The relationship between the Kunugi

integral and the countably Lipschitz integral

Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2192, 050002 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5139144
Published Online: 19 December 2019

Ch. Rini Indrati

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© 2019 Author(s).
 The Relationship between the Kunugi Integral and the
Countably Lipschitz Integral
Ch. Rini Indrati1,a)
1
Dept. of Mathematics - Universitas Gadjah Mada
Sekip Utara Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia.
a)
Corresponding author: rinii@ugm.ac.id

Abstract. The Kunugi integral and the countably Lipschitz integral are more general than the Lebesgue integral. The countably
Lipschitz integral is less general than the general Denjoy integral, however the Kunugi integral is not more general nor less general
than the specific Denjoy integral. In this paper, by developing some characteristics of the Kunugi integral and the Countably
Lipschitz integral, it will be given the relationship between those two integrals.
Keywords: Countably Lipschitz integral, the Kunugi integral, Dejoy integral, and relationship.

INTRODUCTION
Kunugi defined an integral which is called by (E.R.)-integral or Kunugi integral [4, 5]. The Kunugi integral on [a, b]
is more general than the Lebesgue integral on [a, b]. The Kunugi integral is equivalent with the A-integral. The A-
integral was developed to have more general condition than a property of the indefinite Denjoy integral in the restricted
sense [3]. The Denjoy integral and the A-integral have important role in Fourier series.
In 2011, Efimova gave some properties of a similar integral in topological space. The integral is defined as the
Q-integral [7]. It is a similar version of the A-integral in topological space. Efimova developed the research, in 2015
Efimofa gave the sufficient condition for Integrability of a generalized Q-integral and Points of Integrability [7].
The Kunugi integral is also equivalent with the DL-integral, however it is not equivalent with the Denjoy integral
in the restricted sense. The Denjoy integral in the restricted sense on [a, b] is equivalent with the Henstock-Kurzweil
integral on [a, b] [6]. The DL-integral is developed from the RL-integral. The RL-integral is defined for non-negative
function. A function is RL-integrable on [a, b] if and only if it is absolutely Henstock-Kurzweil integrable on [a, b] [6].
If the function is non-negative, the DL-integral reduces to the RL-integral and coincides with the Henstock-Kurzweil
integral.
The Denjoy integral has been developed by generalizing an absolutely continuous function. In 2016, Indrati and
Aryati defined an integral based on the countably Lipschitz condition as a generalization of Lipschitz condition. The
integral is called by CL-integral. The CL-integral has been applied in initial value problem in 2018 [2]. The CL-
integral on [a, b] is more general than the Lebesgue integral on [a, b]. It is less general than the Denjoy integral in the
wide sense on [a, b] [1]. The Denjoy integral in the wide sense on [a, b] is more general than the Denjoy integral in
the restricted sense on [a, b].
Based on the fact that both the CL-integral and the Kunugi integral are more general than the Lebesgue integral,
in this paper, it will be discussed the relationship between the CL-integral on [a, b] and the Kunugi integral on [a, b].
Some concepts will be rewritten in Preliminaries. The main results will be given in the last section before the
Conclusion.

PRELIMINARIES
In this section, it will be recalled some concepts that will be used in the main results, the relationship between the
Kunugi integral and the CL-integral on [a, b]. In this section we use a fact that the absolute Henstock-Kurzweil integral

Proceedings of The 8th SEAMS-UGM International Conference on Mathematics and its Applications 2019
AIP Conf. Proc. 2192, 050002-1–050002-5; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5139144
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1943-8/$30.00

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is equivalent with the Lebesgue integral.

The Kunugi Integral

We refer the book of [6] to rewritten the concept of the Kunugi integral and its some characteristics.
Let E denote the set of all step functions defined on [a, b]. We define a neighborhood in E as follows. Let X be a
closed set in [a, b],  > 0, and g ∈ E. A neighborhood of g, denoted by V(X, ; g), is the set of all step functions h in
E such that h = g + r and r satisfies the following properties:

(α) |r(x)| < , for all x ∈ X;

(β) N|E N (r)| < , for each N, where E N (r) = {x : |r(x)| > N};
Rb
(γ) | a r N (x) dx| < , for each N, where r N denotes the truncated function of r, i.e., r N (x) = r(x) when |r(x)| ≤ N,
r N (x) = N when r(x) > N, and r N (x) = −N when r(x) < −N. Here N runs over all positive numbers.

A sequence of neighborhoods {V(Xn , n ; gn )} in E is said to be fundamental if {V(Xn+1 , n+1 ; gn+1 )} ⊆

{V(Xn , n ; gn )} for each n, n → 0 as n → ∞, and each Gn = [a, b] \ Xn satisfies the following condition

|Gn | < 2−n . (1)

For simplicity, we further assume that a fundamental sequence has the properties: |Xn \ Xn+1 | = 0 for each n, i.e.,
Xn is included in Xn+1 almost everywhere, and n converges decreasingly to 0.

Lemma 1. If {Vn } is a fundamental sequence of neighborhoods in E with Vn = V(Xn , n ; gn ), then

(i) limn→∞ gn (x) exists almost everywhere in [a, b];

Rb
(ii) limn→∞ a
gn (x) dx exists.

Based on Lemma 1, the definition of the Kunugi integral is given in Definition 2.

Definition 2. A function g is said to be Kunugi integrable on [a, b] if there exists a fundamental sequence
{V(Xn , n ; gn )} in E such that {gn (x)} converges to g(x) for almost all x ∈ [a, b] as n → ∞. The integral of g is
defined to be
Z b Z b
g(x) dx = lim gn (x) dx.
a n→∞ a

The existence of the value of the Kunugi integral on [a, b] is unique as a result of the equivalency between the
Kunugi integral and the DL-integral as stated in Theorem 4.

Definition 3. A function g is said to be DL-integrable on [a, b], if there exists a number A such that for every  > 0
and η > 0, and for every infinite subset S of positive integers, there exist a positive integer N ∈ S , an open set G,
and a constant δ > 0, such that G ⊇ {x : |g(x)| > N} and N|G| < η and that for every partition D = {[u, v]; ξ} with
0 < v − u < δ and ξ ∈ [u, v] \ G, we have X
| g(ξ)(v − u) − A| < .
ξ<G

Theorem 4. A function g is Kunugi integrable on [a, b] if and only if g is DL-integrable on [a, b].

In DL-integral, the integrability of g on [a, b] does not imply the integrability of g on [c, d] ⊂ [a, b]. As corollary,
by Theorem 4, we have Corollary 5.

Corollary 5. If the function g is Kunugi integrable on [a, b], the function g may not integrable on [c, d] ⊂ [a, b].

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 " #
1 1
Let consider the function g : − , → R, where
2 2
−1

, − 12 ≤ x < 0 or 0 < x ≤ 1



 x ln |x|
 2
g(x) = 

 (2)

x = 0.


 0,
" #
h i 1
The function g is Kunugi integrable on − 21 , 12 , However, g is not Kunugi integrable on 0, .
" # 2
1
The function g is not Henstock-Kurzweil integrable on 0, , so it is not Henstock-Kurzweil integrable on [0, 1].
2
That means, a Kunugi integrable function on [a, b] may not Henstock-Kurzweil integrable on [a, b].
The DL-integral is generalization of the RL-integral. Here is the definition of the RL-integral.
Definition 6. A non-negative function g is said to be RL-integrable on [a, b], if there exists a number A such that for
every  > 0 and η > 0, there exist an open set G and a constant δ > 0, such that |G| < η and that for every partition
D = {[u, v]; ξ} with 0 < v − u < δ and ξ ∈ [u, v] \ G, we have
X
| g(ξ)(v − u) − A| < .
ξ<G

The relationship between the RL-integral and the Henstock-Kurzweil integral is stated in Theorem 7. A function
g is absolutely Henstock-Kurzweil integrable on [a, b], in case g and |g| are Henstock-Kurzweil integrable on [a, b].
Theorem 7. A function g is RL-integrable on [a, b] if and only if g is absolutely Henstock-Kurzweil integrable on
[a, b].

The CL-Integral
We refer [1] for the concepts in this subsection. The definition of the CL-integral is developed based on the Countably
Lipschitz Condition (CLC).
Definition 8. A function F : [a, b] → R is said
(i) to have countably Lipschitz condition on [a, b], if there exists a countable collection {Xn }, with ∪n Xn = [a, b],
and F satisfies Lipschitz condition on Xn for every n.

(ii) to be absolutely continuous on [a, b], written by F ∈ AC[a, b], if for every  > 0, there exists a constant η > 0,
that for every finite or infinite collection intervals {In = [an , bn ]}, where Ino ∩Imo = ∅, m , n, if (bn −an ) < η
P
such P
then |F(bn ) − F(an )| < .
(iii) to be generalized absolutely continuous on [a, b], written by F ∈ ACG([a, b]), if there exists a collection of {Xn }
such that [a, b] = ∪Xn and F ∈ AC(Xn , for every n.
Every Lipschitz function on [a, b] has countably Lipschitz condition on [a, b]. A function with countably Lips-
chitz condition on [a, b] may not be continuous on [a, b], so a countably Lipschitz function may not Lipschitz function.
Lemma 9. If the function f : [a, b] ⊆ R satisfies countably Lipschitz condition, then the number of discontinuity
points of f is at most countable.
A collection of all functions that satisfy countably Lipschitz condition on [a, b] is denoted by CLC[a, b].

From the definition of countably Lipschitz function, it can be proved that if F ∈ CLC[a, b], then F ∈ ACG[a, b]
[1]. Therefore, we can define a countably Lipschitz integral as in Definition 10.

Definition 10. A function f : [a, b] → R is said to be countably Lipschitz integrable, shortly CL-integrable, on [a, b],
if there exists a continuous function F : [a, b] → R such that F ∈ CLC[a, b] and F 0 = f almost everywhere in [a, b].

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 The function F in Definition 10 is called the CL-primitive of f on [a, b].
The CL-integral still holds some characteristics of the Lebesgue integral.
Lemma 11. If f and g are CL-integrable functions on [a, b], then

(i) α f is CL-integrable for every constant α.

(ii) f + g is CL-integrable on [a, b].
From the definition of the CL-integral, we can derive some characteristics.
Theorem 12. (i) If f is CL-integrable on [a, b], then f is integrable on each sub-interval [c, d] ⊆ [a, b].
(ii) If a function f is CL-integrable on [a, c] and on [c, b], then f is CL-integrable on [a, b].
(iii) Every CL-integrable function on [a, b] is Denjoy integrable on [a, b] in the wide sense.

In [1], it has been proved that every Lebesgue integrable function on [a, b] is CL-integrable on [a, b].

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CL-INTEGRAL AND THE KUNUGI INTEGRAL

Some characteristics of the Kunugi integral will be derived from the characteristics of the Lebesgue integral and the
Henstock-Kurzweil integral. First, it will be proved that a CL-integrable function is measurable.
Lemma 13. Every CL-integrable function on [a, b] is measurable on [a, b].
Proof. Let g be an arbitrary CL-integrable function on [a, b]. Since every CL-integrable on [a, b] is Denjoy inte-
grable in the wide sense on [a, b], then the function g is measurable on [a, b].

In case the function is non-negative on [a, b], we have an equivalency between the Kunugi integral and the
CL-integral on [a, b] (Theorem 15).
Theorem 14. If the function f : [a, b] → R is non-negative and Kunugi integrable on [a, b], then f is absolutely
Henstock-Kurzweil integrable on [a, b].

Proof. By Theorem 4, f is DL-integrable on [a, b]. Since f is non-negative on [a, b], then the integral reduces to
RL-integral on [a, b]. As corollary, by Theorem 7, f is absolutely Henstock-Kurzweil integrable on [a, b].

Theorem 15. If the function f : [a, b] → R is non-negative, then f is CL-integrable on [a, b] if and only if f is Kunugi
integrable on [a, b].
Proof.

(⇒) By Lemma 13, f is measurable on [a, b]. Since f is non-negative on [a, b], the function f is Lebesgue integrable
on [a, b]. Therefore f is absolutely Henstock-Kurzweil integrable on [a, b]. By Theorem 7, the function f is
absolutely Kunugi integrable on [a, b].
(⇐) By Theorem 4 and Theorem 7, the function f is absolutely Henstock-Kurzweil integrable on [a, b]. That means,
f is Lebesgue integrable on [a, b]. Therefore, f is CL-integrable on [a, b].

Theorem 15 implies Theorem 16. For a function g : [a, b] → R, we mean g+ : [a, b] → R and g− : [a, b] → R as

g+ (x) = max{g(x), 0} : x ∈ [a, b]} g− (x) = max{−g(x), 0} : x ∈ [a, b]},

for every x ∈ [a, b]. A function g is absolutely CL-integrable on [a, b], in case g and |g| are CL-integrable on [a, b].

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Theorem 16. If the function g : [a, b] → R is absolutely CL-integrable on [a, b] if and only if g is absolutely Kunugi
integrable on [a, b].
Proof. Let’s consider g = g+ − g− and |g| = g+ + g− , where g+ and g− are positive functions on [a, b]. The
integrability of g and |g| on [a, b] implies the integrability of g− and g+ on [a, b]. By Theorem 15, the proof is complete.

For a function which is absolutely integrable on [a, b], the equivalency holds. In general, it is not always true.
A Kunugi integrable function on [a, b] may not CL-integrable on [a, b]. From the property of the CL-integral
(Theorem 12) and property of the Kunugi integral (Corollary 5), it can be derived that a Kunugi integrable function
on [a, b] may not CL-integrable on [a, b].
On the other hand, there exists a function which is CL-integrable on [a, b], but it is not Kunugi integrable on
[a, b]. Let consider the function f : [0, 1] → R, where
 1 1 1 1
n, x∈( + , )


+

2 n 1 n n





f (x) = 

(3)

1 1 1 1
, + )

−n, x ∈ (


n+1 2n+1 n





 0, otherwise.

CONCLUSION
The Kunugi integral and the CL-integral are more general than the Lebesgue integral. In case, the function is
non-negative, the two integrals are equivalent. In general, there is no relationship between those two integrals.
From the characteristics of the CL-integral, it can be derived that a Kunugi integrable function on [a, b] may not
CL-integrable on [a, b]. Furthermore, it has been found a function which is CL-integrable on [a, b] but it is not
Kunugi integrable on [a, b].

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Author would like to express my gratitude to the referee for the suggestion in improving the paper and to the
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences for the support of this research.

References
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Mathematical Sciences (FJMS), Volume 103, Number 9, 2018, Pages 1477-1491 ISSN: 0972-0871.
[3] K. Fujita, On the So-called Fundamental Theorem o f Integration, Proc. Japan Acad., 1966, 42 (4), 339–342.
[4] K. Kunugi, Application de la methode des espaces ranges a la theorie de l’integration. I. Proc. Japan Acad.,
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[6] Lee P.Y., Lanzhou Lectures on Henstock Integration, (World Scientific, Singapore, 1989), pp. 151 - 163.
[7] M. P. Efimova, On the Properties of the Q-integral, Mathematical Notes, 2011, Vol. 90, No. 3, pp. 322 - 332.
[8] M. P. Efimova, The Sufficient Condition for Integrability of a Generalized Q-integral and Poins of Integra-
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