3D Geometry 581

and L denote the lines 3. The distance of the point (1, -5, 9) from the
plane
r=i+a(-i+2j+2k), AeR x-y+z=5 measured along the line x= y=2is
r =u2i -j+ 2k) u eR 10 (2016 Main)
(a) 3v10 b) 10/3 (0) (d) 20
tively. If L is a line which is
perpendicular to
L and L¡ and cuts both of them, then which of the 4. The length of the perpendicular drawn from the
following options describe(s) La? (2019 Adv.) (2, 1,4) to the plane containing the lines
point
(ar=(2 -3+ 2k)+ t(2+ 2-k, teR r = (i+ j) +
Mi +2j- k) and r =(i+j)+u (-i+j-2k)
is (2019 Main, 12 April 1)
6)r=2 +k)+ t(2å +2-k), te R (a) 3 (c)
()r=a +3+ k)+ {(2i +2-k), teR 5. A plane which bisects the angle between the two
given
(d)r= t(21 planes 2x - y+ 22-4 =0 and x+ 2y+ 22 -2 0, passes
10. From
+2-k), teR through the point (2019 Main, 12 April I)
a
point PA,a,A), (a) (1-4,
drawn perpendiculars PQ and PR are (b) (1, 4, -1)
respectively on the lines (c) (2, 4, ) (d) (2,- 4, 1)
-,2
then
=-1. If P is
the such that 2QPR isy=x,z=1
a right
and
angle, 6. If the line
(a) v2
possible value(s) of A is (are) (2014 Adv.)
= intersects the plane
(b) 1
(c)-1
11. Two lines d) -V2 2x+3y-2+ 13 =0 at a point P and the plane
L:x=5, 3-a and
3x+ y+ 42 =
16 at a point Q, then PQ is equal to
(2019 Main, 12 April 1)
(a) 14 b) 14
Lg:x=a, 2-a are coplanar. Then, a can take 7. A
perpendicular is drawn from
(c) 2/7
a point
(d) 214
on the line
value(s) = £ to the plane x+
(a) 1 (b) 2 (2013 Adv.) 2 -1 y+2=3 such that the
(c) 3 (d)4
12. A line l foot of the
passing through the perpendicular Q also lies on the plane
the lines origin is
perpendicular to *- y+ 2=3. Then, the coordinates of Qare
(2013 Adv.) (2019 Main, 10 April 1)
h:(3+ ti+(-1+2t)j +(4+ (a) (-1, 0, 4)
2t)k, - o<t< o
(c) (2, 0, 1)
b) (4, 0,-1)
(d) (1, 0, 2)
:8 +2s)i + (3 +2s)j 2+ s) k,
+
- <s< 8. If the plane 2x-y+ 22 +3 =0 has the
Then, the coordinate(s) of the point(s)
distance of v17 from the point of intersection
on h at a
units from the
distancesand2
planes 3
4 is (are) of l and
2x y+ 22 +
4x-2y+ 42+ =00 and
=0, respectively, then the
value ofa +u is maximum
equal to (2019 Main, 10 April 11D
b)-1,-1, (a) 13 b) 15 (c)5 (d) 9
9. If Q0, -1,
(c) (1, 1, 1) -3) is the image of the
point in the
P
9 3x-y+42 =2 and Ris the point (3, -1, -2), thenplane
the
area
(in sq units) of APQR is (2019 Main, 10 April 1)
(a) 91
Topic 3 Equation ofa Plane 2 b) 2/13 (c)97 (a) v65
4 2
10. Let P be the
bjective Questions I (Only one correct option) intersection of plane, which contains the line of
1. the planes, *+
The mirror image of the point (1, 2, 3) in a plane is 2:x+3y+2+5 =0 and it is y+z-6 =0 and
Which of the following points XY-plane. Then, the distance of perpendicular to the
3 } lies on
from Pis equal to the point (0, 0, 256)
this plane? (2019 Main, 9 April I1)
DEE Main 2020, 8 Jan, Shift I1] (a) 63/5 (b) 205/5 11 (a) 17
(a) (1-1, 1 b)-1,-1,1)
11. A plane
V5 V5
(c) (1, 1, 1) (d)-1-1-) passing through the points (0, -1,0) and
Let P be a plane passing through the points (2, 1, 0), and making an (0,0, 1)
1, 1) and (5, 0, 1) and Rbe any point (2, 1, 6). Then anglewith
4
the plane y z +5 =0, als0 -

ne image of Rin the plane P isUEE Main 2020,7 Jan, Shift I] passes through the
points (2019 Main, 9 April 1)
(a) (6, 5, 2) b) (4, 3, 2) (a) (W2,1, 4)
c) (6, 5,- (d) (3, 4,-2) (c)-V2,-1,-4) (b)(-2, 1- 4)
(d) (W2,-1, 4)
582 3D Geometry
21. If the point (2, a, p) lies on the pl
lane
12. If the line -y+1_z-2 meets the plane,
through (3, 4, 2) and
the points
(7, 0,
which pae
to the plane 2x 6)
+2y+3z =15 at a point P, then the distance of Pfrom perpendicular 5y 15, -

then 2u
=
an
equal to
the origin is (2019 Main, 9 April )
(a) 17 b) 7 (c)5
(2019 Main, 11
(a) 7/2 (d) 25 la
b)9/2 ()5/2 (d) 12
13. The vector equation of the plane through the line of 22. The plane containing the line 3
intersection of the planes x+ y+ 2 =1 and -1
2x+3y+ 42 = 5, which is perpendicular to the plane also containing its projection on
the
3
2x+3y z =5, contains which one of
(2019 Main, 8 April I1)
the p
-

I-y+ 2 =0 is
(a)r - k) - 2=0 b) rx i+ k)+ 2=0 points?
(a) (-2,2, 2) (6) (2,2, 0) (c) (2, 0, -2)
(2019(d) Main,followr
11
(d) r- k) + 2=0
(c)rx - k)+ 2=0
23. The direction ratios of norrmal to the plane
(0,-2,2
making anthrough
14. The length of the perpendicular from the point (2, -1,4) points (0,-1,0) and (0,,0, 1) and
on the straight line, *- 2 . i s
with the plane y - z + 5 =0 are
angle
(2019 Main, 11 a
10 1 (2019 Main, 8 April ) (a) 2,-1, 1 b) 2,1,-1
(a) greater than 3 but less than 4 (c) 2,2,-/2 (d) 2/3,1 -1
(b) less than 2 24. The plane which bisectS the line segment joinin
(c) greater than 2 but less than 3 points (-3, -3,4) and (3, 7,6) at right angles
(d) greater than 4 through which one of the following points? pas
15. The magnitude of the projection of the vector 2i + 3j+ k (2019 Main, 10 Ja
on the vector perpendicular to the plane containing the (a) (4, -1, 7) (b) (2, 1, 3) (c) (-2,3, 5) (d) (4,1-2
vectors i+j+ k and i + 2j+ 3k, is (2019 Main, 8 April 1) 25. On which of the following lines lies the
point
intersection of the line, * =y-5 2-3
3
(a)23 b) 6 (c) a/6 (d) 2 2 and
plane, x + y+ 2=2?
1
(2019 Main, 10Ja
16. The equation of a plane containing the line of b)t34-y_z+1
intersection ofthe planes 2x - y -4 =0and y+ 22 -4 =0
(a)4- -s-2-5 3 -2
and passing through the point (1, 1, 0)is -3_2+3
(2019 Main, 8 April ) 3 2 -5
(a) x - 3 y - 22 = - 2 (b) 2x-2 =2 26. The plane passing through the point (4,-1,2)
(c) x - y - z =0 (d) x+ 3y+ z=4
parallel to the linesT2_y=2 2+1
17. If an angle between the line, * - 2--2-3 and 1 2

the plane, (2019 Main, 12 Jan 1) nd - z - 4 ,also passes through the poim
2 3
(2019 Main, 10J
x- 2y kz =3 is cos 22 then value of kis (b) (1, 1,-1
(a)(-1,-1, -1)
5 ) (c) (c) (1, 1, 1) (d) (-1,-1, 1)
(a3 27. Let A be a point on the
r= (1-3u)i + (u - 1)j + (2 + 5u)k and B3,2,6) be-
18. Let S be the set of all real values of Asuch that a plane
passingthrough the points (-1,1,1), (1,-A4,1) and point in the space. Then, the value ofu for which
1,1,-A) also passes through the point (-1, - 1,1). vector AB is parallel to the plane x - 4y + 3z=1
(2019 Main, 10J=
Then, S is equal to (2019 Main, 12 Jan I)
( a ) 3 , - V3} (b) {3, -
(){1-1 3)
(a)
19. The perpendicular distance from the origin to the plane 4
containing the strangne
containing the two lines, *=
28. The equation of the plane
3 7 to the plane containing
and perpendicular
and
(2019 Main, 12 Jan 1)
11
straight lines - a n d 2o19 Main 9m
(a) 11/6 b)6 (c)11 (d) 6T1 =0
(a) 5x + 2y- 42 = 0 (b) x + 2y- 22
(d)x - 2y+2=0
20. Two lines -3_y*1.z- and *5.-2.2-3 (c)3x+2y -32 =0 plar
1 4 3 29. The plane through the intersection aral
and
intersect at the point R. The reflection of R in the + y+2=1 and 2x+33 y - 2 + 4 =0 (2019Main, 9Ja

xplane has coordinates (2019 Main, 11 Jan I1) Y-axis also passes through the point
(a) (2, - 4, 7) (b) (2,-4,7 (a) (3, 3,- (b) (-3 1, 1)
-)
(c) (-2, 4, 7) (d) (2, 4, 7) (c) (3, 2, 1) (d) (-3 0,
 3D Geometry 583

he eguation of the line passing through 38. The equation of the plane containing the lines
10. , 1), parallel to the plane x+2y -z- 5 =0
4intersecting and 2x-5y+ z =3, 1+ + 4 z =5and parallel to the plane
the line
(2019 Main, 9 Jan 1) + 3 y + 62 = 1 is (2015 Main)
(a) 2x+ 6y + 12z = 13 (b)z+3y +6z = -7
-3 ) z + 3y + 6z = 7 (d) 2x+ 6y + 12x = - 13
(a) --3
39. The distance of the point (1,0,2) from the point of
ind intersection of the line 2=I+1_z-2
3
(d) =+3_z+1 3 12
the
4
1f L is the ine or planez-y+Z= 16is (2015 Main)
intersection of the
2y + 3z-2 =0, x- y+ 2+1 =0 and L, is the planes
line of
(a) 2/14 (b) 8 (c) 3/21 (d) 13
of the planes
he
n x+2y-z -3 = 0,
2z 1 0, then the distance of the
- =
40. The image of the line =in the plane
plane, containing the lines L and L, is origin from the 2x- y+ z +3 =0 is the line (2014 Main)
(2018 Main)
an ) (a) _1-5_3
(o)42 (b)2 3 1

The length of the

projection of the line segment d)3- +5_z-2
the points (5, -1, 4) and joining 5
7 is
4,-1,3) on the plane, 41. +
Perpendicular
2 are drawn from points on the line
z =
x+ y t (2018 Main)
t o the plane + y+ z =3. The feet of
nl) 2
perpendiculars lie on the line (2013 Adv.)
of 2 2

t e , Let u be a vector coplanar with the vectors a =2i+3j - k

nl) and b j+ k. Ifu is perpendicular to a and b 24, then
--1 - -2
u =

uis equal to 42. Distance between two parallel

(2018 Main) planes 2x+ y+2z =8
(a) 336 (b)3315 and 4x+ 2y+ 4z+ 5=0 is (2013 Main)
(c) 256 (d) 84
.d4.If theimage of the point P(1, 2, 3) in the
(a) a) 9
-

plane 2
2x+ 3y-4z + 22 =0 measured parallel to the line 43. The equation of a plane passing through the line of
= i s Q, then PQ is equal to
14 5
intersection of the
planesx+ 2y+ 3z 2 and
(2017 Main) y+2 =3 and at a distance 2//3 from the point
(a) 3/6 b) 2/42 3,1,-1) is (2012)
(c)42 (d) 6/5 (a) 5x- 11y + z = 17 (b) 2x+y = W2 - 1
22%The distance of the point (1,3, -7) from the (c) *+ y+z = V3 (d) x- 2y =1-
plane passing through the point (1,-1,-1) 44. The point P is the intersection of the
straight linne
ne having normal perpendicular to both the lines joining the points Q(2, 3, 5) and R (1, 1, 4) with the -

-1y+2 2-4 and plane 5x-4y-z =1. If S is the foot of the

he perpendicular drawn from the point T (2, 1, 4) to QR,
then the length of the line
20 segment PS is (2012)
a) units (6)l 0
(a)
V74 83
5units
(b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 2/2
(2017 Main)
(c) units (d)
10
units 45. If the distance of the
point P(1,-2, 1) from the plane
V 8 3 n i t s

ne V74
he equation of the plane passing
x+2y-22 =a, where a >0, is 5, then the foot of the
through the point
,1) and perpendicular to the planes 2x+ y-2z = 5 perpendicular form P to the plane is (2010)
and3x-6y-22 = 7 is (2017 Adv.)
a)14x+2y - 152 = 1 b) - 14x + 2y+ 152 =3 3
c)14x 2y+ 152 =27 (d) 14x+ 2y + 152 = 31
etPbe the image of the point (3, 1, 7) with respect to the 46.
es
R y+ 2=3. Then, the equation of the plane Equation of the plane containing the straight line
t0
g through P and containing the straight line a n d perpendicular to the plane containing
i the staight lines
l2)x+ y- 3z =
0 (b) ax+ 2 = 0
(2016 Adv.)
and-is
3
(2010)
x-4y+ 7z =0 (d) 2x- y = 0
(a) x+ 2y - 22 = 0
(c) a- 2y + 2 = 0
(b) 3x + 2y 22 = 0
(d) 5x+ 2y - 4z = 0
 584 3D Geometry
54. In
R,
consider
the planes
from B
and Pa: *+

4, Aline with positive direction cosines passes

through tne
the
be a plane, ditferent
through the intersection of
P
P and P. 1Whieh
and
2=1.le
P (2, -1, 2) and makes equal angles
with
1, 0) from is 1 and the the djs Pas
point 2x+ y+2=* the point (0,
coordinate axes. The line meets the plane
line segment PQ equals a,B,Y) from 3
1s
2, then which
dnceoCe
fa poingft
at point Q. The length of the (2009) relation(s) is/are true?

(c) 3 (d) 2 B+ 2y +
2= 0 b) 20-B+2Y +4=02015 Abv
(a) 1 b) 2 (a) 2 +
(d) 201-B+ 2y-8=0
0
the 10
IfPis (3, 2, 6) is point in space and Q
be a point on ()2 + B - 2 y -
L be a straight line passi
48. a

Then, the value of In R, let sing through

liner= (i-i+2k)+u -3i+}+5k).
55. origin. Suppose that all the points
is parallel to the plane
from are at a
he
for which the vector PQ (2009) constant
distance
two the
x-4y+32 = 1, is R:x+2y-2+l and.
z-1
foot of the perpendiculars
Pz:2x-y+
0. Letplanes
(b)- locus of the Mbe
(a)
4
the
the points on L to the plane R. Which drawn from
49. A plane passes through (1, -2, 1) and
is perpendicular
22 =4,then the
point(s) lie(s)
on M?
D\lowiAde)ng
(2015
two planes 2x-2y + z =0andr- y+
to
distance of the plane from the point (1, 2, 2) 1s
(2006, 3M)

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)2 (d) 2/2

unit distance from and
Pa X+2y +2 2
50. Avariable plane++=1 at c
a
56. Let PR:2x+ y-z =3 be
a
which of the
origin cuts the coordinate axes at A, Band C. Centroid planes. Then, following statemerent(e) js
(are) TRUE?
, y, 2) satisfies the equation+ . The (2018 Ad)
of
(a) The line of intersection P
and P, has
(2005, 2M) 1, 2,
direction ratios
value of K is
9 (b) 3 (b) The line
3x 4 -

Z is1-3y -

3 perpendicular to the line

9
(c) 1/9 (d) 1/3 of intersection of P and P2
c) The acute angle between P and P, is 60°
51. The value of k such that =5* lies in the (d) If P is the plane passing through the point (4,2-0
plane 2x-4y + 2 = 7, is (2003, 1M) and perpendicular to the line of intersection of P.and
(a) 7 (b) - 7 Py then the distance of the point (2,1,) from the
(c) No real value (d) 4 planeP is
3
Objective Questions II1
57. If the straight lines x-1_+l_2and
One or more than one correct option) 2 K
52. Let a, B, y,ô be real numbers such that a* + B+ #0 +1 ytl-2 are coplanar, then the planes
5 2 53.
and a + y=1. Suppose the point (3, 2, - 1) is the mirror
containing these two lines is/are (2012
image of the point (1, 0, - 1) with respect to the plane
(a) y+ 2z = - 1 (b) y + z = - 1
ax + By+ z=6. Then which of the following statements (d) y - 2z = - 1
(c) y-2 = - 1
is/are TRUE? (2020 Adv.)
(a)a+B =2 b)-7 3
(c) o+ B = 4
d) a+B+7 =ô Integer&Numerical Answer Type Questions
53. Consider a pyramid OPQRS located in the first octant 58. Three lines are given by
20, y20, 2 20) with Oas origin, and OPand ORalong r,e R
the X-axis and the Y-axis, respectively. The base OPQR
of the pyramid is a square with OP =3. The point S is
directlyabove the mid-point T of diagonal 0Q such that
ru+).eR
and rv+j+ k),v e R 64
TS =3. Then, (2016 Adv.)
the pon
(a) the acute angle between 0Q and OSis Let the lines cut the plane z =1 at + AB y+
A, Band C respectively. If the area of the triang
(2019Mh
(b) the equation of the plane containing the A0QSis is A then the value of (6A)* equals *****
-y= 0
(c) the length of the perpendicular from P to the plane 59. Let P be a point in the first octant, whose1
P
containing the a0Qs is plane x+ y =3 (that is, the line segment
2 perpendicular to the plane X+ y = 3and the mid-poiut
(d) the perpendicular distance from O to the straight line PQ lies in the plane x+ y=3) lies on the Z-ax1s.
image
dr
the
containing RS is V2 stance of P from the X-axis be 5. If Ris
in t h e XY-plane, t h e n t h e l e n g t h o f P R 15 -
(2018kd
 3D Geometry 585
Passage
Based Problems
the following
Read the Match the Columns
Consider the lines
passage and answer the
questions. Match the
conditions/expressions in Column I with
values statements in Column II.
L: L:2 65. Consider the lines

istance of the point (1, 1, (2008, 12M) L, 2 ,L,*4-y*3.

1) from 2
60.
1gh the the plane passing planes R:
point(F1,-2,-1)L and
nerpendicular to both the lines and whose normal is ax+ by + cz
7x+ y+22 =3,
Pz:3x+ 5y 62 4. Let
d the equation of the
=

plane
-
=

(a) 2W75 unit

(b) 7W75 unit
Lo. is through the point of intersection of lines andpassing
and L Lz
(c) 13A/75 units perpendicular to planes P and Pz
(d) 23/75 units
Match List I with List II and select the correct
1, The shortest distance between using the code given below the lists.
answer
Ly and Lis (2013 Adv.)
(a) 0 unit
(b) 17/3 units List
(c) 415V3 unit List
(d) 17/5/3 units P
13
en The unit vector perpendicular to both
L and L, is
(a)-i+7j + 7k
99 6)--7+6 . C

d
3.
5V3
)i+7j+ 6k
53 (d) 7i-7- Codes
99 P P
(a) 3 2 4
Ssertion and Reason (b) 1 3
(c) 3 2 1 4 (d) 2 4 1 3
For the following questions, choose 66. Consider the
the correct answer following linear equations
from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) defined as follows. ax
+by + cz =0, bx + cy + az =0, cx+ ay +bz =0
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; (IIT 2007, 6M)
Statement II is
the correct
Statement I explanation of
Column Column I
(b) Statement is true, Statement II
is also true; A a+b+c : 0and
Statement II is not the correct p. The equations represent
Statement I explanation of a+b2+c2 planes meeting onty at
ab+bc + ca a single point
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is
false
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is a+b+C =0 and q The equations represent
true a+b+c2 thelinez =y= z
Consider three planes P:x- y+ ab +bc +ca
z =1
Pa:x+ y-2 = -1 . a+b+C# 0 and . The equations represent
and a2+b2+c2 identical planes
Let L, Lz, Lg be the lines of
P:x-3y +32 =2 ab +bc +ca
intersection of the
Pa and P, P and P. R and Py respectively. planes D. a+b+c =0 and S. The equations represent
Statement I Atleast two of the lines Ly, Lz and are a2+b2+c2 the whole of the
Lz ab +bc +Ca three-dimensional space
non-parallel.
Statement II The three planes do not have a common Analytical& Descriptive Questions
point. (2008, 3M) 67. Find the equations of the
Consider the planes 8x-6y-22 15 and 2x+ y-22 5.
=
plane containing the line
2x-y+2-3=0,3x + y+z=5 and at a distance of
=

Statement 1 The parametric equations of the line of 6

Intersection of the given planes are x 3+ 14, from the point (2,1,-1).
=
(2005, 2M)
y=1+2t, z =15 t. 68. A plane is parallel to two lines
whose direction ratios
are (1, 0, -1) and
Statement II The vectors 14i +2j+15k is parallel to (-1, 1, 0) and it
contains the point
(1,1,1). If it cuts coordinate axes at A,B,C.
ne line of intersection of the given planes. 2007, 3M) Then find the
volume of the tetrahedron OABC.
(2004, 2M)
586 3D Geometry
69. Tis 70. () Find the equation of the plane pasei.
a
parallelopiped
of one face and the
face
in which
just above
A,B,C and D are vertices
it has
points (2,1,0), (5,0,1) and (4,1,1). Dassing tnrough th
vertices A' , B',C', D',
Tis now compressed S with
corresponding
to ci) If Pis the point (2, 1, 6), then the point
face ABCD
remaining same and A,B',C ,D PQ is perpendicular to the
oint Qsuch
shifted to A" , B'", C" ,D' in S. The
plane in (a) aand the
volumeeof mid-point of PQ lies on it.
parallelopiped S is reduced to 90 % of T. Prove that
locus of A' is a
plane. (2004, 2M)

Topic 1
Answers
27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (c)
1. (a) 30. a
31. (b) 32. (d) 3. a)
34.
Topic2 35. (b) 36. (d) 37. (c)
38. e
1. (d) 2. a) 40. (a) 41. (d)
3. (a) 4. (d) 39. (d) 42.
5. (c) 6. (b) 44. (a)
7. (ab) 8. (c.d) 43. (a) 45.(a) 46. (e)
9. (a,b.c) 10. (e) 11. (a, d) 12. (b, d) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. fa)
Topic 3 51. a) 52. (a,c) 53. (b, c, d) 54. (b.d
1. (a) 2. (c) 55. (a, b) 56. (c, d) 57. (b. c)
3. b) 4. () 59. (8) 60. (c) 61. ()
58.(0.75)
5. (d) 6. (d) 62. (b)
7. (c) 8. (a) 9. a) 10. (c) 63. (d) 64. (d) 65. (a)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (a) 66. A> r, B>
;Cp, D>s
15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (a)
19. 6) 20. (a) 67. 2x-y +z-3 0; 62x +29y+19z -105
=
0
21. 6) 22. (c)
=

23. (b, c) 24. (d) 25. (d)

9
68. - cu units 70. i) x+y-2z
26. (c) =3 (ü) Q6.5,-2)

Topic 1 Direction Cosines and

Hints& Solutions
Ratios of a Line
Direction Topic 2 Straight Line in Space and
Shortest Distance
1. We know that, angle between two lines is 1. Let point Pwhose
position vector is (-i +2j+ 6k)ani
COs 8= aa2t bb, t GC2 straight ine passing through Q2,3,-4)
parallel to te
a + b+ Yaz+ b2+ vector n =6i +3j -4k.

I+m+ n =0 P(-1.2.6)
I=-(m + n)
(m +n) =
m+n+ 2mn =m* +n :1 =m*+ n2, given
2 mn = 0 Q(2,3-4)
n-6i+3-4k
When m=0 l=-n *
Required distance d ent}
Projection of line segu
=

Hence, (, m, n) is (1,0, -1). perpendicular to vector n.

When n =0, thenl= -m _IPQXn
Hence, (,m, n) is (1, 0, -1). n
cos=t0+0_1
Now, PQ=3i+ j-10k, so

2x2 2
PQxn =3 1 -10=26i -48j+3k
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