the-counter
drugs are medications that can be purchased without a prescription, such as pain
relievers or cough medicine. Illegal drugs, such as cocaine, heroin, and
methamphetamine, are not approved for medical use and are highly addictive.
Understanding the different types of drugs and their potential benefits and risks is
critical to making informed decisions about their use. It is important to consult a
qualified healthcare professional before taking any medication and to follow their
instructions carefully. Misuse or abuse of drugs can have serious health
consequences, and proper use and regulation of drugs are essential for public
health and safety.

TYPES OF DRUGS ARE:

 Antipyretics: The drugs which are used extensively to reduce the body
temperature to normal in case of high fever are called antipyretics. These
drugs cause sweating in the body and thus cool the body of the patients.
Aspirin, paracetamol, analgin, antipyrite, phenacetin, etc. are some of the
commonly used antipyretics. Common side effects of antipyretics include
stomach upset, nausea, and vomiting. Long-term use of high doses of certain
antipyretics, such as aspirin, can also lead to serious health problems such as
stomach ulcers, bleeding, and kidney damage.

Aspirin

Paracetamol

2
 Analgesics: These are the drugs that reduce the pain in the body of patients
without the loss of consciousness. Thus, analgesics are also called pain
killers. Analgesics are of two types:
1. Non-narcotics drugs: non-narcotic drugs are medications used to treat
pain or inflammation without the risk of addiction or dependence
associated with narcotic drugs. These drugs work by blocking pain
signals or reducing inflammation, without affecting the central
nervous system. Some examples are: aspirin, melubrin, anlagin etc.
2. Narcotics drugs: The narcotic analgesics induce sleeping and may
cause unconsciousness if taken overdose. E.g., morphine, codeine,
heroin etc. are narcotics analgesics.

Novalgin

 Antibiotics: Antibiotics are medications that are used to treat bacterial

infections. They work by killing or slowing down the growth of bacteria,
allowing the body's immune system to fight off the infection. Antibiotics can
be taken orally, injected into the body, or applied topically. There are many
different types of antibiotics, including penicillin’s, cephalosporins,
macrolides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones, among others. Each type of
antibiotic is designed to target specific types of bacteria. Antibiotics are
commonly used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including urinary
tract infections, respiratory infections, skin infections, and sexually
transmitted infections. However, they are not effective against viral
infections, such as the common cold or flu. While antibiotics can be highly
effective in treating bacterial infections, they can also have side effects, such
as stomach upset, diarrhea, and allergic reactions. Overuse of antibiotics can
also lead to antibiotic resistance, which occurs when bacteria develop the
ability to resist the effects of antibiotics. This can make infections more
difficult to treat and can pose a serious threat to public health. It is important
to only use antibiotics as directed by a healthcare professional and to
complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms improve.

3
 Antiseptics and disinfectants are both types of chemicals that are used to kill
or prevent the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and
fungi. However, they differ in their intended use and the types of
microorganisms they are effective against.
Antiseptics are chemicals that are used to kill or prevent the growth of
microorganisms on living tissues, such as skin or wounds. They are
commonly used to clean and disinfect cuts, scrapes, and other minor injuries
to prevent infection. Examples of antiseptics include hydrogen peroxide,
iodine, and alcohol.
Disinfectants, on the other hand, are chemicals that are used to kill or
prevent the growth of microorganisms on surfaces or objects. They are
commonly used to disinfect surfaces in hospitals, schools, and other public
places to prevent the spread of infections. Examples of disinfectants include
bleach, hydrogen peroxide, and quaternary ammonium compounds.
Both antiseptics and disinfectants can be effective in killing or preventing
the growth of microorganisms, but it is important to use them appropriately
and follow the instructions on the label. Overuse or misuse of these
chemicals can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria or
other harmful side effects. It is also important to note that while antiseptics
and disinfectants can kill many types of microorganisms, they may not be
effective against all types, such as some viruses or spores.

Thymol

4
 Anesthetics: Anesthetic drugs are medications that are used to induce a loss
of sensation or consciousness during surgical or medical procedures. They
work by blocking nerve signals in the body, which reduces or eliminates the
sensation of pain and can cause a temporary loss of consciousness. There are
several types of anesthetic drugs, including general anesthetics, regional
anesthetics, and local anesthetics. General anesthetics are used to induce a
deep state of unconsciousness during major surgeries, while regional
anesthetics are used to numb specific parts of the body, such as the arms or
legs. Local anesthetics are used to numb a small area of the body, such as a
tooth or a small wound. Anesthetic drugs are typically administered by an
anesthesiologist or other healthcare professional who is trained in their use.
They can be given through injection, inhalation, or topical application,
depending on the type of anesthetic being used and the specific needs of the
patient. While anesthetic drugs are generally safe and effective, they can
have side effects and risks, such as nausea, vomiting, allergic reactions, and
changes in heart rate or blood pressure. Patients undergoing anesthesia
should be closely monitored by healthcare professionals to ensure their
safety and well-being.

Procaine

5
 Antidepressants: Antidepressants are a class of medications that are used to
treat depression and other mood disorders, such as anxiety and bipolar
disorder. They work by altering the levels of certain chemicals in the brain,
such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which are involved in regulating
mood.

Cocaine

 Psychedelic drugs: Psychedelic drugs are a class of substances that alter the
perception, mood, and thought patterns of an individual. They are also
known as hallucinogens and include substances such as LSD, psilocybin,
DMT, and mescaline.

Lysergic acid
diethylamide

6
 OBJECTIVE:

The objective of the study on types of drugs and their impact on human health is
to provide a comprehensive understanding of the different types of drugs and
their effects on the human body. The study aims to analyze the various categories
of drugs, including painkillers, antibiotics, antidepressants, stimulants, and others,
and to explore their potential benefits and risks. The study also seeks to identify
the factors that influence the safe and effective use of drugs, such as dosage,
duration of use, and patient factors, and to provide recommendations for
healthcare professionals and patients on the appropriate use of medications.
Overall, the objective of the study is to contribute to the development of a
comprehensive approach to drug use that prioritizes patient safety and
education.

7
 PRINCIPLE:

The effects of drugs on human health can be both positive and negative,
depending on the specific drug and how it is used. Some of the potential positive
effects of drugs include:
 Relief of symptoms: Many drugs are used to alleviate symptoms of medical
conditions, such as pain, inflammation, fever, and anxiety.
 Treatment of diseases: Drugs can be used to treat a wide range of diseases
and medical conditions, including infections, cancer, heart disease,
diabetes, and mental health disorders.
 Improved quality of life: Some drugs can improve a patient's quality of life
by alleviating symptoms, reducing pain, or enhancing mobility.
 Disease prevention: Some drugs are used to prevent the onset of certain
diseases or medical conditions, such as vaccines that prevent infectious
diseases.
However, drugs can also have negative effects on human health, including:
 Side effects: Many drugs can cause side effects, which may range from mild
to severe, and can include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and fatigue.
 Drug interactions: Some drugs can interact with other drugs or substances
in the body, which can increase the risk of adverse effects or reduce the
effectiveness of the drug.
 Addiction: Some drugs can be addictive, leading to dependence and
withdrawal symptoms when the drug is not used.
 Overdose: Taking too much of a drug can result in an overdose, which can
cause serious or even life-threatening symptoms.
 Toxicity: Some drugs can be toxic, especially when taken in large doses or
over a long period of time.
In conclusion, the effects of drugs on human health are complex and
multifaceted, and depend on many factors, including the specific drug, the dose,
the duration of use, and the individual's medical history and health status. It is
important for individuals to use drugs only as prescribed by a healthcare
professional, and to be aware of the potential risks and benefits associated with
drug use.

8
 OBSERVATION

The study of different types of drugs and their effects on human health has
revealed a wealth of information about the benefits and risks of drug therapy.
Observations from this field of study include the following:
 Wide range of drugs: The study of different types of drugs and their effects
on human health reveals a vast array of drugs, including prescription and
over-the-counter drugs, herbal remedies, and illegal drugs. These drugs can
have different effects on the body, ranging from pain relief to mood
alteration.
 Diverse effects: The effects of drugs on human health are diverse and can
vary widely depending on the drug, the dosage, and the individual's health
status. Some drugs can have beneficial effects on physical or mental health,
while others can have harmful effects or lead to addiction.
 Potential risks and benefits: The study of drugs reveals that while many
drugs have potential benefits, they also carry risks, such as side effects, drug
interactions, addiction, overdose, and toxicity. It is important for healthcare
professionals and patients to weigh the potential risks and benefits of a drug
before using it.
 Importance of proper use: The study of drugs emphasizes the importance of
using drugs properly, including following dosage instructions, avoiding drug
interactions, and being aware of potential risks and benefits. Improper use of
drugs can lead to adverse effects and reduced efficacy.
 Need for ongoing research: The study of drugs also highlights the ongoing
need for research to better understand the effects of drugs on human health,
and to develop new drugs that are safe and effective. This research includes
clinical trials, pharmacological studies, and epidemiological research.
In conclusion, the study of different types of drugs and their effects on human
health is an important field of research that has revealed valuable insights into drug
therapy. It emphasizes the importance of using drugs properly, understanding the
potential risks and benefits, and promoting safe and effective drug use. It also
underscores the need for ongoing research and the critical role of healthcare
professionals and patients in drug therapy.

9
 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS:

The study of drugs and their effects on human health is a complex and
multifaceted field that involves a range of scientific disciplines, including
pharmacology, toxicology, and epidemiology. In this discussion and analysis, we
will explore some of the key findings and implications of this field of research.
One of the main observations from the study of drugs is the wide range of drugs
available and the diverse effects they can have on human health. Different types
of drugs can have different mechanisms of action, which can impact the body in
various ways. For example, antibiotics are used to fight bacterial infections, while
antidepressants are used to treat mood disorders. It is important to understand
the different effects of drugs so that they can be used appropriately and
effectively. Therefore, it is crucial for healthcare professionals and patients to
weigh the potential risks and benefits of drug therapy and make informed
decisions about drug use. The study of drugs also highlights the importance of
proper drug use. This includes following dosage instructions, avoiding drug
interactions, and being aware of potential side effects. Proper use can help
prevent adverse effects and ensure that drugs are used effectively. Healthcare
professionals play a critical role in promoting proper drug use by providing
education and counseling to patients and their families. In conclusion, the study
of drugs and their effects on human health is a complex and important field of
research. It emphasizes the wide range of drugs available and their diverse
effects, the potential risks and benefits of drug therapy, the importance of proper
drug use, the need for ongoing research, and the critical role of healthcare
professionals in promoting safe and effective drug use.

10
 CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, drugs can be helpful when used appropriately under the guidance of
a healthcare professional, but can also be dangerous when misused or abused.
Understanding the different types of drugs and their potential benefits and risks is
critical to making informed decisions about their use. It is important to consult a
qualified healthcare professional before taking any medication and to follow their
instructions carefully. Based on the research findings, it is recommended that
healthcare professionals should consider non-pharmacological approaches to pain
management, such as physical therapy or cognitive-behavioral therapy, before
prescribing opioid painkillers. Antibiotic use should be limited to bacterial
infections, and patients should be educated on the importance of completing the
full course of treatment to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance. Mental health
conditions should be treated with a combination of Mental health conditions should
be treated with a combination of therapy and medication, and patients should be
monitored closely for side effects and changes in symptoms. Proper use and
regulation of drugs are essential for public health and safety. Governments and
regulatory agencies should prioritize the development and approval of safe and
effective medications, while also implementing measures to prevent drug abuse
and overdose. Patients should be educated on the proper use and potential risks of
medications, and healthcare professionals should be trained to prescribe and
monitor medications appropriately. Overall, a comprehensive approach to drug use
that prioritizes patient safety and education is critical for promoting public health
and reducing the harms associated with drug use.

11
 REFERENCE:
I HAVE TAKEN HELP FROM:
 Internet
www.toppr.com
www.brticania.com
www.thoughtco.com
 Chemistry Practical File
 Chemistry Book
 Chemistry lab (From experiments)

12