THE

THE VEIL O F 1 8 1 8 ;

M
YSTERIES O FTHEDRU IDS

V
W WI N WO
. O D R EAD E .

h
B y the b ri g t circle of the gold en su n ,
h
B y t he b rig t co u rs es o f the e r ran t m oo n ,
d d
B y th e re a p o te n cy o f e ve ry s tar ,

d
I n t he m ys te rio us Zo iac s b ur n i n g gi rth ,
’

h
B y e ac h a n d al l o f t ese s u p e r n al si g ns ,

W e dj h
do h h t wit t is trus ty b l a e d
h h
a u re ee ,

d
To g u ar yo n cen tral oak w o l y s te m ,

I h h
, os e

n vol ves the s p i ri t o f ig Taranis :

h h
B e t is thy cM arge .
” - a so n .

NEW Y O RK .

P ETER EC K L ER , P U B LI S H ER ,
35 FU LTO N STR EET .
 DE DI CAT I O N .

TO EMI LY

As tho s e p r e s ents are alway s the m o s t fashionab le,

and sometimes the m o s t val u ed which can not b e

,

u s ed I g ive y ou this b o o k which y ou will not b e

, ,

ab le to read b ut w hich pe rhaps y ou will k ind ly

, , ,

pre s e rve in memor y o f its w r iter .

A n author can pa y n o higher compliment t o a

friend than to dedicate to he r a wo rk upon which he
has spent m u ch lab o r and anxiety This e ffo rt o f a
.

you n g man to re d eem a mistak e perhaps a fa u lt i n

, ,

his literar y life d eserves to b e s ealed with y our

,

name fo r it is yo u w ho have repeatedly urged h im

,

t o the ta s k and presi ded over it li k e a g uardian

,

an gel w ith k i nd an d conso lin g w o rds

, .
 CO N TE N T S .

B OO K TH E FI R S T .

DAR K N ES S .

B OO K TH E S E C O ND .

ABO R I GI N ES .

I .
—Albio n
I I —Britain
.

I II — Analys is
IV .
— D e scrip tio n

B OO K TH E T HIRD .

TH E D R U I D S .

I .
-
O r ig in
I I P owe r .
-

I I I —The D e rw ydd
.
, or P hilo s o p he rs

I V — The Bardd ,
. or M us icians

V .
—T he O v a de s , o r N o v iciates

VI .
—R ite s and C e re m o nies
VI L —P rie ste sse s
6 C onte nts .

B OO K TH E F O U R TH .

T H E D ES TR U CTI O N O F TH E D R U I DS .

BOO K THE F I FTH .

VE S T I GE S O F DRUIDIS M
.

I .
-
I n the C e r e m o nie s o f the C hu rch of Ro m e

I I —I n t he
. E m bl m e s of F m re e as o nry

I I I — I n R us ti F l k
c o -
L o re

APPE ND I & .
BOO K THE FIRS T .

D ARK NESS
 THE VEIL O F IS IS ;

THE MYS TERIES O F THE DRU IDS .

H ERE is no stud y so saddenin g and none s o,

su b lime as that o f the e arl y re li g i o ns o f man

k ind To t race b ac k the w o rshi p o f Go d to its simple
.

o ri g in , and to mark the g radual pro cess o f th o s e

de gradin g supe rstiti o ns and unhall o w e d rites which
,

darkened and fi nall y e xtin g uishe d H is presence in

,

the anci e nt world .

At fi rs t m e n enj o y e d th e b le s sings o f nature as

child r e n do with o ut inqu irin g i nto cau s es
, I t was
.

su fficient fo r them that the ea rth g ave the m he rbs ,

that the tree s b o re them fruit that the str eam quenched
,

their thi rst The y w e r e happ y and e ver y m o ment

. ,

th o ugh u nc o nsci o usl y the y o ffered a pra y er of g rati

tude to H im whom as ye t the y did no t k n o w .

An d the n a s y s tem o f the o l o g y aro se am o n gst

them vagu e and indefinite as th e wate rs of the b o u nd
,

less sea The y tau ght each o ther that the sun and
. ,

9
IO D ark ne s s .

the earth the mo o n and the s ta rs were m o ved and

, ,

ill u mined by a Great Soul which was the s o u rce o f

al l life which cau s ed the b irds to si ng the brooks to
, ,

m u rmu r and the sea to heave It was a s acre d Fi re

, .

which shone i n the fi rm am e nt and in might y fl ames , .

I t was a st range B ein g which animated the souls of

men and which when the b o dies died returned to
, ,

itself again .

The y silentl y adored this Great S o ul i n the be

inning and s poke of H im with r eve r ence and
g , ,

sometime s rai s ed their e y es timidl y to H is glitte r in g

dwelling place o n high -
.

And s o on the y learned t o pray W hen th o se .

whom the y l o ved lay dying the y uttered wild lamen ,

tatio ns and fl un g their a r ms d espai r ingly towa rds

,

the my s terious So u l ; for i n time s o f t r o u ble the

human m ind s o imbecile s o helpless clings to some , ,

thin g that is s t ro nger than its e l f .

A s yet they wors hipped onl y the su n the m o o n , ,

and the sta rs — and n ot as Gods but as visi o ns of that

D ivine Essence which alone r ul ed and per v aded the
,

ea rth the sk y and the s e a

, , .

The y ado red H im kneeling with their hands ,

clasped and their eyes raised They o ffe r ed H i m

, .

no s ac r i fi ces the y b u ilt H im no temples ; the y we re

,

conten t t o offer H im their hea rts which we r e fu ll o f

aw e in H is o w n temple which was fu l l o f g randeur
, .
 E arhnes s . II
An d it is said that there are y et s o me b arb a rous
islands where m e n have no churches no r ce r emonies ,

and where the y w o rs hi p Go d re fl ected i n the w o rk

,

o f H is thousand hands .

But the y were no t l o n g content with this simple

s e r vice. P ra y er which ha d fi rst b een an i n s pi rati o n
fell i nt o a s y stem and m e n alread y g r own wicked
,

pra y e d the Deit y t o g ive them ab u ndance o f wild

b east s ski ns and t o d estro y their enemie s
’

, .

The y ascended eminences as if h 0pin g that thus

,

b eing nearer Go d H e would prefer their p ra y e r s to

,

those o f their rivals S uch is the o ri g in of that

.

supe rs titious reve r enc e for hi g h places which was

u n ive rs al throu g h o ut the whole o f the heathen w o rld .

Then O rpheus was b o rn And he i nvented ins tru

.

ments wh ich to his t o uch and to his lips g ave fo rth ,

notes o f s u r pas s in g sweetne s s and with these mel o

,

dies h e enticed the w o nderi n g s avag es int o the

recesses of the fo rest and there tau g ht them precepts
,

o f obedience to the gre at S oul an d o f lo v in g kind

,
-

nes s towards each o ther i n harm o ni o u s w o rds .

S o the y devo ted g ro ves and forests to the wo rshi p

of the D eit y .

There were m e n w ho had watche d O r pheus and ,

w ho had see n and e nvie d h is power o ver the herd

w ho s u r rou nded him The y re s olved to imitate him

.
,

and havin g studied these b a rbarians the y banded ,

I 2 E at a BS O

tog ether and c alled themselves their p riests R e

, .

lig io n is divine b ut its m in i s te rs a re men

&

, And .

ala s &someti mes the y a re demon s with the faces and

wings o f angel s .

The s impli cit y of men and the c u nning of their ,

pr iests has destro y ed or co rrupted all the reli g i o ns

o f the world .

The s e p r ie s ts taught the pe o ple to sacrifice the

choicest he rb s and fl o wers The y tau g ht them fo r .

mulas of prayer and b ade them make so man y

,

obei s ances to the s u n and to wors hip thos e fl owers

,

which O pened their leaves when he ro s e and which ,

clo s ed them as he s e t .

They compos ed a languag e o f s y m b o ls which was

pe rhaps nece s sa r y s ince lette rs had not b een in
,

vented but which pe rplexed the people a n d pe r verted

,

them from the wo rs hip of the one God .

Thus the su n and mo o n we r e wo rs hipped as

emblem s of God and fi re as an emblem of the su n
, ,

water as an emblem of the moon .

The s e rpent w as to be wors hipped al s o as an em

blem of wi s dom and eternal y outh s ince it r enews ,

its ski n eve r y yea r and thus pe r iodical ly cas ts o ff

,

al l s ympto ms of old age .

And the b ul l mo s t vigo r o us of a n imal s and W h o se

, ,

h o rn s r e s em ble tho s e of the c rescent moon .

The priests o b served the avidit y with which the

 D ark ne s s . I 3

b arb arians adored the s e s y m b o ls and inc r eas ed them

, .

To wo rs hip the vi s i b le is a dis e as e of the so u l inhe r

e nt to all man k ind and the di s eas e which these
,

men cou l d have healed they pandered to .

It is t rue that the fi rs t gene ration of men m i ght

have lo o ked u pon the s e me r el y as the empt y s ym b ols
of a D ivine Bein g but it is also ce rtain that i n tim e
,

the v u lgar forgot the G od in the em b lem and w o r ,

s hipped that which their fathers had onl y honored .

Egy pt was the fou ntain head of the s e idolatr ies and
-
,

it w as i n Egypt that the p r iests fi rs t app l ied real

attri b ute s to the su n and to the moon whom the y
,

called his wife .

I t ma y perhaps inte r e s t you to li s ten to the fi rst

fab le of the wo rld .

F r om the mids t of chao s was b o r n O s i ri s and at ,

his b irth a voice was heard p r oc l aiming T/ze r uler

f
o l the
al ca r t z / is
From the same da rk and t r ou b led wom b were
b o rn I s is the Queen of Light and Ty phon the Spi r it
,

o f Da rk ness .

This O s i ris traveled o ver the whole w o rld and ,

civilized its inhab itants and tau g ht them th e art of

’

ag r ic ultu re B ut on his r etu r n to Egypt the j ealous

.

T y phon laid a s tratag em for h im and i n the m i d s t of

,

a b anquet had him shut u p i n a chest wh ich exactl y

fi tte d h is b od y H e w as nailed down i n his p r is o n

.
,
1 4 D ark ne s s .

which cast into the N ile floated down to the s e a by

the T a itic mouth which even i n the time of P l u ta rch
,

w as never mentioned b y an Egyptian but with

ma r k s of detestati o n .

When Isi s learnt the s e sad new s he cut off a l o c k

of her hai r a nd put o n he r m o u r ning ro b e s and
, ,

wande r ed th r ough the wh o le co u ntr y in sea rch of the

che s t which contained th e dead b od y of her h u s band .

At length s he lea r nt that th e chest had b een car

r ied b y the wave s to the sho r e of Byb los and had ,

the r e lodged in the b ranches of a tama ri s k b u s h ,

which qu ickly shot u p and b ecame a l a rge and beau

tifu l t r ee g ro wing r ou nd the che s t so that it could
,

not b e seen .

The king o f the cou ntr y amazed at the vas t size the
t r ee had s o speedi ly acqu i r ed o rde r ed it to b e cu t
,

down t o be hewn into a pi ll a r t o s u ppo rt the roof o f

his palace—the chest b ein g s till concealed i n the
t ru nk .

The voice which had spo k en fr om H eaven at the

b irth of O s i ris made k n own these things to poor Isi s ,

who went to the sh o re of B y b los and sat down silentl y

b y a fo u ntain to weep The dam s els o f the queen
.

met her and acco s ted her and the queen appointed
,

he r t o be n u rs e t o he r child
-
A n d I s is fed the i nfant
.

with her finge r instead of with he r b reast and put ,

him every night into fire to render hi m imm o rtal ,

 E ark nes s . I 5

while transfo rming he rs elf i nto a swallow she ho v

e red ro u n d the pilla r wh ich w as her hu s b and s tom b ’

and bem o ane d her u nhapp y fate .

I t happened that the q u een thus discovered her ,

and sh r ie k ed when s he saw her ch ild s u rro u nded b y

fl ames B y that cr y she bro k e the charm and de
.

r iv e d him of immortalit y
p .

By that cr y I s is was su mmoned bac k to her g o d

dess fo rm a nd s tood b efo r e th e awe str u c k queen shi
-
,
-

n in g with light and diffu sin g sweet fragrances around .

S he cu t ope n the pillar and to o k the co ffi n with

,

he r and opened it i n a desert

, There s he em b raced
.

the cold corpse o f O siris an d wept b itterl y

, .

She retu r ned to Eg ypt an d h id th e co ffi n i n a

r emote place : b ut Typh o n hu ntin g by m o o nli g ht
, ,

chanced to fi nd it and divided the co rp s e into fou r

,

teen piece s Agai n I s is set o u t o n her weary sear ch

.

th r ougho u t the whole land sailin g over the fenn y

,

parts i n a b oat made o f pap y rus She recovered all .

the frag ments except o ne which had b een th r own

into the sea Each of th ese she b u r ied i n the place
.

where she fo u nd it which explains wh y i n Eg y pt

,

there are s o many tombs o f O si r is .

And instead of th e lim b wh ich was l o st s he g ave ,

—
the p/z allus to the Egyptian the di s gustin g w o r
s

ship o f which was thence ca rr ied int o Ital y into ,

G reece and int o all the c o unt r ies o f the East

, .
 W h e n Isis d ied she was b uried i n a g ro ve near
,

M emphis O ver her grave was rai s ed a statue

.

covered fro m head to fo o t with a b lac k veil And .

u nde rneath w as e ngraved the s e divine wo r ds

I am all t/z a t bas oeen , t/z a t tiz a t s /t all be a nd
'

2s , ,

none a mong mor tals Iz a s y et dar ed to r a i se my well .

Beneath thi s veil are concealed all the m y steries

and lea r ning of the past A y o u ng s chola r his
.
,

finge rs c o vered with the dust of vene rab le foli o s his ,

e y es wear y and redde ned b y n ightl y t o il will no w

attempt to lift a c o r ne r of this m y steri o us and s ac red
c o vering .

These t wo Deities I s is and O siris were the parents

,

o f all the God s a nd G o de s s e s of the H eathens o r ,

we re indeed thos e G od s themselves wors hipped u n

der different name s The fab le its elf w as r eceived
.

i nto the m y tholo g ie s of th e H indoos and the R 0

man s . S i ra is said to have m utilated B rahma as
Typh o n did O s iris and Ven u s to have lamented her
,

slain Adoni s as I s i s wept for he r hu s band god

,
-
.

As y et the su n an d moon alone were wo rshipped

u nde r these two name s And as we have seen
.
,

b e s ides these twin b ene fi cial spirits men w ho had ,

b egun to recognize si n in their hea rts had created

an Evil O ne who st ru ggled w ith the p o wer o f li ght ,

and fou ght with them for the s o u l s of men .

I t is natural fo r m an t o fab ricate s o methin g that

1 8 D ark ne s s .

No w co rru ption gre w u pon co rrup tion and s uper ,

s t it io nfl u ng a black a n d hideou s vei l ove r the doc

t r ines of religion A r e l igion is l o s t as s oon as it
.

lo s es its s imp l icity : t ru th has no my s te r ie s : it is

deceit alone that l u rk s in ob s c u r ity .

Men m u l tiplied God i nto a tho u sand names and ,

c reated H im al w ay s in thei r own image H im too .

, ,

whom they had once deemed u n wo rth y of any

temple le s s noble than the fl oo r of the earth and the
vast dome of th e s ky the y wo rs hipped in cave s and
, ,

t hen i n temples which we r e made of the tru n k s of

tree s r u del y s c u lptured and ra nged in r ows to imitate

,

g rove s and with other tru nk s placed up o n them

,

travers ely .

S u ch were the first buildings of wo rs hip e r ected

b y man fro m n o reve r ence fo r the D eit y but to ,

di s play that which the y do u btl es s co n cei ved to be a

stupendo u s effo r t i n art .

I t m ay not b e needle s s to remind s ome of m y

reade rs that a s upe rior b eing mu s t view the eleg ant
temple s of the Roman s the go rgeou s pagodas of
,

I ndia and ou r own Gothic cathed ral s with fee l i ngs

,

s imi l a r to tho s e with which we co ntemp l ate the r u de

effo rts of the ea rly heathens who deemed G od u n

,

w o rth y o f the fr u its a nd flowe rs wh ich he him s elf

had made and offe r ed to hi m the entrail s of beas ts
, ,

and the hea rts of h u ma n being s .

 D ark ne s s . 1 9

W e may compa r e an ancient and fallen r eligi o n to

the ship of the A rgo n auts which the G r eek s de s i r
ing to p reserve to poste ri t y repai r ing i n s o man y
,

di ffe rent way s that at length the re did not r emai n a

,

fragment of that ve s s el which had b o r n to Colchis

the conque r or of the Golden Flee ce .

Let u s pa ss ove r a l ap s e of y ears and then con ,

template the condition o f the s e nati on s i n whom

re l igio n had been fi rs t bo r n W e fi n d th e Egyptian s
.

ado r ing the mo s t common of plants the most con ,

t e m p t ible of beasts the mo s t hideou s of r eptiles

, .

The s olemnit y and pomp of their ab s u rd ce r e m o

n ie s held them u p to the r idicule o f the whole wo rld .

Clemen s of Alexandria descri b es one of thei r

t e m p le s z— ( P oe dag lib iii )
. . .

“
The wal l s s hine with go l d an d silver an d with ,

ambe r and spa r kle with the g ems of I ndia an d

,

Ethiopia : and the recesses are c o ncealed by s plendid

c u rta ins Bu t if y ou enter the penet ralia and inqu i r e
.
,

for the image of God fo r who s e s ake the fane w as

b u ilt; on e of the P as t o pho ri or s ome othe r at tendant
,

o n the temple approaches with a s ole m n a n d m ys

t e r io u s face and puttin g a s ide the veil s u ffe rs you

,

to o btain a glimp s e of the divi nity There you .

b eh o ld a s nake a c r oc o dile o r a cat o r s ome othe r

, , . ,

beas t a fitter i nhabitant of a cave r n o r a bo g than

, ,

of a templ e .
20 D ark ne s s .

The priests o f Egy pt alwa y s imp o s to rs bu t once

, ,

so cele b rate d had no w de g enerated into a race o f

,

juggle rs .

A l s o th e C haldoe ans live d up o n the fame of their

fathers and upon thei r o w n bas e t r icke rie s
, .

The B rachm ans or B rahmins those p r iests o f ,

I ndia once s o vi rtu o us and s o wise— ah &the y t o o

,

had fallen O nce they had forbidden the s hedding

.

of so much as an in s ects b l o od : one da y i n the y ea r

alone at the feas t of Jagam they we r e a u tho r ized to
, ,

sac r ifice the fl e s h o f a bea s t and fr om thi s man y had

,

r efr ained fr o m attendin g u nab le t o co nquer their

,

feeli ngs o f abh o rrence .

B ut n o w the y had lea r nt fr om the fi erce S c ythians

and from the P h oenicians who traded on their coasts
to sac r ifice the wife up o n her husb and s pyre— to
appeas e the g entle B rahm ah with the b lood of men .

N ow the angel s w ho had p resided over them

be came savag e demons w ho sc o urg ed them o n to
,

c r u el penances na y to l ife time s of suffe r ing and

,
-

fam ine .

I n the sac red gro ves where once the B rachman

Fath ers had taught their p recepts o f love men ema ,

c iat e d ca r ewo r n dying wande r ed s adly waitin g fo r

, , , ,

death as to rtu red p r i s o ne rs wait fo r their li b e rty .

But wors e sti l l the s e wicked p r ie s ts sought th rough

,

the land for the m ost b eautiful yo un g w o men and ,

 D ark ne ss . 21

trained them to dan ce i n th e temples and to e ntice ,

the devotee s to their a r ms with lustful attitude s and

lan guishing look s and with thei r voices which
,

min gled harmoniousl y w ith the go lden b ell s s u s

pended o n their feet The y s ang h y mns t o the G ods
.

in p u blic and in p r ivate en r iched the t rea s u r ies of

,

the pagoda with their i nfam ou s ea rnin g s Th u s a .

pu r e and simple re l igion was debased b y the ava r ice

an d lewdne s s of its p r iests : till the temples b ecame
a den of thieve s : ti l l p r ostitution sat enthro ned u pon
th e altars o f the G ods .

G reece and Rom e b u r ied i n sloth and lux u r y did

not e s cape the gene ral contamination The emblem .

of g eneration which I s is had b esto wed u pon the

Eg y ptian s and which they had held i n ab s tract
,

r eve rence had n o w obtained a prominent place in

,

the fe s tivals of the s e nation s as did the Lingam in

tho s e of th e H indoo s I t w as openl y pa raded i n
.

p ro ce s sion s i n the streets : it was wo r n by R o man

nat i ons i n b racelets u pon the ir a r ms .

The sac red festivals and my s te r ies which the y had

received fr o m the Egyptians and for which the ,

women had b een wont to p r epare them s elve s b y

continence an d the men b y fas ting we r e now me r e
, ,

vehicles for dep ravities of the lowe s t kind Men .

we r e permitted to j oin the women i n their wo rs hip

o f B acch u s of Adon i s of the B o na D ea and eve n
, , ,
22 D ark ne s s &

of P r iap u s and so di s s ol u te did the D io nu s ia b ecome

, ,

t hat the civ il powe rs we r e compel l ed to inte r fe r e with

t ho s e of r eligion and the Bacch a na l ia we r e a b o l i s hed

,

b y a dec r ee of the Rom a n s e n ate .

A n d the J ew s the cho s en people of God had not

, ,

t hei r r elig ion cha n ged ? had not God wea r y w ith ,

t hei r s i ns y ielded them to captivity s co u rged them

, ,

w ith s o rr o w men a ced them with c u rs e s ?

,

The y wo rs hipped B aal pe e r the P r i ap u s o f A s

-
,

s y r ia
, they s a c r ificed thei r chi l d ren to M o l och : they
had da ncing gi rl s in the holy temp l e
-
.

I wi l l not go deepe r i nto p a r t ic u l ars s o deg rading

to h u man natu re I will r a the r i nvite you to fo ll ow
.

me to a co r ner of the wo rld whe re at le as t fo r ma n y ,

age s r eligion w a s p r e s e r ved i n its p r i s ti n e p u r ity a nd ,

who s e p r ie s ts th r o u gh a ba r ba ro u s s o l die r y we r e
, ,

r e ceived as ma rty rs i n heaven b efo re the y had

le a r ned to be k nave s u pon earth .

It w as an i s o l ated s pot u nk n own to the wo rl d i n

the earl ie r age s of vice It is n o w a ki ngdom re
.

n o w n e d fo r it s powe r and fo r it s l u x u r ie s fr om hemi

s ph e r e to hemi s phe r e .

I t was e nci rc l ed by the bl u e wate rs of the G e r man

and Atl a n tic Seas and abou nded in the choice s t
,

gifts of natu r e .

It w as call ed T/z e Waite I sla nd fr om those c l iffs

which still frown so coldl y up o n Gaul and Tfi e L a m& ,
 D ark ne s s .
23

i f z lls fr om its ve r dant m o untains Come

’

with me to its sho r es and I will sh o w y ou its

,

priests in their white r obes an d its wa rr io r s i n

,

the b l u e pai n t of w ar and its virgins with their long

,

and glo s s y y e l low hair.

But fi rst I will lead y ou b ac k i nto the past and

,

relate to y ou wh y this land w as called Al b ion and

,

wh y B ritain .
 I .

ALBION .

S t ravele rs w ho have lost their wa y by n i g ht

, ,

gaze ever towa rds th e c as t for the fi rs t rays

of light and hope so w e w ho g r ope i n the dar kne s s
,

of antiqu it y m u st di rect o u r eyes t o the land o f the

risin g s u n whence lea r n in g and life itself fi rs t spran g
, .

Li s ten then t o a romance of the Ea s t .

Danaus Kin g o f G r eece had fift y sons whom he

, , ,

ma rr ied t o the fift y daughters of his b r other n is tu s ,

King of Eg y pt B ut soon the s e women thi rs ted for

.

dominion and c o nspired secretly to sla y their hus

,

bands and t o rule i n their s teads But the y oung est .

and the mo s t b eautiful had a tender heart which ,

c rept fr o m her lips i n wo rds o f wa r ning to her fathe r

and her spou s e Then the y we r e all seized an d set
.

ad rift in s hips u pon the s e a wh ich afte r man y st o r m s

,

bo r e them i n safet y to a large and u n i nhab ited

i s l a nd
.

H e r e the y staid and named it Albion after Al b ina ,

t heir elde s t s i s ter and he r e the y maintained them

,

27
28 B l b ion

selve s b y the chase k illing the deer an d the b oa rs

, ,

and wi l d b u lls and la rge bi r ds which the y fo u nd in

,

the fo r e s ts with a rr ows a nd b o lts and b owstrings

, ,

and s n a r es and pitfall s .

A nd whi l e fil l ed with m eat and d r i nk and with,

lu s tful tho u ghts they lay s leeping on the g rou nd

,

covered with the ski ns o f wi l d b eas ts da rk b roodin g

,

S pi r its s wept towa rds them fr om the s k y a n d e n ,

ci rcled them with thei r s hadowy arm s and intoxicated

,

them with their fl amin g b reath

By these we r e b o r n h u ge and hideo u s giants
which s oon b o r e o the rs ti l l the y filled the wh o le land
,

with a s tran g e and fi e r ce c r ew .

 B RITA I N .

EA N W H I L E Tr oy had fal l en : the wa n de r ings

o f E n ea s we r e pa s t : a nd A s cani u s had died

leaving b ehi n d h i m h is so n S ilvi u s .

The s o n of S i l vi u s loved a maid w ho b ecame

,

p r egnan t Then the wi s e m e n a nd wome n of the

.

la n d we r e s e n t fo r a nd all tho s e wh o k n ew s ongs of

,

m agic a rt . They cas t their l o ts a n d fo u n d so rr owful

s pell s : that a child wo u l d b e bo r n th r o u gh whom

both his fathe r a n d mother wo u ld s u ffer death : that

t h r o u gh their death h e wo u l d b e d r iven fr om the

la nd and aft er a l on g time wo u ld be c r owned w ith

,

ho n o n
H is mothe r died as s he g ave hi m to th e wo r ld ,

a n d the c hild w hom the y n a med B r u t u s

, . whe n he
ha d become a y o u th shot his father th r o u gh the
,

b r e as t a hu nt m g th e de e r
-
.

H is kind r ed ba n i s hed him fr om t he la n d and he

,

s ailed s adly over the s e a s t r e a m s i nto G r eece whe r e

-

h e headed an i ns u r r ec t io n again s t P a ndras u s the

29
30 Js ritatn
.

ki ng an d with s u ch s u cce s s that the k in g o ffe r ed

,

h im a l l his s h ip s a n d t r e as u r e s a n d I mogen his

, ,

o n l y d a u ghte r if he wo u l d co ns e nt to s eek a nothe r

ki ngdom .

So B r u tu s with his fo ll owe r s l ike Eneas of o l d

, ,

s a il ed fo r t h u pon t he w a te rs in s e ar ch of a n e w l a n d .

A ft e r two d a y s a n d two n ights the s e a bec a me

b l u e : t he w il d wave s w e r e h u s hed : they c a me to a
de s o l ate i s l a n d : its i n h abi ta n ts ha d been s l ain by the
pi r ate s : the timid dee r co u rs ed ove r its was ted
s ho r e s .

B u t they fo u n d the r e a m ar ble tem p l e a n d withi n ,

th e fa i r a n d b eau t ifu l im age of D i a n a .

B r u tu s with twe l ve wi s e m e n a n d with Ge r ion , ,

his p r ie s t e n te r ed the temp le whi l e his fo l lowe rs

,

r em a i n ed wi t ho u t H e bo r e a ve s s e l of r e d gold i n
.

his h a n d : it w as fi ll ed with wi n e a n d with the mi l k

of a white hind which he had kil l ed H a vi ng ki ndled .

a fi r e by the a l tar he w al ked a r o u nd it n i n e time s

, .

H e c all ed to the godde s s be l oved of his heart : he

ki s s ed the a l tar a nd po u red the wi n e a nd milk u pon
t he fire .

L a dy D i a na & l oved D i a na & H igh D i a n a & he

c r ied . H e l p me in my n eed Teach me whi the r .

I m a y go and whe r ei n I m a y d w e l l A n d the r e I .

wi l l m a ke thee a l o ft y dw e ll ing a nd ho n o r thee w ith

g re at wo rs hip .
 B rit ai n .
3 1

Then he s p r ead the hi d e o f the w hite hind u p o n

the a l tar a n d k n eeli n g u pon it fe l l as l eep In his
, .

d r e a m s he be he l d D i a na floati n g towa rds him with

s weet s mi l e s
. Sh e l a id h er ha n ds l ike a w r e ath o f
fl owe rs u pon h is he a d s a yi ng ,

Beyond Gau l i n the we s t t ho u s ha l l fi n d a wi n s ome

l a nd : the r ei n t hou s h a lt p r o s pe r The r ei n is fowl :
.

t he r e is fi s h: the r e dwe l l fa i r dee r : the r e is wood

the r e is wate r : t he r e is m u ch de s e r t : gr i m gi a nt s
dwe ll in the l a nd It is c all ed A lbi on
. .

Fo r th irty d a y s and thi rty n ights the y s ai l ed pas t

A fr ica a n d ove r the la k e of S i l vi u s a n d ove r the ,

lake of P hilis t e u s : b y R u s cik ada n they took the s e a ,

and b y the mo u nta in co u nt r y of Azar e They fo u ght .

with the pi rat e s a n d gai n ed fr om them s u ch t r e as u r e s

,

that the r e w as not a man i n the fleet who did not

wea r go l d an d pall And by the pi ll a rs of H e r c u le s
.

they we r e encompas s ed by me rmen who s i ng s ong s

s o s weet that m ar ine rs will r e s t s lot hfu ll y on their

o ars a n d li s te n to them fo r da ys witho u t wea r yi n g o f

,

their s o gs to he
n a r — the s e i mpeded them m u ch with
their wicked c ra fts bu t they e s caped t hem s afely
, .

I n a pe a cefu l s e a a nd a mo n g the p l a yin g fi s h they

,

c a m e to D a rtmo u th i n Totne s The r e the s h ip s

.

b it the s and s and wi t h me r r y hea r t s the wa rr io rs

,

went a s ho r e.

I t happe n ed afte r many day s that B ru tu s a n d his

peop l e were celebrating ho ly w r it s with
, meat with ,

d rink ,
and wi t h me r r y g lee sound s : with silver and
with go l d : with h o r se s and with ve s tments .

Twenty s tro ng giants de s ce n ded the hil l s : tr ees

we r e thei r c l u b s : in t he cen t re of thei r fo r eheads
w as a s ingle eye vivid as the bl u e ice They h u r l ed
.

h u ge s tones and s l ew five hu ndred of the Tr ojan s .

B u t s oon the fie r ce s teel a rr ow s of the Tr oja ns

whi s tled th rough t he a ir and blood began to s pu rt
,

from thei r mon s t r o u s s ide s They t r ied to fly ; b u t

.

tho s e darts fo ll o w ed them s wift and r eve ngefu l as ,

birds of p re y winged w ith the dark feathe rs of death .

N ineteen we re s l ai n and Geog magog thei r leade r

-
,

was b ro u ght bou nd b efo re B r u t u s who o rde red a ,

wre s tli ng match to be held between the g ian t and

Co r ine u s a chieftain of his a rm y
, .

A might y c r owd gathe red upon the down s b y the

sea —cli ff .

Co r i ne u s and the giant adva nced towa rds each

othe r they y oked thei r a rms a nd s tood b rea s t to
,

b r ea s t Thei r eye s g u s hed b l ood thei r teeth g nas hed

. ,

like wi l d b oars thei r bo n e s c racked

, N o w thei r
.

faces we re b l ack a nd s wollen now r e d a nd flami ng

,

with rage Geog m agog th ru s t Co r i ne u s off his

.
-

b reas t and d rawi ng him back b r oke th r ee of his r ibs

with his mighty ha n d B u t Co r i n eu s w as not ove r
.

co me he h ugged the giant g r iml y to his wai s t and

, ,
 III .

A N A L Y SI S .

A B LE S a re seldom ac t u a l impo s tu r e s They .

ar e u s u a l ly t r u th s di s g u is ed i n g a u dy o r ro
g
t e s q u e ga r m en ts b u t so di s g u i s ed th a t the mo s t
,

p r ofo u n d phi l o s ophe rs a r e often at a l o s s ho w to

separate the ti ns e fr om the go l d
l .

B u t eve n whe n they r emain i ns olvab l e enigma s ,

they a r e at le as t t o be p r efe rr ed to the etymo l ogical

, ,

e u r ekas a n d tedio u s co nj ec tu r e s wi th which a nti

u ar ia n s c l og the page s of hi s to r y a n d which are
q ,

equ all y fal s e a n d le s s poetical .

My fabl e of A l bio n is de r ived from the ancient

ch r o n ic l es of H u gh de Ge n e s i s an hi s to r iographe r
,

n o w almo s t fo rgotte n a n d is g ra vely adva n ced by

.

Joh n H dy ip his u nco u t h r hyme s a s the s o u r ce

fig éqg‘ ,

o f th ai de s i re fo i s ove r eig nty which he a ffi r m s to b e

‘ '

a pec u l ia r ity of his own co u n t r y w omen .

The sto r y o f B r u o r B r u tu s w as fi rs t p u blished by

Geoffre y of M onmo u th a nd w as ge ne ral l y s u ppo s ed
,

to have b een a monki s h fab r icati o n till it w as dis ,

34
 a nalys is .
35

cove red in the hi s to r ic a l poem s of T ys s ilia a We l s h ,

bar d .

It is wo rthy of r ema rk that the boys of Wale s s ti ll

am u s e them s e l ves b y c u tti ng o u t s even e n c l o s u r e s
in the s w a rd which the y c a ll the C it y of T r oy a n d
, ,

da n ce ro u nd a nd between them as if i n imitation o f

the r evo l u t ion o f the p l a n ets .

?
I n a poem b y Tal ie s i n the O s s i a n of Wale s ca ll ed ,

The Apfi ea s i ng t
a a a a p as s age occ u rs of wh ich
’’
, ,

thi s I S a lite ra l t r a n s lation

An m u c fi c th y
e r o u s ra e , id t h v b er e, e ar e s a o a e e en,

W thy i g i l c l i t B i t i n fi t f i l
e re or na o o n s s, r a rs o s es,

N tiv f c t y in A i d th ci ty f G fi
,

a es o a o un r s a, an e o a z

S id t h v b n k i lf l p p l b t th di t ict i k w
a o a e ee a s u eo e, u e s r s un no n

Which w m th t th chi l d
as o w l i k dv t
er o th ese re n , ar e a e n u r e rs o n e s ea ;

C l d i th i l g d
a n wh c
e r on l d q l th m ?
re s s , o ou e ua e

T h i k i l l i c l b t d t h y w th d d f E p
e r s s e e ra e , e e re e re a o u ro e .

Thi s is s tr ong evidence i n favor o f the P hoe n i

c ia n s at t ha t time the pi r ate s co u rge s of the s e a b u t
,
-
,

in the W e l s h t r iads or t raditio n al ch r o n icles we , ,

read that :
“
The fi r st of the thr ee c hi efta i ns who es ta b li s hed
the colon
y w as H u , the Mghty r
, w ho ca m e w i th the

or ig i na l s ettler s . They ca m e ov e r the H a zy S ea f r om

’
the s u m m er co n ntry , w hi ch i s ca llea D e ffr o ba n i tha t ,

i s w her e C o n s tin o blys Tr iad 4 n ow s ta na s

’
.
”
— .

It may b e po s s ible to r eco n cile the s e cont radictio n s

of hi s to r y i n its s imp l e s t s tate to which I m ight add ,

a h u n d red fr om l at e r w r ite rs .
36 a nalys is .

We lea r n fr om J o s eph u s that the Scythian s we re

call ed Mag og mi by the G r eek s a n d it i s p r ob able ,

that the s e ( who ce rta i nl y did mig rat e to B r ita in at a

r emote pe r iod
) we r e the r e a l a bo r igi n e s a n d the ra ce ,

a ll u ded to i n the fo u rth Tr iad That then the w a r .

like r ace of Talie s in al s o migr ated fr om a n othe r re

g io n of the Ea s t and that thei r battle s with the
,

Scythian s ga ve r i s e to th e fabl e s of B r u tu s an d Ma
gog ; fo r it was a p ractice common eno u gh with ,

i ll i te rate nation s to exp r e s s he r oe s i n thei r w ar tales

,
-

b y the im ages of gia nts .

Thi s s u pe rs tition is s omewhat b o r ne o u t b y t he

a ss e rtion of Tacitu s and other clas s ical w r ite rs that ,

’
at the tim e of C ae s a r s i n vas ion the r e we r e th r ee ,

d is tinct ra ces i n B r itain e s pecia ll y contrasting— the

,

re d — hai r ed l arge limbed a nd b l u e eyed C e l ts of the

,
-
,
-

N o r th w ith the S i l u r es o f Devon Co r nwal l and the

, , ,

C as s it e r ide s o r Sci l l y I s l e s who ha d s wa r t h y faces

,

a n d da r k c u r l y h a i r like t he Ibe r i of Sp a in
, .

B u t let u s pa s s on fr om s u ch date l e s s pe r iod s of

g u e s s wo r k to that i n w hich The White [sla na fi rs t
-
,
'

obtai n ed no t ice fr om t ho s e ph il o s o p he rs and poets , ,

a nd hi s t o r ia n s , whom no w we r eve r e a nd al mo s t
de ify .
 IV

D ES C R I PT I O N .

H E n o r th of the i s l a n d w as i nhabited by wi l d
ho r de s of s a vage s who li ved u pon the b a r k of
,

t ree s and u pon the p r ec a r io u s p rod u ce of the c has e ;

,

we n t naked an d s he l t e r ed them s elve s fr om the

,

weathe r u nde r the cove r of the woods o r i n the ,

mo u n t ai n cave s .

The midl a n d t r i b e s we r e enti r e ly p as to ra l The y .

lived u pon the fl e s h an d m il k which their fl oc k s

affo r ded them and clo thed them s elve s i n thei r s ki n s
, .

While the i nhabitants o f the so u th w ho had be e n

,

po l i s hed by i nte r co u rs e with s t ra nge rs we r e a c ,

u aint ed wi t h man y of the a r ts of civi l izatio n a nd

q ,

we r e ru l ed by a p rie s t hood which w as second to

none i n the wo rl d for its lea r ni ng a n d e x pe r ien ce .

The y ma nu r ed their g r o u n d wi t h ma rl a nd s owed

,

c o r n which the y sto r ed i n thatched ho u s e s and

, ,

fr om w hich the y took as m u ch as w as n ece s s a r y fo r

the da y and havin g dried the ea rs beat the g rai n ,

o u t b r u i s ed it a n d b aked it i n to b r ead
, , .

37
38 E es crtp tion .

They ate little of t his b read at thei r b anquets b ut ,

g r eat q u a ntitie s of fle s h which they either boi l ed in

,

wate r o r b r oi l ed u p on th e co al s o r r oas ted upon

, ,

s pi t s
. They d ra n k a le or metheg l i n a l iq u or made ,

of m il k a nd h o ney and s at upon the s kin s of wolves

,

or dog s .

They lived in s mall ho u s e s bui l t in a ci r cu l ar form ,

thatc hed wi t h r u s he s i nto the s hape of a co n e ; an

ape r tu r e b ei ng left b y w hich the s moke might
e s cape .

Their d r e s s was of thei r own man u factu r e A .

s qua r e ma n tle cove r ed a ve s t a n d t r o u s e rs or a ,

deep l y—pl a ited tu nic of b raided c l o t h ; th e wai s t w as

enci r cled by a b elt r i ngs ado r ned the s econd fi nger
,

of e a ch ha nd a n d a chain of i r on or b ras s w as s u s
,

pended fr om th e n eck The s e m a n tle s at fi rs t the

. ,

o nl y cove r i ng of th e B r iton s we r e of o ne co l o r with

, ,

lo ng hair o n the o uts ide and w e r e fas te n ed u po n

,

t he b r ea s t b y a cla s p with the poo r er c l a s s es by a

,

tho r n .

The be ads we r e covered with cap s made of r u s h es ,

a n d thei r feet with s a n dals of u ntanned ski n ; s peci

me ns of which a r e s till to b e met with —o f the fo r me r

i n Wa l e s of the l a tt er i n the Shetl a n d I s l e s
, .

The women wo r e tu nic s w r o ught and i nterw o ven ,

with va r io u s co l o r s ove r which w as a loo s e r o b e of

,

c oa rser ma k e secu red with b razen b u c k les They

, .
 c
D e s rip ti on . 39

let their hai r fl o w at fr eedom a nd dyed it ye ll o w like

,

the l adie s of ancie n t Rome ; a n d they wo r e chai ns

of mas s ive go l d abo u t thei r n eck s b racelets upo n ,

their a r ms ri ngs u pon their fi nge rs

, .

They we r e s ki ll ed i n th e a rt of weavin g i n which , ,

howeve r the G au l s had obtai ned a s till g reater p r o

,

fi cie n ce
. The mo s t va l uab le of thei r cloth s we r e
m a n u factu red of fi ne wool of diffe r e nt ti nts o e n ,

chequ e r wi s e s o as to fa ll i nto s mall s qu ar e s of va r i

-
,

o u s colo rs They a l s o made a k i n d of clo th which

. , ,

witho u t spi nning or weavi ng w as when wo rked u p , ,

wi t h vi n ega r s o ha r d a n d impe n etr able that it wo u ld

, ,

tu r n th e edge of the sha r pe s t swo rd .

The y we r e equ a ll y famo u s for thei r l i nen a nd s ail ,

clo ths co ns t it u te d a g r eat pa r t of thei r t ra de .

Whe n they had fi n i s hed the li n en i n the loom ,

the y had th is c u r io u s method of ble a chi ng it

The fl ax h a vin g b ee n whitened befo r e it w as s e nt
to the lo o m t he u ns p u n y a r n was placed i n a mo rtar
,

whe r e it w as pou n ded and beate n i nto wate r ; it w as

t hen sent t o th e weave r a n d when it w a s received
,

fr om him made int o cloth it w as laid u po n a la rge

,

s mooth s to n e and beaten with b r oad headed c u dgel s

,
-
,

the j u ice of poppie s b ei ng m ingle d with the wate r .

For s co u r i ng cloth s they u s ed a s oap invented b y

,

them s elve s which they made fr om the fat of animal s

,

and the a s he s of ce rt a in vegetable s

40 c
D e s rip t ion .

D i s tinct from the s e so u the r n tr ibe s we r e the in ,

habitant s of the C as s ite r ide s who wo r e lo ng b l ack

,

ga r ments and b ea r ds falli ng on each side of thei r

,

mo u th s l ike wings a nd who a r e de s c r ibed by P l i n y

,

as ca r r ying s ta ve s with th r ee se rp e nt s c u rl in g
”
r o u n d l ike F u r ies i n a t r agedy .

It is p r obable that th e n u dity o f the no rthern

.

natio n s did not p r oceed from me r e barbar ou s ig no

r a n ce
. We k n o w that savage s are fi rs t i n du ced to
we a r c l othing not fr om s hame b u t fr o m v a n ity ; a nd
, ,

it was thi s pa s s ion which r e s t rained them fr om wea r

ing the s ki ns of b eas t s or the gaud y c l othes of their
,

civi l ized neigh b o rs .

For it w as thei r c u s tom to a do r n their b odie s with

va r io u s fi g u r e s by a tedio u s a nd p a infu l p r o ce s s At .

an e a rl y age the o u t l i n e s o f a n im al s we r e imp r e s s ed

,

with a pointed i n s t ru me n t i n to the ski n ; a s t r ong

infu s ion of waa il ( a Gal lic he rb fr om whic h a bl u e
,

dye w as e x t rac ted ) w as r u bbed i n to the p u nc tu re s ,

and the fig u re s e x pa n ding wi t h t he g r ow th of the

b ody reta ined thei r o r iginal appea rance Like the .

So u th Sea I s l ande rs the y e s t eemed that t o b e a

-

deco ration wh ich we co ns ider a di s fig u reme nt and ,

the s e tato o ings ( which we r e u s ed by the T hracicans

a nd b y the ancient inhabita nt s of Con s tantinople and ,

which we r e fo rb idden by Mo s e s L ev it xi x , .were .

42 D es c rip tion .

b u ilt its ea rt hen tow ns u po n thei r ba nk s A nd .

h u nd r eds of wo l ve s u nited by t he kee n fr o s ts of

,

wi n te r g athe r ed r o u n d the r u de h abitatio n s of men

,

a n d how l ed fr om fie r ce h u nge r r olli n g thei r ho rr ib l e

,

g r ee n eye s a n d g nas hi ng thei r white tee t h .

Thei r s eas a bo u nded with fi s h b u t s i nce they held

,

wate r s ac r ed they wo u ld n o t i nj u r e its i nhabitants

fo r they be l ieved them to be s pi r i t s .

I w ill n o w co n s ide r the p r imeva l s ta t e of t r ade i n

B r ita in now the g reate s t comme r ci al co u ntr y in the
,

wo r l d
.

I t w as pe r iodic al l y vi s i t ed by the P hoe m man s a ,

c raft y a nd e nte rp r i s i ng n at io n who s e comme r ce em

b ra ced the whole of the k n ow n wo r l d fr om the
fr oz e n b o r d e rs of Scyth ia to t he bu r n m g coas ts
of A fr ica a n d H i n do s ta n ; who s e ve s s el s l ike th e
Sp a n is h gall eon s an d o u r o w n Eas t I n d iame n of old
we r e equ ipped equ all y fo r t ra de o r w ar ; who r obbed
th e we a k with thei r d raw n s wo r ds an d the s tr ong
,

with thei r c u n n i ng a rts ; who t ra ded wi th A ra bia fo r

s pices a n d p r ecio u s s to n e s ; wi t h D a m a s c u s fo r the

M e s opo tami a n white woo l a n d fo r w i n e of A l e ppo

, ,

a beve r age s o co s tl y th at it w as d r u n k by ki ngs

a l o n e : w i t h J u d oc a for fr u its of t he s o il co r n g rape
, ,

hone y oil a nd b al m ; wi th A rmenia for m u l es a nd

,
 c
D e s ri p ti on . 43

cha r iot ho rs e s flock s a n d he rds ; with the s ho r e s o f

-
,

the Balti c fo r ambe r ; with Spain for m i ne r al s ; with

the Eu x ine fo r tu n n y fi s h; with I ndia for th e ci n n a
-

mon of Ceylo n fo r cotton g ar me nts an d fo r s teel

,

which s old i n A rabia fo r twice its weig ht in go l d ,

and of which t he D a ma s c u s b l ade s 5 0 celeb rated in

the middle age s we r e made .

It w as n o t l o ng befo r e the y di s cove red the lead

and t in mi n e s of Co r nwall and th e C as s it e r ide s ,

which wo u ld appe a r ( fr om s eve ra l fl in t headed too l s-

called celts lately di s cove r ed withi n them ) to hav e

bee n wo rked by the B rito ns them s elves .

And a s the y w e re wo nt to e x ch a nge the potte r y

of Athe n s for the i vo r y of A fr ica an d live J ews fo r
,

the gold a n d j ewe l s of the Greek s s o the y b a r t e r ed

,

salt ea rthenwar e and b raze n t r inkets with the B r ito n s

,

for tin l ead and t he s ki n s of wi l d bea s ts

, , .

I t w as the po l icy of the Ph oe nici a ns ( in which t he y

we re aft e rwa rds imitated b y the D u tch ) to p r e s e r ve
thei r comme r ci al s ec rets with th e g r eate s t j ea l o u s y ,

and to r e s o rt to extr eme s i n o rde r to p r otect thei r

inte r e s ts A l though they had s u p p l ied tin and a mbe r
.

fo r s eve r al y ea r s to t he G r eek s H e r odotu s who had

, ,

vi s ited Ty r e co u ld on l y obtain ve r y vagu e acco u nts

,

as to the co u ntr ie s fr om wh ich the y had b ee n o b

t ain e d a n d on making i nq u i r ie s r e s pectin g c i nn a mon
,

and frankincen s e w as exp l ici tl y i nfo r med that t he

,
44 D e s rip tion c .

fi rs t w as p rocu r ed by s tratagem fr om the ne s ts of

b i rd s bu ilt u pon i nacce s s ib l e c rags and the latter ,

from a tr ee gua rded by wi nged s e r pe nts .

The r e is al s o t he s to r y of the mas te r of a Ph oe n ician

t rade r from Cadiz to the C as s ite r ide s who fin ding ,

h im s e l f fo l lowed by a Roman s hip ra n his o w n ve s s el

a s ho re p r efe rr ing death to discove r y The Romans .

we r e al s o s hipw rec k ed and were d rowned bu t the

, ,

patriot e s caped to tell his tale at Ty r e a nd to r eceive ,

fr om a g ratefu l s tate the valu e of his cargo and an

addition al r ewa r d .

I n s pite of the s e p r ecautions either by accident , ,

o r by the treache r y of s ome r enegado Ph oe n ician o r ,

fr om the colon y of Phocia ns at Ma r s ei l le s the G reek s ,

di s cove red the s ec r et about th ree hu nd red yea rs be

fo r e the C h r istian e ra .

Th u s monop o l y b eing ended the c o mme r ce of the,

B riton s w as ex t ended and imp roved and afte r the ,

de s ce nt ofthe Roman s the y e x po rted not only tin and

le ad b u t al s o go l d s i l ve r i r on co r n cattle s l ave s
, , , , , ,

h u nti ng dogs pea rl s a nd tho s e wicke r bask ets which

-
, ,

M artia l has immo rtalized i n his epig rams .

It als o appea rs that chalk w as an a rticle of thei r

t rade by thi s i ns c r iption wh ich w as fou nd with many
,

othe rs ne a r Z eland A D 1 64 7
, . . .
 c
D e s rip tion .
45

D E AF N E H A L EN N I A E
.

O B M ER C E S R ECTE C O N S ER
VA T A S S EC VN D S IL VA N VS
N EG O v TO R C R ETA R I VS
B R ITA N N I C I A N U S
V . s L :
M .

T o the G dd N h l io e ss e a e nn a

For hi g s d w ll p
oo v d s e re s e r e

S c d Si l v
e un us a nu s

A ch l k m ch a er ant

O fB i i r ta n
W i ll i g l y p f m d hi m i d
n er or e s e r te vo w
.

B efore describing the r eligion and s upe rstiti o ns of

o u r ea r liest ance s to rs which will b r in g me to the
,

r eal p u r p o s e of this b o o k I wil l add a fe w r ema r ks

,

u po n their manne rs and peculiarities .

Cu r io s ity which is ce rtai nly the chief characteristic

,

o f all b a r barou s an d s emi b arba r ou s nation s w as-

,

posses s ed b y the Celts in s o ext ra o rdinar y a de g ree

that the y would c o mpel travelers to sto p eve n ,

again s t their wills and mak e them tell s o me news

, ,

and de l iver an O pinion u pon t he c u rr ent events

o f the da y. The y wo uld al s o c rowd ro u nd the mer
chants in town s with the s ame kind of i n qu i r ies .

But the g reat failing of these Celts was thei r hasti

ne s s and fe rocity N o t content with pitched b attle s
.

against thei r enemie s ab ro ad the y were alwa y s ,

read y to fight d u el s with thei r fr iends at home I n .

46 c
D e s rip tion .

fact the end o f a British feas t was alwa y s the b e g i n

,

ning of a fra y ; two warr iors would r ise a nd fight

each other with su ch sa ng f r oia that A the n oeu s ’

w r ote i n aston ishment Mor tem f r o joco ha é ent

, ,

“
They tu r n de ath int o a j o k e ; and it w as fr om
these spectacle s that the Romans conceived and
e x ec u ted the idea of gladiato rial ente r tainments .

They fea r ed nothin g th ese b rave men The y .

sa ng as the y marched to battle and pe rhaps to death

, .

The y s hot a rr ows at the heavens when it th u nde red ;

’
t hey la u ghed as the y saw their o w n hearts b l o od

g u s hi n g fo rth .

A nd y et they were plain and simple in their man

ne rs ; open and gene rou s docile and g rateful
, ,

s t r ange r s to lo w cunn ing and deceit s o h o spitab l e

,

they the y hailed the a rr ival of each fre s h g u e s t with

j oy and festivitie s s o wa rm hearted that the y we r e
,
-

neve r more pleased than when the y co u ld b esto w a

ki ndne s s .

Their code of moral s like tho s e of civilized na

,

tion s had its little contradiction s ; they acco u nt it

,

di s g raceful to s teal bu t hono rable to r o b and though

, ,

they ob s e rved the s tr icte s t cha s tit y the y did not ,

b l u s h to live promiscuou s ly in commu nities o f

twe l ve .

Thi s extraordina ry c u s tom i ndu ced C aesar to as s e rt

’

that the y enj o y ed each o the r s wive s i n common ;

 c
D e s rip tion . 47

b ut in th 1 s he is b o r n e out by no o the r auth o rities ,

and indeed the r e ar e many instance s of this k ind

, ,

amon g b arb arou s nation s who love apparentl y to

, , ,

hide their real purit y with a g ro s s and fi lth y enamel .

Richar d o f C irce nce s te r ( pro b ab l y alluding to

B ath the agnoe solis o f the a ncients ) mentions ho w
'

ever some salt and warm s p r ings used by the ancient

,

B r iton s from which we re formed ho t baths suite d t o

,

al l age s with di s tinct places for the two sexes ; a

,

r efinement which was u n k n o wn i n L ace doem o n .

And Procopi u s w r ite s :

S o hi ghl y rated is chastit y am o n g these b ar b a r
ians that if even the b are mention of marriag e o ccurs
,

witho u t its c o mpleti o n the maiden seems to l o s e he r

,

fai r fame .

H avin g thus b rie fly s k etched the c o ndition and

emplo y ments o f the earl y Brito ns— havin g p r oved
that o u r ancesto r s were b rave and that thei r daugh
,

te rs we r e vi rtuou s I will now show you tho s e wi s e

,

and potent men of whom the s e poor ba rbar ian s were

b ut the di s ciple s and the slave s .
 I .

O RI G I N .

LT H O U G H the te rm D r u id is l o cal their relig ,

ion was O f deep r oot and a di s tant o r igin

, .

I t was of equal antiqu it y with those of the Pe rs ian

Magi the Chaldees of A s s y r ia and the B rachm ans
, ,

of H indostan .

It resembled them s o cl o sel y i n its su b lime pre

ce p ts in its c o ns o ling promises as to leave no dou b t
, ,

that these nations living s o widel y apart were all of

, ,

the same s tock and the same religi o n — that of N oah ,

and the child ren of men befo re the fl o o d .

The y wo rshipped but o ne God and erected to him ,

altars O f earth o r unhewn s tone and prayed to him

, ,

i n the o pen air ; and b elieved in a heaven i n a hell , ,

and in the imm o rtality of the s oul .

It is s t range that the s e O ffs p r in gs o f the patr iarch s

s h o uld al s o be c o rru pted from the same s o u r ces a n d ,

s ho u ld th u s still p r e s e r ve a r e s em b lance t o one a n

o the r in the min o r tenets of thei r polluted creed s .

Th o s e pupils of the Egyptian priests the Phoe ni ,

51
52 D rigin .

i
c ans , o r Can aanites who had taught the I sraelites
,

to s acrifice h u man bei ngs a nd to p as s thei r child ren ,

t h r o u gh the fi r e to Mo l och infu s ed the same bl ood ,

thi rs ty p r ecepts among the D r u ids A s the I n dia n .

’
wife w as b u rnt u pon h er h u s band s py r e s o on the , ,

co r p s e s of the Celtic lo r ds we r e consumed their ,

child r en thei r slave s a n d thei r ho rs es

, , .

And like th e othe r n ation s O f antiqu ity as I s hall

, ,

p r e s e ntly p rove the D r uid s wo rs hipped the heavenly

,

bodie s and al s o t re e s a nd wate r and mo u ntai ns and

, , , ,

th e s ign s of the se rpent the b u ll an d the c ro s s , .

The doct r ine of the tra n s mig ration of so u ls which

fo r med a leading theo r y on the s y s tem of the B rach
man s of the D r u id s a nd afte r wa rds of the P ytha
, ,

o r e a ns w as obtained t hr o u g h the Phoe nician s fro m

g , ,

Egypt the fathe r l a nd O f heathen mytho l ogy

, .

It ca n not be denied that they al s o ho n o red infe

r ior deitie s to who m they gave t he name s of H u and
,

C e r idw e n H e s u s Ta ran i s B e le nu s O g m iu s a nd the

, , , ,

att r ib u te s of O s i r i s and I s i s ( o r Z e u s and Venus )

B acchus M e rc u r y Apo ll o and H ercu l e s
, , , .

F r om the s and y p l ain s of Egy pt to the ice b erg s o f

Sca n dinavia th e whole wo rld has r u ng wi th the ex
,

lo it s of H e r cu l e s that i nvinci b le god who but ap

p , ,

e a re d in the wo r l d to de l iver mankind fr om m o n

p
s te rs and fr om ty rants .

H e was really a Ph oenician ha r ohel o r me rchant , ,

an enterp r isin g marine r and the discove r er of the
,

tin mine s of the C ass ite ride s H e it w as who fi rs t

.

s aile d thro u gh the Straits of Gi b r a l ta r which to thi s , ,

da y ar e called The P i lla r s (f f l er cnles : w ho b u ilt

,

t hefi rs t ship : w ho discovered the ma r iner s c o mpa s s

’

and the loads tone or tapes H er a cli u s

,
'
.

It is g ratify i ng to lea r n that his twelve la b ors

we r e i n r eality twe l ve u s efu l di s coveries and that
, , ,

he had not b een deified fo r killing a wild b east and

cleanin g out s tables .

A s the Chaldean s who we re astro n o mers made

, ,

H e r cule s an ast r onome r ; and as the G reek s and

Roman s who we r e wa rriors made h im a he r o o f
, ,

battl e s ; s o the D ru i ds who we r e o rato rs named him

, ,

O g m i u s o r the Powe r of Eloquence and r ep re s ented

, ,

him as an old man followed by a multitude wh o m ,

he led by s lende r and almost invi s i ble g olden chain s

fastened fr om his lips to their ea rs .

A s far as we can lea r n h o weve r the Dru ids pai d

, ,

h o n o rs r ather than ado ration to their deities as the

, ,

J ew s revered their arch an g els b ut reserved their

-
,

wo rship for J ehovah .

And like the G od o f the J ews o f the Chaldees

, , ,

o f the H indoos and O f the Ch r i s tian s this D eit y of

, ,

the Dru ids had three attr i b utes with in himself and ,

each attr i b u te was a g o d .

Let those lea r n who cavil at the m y ste r i o us do c

54 D rigin .

t r ine O f the Trinity that it w as not invented by the

,

Ch r i s tian s b ut onl y by them r e s to red fr om time s of

,

the holie s t antiquit y into which it had descended

fro m heaven its elf .

Although the Dru ids pe rformed idolatr ou s ce re

m onies to the s tars to the elements to hill s and to
, , ,

tr ee s the r e is a maxim s till p re s e r ved among the

,

W el s h mountainee rs which s hows that in B r itain

,

the Sup re me B eing w as never s o thoro ughl y forgo t

ten and deg raded as he had b een in th o se lands to
which h e fi rs t gave life .

I t is one of tho s e s u blime expression s which can

be b u t faintl y rende r ed in a forei g n l a n gu age .

JVi d di m an d Go d
&
and dnw : n id da w di m .

cannot be matte r ; what is not m at te r must be G od .

 PO W E R .

H I S pri e sth o o d fl ourished i n G aul and in B ritain ,

and in th e islands which enci r cled them .

I n whicheve r cou ntry the y ma y fi rst have struck

ro o t we at least k now that the B ritish Druids were
the most famou s and that it was a custo m in the
,

time of J u liu s C aesar for the Gallic students t o c r os s

th e B r iti s h channel to s tud y i n the seminar ies o f the
sister i s land .

But by that time Dru idism ha d b e g u n to wane in

,

Gaul and to be deprived of man y o f its privileges by

,

the g rowin g intelligence o f the secular powe r .

It is general ly acknowledged that the r e were no

D ru id s in G e rmany tho u gh Ke ys le r has s toutl y
,

conte s ted this belief and has cited an ancient t raditi o n

to th e e ffect that they had D r uidic c o llege s i n the
day s O f H e r m io a G e r man P rince
, .

The learned S elden r e l ate s that some centu r ies

a o i n a m o naster y upon the bo r de rs of Va itla n d in
g ,

G e rman y were fo u nd s ix O ld statues which b e i ng

,

55
56 Dowe r .

e x po s ed to view C o n radu s C e lte s who was present

, , ,

was o f opin ion that the y we r e fi gures of ancient

D ru ids They we r e s even feet i n height b are footed
. ,
-
,

thei r heads cove r ed with a G r ee k hood a s c r ip b y ,

their s ide s a n d a bea rd de s cending fr om thei r nos tr i l s

p l ai te d o u t i n t w o divi s ions to the middle ; i n th ei r
hands a book a n d a Diogenes s taff five feet in l ength ;
their feat u r es ste m a nd mo ro s e ; their eyes lowe red
to the g r o u nd .

S u ch evidence is me r e food fo r conjectu re O fthe .

ancie nt Ge r m a n p r ie s ts we o nly k n ow that they t e

s emb l ed th e D r u id s a nd th e medicine men of the
,
-

A me r ican abo r igine s i n bein g docto r s as well as

p r ie s ts
.

Th e D r u id s po s s e s s ed r ema rkable powe r s and

imm u n itie s Like the Levites th e H e b r ews and
.
, ,

th e Egyptian p r ie s ts they we r e exempte d fr om taxes

a n d fr om milita r y s e r vice T he y als o annual l y e l ected
.

th e magi s trat e s of ci t ie s : they edu cated a ll chi l d ren

o f whatever s tation n ot pe r mitti n g thei r pa r ents to
,

r eceive them ti l l the y we r e fo u rteen yea r s of age .

Th u s the D r uids we r e rega rded as the r eal fathe rs

of the peop l e .

The Pe rs ian Magi we r e ent ru s ted with th e edu

cation of their s ove r eig n ; b u t i n B r itai n the kings
we r e not o nl y b r o u ght u p b y t he D r u id s b u t a l s o ,

r e l ieved by them O f all b u t the O di u m a n d ce r emon ie s

of s ove reignty .
58 P ower .

nie s in the deepe s t m y s te r y The y k ne w that it is

.

almost impo s s ible to b r ing wome n an d the vulgar

he rd of mankind to piet y and vi rtu e by the u nado r ned
dictate s of r eas on The y knew t he admi ration which
.

u ned u cated mi n d s have always for those things which

t hey can not u nde rs tand They kne w that to retain

.

thei r own s w a y they m u s t p r e s e r ve the s e ba rr en

mind s in their abject igno rance and supe rs tition .

I n al l things the r efo r e they e n deavo red to d raw

, ,

a line between them s elves an d th e ma s s I n their .

habits i n their demeano r i n thei r ve r y d re s s

, , .

They wo r e lon g r obes whic h de s cended to the

hee l while that of othe r s cam e o nl y to the knee ;
,

their hai r w as s ho r t a n d their b ea rds long whi l e the ,

B r ito ns wo re bu t mo u s tache s o n their upper lips and ,

the i r hai r gene ral l y lo ng .

I n s tead of sand al s the y wore wooden shoes o f a

pentagonal s hape a n d ca rr ied i n their hands a white
,

’
wand c all ed s lata n dr a i eachd o r m agic wand and , ,

ce rtain my s tical o rnaments a rou n d their necks and

upon their b r eas ts .

I t was s e l dom that anyone was fo u n d hardy en o ug h

to rebel again s t their powe r For s u ch w as r e s e r ved
.

a te rri ble pu nishment It was ca ll ed E xeom m n n i ea

.

tion .

O r iginati ng among th e H eb r ew s and de s cending ,

from the D ru ids i nto the Roman Catholic Ch u rch it ,

 Dowe r .
59

was one of the mo s t ho rr ible that it is po s s i b le to

conceive At th e dead O f n ight the u nhapp y cu l
. ,

p r it w as s eized and dragged befo r e a solem n t r i b u nal ,

while to r che s painted black gave a g has tl y light

, , ,

and a lo w hymn l i k e a solemn murmur was cha n t ed

, ,

as he app roached .

Clad i n a white ro b e th e A r ch D r u id wou l d ri s e

,
-
,

and b efo r e t he a s s emb l y of b r othe r D r u ids and awe -

s t r icken wa r r io r s wo u ld p r onou n ce a c u rs e fr ightful ,

as a death w arra n t u p on th e t r embli ng sin ner

, .

Then the y wo u l d s t r ip his feet a n d h e m u s t walk ,

with them bar e for the r emai nder of his d a y s ; and

wo u l d clo th e him i n b l ack a nd m o u r nfu l ga rments ,

which h e m u s t never change .

Then th e poor w retch would wander th ro u gh th e

wood s feeding o n be rr ie s and the roots of t r ee s
, ,

s h u nned by all a s if he had been tainted b y the

pl ag u e a nd lookin g to death as a s alvation from

,

s u ch c ru el m i s eries .

A nd when h e died none dared t o weep for him ;

,

the y b u r ie d hi m only that the y m i g ht trample on his

g rave Even after death s o san g the s a c r e d b a r ds
. , ,

his to r ments we r e not ended ; he w as bo r n e to tho s e

regio ns of ete r nal darkness fr os t and s now which , , , ,

i n fe s ted with li o ns wolve s and s e rpents fo rmed the

, , ,

Celtic he ll or lf a r i n
,
.

Thes e D r u ids we r e de s pots ; and ye they mu s t .

60 lDO WCi
’
.

have exe rci s e d thei r powe r wi s ely an d tempe rately

to have r etained s o lo ng their dominion over a r ude
and wa rlike race .

The r e ca n be little do u b t that their revenue s were

co ns ide rable tho u gh we h a ve no di rect means of
,

a s ce rtaini ng thi s as a fact H oweve r we k now that

.
,

it w as c u s toma r y fo r a victo r io u s a rm y to o ffe r u p

the chief of its s poi l s to the god s ; that th o s e who
con s ul ted the o racle s did not attend them empty
ha nded a nd th at the s al e O f cha r m s a nd medicinal
,

he rbs w as a co ns tant t rade among them .

Altho u gh a l l comp r ehended u nder the one term

D R U I D the r e we r e i n r eality th ree di stinct sects
, , ,

comp r i s ed within the o rder .

Fi rs t th e D ru ids or D e r wydd p r ope rly s o called

, , .

The s e we r e the s ub l ime and i ntellectual philo s ophe rs

who di rected th e m achine ries of the state an d the
p r ie s thood a nd p r e s ided over the dark myste r ies o f
,

th e con s ec rated g rove s .

Thei r n a me was d e r ived from der w ( pronounced

der r oo) Ce l tic fo r o a k a n d y dd a common te r mina
, ,

tio n of no u ns i n that language eq u ivalent to the or .

or e r i n gove r nor r eade r & c in o u rs

, , .
, .

The Bard s or Bardd from B a r a b ranch or , ,

the top .

I t w as t heir p rovince t o s ing the p rai s e s of

’

ho rs e s i n the wa rr io r s feas ts to chant the sacred ,

 p ower . 61

h y mns like the mu s ician s am o ng the Levites and ,

t o regi s te r genealo g ie s and hi s to r ical event s .

The O v ade s or O v ydd ( derived from or& raw , , ,

pu re and y dd ab ove explained ) were the noviciate s

, , ,

w ho u nder the supervisio n of the D r u id s studied

, ,

th e p r opertie s of nature and O ffe r ed u p the sacri

,

fi ce s upon th e altar .

Thu s it appears that Derw y dd B ardd and O v ydd , , ,

we r e em b lematical names O f the th ree o rders o f

Dru idism .

The D e rw y dd was the tru n k and suppo rt of the

whole ; the Bardd the ramification from that tru n k
arranged i n b eau tifu l foliage ; and the O v ydd w as
the y oun g s hoot which gr owing u p ensured a p r os
, , ,

p e ct of pe r manency to the s ac r ed gro ve .

The whole body w as r u led b y an Arch D ru id -

elected by lot fr om those senior b reth re n w ho were

the mo s t lear ned and the be s t b o r n .

At Llam dan i n Angle s ea the r e a re still vesti g es,

of Tr er D ryw the Arch D r u id s man s ion B oa

’

,
-
,

d r nda n the ab de of the i nfe r io r ffo n e s B od owy r

o ,
-

the abode of the o v ade s an d Tr er B ei r dd the ham

’
-
,

let o f the bard s .

Let u s now consider these o rde rs u nder thei r

e
r s pective denomi n ations — De r wydd Bardd O v yd ; , ,

a nd u nde r thei r s epa rate vocation s as philo s oph e r s ,

m u s icians and p r ie s t s
, .
 TH E D ERW Y D D O R P H I LO SO P H ER S
, .

R U ID IS Mw a r eli g ion of phi l o s ophy ; its

as

high priests we r e men of lea rning and science

-
.

U nder the he a d ofthe O v ydd I s h all de s c r ibe thei r

,

initiato r y and s ac r ificial rite s a nd s hall n o w me r el y

,

con s ider their acq u i r emen t s as in s tru cto rs as math

. ,

e m at ic ia n s a s law give r s a nd a s ph y s ician s

.
-
.

Ammian u s M a rcel l in u s info r m s u s that the D r u ids

dwe l t togethe r in frate r n i t ie s and i n deed it is s ca rce
,

ly po s s i ble that they co u ld have lectu r ed in almo s t

eve r y ki n d of philos oph y and p r e s e r ved thei r a rcana
from the v u l ga r u nle s s they had been a ccu s tomed
,

to live i n s ome kind o f convent o r co l lege .

They we r e too wi s e h o weve r to imm u r e them

, ,

s e l ves whol ly in o n e co r ne r of the land whe r e the y ,

wo u l d have e x e r ci s ed n o mo r e infl u e nce u pon the

na t ion tha n the H e a d s and Fellows of o u r p re s ent
u n ive rs itie s. Whi l e some lived the live s of he r mits
in c a ve s and i n hollo w o a k s w ithin the da rk r ece s s e s
O f the ho l y fo r e s ts ; while othe r s lived peaceably in

62
 Ctb e lp b ilos op b ers
‘
.
63

thei r college h o me teach in g the b ardic vers e s to

-
,

child ren to the y ou ng n o bles and t o the students

, ,

who came to them fr om a s t range countr y acro ss the

sea there we r e othe rs who l ed an active and turb ule nt
,

exi s tence at co u r t i n the c ouncils of the state and in

the hal l s of no b les .

I n Gaul the chie f seminar ies o f the Dru ids w as

,

in the c o u nt r y of the C arnu te s between Chartres

and D r e u x to wh ich at on e tim e scholars r eso rted
,

i n s u ch n u mbe r s that the y we r e o bliged to b uild

o ther academie s i n va r io u s pa rts of the land vest ,
- c

ige s o f w hich exi s t to th i s da y and of which the ,

ancie n t Co l lege of G u ien n e is s aid to be one .

When their power b egan to totter i n their o w n

c o u nt r y th e y ou n g D ru ids r e s o rted to M ona n ow
, ,

Angle s ea i n which was th e g r eat B riti s h u niversit y

, .

and in which the r e is a S pot called My ify r ion the ,

seat of s t u die s .

Th e D r u idic precepts we r e all i n v e rs es which ,

amo u nted to i n n u mber a nd which it w as

,

fo rbidden to w r ite Con s eq u ently a lo ng co u rs e of

.

p r epar ato r y stu d y w as r eq u i r ed a n d s om e spent so

,

mu ch as twent y y ea rs i n a state o f p robation .

The s e ve rs e s we r e i n rhyme which the D ru id s ,

invented to a s s is t th e memo r y a nd i n a t r ipl et fo r m

,

fr om the vene ration which was paid to the n u mbe r

th r ee by al l the nations o f a ntiq u ity
’

.
 Ct be lp b ilos op b ers
‘
64 .

I n thi s the J ews r e s embled the D ru ids for altho u gh ,

the y had receive d th e w r itten law of Moses there ,

w as a certain code of p r ecept amo ng them which

w as tau ght b y mouth alone a n d i n which tho s e who

,

were th e mo s t lea rned were elevated to the Rabb i .

The mode of teaching by memo r y w as al s o p rac

t is e d b y the Eg yptian s and by Lyc u rg u s who e s ,

teeme d it bette r to imp r int his laws on the m i n ds of

the Spa rtan citizens than to eng rave them u pon tab
lets S o t o o we r e N u ma s s ac r ed w r1 t1 ng b u r ied
’

.
, ,

with h im by his o rde rs i n comp l iance pe rhap s with

,

the O pinions o f his fr iend Pythagoras who as well as ,

Soc r ates left nothin g behind him c o mmitted to

,

writin g .

I t w as Soc rate s in fa ct who compared w r itten

, ,

doct r i ne s to pictu r e s of a n imal s which r e s emble life ,

b u t which when y ou que s tion them can give yo u no

r epl y .

Bu t we w ho love the pas t have to lament thi s

s y s tem When Camby s e s de s t r oyed the temple s of
.

Egypt when the di s ciple s of Pythago ras died in the

,

M eta pontine t u m u l ts a l l their m y ste r ie s and all

-
,

thei r lea rn i ng died with them .

So al s o the sec rets of the Magi the O rphe ans and ,

the Cabiri pe r i s hed wi t h thei r in s titution s and it is ,

owing to t his law of the D r u ids that we have on l y

t he meag r e ev idence o f ancient a u tho rs and the
66 t he p hilos op he rs .

go ra s and whe re his l e ar n i ng his po l it ene s s his

, ,

sh rewd n e s s a nd expedi tio n in b u s ine s s a nd above

, ,

all the eas e and elega n ce w ith wh ich he s poke the

,

Athenian tongu e a n d which ( s o s aid the o rato r

,

H im e r iu s ) wo u ld have m a de one believe th a t he

had bee n b r o u ght u p in the ac a demy o r t he L ycoe u m ,

c r e ate d fo r him as gr e at a s e ns ation as t hat which

w as a fte r wa rd s made by the adm ir ab l e C r ichton

amo ng t he l ea r n e d docto rs of Pa r i s .

I t can eas i l y be p roved that the s cience of as t ron

o m y w as n o t u n known to the D r u id s O n e of the i r
.

temp l e s in the i s l a nd of Le w i s in the H eb r ide s bea rs ,

evide n t s ign s of thei r s ki l l in th e s cie n ce Eve r y .

s tone in t he temple is pl a ced a s t r onomically The .

ci rc l e co n s i s ts of twe l ve e q u is tant obe l i s k s denoting

the twe l ve s ign s of the zodiac The fo u r ca rdinal
.

points of the compas s ar e ma r ked b y li n e s of obeli s k s

r u n n i ng o u t from the ci r cle and at each point s u b
,

divided into fo u r mo re The r ange of obeli s ks from

.

no rth a n d exactl y facing the s o u th is do u b le b eing

, ,

two pa rall el r ow s each con s i s ting of n ineteen s tones .

A la rge s tone in the ce ntr e of the ci r cle thi rteen ,

feet high and of the pe rfect s hape of a s hip s r u dde r

,
’

wo u l d seem as a s ymbo l of their knowledge of as

t r o no m y b eing made s u b s e r vient to naviga t ion and ,

the Celt ic w o r d fo r s tar r u th i u l a g u ide to di rect

,
- “
,
- - -

the co u rs e p r ove s s u ch to have bee n the cas e

-
, .
 t he p hi los op he rs . 67

This is s u ppo s ed to have been the winged temp l e

which E ras to s the n e s s ay s that Apollo had among
—
the H ype r bo r ea ns a name which the G r eek s ap
p l ied to all nations dwelli ng no rth of the P illars o f
H e rc u l e s .

B u t what is s till m o r e e xt rao r dina r y H e cate u s

,

makes mention that the inhabita nts of a ce rtain

H yp e rb o r ian i s land little less than S ici l y and over
, ,

—
agai n s t Celtibe ia a de s c r iption an s we r ing exactl y
r

t o that of B r itain — could b r i ng the m oon s o near

t he m a s to s ho w the mo u ntai n s a n d r ock s a n d other ,

appea rance s upon its s u r face .

Acco r ding to Strabo a n d B o chart glas s was a dis

,

co v e r y of the Ph oe nician s and a s tapl e commodity of

th e i r t ra de bu t we h a ve some g r o u nd for b elievi ng

.

that o u r phi l o s ophe rs be s towed rathe r than bo rr owed

thi s i nvention .

Piece s of glas s and c r y s tal have b een fo u nd i n the

cai r ns as if i n hono r t o tho s e who i n ve nted it ; the
,

p r oce s s o f vitrifyi ng the ver y wall s of thei r h ou s e s ,

wh ich is s till to be s een i n the H ighlands p r ove that

they po s s e s s ed the art in the g r o s s ; a nd the G aelic
name fo r gla s s is not of fo r eign but of Celtic ex
t raction bei n g g las i ne and de r ived from glas thei ne
, &
-
,

gl u ed o r b r ightened b y fi re .

W e have many wonde r ful proofs of the s ki l l in

m echanic s .The elat ha br a th o r r oc k i ng s tones
-
,
-
,
68 t he p hilos op he rs .

we re sphe r ical s tones of an e n o r mo u s s ize and were ,

rai s ed upon othe r flat s to n e s i nto which they in s e rted

a small p r ominence fitti ng the ca v ity s o exactly and ,

s o concea l ed b y loo s e s tone s lying a r o u nd it th a t ,

nobod y co u ld di s ce rn the a rtifice Th u s the s e glo b e s

.

we r e b alanced s o that the s lighte s t to u ch w o uld

make them vib rate while anything of g reate r weight
,

p re s s ing again s t the s ide of the cavit y r ende red them

immovable .

I n I ona the l as t a s yl u m of the Caledo n ian D r u ids

.
,

man y of the s e ela t ha hr a th ( o n e of which is men

-

t io ne d i n Ptolemy H e p he s t io n s H i s to r y
’

Lib iii , . .

cap we r e to be fo u n d at the b eginning of thi s

cen t u r y and al tho u gh the s u pe rs titio u s nati ve s de
,

faced them and tu r ned them ove r i nto the s e a they ,

con s idered it n ece s s a r y to have s omething of the

kind i n their s tead and have s u bs titu ted fo r them
,

r o u gh stone b all s which the y call by the s ame n ame .

I n Stonehenge too we fi nd an e x ample of th a t

, ,

o r iental m echa n i s m which is di s p l ayed s o s tu pe n d

o u s ly in the py r amid s of Egypt H e r e stone s o f
.

thi rty o r fo rty ton s th at mu s t have been a d ra u gh t

fo r a he rd of oxen have b een ca rr ied the d i s tanc e
,

of s ixtee n computed m ile s and r ai s ed to a vas t height ,

and p l aced in thei r bed s wi th s u ch ea s e that thei r

ve r y mo rti s e s we re m a de to t all y .

The temp l e s of Ab u r y in W il ts hi r e a nd of C arnac ,

 t he p hi los op he rs . 69

in B rittan y thou gh le s s pe rfect are eve n m o re

, ,

p r odigiou s m on u ments of art .

I t is s ca rcel y to b e wondered at that the Dru ids

sho u ld b e acq u ai nted with the p rope rties of gu n
powder s ince we know that it was u s ed i n the
,

my s te r ie s of I s i s i n the temple of D e l phi and by the

, ,

old Chine s e philosophe rs .

Lucan in his desc r iption of a g rove near M ars eilles ,

“
write s The r e is a r epo r t that the g r ove is o ften
s haken and strangel y moved and that d r eadful ,

sou nds are hea r d fr om its cave r ns ; a nd that it is

s ometimes in a b laze with o u t b eing con s u med .

I n O s s ian s poem of D a rg o the son of the D r u i d of

’

B el s imila r phenomenon ar e mentioned and while

, ,

“ ’
the Celtic wo r d lightning is D e la na ch th e fl ash o r ,

fl ame of G o d the y had another wo r d which ex

,

p re s s e s a fl as h that is qu ick and s u dden as li g htnin g

— D r u ila na eh the fl ame of the D ru id s
, .
&

It wou l d have b een fo rtunate for mankind had the

m o n k s of the m iddle ag e s di s pla y ed the wi s dom o f
these ancient p r iests i n concealing fr o m fo ols and
madmen so dange r ou s an art .

A ll
such k n o wledg e was carefull y retained within
the hol y ci rcle of their da rk caves and fo r e s ts and
which the in itiated we r e b o u nd by a s olemn oath
never to reveal .
70 t he p hil os op he rs .

I will no w co ns ide r the D ru id s of active life— the

p r eache rs t he law —give rs a n d the p hy s ici a ns
, ,
.

O n the s eve nth day l ike the fi rs t p at r i ar c hs they

, ,

p reached to t he w a rr io rs and thei r wive s fr om s mall

r o u n d emi n e n ce s s eve ral of which yet r emai n in
,

d iffe r e n t p a r ts of B r it ai n .

The ir doc tr i n e s we re de l ive red wi t h a s u r pas s i ng

e l oqu e n ce a n d in t r ip l et ve rs e s m a n y s pecime ns ,

which ar e to be fo u n d i n the We l s h poet r y b u t of

which the s e two o nl y h a ve been p r e s e r ved by the
c l a s s ic al a u tho rs .

T he fi rs t i n P o m p o n iu s M el a .

Ut f o r e n t ad b lle a m e lio re s ,
E
[ te r nas e s s e an im as ,

Vitam q u e a l te ra m ad m ane s .

To a ct b ra v e ly i n w ar,
Th l
a t s o u s a re i mm t l or a

lif f
,

A nd t h e re is an o th er e a te r d e at h .

T he s eco n d in D i o g ene s L ae rtiu s .

g eg em 698 o
”(I t under na nov dgav

no t a v dgei av aonew

To w o rs hi p th e G o d s,

A nd t o d o no e vi l ,

And t o e x er ci sef o rt it du e .

O nce eve r y year a p u blic a s s emb l y of the nation

w as he l d i n Mo n a at the r e s idence of the A r ch

D r u id a nd the r e silence was no le s s ri g idly im p o s ed

,
 t he p hilos op he rs .
71

than in the c o u ncils of the Rabbi a nd the Brachm ans .

I f an y one i nte rr u pted the o r ato r a large piece of ,

h is ro b e w as cut off— if after t hat he offended he ,

was p u nished with death To enfo rce p u nctualit y

.
,

li k e the C ig o nii of Plin y th e y had th e c r u el cu s tom

,

of cu tti ng t o pieces the o n e w ho cam e las t Their

-
.

laws like their religious p recepts were at fi rs t

, ,

e s teemed too s ac r ed to be committed to writin g— the

fi rs t w r itte n l aw s b ei ng tho s e o f D yr nw al Mo e lm u d ,

K in g of B r i ta in ab o ut 4 40 B c and called the M oel

, . .

mutian l aw s ; for the s e we r e s u bs titu ted the Mercian

c o de o r the la w s of M a rtia Q u een of Englan d which
, ,

was afte r wa rds adopted by K in g Alfr ed and trans

lated b y him i n to Sa x on .

The Ma nk s m e n al s o as c r ibe to the D ruids th o se

excelle nt l aws by which the I s le of M an has alwa y s
b een gove r ned .

The magi s t rate s of B r itain we r e b ut too l s of the

Dru id s appointed by them a n d ed u cated by them
,

a lso ; for it was a la w i n B r itai n that no one mi g ht

h o ld offi ce who had not b ee n e d ucate d by the

Druids .

The Dru ids he l d an nu al a s s ize s i n di fferent pa rts

o f B r itai n ( for i ns tance at the monument called L on
g
Meg a nd her D a ug hter s i n Cu mb erland and at the
Va lley ( y S tones in Co r nwall ) as S amuel vi s ited
‘

B ethel a nd Gilgal once a y ear to di s pen s e j u s tice .

72 t he p hilos op he rs .

The r e the y heard appeal s fr om the m ino r courts ,

a n d inve s tigated the more intricate ca s e s which ,

s ometimes the y were ob l i g ed to s ettle b y o r deal .

The r ockin g s to nes which I have j u st de s c r ibed and

-
,

t he walk ing bar efoot th rough a fi re which the y

l ighted on the s ummit o f some hol y hill a n d called
S a m b i n o r the fire of peace were their two chie f
’

, ,

method s of te s tin g the in n ocence of the c r iminal ,

a n d in wh ich the y we r e imitated b y the le s s in e ni

g
o u s and perhaps less conscienti o us j u dg es o f later

da y s .

Fo r p r evious to the o r deal which they named

”
“
Ga hht ei l o r, the tr ial of Bei l the D ru ids u s ed
,

eve r y endeav o r to di s cove r the r eal me r its of the

cas e in o rde r that they might decide u pon the v e r
,

—
dict of H eaven that is to sa y which side of the ,

s tone they s ho u ld p r ess or whethe r they sh o uld

,

a noint his feet with that oil which the H indoo p r ie s ts

u s e i n thei r r e l igio u s fe s tivals and which ena b les the
,

b arefo ot t o pas s ove r the b u r nin g wood un s cathed .

We may s mile at a n other p r ofanity of the D ruids

who con s tit u ted them s elve s j udge s not on ly of the
body b u t of the s o u l .

B u t as M ohammed i ns pi r ed his s o l die rs with su b

lime co u rage b y p romi s ing P a r adi s e to tho s e who
fo u nd a de ath bed upon the co rp s e s of thei r foes
-
,

so the ve r y superstition s the ve r y fra u ds o f thes e

,
74 t he p hilos op he rs .

fo r t he fi rs t s t rain which m ight r e l e as e it fr om th e

co l d co r p s e a nd ming l e wi th its s il e n t a s ce n t to
,

God .

Read how the he r oe s of O s s ian longed for thi s

fu n e r eal hymn witho u t which thei r s o u l s p ale and ,

s a d a s tho s e which ha u nted th e ba nk s of t he Sty x ,

we r e doomed to wande r th r o u gh the mi s ts of s ome

d r e a ry fen .

When thi s hymn had been s u ng the fr iends and ,

r e l ative s of t he dece as ed made g r eat r ej o ici ng s and ,

th i s i t w as that o r igina ted t ho s e s omb r e me r r y

making s s o pec u l i a r to t he Sco t ch a n d I r is h fu ne r a l s .

I n th e philo s oph y of medici n e the De r wydd we r e

,

n o le s s s ki ll ed th a n i n s cience s a n d le t te rs They .

k n ew that b y mea ns o f thi s d iv in e a r t they wo u l d

po s s e s s the hea r t s as we ll a s the m in d s of men and ,

ob ta in n o t o nl y t he awe of th e ig n o r a n t b u t a l s o the
love of tho s e wh os e lives the y had p r e s e r ved .

T he ir s ove reign r emedy w a s th e m is s o ldine or

m i s t l e t oe of the oak which i n Wale s s ti l l be a r s its
, ,

ancie n t n a me of O ll i ach o r all he a l w it h tho s e of

-
,
-
,

P r e n a w r the ce l e s tial t r ee a nd U chelwy dd the loft y

-
, , ,

s h ru b .

When the winter has come a nd the gia n t of the

fo r e s t is de s e rted b y its le a ve s a n d e x te n ds its with
e r ed a rm s to the sky a d ivine ha n d s heds u p o n it
,
 t he p hi los op he rs .
75

fro m heaven a m y s te r ious seed and a de l icate g r een ,

plant s p r o u ts from the b ark and thus is bo rn while

,

a ll a rou nd is dyi ng and deca y ed .

We need not wonder that the mi s tl etoe sho u l d be

r eve r ed as a he a ven b o r n plant and as a type of
-
,

God s p romi s e and con s o l atio n to tho s e wh o we r e

’

’
fai ntin g on death s thre s ho l d i n the winte r of o l d
ag e.

When th e new yea r app r oached the D ru id s be s et ,

themselve s to di s cover th i s p l a nt u pon an o ak on ,

which t r ee it g r ows le s s frequ e nt l y than u pon th e

as h c r a b or apple t r ee
-
Havi ng s u cceeded and a s
.
,

s oon as t he moon was s ix days o l d the y ma r ched by ,

n ight with g r eat solemnity towa r ds the s po t invi t ing ,

all to j oi n their p r oce s s ion with the s e wo rds : The

N ew Yea r i s at ha nd : let us g a the r the m i s tletoe .

Fi rs t m a rched th e O v ade s i n their g ree n s acrifi

cial robe s leadin g two mi l k wh ite b u llocks -
N ext .

came the ba r d s s i ngi ng the p rai s e s of the M ighty

Essence i n raime n t b l u e as the heavens to which
,

thei r hym n a s cended The n a he rald clothed in

.

white with two wings d r oopi ng down o n each side

of his head a n d a b ranch of ve r vai n i n his ha nd
,

enci r cled by two s e rpents H e w as fo ll o w ed b y

.

th r ee De rwydd— one o f whom ca rr ied the s ac r ificia l

b r ead— an o ther a va s e of wate r— a n d the thi rd a
white wand Las tl y th e A rch D r u id di s t ing u i s he d
. ,
-
,
76 t he p hilos op he rs .

by the tuft o r tas s el to h is cap by the b ands han g

,

ing from his th r oat by the s cept r e i n his ha nd a n d b y

,

the go l den c r e s cent on his b rea s t su rr ou nded b y the

,

who l e bod y of the De rwydd and hum b l y fo ll o wed

b y the noble s t wa rr io rs of the la nd .

An al tar of ro ugh s tones w as e rected u nde r the

oak and the A rch D r u id having sac ra me ntall y dis
,
-

t r ib u ted the b read a nd w m e wo u l d c l imb the t ree

, ,

cu t the m i s tletoe with a g o l den k n ife w r ap it i n a ,

p u r e white cloth s la y and sac r ifice the b u l l ock s a nd

, ,

p ra y to God to r emove his cu rs e fr om barr en women ,

and to pe r mit thei r medicines to se r ve as a ntidotes

fo r poi s on s and cha r ms fr om all mi s fortu ne s .

They u s ed the mi s tletoe as an ing r edie nt in almo s t

a l l their medicine s and a powder w as made from
,

th e b e rr ies for cas e s of ste r ilit y .

I t is a s trong p u rgative well s u ited to the lust y

co ns t itu tions of th e an cient B r ito n s but like bleed
, ,

ing too powe rfu l a r emed y for modern ailments

, .

W i th al l th e he rbs which the y u s ed for medicine ,

the r e we r e ce rtai n m u mme r ies t o b e o b s e rved while

they we r e gathe r ed which however we r e not with
,

o ut their obj ect— fi rs t i n enhancin g the fa ith of the

v u l gar by e x citing their supers tition s — a nd al s o in
cas e of fail u r e that the p atient might b e r ep r oached
for b l u nde r ing in s tead of a phy s ician .

The verva i n w as to be gathe r ed at the r i s e of the

 t he p hilos op he rs . 77

dog -
sta r neithe r su n nor m oon s hin ing at the time ;
,

it w as to be dug u p with an i r on in s tru ment and to

be waved aloft i n the air the left hand onl y b ein g
,

u s ed .

The leaves stal k s an d fl owers were d ried s epa

,

r at e l in the shade and we re u s ed for the b ites of

y
serpents infu s ed in wine
, .

The sa m a las w hich gr ew in damp places w as to

b e gathe red by a pe rs on fastin g— without lookin g
—
b ehind h im and with his left hand I t was laid .

into t ro u ghs and ciste r n s whe r e cattle d rank and ,

when b ru i s ed w as a c u r e fo r va r iou s distempe rs .

The selag o a k i nd of hedge h y ss op w as a char m

, ,

as well as a medicine H e w ho g athe r ed it w as to

.

be c l othed in white— to bathe his feet i n r u nning

—
water to offer a sac r ifice of b read and wine— and
then with his r ight ha nd cove r ed b y the ski rt of his
r obe and with a b razen hook t o dig it u p by the
,

r oo t s a n d w r ap it i n a white cloth .

Prominent amon g the j u ggl e r ies o f the Dru ids ,

s ta nds the s e pent

r
’
s —
egg the onu s a ng u i n u m o f
Pliny — the g le i n nei dr of the ancient B r itons— the
a dder stone of mode r n folk lo r e
-
.

I t w as s u ppo s ed to have b een forme d b y a multi

tu de of serpents cl o se entwi ned togethe r and b y the ,

frothy s al iva that proceeded from their th r oats .

W he n it was made it w as r ai s ed up i n the a ir by

,
78 t he p hi los op he rs .

their com b ined hi s sing and to r ende r it efficaci o us

,

it was to be caught i n a c l ean white c l o t h b efo r e it

co u ld fall t o the grou nd — for i n D ru idi s m th a t which
to u ched the gro u nd was po ll u ted H e who p e r .

fo rmed this inge n io u s ta s k was obliged to m o u nt a

s wift ho r s e and to ride awa y at fu l l s peed p u r s u ed
,

by the s e rpents fro m whom h e w as n o t s a fe ti l l h e

had c r o s s ed a r ive r .

T he D r u id s te s ted its virtu e by encas ing it in gold ,

and th rowin g it into a r ive r I f it s wa m ag ai ns t the

.

stream it wo u l d ren de r it posse s s o r s u pe r ior to his

adve rs a r ies i n a ll di s p u t e s and obtai n for him the
,

fr iends hip of g re a t men .

The impl icit b elief p l aced i n this fable is c u r io u s l y

exemp l ified b y the fact o f a Rom a n K n ight of the
Vo co nt ii whi l e pleading his own c a u s e i n a la w s u it
,

was di s cove r ed with on e of t he s e c har m s in h is

b r e as t a n d was put to d eath u p on t he spot .

Their r eve r ence for the s e r p e nt s egg has its o r i

gin i n their m y tholo gy Like th e P h oe n icia ns and
.

Egyptians the y represe nt ed the c r eation b y the

,

’
figu r e of an eg g comi ng o u t of a s e rpent s mouth ,

and it w as do u b tle s s th e e x ce s s ive c r edulit y of the

ba rba r ians which tempted them to i nvent the a b ove
fab l e that the y m ight obtai n h igh p r ices for these
am u l ets m a n y of which h a ve b ee n di s cove r ed in
,

D ru idic ba rr ows and a r e s t ill to be m et with in the

,
 t he p hi los op he rs . 79

H ighland whe r e a be l ief i n thei r powe r has not y et

s,

s u b s ided ; fo r it is n o u ncommon thing when a dis

temper rage s amo ng men o r beas t s fo r the Gla ss ,

h s i cia n to b e s e n t fo r fr om as g r eat a di s tance as

py
fi ft y m iles .

The s e egg s ar e made of s o me k ind o f gla s s o r

ea r th g l a zed ove r a n d a re s o metimes b l u e g reen
, , ,

or w hi te a n d s ometime s v arie gated with all these

,

c olo rs i n te r mi x ed .

Fo r me n t a l di s o r de rs and some ph y s ical com

plaints the y u s ed to p r e s c r ibe pi l g r images to ce rtain
well s alwa y s s itu ated at a di s ta n ce fr om the patient
, ,

and the wate rs of which we r e to be d ru nk an d bathed

i n W ith the s e ab lution s sac r ed as tho s e o f the
.
,

Mu s s e lm e n we r e mingled r eligio u s ce remonie s with

,

a view to r emind them of th e p re s ence o f that God

wh o a l o n e co u l d r e l ieve th em fr om their in fi r m it ie s .

Afte r r e a chi ng the well s the y b athed th r ice— that ,

m y s te r io u s n u mbe r— and wa l ked th r ee times r o u nd

’
the we l l de is i u l i n the same di r ecti o n as the co u rs e
, ,

of the s u n al s o turnin g and bowin g fr om Ea s t to

,

W est .

The s e j ou r ney s we r e gene ral ly pe r fo r med befo r e

har ve s t a t which time the mode r n A rabs go th r o u gh
,

a se r ie s of s eve r e p u rgi ngs a n d when Engl ish labo r ,

e rs twe n t y y e a r s a o u s ed s y s tematica lly to go to

,
g ,

the m ar ket t own to be b led .

80 t he p hi los op he rs .

T he e a s o n of t he y e ar — t he e x e r c is e — the m in e ra l
s

i n the w ate r above a l l the s tro ng fai t h of the p at ie nts

-

e ffecte d s o man y real c u r es that i n time it became a

c u s tom ( s till ob s e r ved i n Scotl a n d with th e wel l of
S trathfi llan and i n ma n y pa r ts of I r e l and) fo r all who
we r e affl icted with a n y di s o rder to perform an ann u al
pilgr image to the s e holy wells .

C aithba id an I r i s h hi s to r ian speaks of the D ru id

, ,

Tr o s dan who di s covered an a n t idote fo r poi s oned

a rrows a n d the r e are m a ny i ns ta nce s o n r eco r d of
,

the medicinal t r iumph s of the D r u ids .

The y we r e mo r e a nx io u s to p r event di s eas e than

to c u r e them and i s s u ed many ma x im s r elatin g to t he
,

ca r e of the b ody as wi s e as tho s e which appe rtai ned

,

to the s oul we r e divi n e .

O f the s e I wi l l give yo u o n e w hich s ho u l d be

w r itten i n lette rs o f Go l d .

’
Bigu s ug a chg ea n m n a i dh m ochei r each.

Chee rfulne s s tempe rance

, and ea rl y ri s in g .
82 t he mus ic ians .

I can be s t give the r e ade r s ome idea of t he s t y l e

a nd power of t heir co n ceptio ns b y q u oting s ome of
,

thei r axiom s which have de s cended to u s t radition

ally .

The y are in the fo rm of T r iads of which the ,

s ubj ect s a r e lan g,uage — fa n cy a n d i nvention — the

de s ign of poetr y— the natu r e ofj us t thinking— r ule s
—
of a rr angement method of de c iption e g s r — . .

The th r ee qualifications of poetr y— endowme nt of

g eni u s j udgment fro m e xperience and happine s s of
, ,

mi nd .

The th ee foundation
r s o f j g
u d m e nt — bold de s ign ,

frequ ent p ractice a nd fr equent m i s take s

, .

The th r ee fo u ndatio n s of le arn ing— s eeing m u ch ,

stu dyin g m u ch a n d s u ffe r i ng m u ch

, .

The th r ee fo u n datio n s of h a ppi n e s s — a s u ffe r ing

with c o ntentment a hope that it wi ll come a n d a
, ,

b elief that it will b e .

The th r ee foundation s of tho u gh t— p e rs p ic u ity ,

amplitude and p r ec is e n es s
, .

r s u —
The th ree canon of pe pic ity the wo r d th at is
s

nece s s a r y the q u antity th at is n ece s s a r y and t he

, ,

man n e r that is n ece s s a r y .

The th ree c a n o ns of a mp l i t u de— a pp r op r i at e

tho u ght va r iety of t ho u ght a nd r equ i s i t e tho u ght
, .

H o w full of wi s dom an d e x p e r ie n ce &what s u b

l ime ide as in a fe w b r ief wo r ds
 t he Mus i c ians . 83

The s e poets we r e he l d in high hono r by the

B r ito ns fo r among a ba rbar ou s people m u s ici a ns a r e
,

angel s who b r ing t o them a lang u age fr om the

other w o rl d and who alon e can soften thei r i r on
,

hea r ts an d fi l l their bold b lue e y e s with gentl e tea rs .

The r e is an o l d B r iti s h la w comma n di ng t hat all

s ho u l d be made fr eed m e n of s l aves who we r e of the s e

three p r ofe s s ion s A s cholar lear ned in the lan

.

g u ages— a b ard— o r a s mith When o nce the s mith

.

had entered a smith y or the s chol ar had been polled

, ,

o r the b a r d had compo s ed a song the y c o uld neve r

,

mo r e b e dep r ived of their fr eedom .

Thei r o rdi na r y d r e s s was b r own but i n religious

,

ce remonie s the y wo r e eccle s ias tical o r name nts called

B a r dd g wew ll which was an az u r e rob e wi th a cow&
-
,

to it —a co s tu me afte r wards adopted by the lay mo nk s

of Ba rds ey I s land ( the burial place of Myr rddin o r
-

M e rl i n) and w as b y them cal l ed Cy lia u D u or n o r ,

b l a ck cowl s ; it w as then bo rr owed by the Gauls a nd

is s till wo r n by the Cap u chi n fr i ars .

B l u e which is an emb l em o f the h igh heave ns and

the beau tifu l s e a had always b een a fa vorite co l o r
wi th the a n cie nt B r ito ns a nd is sti l l used as a toi l e t
,

pain t by th e ladie s o f Eg y pt an d Ta r tar y B l u e .

r o s ette s ar e the in s ignia of our s tu dents i n the

twi n u n ive rs itie s a n d for the o l d Welsh prove rb
, .

“
Y g w er la s u i chy ll m oi l i u , T r u e bl u e keep s its
84 t he Mus ic ians .

hu e , o ne of o ur p rove r bial exp r e s s io ns may b e

traced .

The harp or ly r e invented b y the Celts had fo u r

, ,

o r five st r ing s or t hongs m a de of an o x s h ide a n d

, ,

was u s u a l l y p l a yed upon with a p l ect ru m made o f

th e jaw bo n e of a go at Bu t we have r ea s on to be
-
.

lieve that it w as th e i n s tru me n t invented by T u ba l

which fo r med the model o f th e We l s h harp s .

Although th e G r eeks ( who m the lear n ed Eg yp

”
tian s n icknamed child r e n a nd w ho we r e th e m o s t
,

vain glo r io u s peo p l e U pon th e ea rth ) cl a ime d the

-

h ar p as an invention of their ancie n t poe ts J u ve nal ,

in his thi rd sati r e acknowledg es that bo t h t he R 0

ma ns and the Gr eek s r eceiv ed it from th e H e b rews .

Thi s q u een of i n s tru me n ts is hallowed to o u r r emem

b rance by man y pas s ages i n the Bible I t was fr om .

the har p that David befo r e Sa u l d r e w s u c h e nch a n t

ing s t rain s th a t the mo n a r ch s he ar t w as me l ted a n d
’

the dar k fr own left his b r ow It was o n their ha r p s .

that th e poor J ewi s h captives we r e de s i r ed t o pla y ,

o n their ha r ps which s w a yed abov e them on the

b ranche s of the w il l o w t r ee s while the wate rs o f

B abylon s obbed pas t b eneath their feet .

A n d it w as the ha r p which St J ohn b eheld in t he .

white ha n d s of the ange l s as t hey s tood u pon the s e a

of gl as s mi ngled with fi re s inging the so ng of M o s e s
, ,

the se r va n t of God a nd the so ng of th e l a m b

, .
 t he Mus ic ians . 85

Th e tru n ks o f the s e harps we r e poli s hed and in

th e s h ape of a heart ; the y we r e em b raced b etwee n
the b reas t and the a rm ; their str ings we r e of glo s s y
hai r I n P al e s tine the y we r e made fr om the wood
.

of the C eda rs of Lebanon ; i n B r itain of P r en m asa r u

-
,

o r the s ycam o re .

I n their co ns tru ction the same m y ste r iou s r ega rd

,

was paid to th e num b er th r ee Their s hape w as

.

t r ia ng u l a r ; their st r i ngs we r e th r ee i n num b er and ,

thei r t u r n in g k eys had th ree a rms .

I n late r time s the I r i s h w ho b eliev e that the y are

,

de s cended fr o m David obtai n ed an E u r ope a n fame

,

for their s ki l l i n the making of this i ns t ru ment .

Da nte m e nt ions t he ci r c u m s tance and the ha r p is

,

s ti l l a m i nt mar k u pon I r i s h coin

-
.

The Ba r d s fr om what we can lea r n of them neithe r ,

deba s ed th eir a rt t o calu mn y nor t o ad u lation bu t ,

we r e i n eve r y w a y as wo rt h y o f o u r a dmi r atio n as

tho s e p r ofo u n d phi l o s ophe rs to whom alon e t he y
we r e i n fe r io r
.

W e lea r n that ( u n l ik e the a rtists of later time s )

,
:

they we r e pec u liar ly tempe rate a n d that i n o r de r to

,

in u r e th em s elve s t o habits of ab s t i n ence the y wo u l d

have a l l k inds of delicacies sp r ead o u t as if for a ban
qu et a n d u pon w h ich h a vi ng fea s ted their eyes fo r
,

some t im e t he y wo u ld o r der to b e r emoved .

Al s o that the y d id their utmo s t to stay tho s e civi l

86 t he mus icians .

wars which were the bane o f B ritain and that often

,

when two fierce a r mies had s tood fronting each othe r

i n a rra y of battle thei r s wo r ds d rawn thei r spe ars
, ,

poi nting to the foe and waiting b ut for the si g nal

from their C hieftain s to begin the con fl ict the B ards ,

had stepped in b etween and had touched the ir harps

with s u ch har mo n y a nd s o persuaded them with
,

sweet th r illing ve rs es that s u ddenly o n either side

, ,

s o l die rs ha d d r opped their a r ms a n d fo rg o tten th e

fie r ce re s entme n t which had been raging i n their

b reas ts
.
 V II I .

TH E O VA D ES , O R N OV I CI ATES .

N w r itin g of the Derw y dd or philosophers I have

, ,

written a l s o of the high p r ie s ts or magicia ns

,

fo r m ag n u s is but another name fo r priest and i n the ,

Chine s e and va rio u s hie roglyphical language s the ,

same s ign r ep re s ent s a magician and a p r ie s t .

I have now to de s c r ibe the lower o rde r of sa cr i

ficer s who u nder the di r ection of thei r ma s te rs s lew
, ,

the victim s u pon the altar and po u red out the sac r a
,

mental wine .

The O v ade s were u s ual l y d ressed in white while ,

thei r s ace rdotal r obe s we r e of green an ancient em ,

blem of i nnoce n ce and yo u th still r etained in our

,

language bu t deb as ed a n d v u l ga rized into s lang

, .

They are ge ne ral ly r ep resented with chaplets o f

oak leave s on thei r b rows and thei r eye s modestl y
-
,

fixed o n the g r o u nd .

H aving b een ca refully t rained in the D ru idic s e m

inar ies their mem o r y b ein g sto r ed with the hol y
,

t r iads and with the outward ce r emonie s of thei r

,

87
as t he n ovi iat e sc .

r eligion t hey were p r epa r ed fo r 1 n1 t1 at1 o n in t o the

,

s u b l ime m y s te r ie s of D r u idi s m .

D u r ing a pe r iod of p robat i o n the O vade w as ,

c l o s el y watched ; eye s to him invi s ible we r e eve r

, ,

u pon him ,noti ng his actions and his ve r y look s ,

s ea r ching into his heart fo r its mo t ive a n d i n to his ,

s o u l fo r it s abi l itie s .

H e w as then s u bj ected to a t r ial s o pa inful to the

body so te rr ible to the mind t hat ma n y lo s t thei r
, ,

s en s es fo r eve r and othe rs c r awled back to the day

,

light pale and emaciated as men who had gr own

,

o l d in p r i s on .

The s e initiations t o o k place in caves one of which ,

s till e x i s t s in Denbigh s hi r e We have a l s o s ome

.

r eas on to believe th a t the ca t acomb s of Egypt a n d

tho s e a rtificial excav ation s which are to be fo u nd in

many pa rts of Pe rs ia and H indo s tan we r e co ns tru cted
fo r the s ame p u r po s e .

The O vade r eceived se v eral w o unds from a m an

who oppo s ed his ent rance with a d rawn s wo rd H e .

was then le d blind fo l ded th rough the windi ng alle ys

-

o f the cave which w as a l s o a laby r i n t h Thi s was .

intended to rep re s ent the toi l s ome wanderings of the

so u l i n the mazes of i g no rance a n d vice .

P re s entl y the g r o u nd wo u l d b eg in to r oc k beneath

his feet ; strange so u nd s di s tu rbed the mid n igh t
s i l ence. Th u nde r c ras hed upon him like th e fa l l of
90 c
t he n ov i iat e s .

u pon him he s ee s p lain s s hin i ng with flowe rs open

,

ar o u nd him .

Then a go l den s e rpent is p l aced i n his bosom as

a s ign of h is regene ratio n and he is ado r ned with a
,

m y s t ic z on e U pon which a r e engraved twe l ve m ys

t e r io u s s ig n s ; a t iara is placed upon his hea d ; his

fo r m n aked and s hive r in g is clothed in a pu rp l e t u nic

s t u dded with inn u me r ab le s ta r s ; a c r ozier is placed

i n his hand H e is a king ; fo r he is i nitiated ; for he

.

is a D r u id .
 I& .

R I TES AN D C ER EMO N I ES .

REL A TI O N of the du ties of t he O v ade s as

s acr ifi c e rs wi ll n at u ra ll y lead u s i n to a d e
s c r iptio n of the ce r emonie s ofthe p r ie s thood of the ir ,

a l ta rs thei r temple s and their obj ects of wo r s hip o r

,

vene rat ion .

The cla cha n o r stone temp l e s of the D ru id s w e r e

,

r o u nd like tho s e of the Chine s e the p r imitive G r eek s

, ,

the J ew s an d their copyi s ts the Temp l ars Thi s

, .

s hape was a dopted bec a u s e it was typica l of ete r n ity ,

a d
n a l s o of the so l ar light — the wo r d ci r cu s being
de r ived fr o m the Ph oe nician ci r or cu r the S u n , .

Like tho s e of the Th r acia ns they we r e O pen at the

r oof for th e D r u ids deemed it 1 mp 1 0 u s to attempt to
,

e n c l o s e wi thin a hou s e that God who s e s h r ine w as

,

th e u n ive rs e .

The r e we r e two celebrated temp l e s of t he D r u ids ,

Ab u r y i n W i l ts hi r e and Ca r nac in B r ittany which

, ,

we r e b u i l t in t he fo r m of a s e r p ent .

The r e is s c a r ce l y a s p ot i n th e wo rl d in which the

9 l
 “
92 R i te s ano C e rem oni e s

s e r pent has not r eceived the p rayers an d prai s es of

men At fi rs t an emb l em of the s u n s l igh t and
.
’

powe r it is wo rs hipped i n l and s whe r e the s u n is

,

n o t r ecognized as a Deity for in s tance on the coa s ts

,

of Gui n ea whe r e the n eg roes c u rs e him ever y mo r n

in g as he ri s e s becau s e h e s co r ches them at noon
, .

The winged s e rp e nt w as a symbol of the Gods of

Egypt Ph oe n icia C hi n a Pe rs ia a nd H i ndo s tan
, , , , .

The Ta rta r p r ince s s ti l l c arr y the image of a s e r pent

u pon a s pea r as thei r mi l ita r y s t a nda r d Almo s t all
.

the Run ic i n s c r iptio ns fo u nd u po n tom bs are e n

g r aved upon the s c u lptu r ed fo rm s of s e rpents I n .

the temple of the Bo n a Dea s e rpents we r e ta med

,

and con s ec rated . I n the my s te r ies of B acchu s ,

women u s ed to c a rr y s e rpe nts in their hands and

twined ar o u nd thei r b r ows and with ho rr ible scream s
,

cr
y, E va & E va & I n the g r eat temp l e of Me x ico ,

the captive s taken in war a n d s a c r ificed to the s u n ,

had wooden col l a rs in the shape of a s e r pent p u t

r ou n d thei r neck s A n d wate r s nake s ar e to thi s
.
-

d ay held sac red by the native s of the F r iendly I s le s .

It was no t o nly wo rs hipped a s a s ymbol of light ,

of wi s dom a nd of health pe rs o n ified u nder the name

,

of God b ut al s o as an o rgan of divi nation Se r pents

, .

fo r med the in s t ru ments of the Egyptian enchante rs ,

the f eti ch of the H otte ntots a n d th e gi r d l e s of the

.
,

m edici n e m e n of the N o r t h Ame r ica n I ndia ns The

-
.
 R it e s ano t eremonies . 93

N o r wegian s too of the pre s ent da y when h u n t ing

, , ,

will ofte n load their gu n s with serp ents to make

them fo rt u nate .

The s e r pent mu s t have obtained this wo rld wide -

wo rs hip fr om its be au ty a nd its wi s dom S u b tl e i n

, .

hea r t b e y ond all the b eas ts of th e field ; rapid and

“

myste r io u s i n its war y footle s s movements to which ,

the a n cient s we r e wont to re s emble the ae r ial pro

g r e s s of the Gods ; above a l l its eye s so b right so ,

love l y s o wei r d i n thei r powe rs of facinat io ns no

, ,

wonde r that it s ho u ld excite the awe an d admiration

of s u pe rs titio u s ba rba r ians .

And the y b e l ieved it i mmo rta l for ever y y ear they

,

s a w it c as t its s kin w r ink l e d an d withered with age

, ,

and when they t r ied to ki l l it they fou nd that it r e

t ain e d life w ith m i rac u l o u s pe rtinacity .

Fina lly it was th e b razen s e r pent elevated u pon a

c r o s s that M o s e s e r ected in the wilde r ness and ,

u pon which a l l who gaze s we r e s aved fr om death ;

and it w as th is s e rpe nt which J ewi s h an d Ch r i s tian

w r ite rs have ag r eed i n as s e r tin g to be a t y pe of the
M e s s iah .

The cr om lea chs we r e the alta rs o f the D r uids and ,

we r e s o cal l ed fr om a H eb rew wo r d s ignifying “

to ,

bow an d from the b owing of the wo rs hippe rs w ho

,
”

be l ieved them to be gu a rded by s pi r i ts .

They we r e co n s t ructed of a la rge fl at s tone p l aced

94 lRit es ano C e rem oni e s .

u pon two r o u g h pillars The s e s tone s we r e always

.

unhewn fo r by the Dr u idic law it w as o r dained that

,

no axe s hould touch the s ac r ed s tone s a p recept ,

which ve r y s t rangely coincide s with the M o s aic law .

”
Thou s ha lt n ot hu i ld a n a lta r of hew n stones E x od . .

xx 2 5
, .

The s e cr om lea chs we r e al s o s ep u l ch r e s as is te s ti

,

fi e d b y the n u mbe r of u r n s and h u man bone s that

have b een di s cove r ed beneath s ome few of them It .

is p robable that thei r cla cha n we r e u s ed for the s ame

pu r pose as the Egyptian m u mmie s we r e inte rr ed in
,

the catacom bs of the p y ramids and as we b u r y

,

bodie s in the vau lts of ou r ch u rche s .

We gene ral l y fi n d them s itu ated on hi l l s o r moun

tains which p r ove that th e D r u ids entertained the
,

s ame r eve r ence for high place s as the nation s of the

Eas t and even the S candinavi a n s fo r we r ead in the

, ,

E ry h ygg a S a a that when Tho ralf e s tab l i s hed his

g
colon y i n the p r omonto r y of Tho rs ne s s i n Icelan d he
e r ected a n emi nence call ed f i elg af els the H o l y ,

M o u nt u pon which no n e m ight loo k till the y had

,

made their abl u tions u nde r pain of death .

A nd sometime s b y the s ide of a lake or ru nning .

s t r eam for water w as he l d holy by the D r u id s a n d

, ,

they we r e even wont to p r opitiate its dei t ie s by ,

offe r ing it p r e s ents .

The r e was a D r u idic tem p l e a t To u l o u s e on the ,

 1Rit e s ano c e rem oni e s .
95

b o rde rs of a l ake into which the D r u ids th r ew l arge

q u antitie s of go l d and i n which C ap io n a Roma n
, ,

k night and his fol l owers mise rab ly pe r ished i n an

,

attempt to r ecover it So A u r u m Tolosa n u m

.
, ,

“ Gold f om To u lou s e
r b ecame a by e w o r d among
,
-

the Roma ns to e x p r e s s an y accident o r m i s fo rt u ne .

I n the i s lands su rr ou nding B r itain and Gau l e s ,

e cially i n the Chan nel I s land s where they a r e called

p
P ou gu elay s the s e alta rs a r e ve r y common
, Is l ands .

we r e held s ac r ed fo r s ome r eas on by the ancients .

They we r e ofte n e r ected within the r ecesses of the

sac r ed g r ove bene ath the s hadow of an oak .

Th i s the fai r e s t a n d s t r o nge s t of tr ees has b een

,

reve red as a symbo l of God by almo s t all the nation s

of heathe n dom an d b y the J ewi s h P atriar chs
, .

I t w as u nde r n eath th e o ak s of M am r e that A b ra

ham dwelt a long tim e and whe r e he e rected an ,

altar to God and whe r e he received the th ree

,

ange l s .

It w as u nde rneath an oak that J aco b hid the ido l s

of his child r en for oaks were he l d s acred and i nvio
,

lable ( J u dg es I I 5
. . .

F r om the Sc r iptu r e s too we l ea r n that 1 t was , ,

wo rs hipped b y the P agans who co rru pted the H e

b r ews ( H o s ea I V v 1 3 Ez e k iah V I 1 3 I s aiah I
. . . . . . .

v.

H omer mention s people ente r i ng into compacts

96 lRit es ano C e rem oni e s .

u nder oaks as place s of s ec u r ity The G r ecia ns had .

their voc a l o ak s at Dodo na The A r cadian s believed .

that sti rr ing the w a te rs of a fo u nta in wi th an oaken

bough would b r ing r ai n The Sclavonia ns wo rs hip
.

ped oak s which they e nclo s ed in a con s ec rated

co u rt .

Th e Roman s con s ec rated the o ak to J u pite r their

S up r eme God as they co ns ecr ated the my rtl e to
,

Venu s the lau r el to A po ll o the pi n e to C ybe l e

, , ,

the p oplar to H e rc u le s wheat ea rs to Ce r e s the

,
-
,

ol ive to M ine r va fr u its to Pomona ros e tr ees to the

, ,
-

river nymph s a nd ba y to poor Vert u m nu s whose

,

power and me r its co u l d obtai n him nothi ng bette r .

T he H indoo s who had no oak s r eve r ed the Banian

tr ee .

Whe n an oak died the D ru ids s tr ip ped off its

,

ba rk & c sh a ped it r eve r e ntl y i nt o the fo r m of a

, .
,

illar a py r a mid o r a c r o s s a n d s t i l l co n ti n u ed to
p , , ,

worshi p it as an emb l em of thei r God .

Be s ides the cla ncha n a n d cr om leach the r e a r e ma n y

sto n e monuments remaining in v ar io u s pa rts of Ga u l
an d B r itain which bear the D r u id s ta mp in thei r
,

r u de n e s s a nd s implicity .

The s e we r e s ometime s t r o p h ie s of vic t o r y s ome ,

time s m emo r ial s o f g r at it u de s ometimes image s of ,

Go d .

Whe n e rec ted the y we r e a n o in ted w it h r o s e -

o il , as
 “
9s Rite s ano ce rem oni e s .

wide and one foot thic k se r ved as a b r idge over the

,

river Al u n at St David s i n Pembroke s hi re It w as

.
, .

“
cal l ed i n B r iti s h L ech L a r a r the speaking stone ,

and it was a t radition that if a dead bod y was ca r r ied

over the s to n e it wo u ld speak and that with the ,

st ruggl e of the voice it wo u ld c rac k i n the middle ,

and that then the chink wo u ld close .

Ke ys le r info r ms that th e N o rthern nations be

us

lie v e d their sto n e deities t o be i n habited by fai r ie s

or demon s and adduce s an i ns tance from the H olm
,

oer i a S ag a o f N o r wa y .

I ndr idu s going o ut o f

his hou s e la y i n wait fo r
his enem y Tho rs te nu s wh o was wont to g o t o the
,

temple of his God at s u ch a pa rtic u l ar time Thors .

te nu s came and ente r i ng th e temple b efo r e s u n r i s e

,
-
,

p ro s t rated h imself b efo r e the stone deity and offe red -

his devotion I n dr idu s standin g by hea rd the s tone

.

and p r ono u nce Tho rs te nu s doom i n these

’

s peak ,

wo rds
Tu hu c
Ul imt a vice
M i o rt v icinis p di b
e us

T e rram c l c ti ;
a as

C e rte e n im t q an e u am

S o l s p le n d e a t,

A nim o s u s I nd ridu s
O di u m i bi
t r e p e nd e t .

H dlee es s o f thy a pp chi g f

ro a n ate

Th ou tr e a ds t t hi h l y g
s o d; ro u n
 R ite s ano t eremonies .
99

L a s t s te p of l if & hy g i l y b
e t u t re a s t

E re P hce b u s g i l d h dd y E
s t e ru as t,

Mus t e x pi ate
Th y m d h t
ur e ro u s a e

D p p i d wi th c i m n w nd
ee e rc
’
r so ou .

To fi re also as an em b lem of the s u n the D ru id s

, , ,

paid peculiar reve r ence .

I ndeed fi re wo u ld appear t o have b een the cho s e n

element of God I n the form of a flaming b u s h H e
.

appea red to M ose s O n Mou nt S i nai H is pre s ence

.

w as de n oted by to rr ents of fl ame and in the fo r m of ,

fi re he p r eceded the little band of I s r aelite s b y night ,

th r o u gh th e d r e a r y wilde r ne s s which is perhaps the ,

o r igin of the c u s tom o f the A rab ians w ho alway s

ca rr y fi re i n fr ont of their ca r avan s .

A l l the g r eat nations had their holy fi r es which

we re never s u ffe r ed t o die I n the temple of the .

Gad ita n ia n H e r c u les at Tyre i n the Temp l e of Ve s ta ,

at Rome among the B rachm ans the J ews and the

, , ,

Pe rs ians we r e the s e immo rtal fi r e s which might not

b e d e s ec rated b y the b reath of men and wh ich ,

m ight be fed with peeled wood alone S o al s o the .

Ame r ican savage s when they have gained a victo r y ,

wo u l d light fi re s and dance r ou nd them .

The D ru ids th u s co n du cted thei r wo rship of the

holy element H avi ng str ippe d the b a rk off dry
.

w ood the y pou r ed oil of r o s es upon it a n d l ighted ,

it b y rubb ing sticks together which is sai d t o have ,

been an i nvention of the Ph oe nician s .

l oo R ite s ali b C e rem oni e s .

To this the y pra y ed at certain time s and w hoever ,

da r ed to bl ow the fi r e with his mo u th or to t hr ow ,

di r t o r dead bea s ts into it the y pu n i s hed with death .

The y had ci rcular temple s con s ec rated to thei r

neve r dying fi res ; i n t o the s e the p rie s t s e nte r ed
-

eve ry day and reve rently fed the fi r e a nd p rayed to

,

it for a whole ho u r ho l ding b ranche s of ve r vain in

,

their hands a nd c r owned wi t h tia ras which h u ng

down in flaps o n each s ide of their face s cove r i ng
their cheek s an d l ips .

The y a l s o kindled the B e lte in o r fi re of the rock

,

on M ay eve to welcome the s u n after his t ravel s

-

behind the c l oud s and tempe s ts of the d ar k month s .

O n that night all other fi r e s we r e exting u i s hed and ,

al l r epai red to the ho ly mo u nt to pay thei r ann u al

t r ibute to the Dru ids .

Then we r e held so l emn r ite s and men and beas ts

, ,

a n d even go b lets o f wi n e we r e pa s sed th r o u gh the

p u r ifying fl ame s Aft e r which the fi r es we r e al l

.

r e l i g hted
( each
, fr om the sacred fire
) and gene ra l

fe s tivit y p r eva i l ed .

I n Co r nwall the r e a r e Ka r n Gollow a the C a i r n of ,

L ights and Ka r n L es hyz the Cai r n of B u r n i ngs

,
-
,

which name s p rove s that the fiendi s h r ite s o f M o l och

and Baal we r e reall y ob s e r ved with a l l t hei r impio u s
c ru e l ty i n the i s la nd of B r itai n .

F r om the s e same blood thi rs ty Ph oe n icia ns who

-
1 02 R it e s ano C e rem onie s .

Read the books of Leviticus D eutero nom y the , ,

J udge s Kings the 1 0 5th Ps al m the P rophe s ies o f

, , ,

I s aiah J e r emiah Ezekie l and many of the o ld

, , ,

fathe rs and the re yo u wi l l fi nd that the Eg yptian s

, ,

t he I s raelite s the A rabs the C athag in ians the

, , ,

Athenian s Spa rtans and I o nian s the Romans the

, , ,

S c ythian s the A lbanians the Ge rman s Ibe rians and

, , ,

Ga u l s had adopted thi s c ru el cu s tom which like the ,

p ractic e of magic had r i s en in Ph oenicia and had ,

s p r ead like a p l ag u e ove r the whole wo r ld .

The Eg y ptian s s a c r ificed eve r y yea r a y oung and

beau tifu l virgi n whom a rr ayed in r ich ro be s the y
, ,

fl u n g into the N ile They a l s o offe red up men with

.

red hai r at the s h r ine of O s i r is .

The Spa r tan s whipped bo y s to death i n s ight of

thei r pa rent s befo r e s tarting u p o n an expediti o n .

The native s of the Ta u r ic C he rs o ne s u s hospitabl y

sac ri ficed to D ia na all the st rangers whom chance
th re w u pon thei r c o as t The Cimbri r ipped thei r .

victims open and divined from thei r s moking e n

,

t rail s The N o rwegian s u s ed to beat their brains

.

o u t with an axe the I celande rs by dashing them ,

again s t a s tone The Scythian s c ut off the s ho u lde r

.

and arm and flinging them in the a ir d rew omens

,

fr om the ma n ne r in which they fell u pon the pile .

T he Roman s and Pe rs ian s bu r ied them alive .

Thi s mania fo r bl ood was u nive rs al Even The .

 R ite s ano C e rem onie s . 1 03

m is to cle s the deliverer of Greece had once s ac ri

, ,

fi ce d th r ee youths .

The ancient Pe ruvians when o ne of their nation ,

w as dangerousl y ill sacrificed his eldest s o n o r

,

y ounge s t daughter to the s o lar deit y entr eating him ,

to s pare the father s life And pe r iodicall y at thei r

.

r eligious fe s tivals they murde r ed child r en and vir

g in s d r owning them and then s ac r ifici ng them

, .

And the a ncient M exican s fo r ced thei r victims to

lie down u pon a py ra midical s tone and tea r ing o u t ,

thei r hearts lift ed them s mokin g towa rds the s u n

, .

I might conti nu e thi s long a nd disg u s ting catalog u e

of religiou s c rime s b ut let u s r etu r n to the D ru ids
, ,

who at leas t only s ac r ificed human b ein gs i n s ome

g reat and pec u liar cri s i s .

The wo rd sac r ifice m ean s a n ofnr i ng of the cahe ,

a n d there can be n o doubt that tho s e thin b r oad

cake s of the anc i ent B r iton s which with a libation , ,

of flour milk eggs and he rb s or m ilk dew and

, , , , ,

aco r n s are s till s u pe rs titiou s ly offered in the n o rth of

B r itain fo r med the u s ual s ac r ifice
, .

The y al s o offe red the boa r and it is not im p ro b ,

able that the ha r e hen a nd goo s e which they we re

,

fo rbidden to eat but which C aes a r info rm s u s that

,

they r ea red ca u sa ooluptatis were u s ed for s ac r ificial ,

purpos e s .

The human victims were selected from c rim inals

1 04 mite s ali D C e rem oni e s .

or p r i s o ne rs of war I n lack of these the y were

.

cho s en by lo t and it sometime s happe ned that

,

C u rtiu s like the y offe r ed themselves up for thei r

-

co u nt r y.

S u ch a one was led into a sacred fo re s t wate red

by r u nning s tream s I n the centre a ci r cula r s pace
. ,

s u r r ou nded by g r e y and gigantic s tone s Then the .

bi rd s ceas ed to s ing the wind w as h u s hed ; and the

,

t ree s a rou nd extended thei r s pectra l a rms which were

s oo n to b e s p r inkled with h u m an b l o o d .

Then the victim wo u l d s ing the Song o f Death .

The D ruid would app roach a rr ayed i n his j udicia l

,

’
r obes . H e w as dres s ed in white ; the s e rpent s egg
encas ed in gold was on his b osom ; r ou nd his neck
w as the co ll ar of j udgment which wo u ld s t rang l e

him who de l ive red an u nj u s t s entence ; on his finger

w as the r ing o f divination ; in his hand w as a g litter

ing b l ade .

They w o uld cro wn the victim with oak l eave s in

somb r e mocke ry They wo u l d s catte r b ra n che s of
.

the oak u pon the altar

The voice s of the bl u e ro b ed Ba rds wo u ld chant
- .

a s o l emn di rge thei r ha rp s wo u l d tone fo rth s ini s ter

,

note s.

P ale and s te m the D ru id wo u ld app roach his ,

knife uplifted i n the a ir .

H e wo u l d s tab him i n the back With mou rnfu l .

 & .

P R I ESTES S ES .

H E D ru id s had man y r ite s of divination — fr om

the entrai l s of thei r victim s — fr om the flight of
bi rd s— from the wave s of the s e a— fr om the b u bbling
of we ll s — an d from t he neighi ng of white ho rs e s .

By the numbe r of c r iminal s cau s e s in the yea r

the y fo r med an e s timate of the scar city o r p l enty of
the y ear to come .

The y al s o u sed divining r ods which the y cut in

,

the shape of twigs fr om an apple t ree which b o r e

fruit and having di s ti ng u i s hed them fr om each o ther
,

b y ce rtain mark s th r ew them p r omi s c u o u s l y u pon a

,

white ga rment The n the D ivine r wo u ld take u p

.

each b illet or stick th ree time s and d raw an inte r

,

r e tat io n fr om the ma r k s b efo r e imp r inted on them

p .

The o rde r ing of the s e divinatio ns we r e u s u all y

placed i n the han ds of w omen who fo r med an o rde r
of S ibylls among the s e a ncient p r ophets .

I t has been the be l ief of eve r y age that women

a r e mo r e frequentl y b les s ed with the gift s of ins p i .

1 06
 p rie s tes s e s . 1 07

ration and that the m i s ts of the futu r e han g le s s

,

darkly befo r e thei r eye s than b efo r e tho s e of m en .

A nd th u s it w as th a t women were admitted t o

tho s e ho l y p r ivileges wh ich none othe rs co u ld obtain
e x cept with th e lea r ni n g and s t ruggles of a lifetime .

th u s it w as that even the c o mmonest women w as

admitted to that s h r i ne from which the b olde s t war
r io rs we r e e x cl u ded .

The r e is howeve r a tradition that at on e pe r iod

, ,

both i n Gau l a n d B r itain the wome n we r e sup r eme , ,

that the y r u l ed the co u ncils of s tate that the y led ,

the a r mie s of w ar That the D r u ids by de g ree s

.

s upplanted them a n d obtained the power for them

,

s elve s But to p ropitiate the s e women who had the

.

blood of Al b ina in thei r vei n s the y admitted them ,

into thei r o rder and g ave them the title of Dru id

,

es s e s .

They we r e eventuall y fo r med into three classes .

1
. Tho s e who pe r fo rmed the s e r vile o ffices about
the temple a n d the pe rs o ns of the D r u ids and w ho
, ,

we r e not separated from thei r familie s .

I I Tho s e who a s si s ted the D ru ids i n their relig

.

io u s s e r vice s and who tho u gh s eparated fr om thei r

, ,

husband s we r e pe rmitted to vi s it them occas iona ll y

, .

I I I A my s te r io u s s i s te rhood who dwelt in st rict

.

chas tity and seclusi o n and who fo r med the oracles ,

of B r itai n .
1 08 p rie s te s s e s .

S u ch is the o r igi n of Ch r i s tian mu mmerie s I n .

all impo rtant e vents the B r iton s repai r ed to

their d w el l in g N ot even a marr iage w as co ns u m
.

mated among them witho u t con s u lting the D r u ide s s ,

and her p u r i n the s eic s eona of the I r i s h viz five

, , .
,

s to n es th r own u and ca u ght on the back of the

p
hand and fr om which s he divined
, .

The r e a r e s eve ral in s tance s r eco rded i n clas s ical

h is to r y of p r ediction s fr om the s e p r ie s te s s e s which
cam e t ru e .

Ale x a n der Seve ru s had j u s t s e t o u t u pon an ex

e dit io n when he w as met b y a D r u ide s s Go on
p , ,

”
m y Lo r d she s aid alo u d to him as h e pas s ed bu t
, ,

bewa r e of yo u r s ol die rs .

H e w as a s s as sinated by his soldie rs i n t hat s ame

campaig n .

M y ne x t e x ample is s till mo r e pec u lia r When .

D io cle s ia n w as a p r ivate s o l die r he ha d a D ru ide s s

for ho s te s s who found him eve r y day r ecko n i ng u p
,

his acco u nts with a m i l ita r y e x ac t i tu de to w hich the

a rmy in tho s e day s w as a s trange r .

Y o u a r e nigga r dl y s he said
“
, .

Yes , he an s we r ed bu t w hen I be come an

,

”
Empe ro r I will be gene ro u s .

Y o u have s aid n o j e s t r ep l ied the p r ie s t e s s

, ,

fo r yo u will b e Empe r o r when yo u h ave ki ll ed a w i l d

boa r —cu m ap r u m occi der is .
”
 1 1 0 p rie s te s s es .

of one at Po l ignac dedicated t o Apol l o o r B e le nu s , ,

o r Baa l ; and mo s t celeb r ated of a ll that in t he is l a n d

of Sena ( now S ain ) at the mouth of the Rive r

Lo ire .

Thi s i s l and w as inhab ited b y s even you n g women

who we r e beautifu l as a nge l s and fur io u s as demo ns
, .

They we r e marr ied bu t thei r hu s bands m ight

neve r vi s it them The foot of man w as no t p e r
.

m itt e d to s e t foot u po n th e i r i s l e .

When the ma ntle of n ight had began to de s cend

upon the ea rth s even d u s ky fo r m s might be s een
,

gliding to the s ho r e and s p r i ngi n g i nto thei r wicke r

,

boats w hich we r e cove r ed with th e s ki n s of beas ts

, ,

wo u l d r o w ac r o s s to the main la n d and fo n dle wi t h

-
,

thei r hu s ba n d s a n d s mi l e upon them as i f with the

,

s weet i nnocence of yo u th .

But when the s t r eak s of l ight b egan to g l imme r

in the Eas t like r e s t l e s s s pi r its s u mmoned back to
,

their d ay l ight p ri s on s t range fi re s wou l d g l e a m fr om

,

their eye s and the y would tear themselve s fr om

,

their h u s band s a r m s ’

To them came the s ailo rs who fi s hed and t raded

on the s eas and ent r eated them fo r fair wi n ds B u t
, .

as the y came and as they s poke the y sh u dde red at ,

the sight of the s e women who s e face s we r e di s to rted

b y i n s pi ration who s e voices s eem ed to b e fu ll o f
,

b l ood .
 p ri e s t e s s e s . 1 1 1

W hen C h r i s tianit y
began to p r evail i n the n o rth ,

it w a s be l ie ved that the s e women b y cu l l ing ce rtain

,

he rb s at va r io u s pe r iods of the moon t ra ns fo r m e d ,

t hem s e l ve s into wi nged a n d raging beas ts a nd ,

a ttacki n g s uch as we r e baptized and r e g ene r ated b y

t he b l ood of J e s u s Ch r ist k i ll ed them witho u t the

,

vi s ibl e fo r ce of a rm s O pened the ir bodie s to r e o u t

, ,

the i r he a rts a n d devou r ed them ; then s u bs tituting

wood o r s t raw for the heart made the b odie s live on
,

as befo r e and retu r ne d thr o u g h the cloud s to their

i s la n d home
-
.

I t is ce rta in that the y devoted themselves chie fl y

to the s e r vice of the M oon who w as s aid to exerci s e
,

a peculiar in fl u ence over sto rm s and di s ease s — the

fi rs t of which the y pretended to p redict the latter to ,

cu re.

The y w o rsh ipped her unde r the nam e of Ked o r

C e r idw e n the no rthe r n name fo r the Egyptian I s i s
, .

The y co ns ec rated a he r b to her called B eli n u n ci a

, ,

i n the poi s ono u s s ap of which the y dipped their

a rrow s to r ender them as deadl y as tho s e mali g nant
r ay s of the moo n which can s hed b oth death and
,

madne s s u pon men .

It w as one of thei r r ite s to p r ocu re a vi rgin and to

s t r ip he r n aked as an emblem of the m o o n i n an
,

u nc l o u ded s k y The y the y s o ught fo r the wondr o u s

.

selag o o r go l den he r b S he who p r e s s ed it with her

.
I 1 2 p ri e s t e s s e s .

foot s l ep t and hear d the lang u age of ani mal s If

, .

s he to u c hed it with i r on the sk y g r ew d a r k a n d a

,

mi s fo rt u n e fe ll u pon a wo rld When they had fo u nd

.

it the vi rgi n traced a ci rc l e r o u nd it an d cove r ing

, ,

her h a nd i n a white li n e n c l oth which had neve r

been befo r e u s ed rooted it o u t with a point of he r
,

l ittle fi ng e r— a s ymbol of th e c r e s ce nt moo n Then .

the y wa s hed it i n a r u nn i ng sp r i ng a n d having ,

gathe r ed g r een b ranche s p l u nged i n t o a r iver and

s pl as hed t he vi rgi n who w as th u s s u ppo s ed to re
,

s emb l e the moon clo u ded with vapo r s Whe n the y .

r eti r ed the vi rgin walked backwa r d s that the moon

,

might not ret u r n upon its path in the pl a i n of the

heaven s .

They had anothe r r ite which p roc u red them a

name as infamo u s a nd as te rr ib l e as th a t of the
S i r e ns of th e South who we r e r ea ll y C a n a a n ite
,

p rie s te s s e s that l u r ed men to their i s land with m e l o

dio u s st rain s and de s tro y ed them as a sac r i fi ce to
,

their Gods .

The y had a c o ve r ed temple in imitation p r obab ly

of the t w o mag n ifice n t b u i l ding s which the G reek
co l o ni s ts had e r ected at M as s ilia Thi s it w as thei r.

c u s tom an n u ally to u n roof a nd to r e n e w the cove r

,

ing b efo r e the s u n set b y the ir u n ited labo rs .

And if any woman d ropt or l o s t t he b u r de n t hat

she w a s ca rry ing s he w as im m ediate l y to r n to piece s
.
 B O O K TH E RTE .

TH E DES TR U CT I O N OF TH E DRU ID S .
1 1 8 c
D e s t ru tion of t he D ruios .

The s ide s of thi s ve s s e l p r e s e nted an e xtra o rdin

ar s ig ht Th r e e bank s of r owe rs r ai s ed above
y .
,

each othe r we r e plying the ir o ar s which sw u n g i n

,

le ather tho ngs a nd wh ich s u rr o u nded the ship with

,

c r eam y fo a m a nd which das hed the t ra ns pa re n t

,

s p r ay high i n the a ir .

The B r iton s pe rched u pon the roc k s or i n thei r ,

littl e wicke r b oats co nti n u ed to watch thi s ship til l

,

it had di s appea r ed a nd the n r e tu r n e d to thei r home s

,

to r elate thi s incident to their wives with C eltic

ga r ru l ity .

I t rem a ined to them an enigma till the y r eceived ,

i nte ll igence fr om th e me rc ha nts of the main that the

s hip w a s a Roman t r i r eme or w ar ga l le y ; that it s
,

comma n der w as Ca iu s Vo lu s e n u s a n d that h e had ,

bee n s e n t b y J u l i u s C ae s ar the D ivi n e to explo r e the ,

co as ts of that co u ntr y upon which he meditated a n

i n vas io n
.

I n fa ct it w as thi s g r eat gene ral who as pi r ing to

, ,

o u tvie the conq u e s ts of P ompey had de t e r mined to ,

s u bd u e this i s l a n d of B r itain w hich w as th e n , only

know n t o the wo rl d by s ome v ag u e a n d e x agge r ated
r epo r t s of the fe r ocity of its i nh a bi ta n t s the pe r il s ,

of its se as the da rk n e s s o f its s k y a nd the ma r ve l

, ,

o u s bea u ty of its pe a rl s .

H oweve r the r emot e n e s s of the co u nt r y with the

,

di ffic u l ty a nd danger of the e nte rp r i s e we r e tho s e

 D eS tt ii CtiO li O f t he D ruibs . 1 1 9

o b stacles w hich fo r m the s teppi ng s to n e s to gr eat -

ne s s ; while the p r ecio u s s tone s and metal s with

which it w as s ai d to ab ou n d s e r ved to excite the
,

c u pidity of his s o l die rs whos e soul s we r e le s s open

to tho s e glo r io u s pas s ion s whi ch elevated tha t of
their comma nde r .

The b r iga nds a nd pi r ate s ( that is to s ay the in

vade rs ) of tho s e d a y s even con s i de r ed it nece s s a r y
,

to i n vent a p a l tr y e x c u s e fo r s ome act of lawle s s

opp re s s ion ; a nd C ae s ar befo r e he attacked the fr ee
dom a n d p r ope rtie s of a nation a ffi r med that it w as
,

in r eve nge fo r the a s s i s tance which a s mall t r i b e of

B r iton s had r ende r ed to his enemie s the Gau l s .

The B r i ton s te rr ified b y thi s r epo rt s ent a m bass ,

a do rs to Rome .C aes a r r eceived them kindly and ,

se n t Commi ns a Roman to whom he had gi ven land

,

in Gau l a s his ambas s a dor i n r et u r n

, .

The B r itain s viol at ed the law of n ation s and p u t

Commi n s in p r i s on C ae s ar i n vaded B r itain
. .

The n the g r ove s of the D r u ids r e s o u nded with

t he c r ie s of victim s a n d bl ood fl owed fr om the k nife
,

of the s acr ifi ce r Then the h u ge im age of a b u l l

.

made of wicke r wo r k w as e r ec ted a nd fi ll ed with

-
,

anim al s and m e n w as s e t o n fi re while the d ru m s

, ,

and cym b al s o f the p r ie s ts d r ow n ed tho s e pi teo u s

c r ie s which s tra nge to s ay w as tho u ght ill ome ned -

to he ar.
1 20 c
D e s tru t ion of t he D ruihs .

Then t he Ba rd s who befo re had s ung the b l essings

of pe a ce a n d who had p a r ted a rmie s i n thei r fie r ce
,

s t r ife s a ng the w a r hym n s of their ance s to rs and

,
-
,

fi red eve r y hea rt wi t h fo rtitu de and em u l atio n .

On the 2 6 th of A u g u s t in the yea r 5 5 B C at

, . .
,

abo u t t e n o c l ock i n the fo r enoon C ms ar r eached

’

the B r iti s h coas ts whe r e h e fou nd the hi l l s cove red

,

with a rmed men .

H e sai l ed al on g th e coas t till h e came to t hat low

s andy p l ain on which the to w n of Deal n o w s t and s .

I t w as the r e that he i ntended to la nd and the r e that ,

the B riton s pe rceivin g the p r ows of his ve s s e l s

,

t u r ned towa rd s the s ho r e c r owded with ho rs e foot

, ,

a n d cha r iots to repel him .

The wate r was too shal l ow to admit of the galle y s

a pp r oaching c l o s e to land The Roma ns had the r e
.

fo r e to wade th r ough the sea u n de r a c l o u d of a r

r ow s , and fighting with wave s as we l l as wi t h men .

Th u s t hey we r e th r own i n t o di s o r de r and the wate rs

,

we r e r eddened with thei r blood B u t C ms ar had

.

commanded the r owing b oats to app r oach in which

-
,

we r e e r ected s l i ngs with dive rs in s tr umen ts of w ar ,

and which darted ove r the wate r like s hark s s p r ing

ing to thei r p rey .

The B r ito ns had b e gu n to y ie l d b ut were rallyin g

,

thei r cou rage as the y saw th at the Roman s we r e

fea ring those waves which b o r e pas t on thei r dark
1 22 c
D e s tru ti on of t he D rui os .

of the i s l and bu t who p refe rr ed leading his arm y

,

again s t th e ocean which he had conq u e r ed i n this

ma nn e r .

Having drawn up all his men i n b attle a rray u po n

the s eas hore he ca u s ed the ba lista s o r s lings a nd
, , ,

othe r in s t ru men ts of war t o b e ranged befo r e them ;

he then sai l ed i n a war galle y s ome little di s ta n ce
-

into t he s e a r etu r ned o rde r ed his t r u mpete rs to

, ,

s o u nd the cha rge and th e soldie rs to fi l l their helmet s

,

with the s he l l s from the beach which b e s to red as ,

the t rophie s of a conque red e n e m y in the C apito l .

H avi ng commended the co u rage of his s oldie rs a nd

r ewa r ded t hem p r ofu s ely b e e r ected a towe r u pon
,

the s pot as if to p revent the nation fr om forgetti ng

th a t C ae s ar w as a madman .

Th i s di s p l ay of i mbeci l ity natu ra ll y s tr engthe n ed

the B r iton s i n thei r re s ol u tion to pay n o t ax e s and ,

to r e as s e r t thei r fr eedom
-
.

Whe n Cla u di u s C ae s a r came to the th r one he ,

de te r mi ned ( partl y o n the advice of B e r icu s a B r iti s h ,

o u tl aw ) to invade thi s re b e l lio u s s tate .

A u l u s P l a u ti u s w as placed at the head of a l a rge

a rm y a n d afte r s eve ral fie r ce e ngagements r etu r ned
,

to Rome w he r e he w as r e w a rded with an ova tio n .

O s t o r iu s w as s ent t o B r ita in i n the s a me r eign to

q u e l l an i ns u rr e ctio n a nd al s o r e tu r n ed s u cce s s fu l
. ,

b r ingi ng with him C a ractac u s its l eade r as p r i s o n e r

, , .
 c
D e s tru t ion of t he D ruihs . 1 23

I n the r e ign of the blood thi r s ty N e r o S u e t oni u s

-
,

w as appointed Gove r no r of B r itain Fo r two whole

.

years he made w a r u pon the re fr acto r y B rito ns with

g reat s ucce s s s u bd u i ng fr e s h tr i b e s and e s tabli s hing
,

ga rr i s on s .

B u t he had long pe r ceived that the r e w as a n ih

fl u e n ce wo rking again s t him which w as al l the mo r e
,

powe r fu l beca u s e it w as co ncealed It w as that of

.

the D r u ids w ho s till po s s e s s ed an extrao rdina r y

,

s way ove r the m ind s of B r iti s h wa r r io rs a n d who ,

animated them with p rom i s es of pa radi s e to the de

fence o f thei r co u nt r y and thei r home s .

H e di s cove r ed th at the chief s tr o n gho l d of the

c raft w as the i s l and of M ona now A ng l e s ea I t w as
, .

to M ona that th e B r iti s h chieftain s r e s o rted a s a n

o rac l e to lea r n thei r destin ie s and to r eceive the
,

encou r ageme nts of tho s e whom they r eve r ed I t .

w as to Mo n a that the wounded we r e bo r ne a n d ,

we r e p l a ced u nde r the gentle car e of tho s e phy s icia ns

who knew the s ec r et p r operti es of a ll he r b s and
flowe rs It w as t o Mona th at the D e r wydd wea r y
.
,

with warfar e had withd rawn a nd fo r which they had

,

de s e r ted thei r magnificent s eat at A b u r y a n d t hei r ,

ci r c u la r t emple i n Sa l i s b u r y p l ain
.

Thi s i s l and is r epo r ted to have b een o n e of the

fo rtu n ate i s l a nds s u ng of b y the G r eci a n poe ts a s ,

the E l y s ian fie l ds I t w as wate r ed by c l ear s tr ea m s

.
1 24 c
D e s t ru t ion of t he D ruibs .

it w as cl o thed with fai r me a dow s like a s oft g reen

m a ntle ; it was fu ll of oaken g r ove s s a c r ed to the
God s from which it w as cal led Yny s D ewy ll the da rk
,

and s hadow y i s land .

It was i n the y ear A D 6 1 that S u e toni u s r e s o l ved

. .

to invade thi s de l ic io u s r e t r e at a nd to c ar r y the ,

s wo r d into the pa l ace of the A r ch D r u id i n t o the -

,

s emin ar y of the Ba r di c M u s e .

H e fo rded the na rr ow chan n e l wh ich divide s the

i s le fr om the main l and w ith his cava l r y while his
-
,

i n fan t r y c r o s s ed over i n fl a t bo ttomed boats c al led

-
,

s caphm and b y which we lea r n th a t they l a n ded near

,

L lam dan whe r e the r e is a place cal led P a nt y r

scr aphi e to thi s day
y .

As the Romans la n ded the y we r e petr ified by the

,

ho rr ible s ight which awaited them .

I t w a s n ight a nd th e B r i t i s h a r my d u s k y a n d grim
, ,

s tood a r r ayed agai n s t them Wome n c l ad in dar k

.

and mo u r n ful ga r me nts a nd ca rr ying to rche s in

,

their ha nd s like the fu rie s of he ll we r e ru n ni ng up ,

a n d down t he r a n k s u t t e r ing l o u d wai l ing c r ie s whi l e ,

the D r u ids k n ee l ing befo r e t hem with ha nd s r ai s ed

to heaven made the air r e s o u nd wi th fr ightfu l im
,

p i
r e ca t o n s .

Atome di s ta n ce beh ind them in the ob s c u r ity of

s ,

a neig hbo r ing g r ove twi nk l ed i n nu me rab l e fi r e s

, .
1 26 c
D e s tru t ion of the D ruihs .

A nd ce r tain wome n distempered with fu r y went

, ,

s i ngi ng by wa y of p r ophec y that de s t r u ction was at

h a nd A n d s tra nge s o u nds we r e hea r d in the co u ncil

.

ho u s e of t he Roman s a nd thei r the at r e echoed with

,

hid e o u s howli ngs and a bleeding s wo r d w as s een in

,

the s k y a n d a s pect r e in the ar m of the s e a an d the

, ,

ocean w as r edde n ed as if with b l ood and the s hape ,

’
of me n s bodie s we r e l eft in the s a nd at the ebb of
the tide .

The B r ito ns w o n s eve ra l battl e s a nd c r u el l y m as

,

s ac r ed a l l the Roma n s t h a t they t ook c a ptive witho u t

di s t in ction e ithe r o f ag e o r s e x .

It w as a l r eady s u ng b y the Ba rd s who a ccom p a nied

the a rm y with thei r th r ee s t r i nged ha rps t hat B r itain
-

w as fr ee .

B u t S u eto n i u s with his fo r midab l e fo u rt eenth

legion w as as y et u nco n qu e r ed .

W i th t e n t ho u s and men he occ u pied a s tr on g

po s s e s s io n in a p as s at the head of a n ope n p l a i n ,

with a t hick wood behi nd fo r p u r po s e s of r e t r e a t a n d

a mb u s h .

H e r e we r e d rawn u p t he Rom a n c a val r y a rmed ,

aft er the G r eek fas hio n wi th s pe a rs a n d b u ck l e rs ,

a n d t he infa nt r y in du e o rde r of b a tt l e — t he veli tes

with j ave l in an d t arget— the ha sta ti with thei r s hie l ds

and Sp a i s h swo d and coats of mai l and the
n r s ,
—
tr i a r i i with thei r p ike s .
 c
D e s t ru t i on of t he D ruihs 1 27

The B riti s h a r m y n u mbe r ed 2 men which ,

was divided i nto their i n fa nt r y t hei r cava l r y an d

, ,

their w ar cha r iots The i nfa ntr y al s o w as divided

-
.

i nto th r ee n a tions which we r e s u bdivided into fa mi ly

,

t r ibe s r e s embli ng the H ighl a nd cl a n s .

Tho s e of t he So u t h w e r e hab it e d like the Belgic

‘

Ga u l s i n w oo l e n t u n ics thickl y wove n with coa rs e

hars h woo l ; their legs and thigh s cove red with clo s e
ga r men ts c al led B r a chw They wo r e al s o helmets
, .

of b ra s s ado r ned with fig u r es of bi r d s o r beas ts

,

r u dely c ar ved ; i r on b rea s tplate s p r otr u di n g with

,

hook s ; a l ong s wo r d ha nging obliqu ely ac r oss thei r

thigh s ; a s hield o r na me nted wi t h fig u re s ; an d a
h u ge d a rt who s e s h a ft w a s of i r o n 3 c u bi t i n length
,

and as b r o a d as two ha n d s p u t togethe r .

The i nl an d n ations we r e c l othed i n the s kins o f

be as ts a n d a r med wi th s pe a r s a n d b u ck l e rs .

The C al edo n ia n s we n t n aked a r med on l y with

,

lo ng b r o ad poi ntl e s s s wo r d s a n d s ho r t s p ea rs with

,

r o u n d b a ll s of b r a s s a t the e n d with wh ich they u s ed

,

to m ake a noi s e be fo r e battle to fr ighten the ho rs e s

of the enemy .

The s e N o rthe r n nat io ns we r e of all t he mo s t r e s o

l u te and t r o u b l e s ome enemie s of Rome ; fo r t hey
co u l d s l eep on bogs cove r ed with wate r and live ,

u pon the b a r k s a n d r oot s of t r ees a n d po s s e s s ed a

,

pec u l ia r k in d of meat a mo rs e l of which n o l arge r

,
1 28 c
D e s tru tion of t he D rui O s .

than a bean co u ld p r otect them fo r day s fr om h u nge r

and thi rs t .

The caval r y we r e m o u nte d upon s mal l bu t ha rdy

and m ettle s ome hors es which the y managed with ,

g reat dexte rit y Thei r a rm s w ere the s ame as tho s e

.

of the infant r y for the y would often di s mo u nt fr om

,

thei r ho rs e s and fight on foot .

Thei r w ar char iots we r e adorned with bea u tifu l

-

ca r vings an d we r e gu ided b y the flower of the

,

nobi l ity The y we r e fu r n i s hed with e no r mo u s hook s

.

a n d s c y thes which S p r ead death a r ound as the y we r e

,

d r ive n at te rr ific s peed th r o ugh the ranks of the foe .

The plain was s u rr ou nded by ca rts and wago n s in

which acco rding to the Ce ltic cu s tom we r e p l aced
, ,

the wi ve s and daughte rs of the wa rr io rs who an i

mated them wi t h their c r ie s a nd who tended the ,

wo u nded that we r e b r o u ght to them fr om the field

of blood .

I n the m idst of thi s a r my the r e was a woman

s tanding in a cha r iot c l othed in a mantle with a go l d
, ,

chain r o u n d her neck he r face g rave and ste r n he r

, ,

ye ll ow hai r fa ll i ng to the g r o u nd .

It was Q u een Boadicea who with her t wo daug h ,

te rs b y he r s ide had come to die o r to be revenged

, .

W ith a ro yal dig n i t y s u b l ime i n its s hamele s s n e s s ,

s he s howed them he r body cove r ed with s o r e a n d

ignob l e s t r ipe s ; with a t r em b ling hand s he pointed

1 30 c
D e s tru tion of t he D ruibs .

ha r e omen of victo ry fr om he r bo s om and the

as a n ,

B r ito ns with wild s houts adva n ced upo n thei r foe .

S u etoniu s chee r ed his vete ra n s wi th a few em

phati c wo r ds a nd s howed them with contempt the
,

wild a nd di s o rde rly multitude which pou red co nfu

s e dl towa r d s them H e b id the t r umpet s s o u nd and
y .

the t r oop s advance .

Then a r o s e a te rr ible struggl e— a nation fighting

—
fo r its freedom a h a r my fighting fo r its fa me .

A la s &that s e a of bl ood that d readfu l appa r ition

, ,

tho s e figures in the s and we r e omen s of B r itain s

do w nfal l Fo u r s co r e thou s and of its p r o u de s t
.
-

warr io rs we r e s l a in ; thei r wive s and daughte rs we r e

b utche r ed a nd Bo adicea ove r come with s o r r ow a nd
,

di s g race d e s tr oyed he rs e l f with poi s on

, .

Th u s e nd s the r eign of the D r u ids ; the p r ie s t king s-

of the N o rth Th u s the y we r e s tr ipped of thei r

.

c r own s a nd their s ceptre s a nd thei r r egal r obe s a nd

, , ,

compe ll ed to fl y to t he i s l a nd s of the I r ish channe l

a nd the G e r m a n Sea whe r e the y dwelt in hollow
,

oak s a n d in l ittl e r o u n d s to n e hou s e s many of wh ich

,

s till r emai n and a r e held i n r eve r ence by the s imple

i s lande rs .

I n Gau l the wo rk of de s t r uction had been com

p le t e d even p r io r to the time of S u e t on i u s Thi
. s

beautifu l r e l ig ion had bee n p r o s c r ibed by Tibe r i u s

 D e s tru c tion of t he D ruiO s .
1 31

ostensi bl y b ecau s e it pe rmitted h u man s acrifice s ,

r eall y beca u s e it pos s e s s ed a dange r o u s powe r Thi s .

p r ohibition had been afte rwa rds e nfo rced b y C lau diu s ,

and the D r uid s we r e mas s ac r ed by the Roman s w he r

eve r the y w e r e to be fo u n d The p r ie s te s s e s of Sena
.

we r e b u r nt by o ne of the ancient D u ke s of B r itta ny .

Y e t it is di ffic u lt to s u b r oot an ancient religion by

impe r ial edicts The minds of men tho u gh p rone to
.

novelt y will fr equ e ntly r etu r n fondly to their fi rs t

faiths as the hea rt s of maidens creep b ack to fo rme r
,

and almo s t fo rgotten love s .

I n the fifth centu r y D ru idi s m s p ran g bac k to life

,

u n der the mighty Me r lin who s e p r ophecies became

,

s o famo u s th r o u gho u t G a u l a n d B r itain and who ,

fo r m s s o c o n s picuo u s a cha racter in the Arthu r ian

r omances .

But the s e wee d r op s of the eli xi r v itz which co u l d

only animate the co r p s e fo r a b ief pace which bu t
r s —

gave vigo r to the fr ame and light to the eye s as a

, ,

lamp appa rentl y extingu i s hed will burs t into fl ame

e r e it die s o u t fo r eve r .

W e find ma n y dec r ee s of Roman empe r o rs and ,

canon s of C h r i s tian co u nci l s in the six th s eventh ,

a n d eighth cent u r ie s agai n s t D r u idi s m and in the ,

da y of K i ng Can u te the D a n e a la w w as made

, ,

again s t the wo rs hip of the s u n a nd moon mou ntai ns , ,

lake s tr ee s a n d r ive rs
, .
1 32 c
D e s tru tion of t he D rui os .

It is po s s ibl e to d is cove r man y ves tige s of the

D ru ids an d thei r r e l igion i n our time s and ma n y
,

pec u lia r anal ogies b etween thei r s u pe rs tition s a nd

tho s e of other nation s and of othe r p r ie s ts .

H aving r elated ho w th i s o rder of P r ie s ts emanated

from the Patr ia rchs ; how they received thei r ido l
atr o u s a nd ce rem o nial u s u age s fr om the Ph oe n ician s ;
ho w they obtained a sup r eme powe r in tho s e two
co u ntr ies which e re n o w have s tru ggled fo r the
p o s s e s sion of the wo rld ; how they we re attac k ed an d
ann ihilated by the Roman s oldie rs I s hall leap ove r
,

a cha s m of centu rie s and trac e their fai nt foots teps

,

in o u r home s in o u r churches and in o u r ho u s ehold

.

wo rds .
 I .

I N TH E C ERE MO N I E S O F TH E C H U RC H
OF ROME .

H ER E is n o religion s o pure and simple and ,

e t s o my s tic and divine as the religion of the

y
Ch r i s tian s What need is the r e of a rg u ments to
.

p r ove that it is de r ived fr om heaven fo r what mo rtal

,

mind co u l d have conceived s o g rand and to u ching

a p r incip l e as that of a God who filled with l ove and
,

pit y co u ld de s cend fr om H is th rone of b liss and

hono r to s ave from de s tru ction this one p o o r sta r ,

this one fai nt mote i n the vas tness o f H is fi rm am e nt .

To twelve me n the dear J e s us left his p r ecepts

a nd comma n d s . F r om the child ren of the s e men
and of thei r di s ciples s p rang a noble fl oc k who l ike ,

t heir g r eat M a s te r su ffe r ed harsh wo rd s an d c r uel

,

torments and death its elf i n a holy cau s e

, .

When G od r ewa rded them by S heddin g peace

up o n the ch u rch fr om without d i s sensions fr om,

within p l ayed Satan s wo r k with her chas tit y and he r

love S wo r ds we re t h e n d rawn for the fi rs t time by
.

C h r istian s again s t eac h othe r— swo rd s which neve r

1 35
1
36 C e rem onie s of t he C hur h of Rome c “
.

thence till now have b een fo r a m o m e nt sheathed .

The Ch r i s tian re l igion is divided into three e s tab

lis he d ch u r che s the Ch u r ch of Rome the C hu r ch of
, ,

G reece a n d the Ch u r ch of E ng l a nd Be s ide s the s e

, . ,

the r e are s ects who s e o r igin s have been ab u s e u po n

the on e hand and ambition u pon the othe r hand and
, ,

who s e ve r y title s it wo u ld occ u py page s to en u me rate .

Between the v u lga r membe rs of the s e th ree

ch u rche s b u r n s a heathe n i s h an d diabolical hatr ed .

I ts r oot is j ealou s y Each ch u r ch affects to b e the

.

on ly ladder to heaven and damn s all s u ch s oul s as

,

r efu s e to a s cend b y them .

They a r e b a rba r ians and pl ace them s elve s i n th e

s ame s c a l e with the t r ibe of th e Che r okee I n dian s ,

who fi r m l y b elieve that th e Blac k Hawks w ill not be

admitted to t he pl e as u r e s of the happy hu nting
gr o u nds b ecau s e the y are n ot Che r okee s .

Between the doctr ine s a nd ce remonie s of the Gree k

a n d Romi s h C h u r che s the r e ar e b u t a fe w delicate
,

a n d u n impo rtant d is t inction s Y e t the Pat ria r ch of

.

the Ch u r ch eve r y H ol y Th u rs day s o l emnl y e xco m

, ,

m u n icat e s the Pope a n d a l l his fo ll owe rs .

The C h u rch of Eng l a nd and the Ch u rch of Rome ,

wo r s h ip t he s ame Ch r i s t Between the s e two .

ch u r che s a s between two a r m ie s is waged a s can

, ,

dalo u s v it u perative w ar and each fr e s h convert is a

, ,

batt l e won .
1 3s C e rem onie s of t he C hur h of R ome c .

The p r ie s ts inv e n te d a t ho u s and Gods ; the p r iests

told a thousand l ies ; the p r ie s ts institu ted a tho u s and
absu rd and ho rr i ble custo ms Who firs t taught.

nation s to b e idolate rs to be m u rde re rs bu t t he

,

p r iests Who in s tituted the fes tiva l of the Jugge r

.

nau t the I nqu i s ition the massacre o f St Bartholo

, , .

m e w but the p r ie s ts
, .

Calvin a p ries t of the Refo rmation o rde red his

, ,

victims to be bu r nt with green wo o d— a trul y Chris

tian refinement of c r u elty &
Aaron a prie s t manufact u r ed a g olden calf and
, ,

taught the J ews to insult thei r G od And it w as .

C aiapha s a high prie s t who committed that m u rde r

, ,

of which the mo re vi rt u o u s heathen Pilate washed

his hand s .

Look eve ry whe re lo o k ever y where and y ou wi l l

, ,

see t he priests reeking with g ore The y have con .

ve rted popu l a r and happy nations into de s e rts a nd ,

have made o u r beautifu l wo r ld into a s laughter hou s e

d renched with b l ood and tea rs .

Engl ishmen &they are p l anting image s the y are ,

pe rfo rming ce r emonie s in yo u r ho us e s o f wo rs hip

which yo u find it impo s s i ble to u nde rstand They .

a re hidden fr om yo u r e y e s by a da rk veil ; it is the

veil of a Pagan godde s s ; it is the veil o f I s i s .

I would not rai s e thi s veil and disclose the heathe n

,

o r igin of emblem s and ce r emonie s which so man y

 C e rem oni e s of t he c
C hur h of iRome . 1 39

s anctify and r evere were it not to a ns we r s om e good

,

p u rpo s e .

I w r ite the n i n the hope that the church ma y b e

—
p rese r ved i n its S implicit y and its p r ie s th o od i n
that hono r and integ r it y which now as a body they , ,

possess to an extent u nequalled in an y in s tan ce tha t

the p r iest his to r y of the pas t o r the p r e s ent can affo r d
-
.

It is i ndee d seldom that an En g lish cle rgyman be

c o me s a wolf cl o the d in lam b s k in and p r e y s upo n
-
,

his fl oc k u nde r word s and loo k s o f r eligion .

But we k now that power p r esents temptations ,

which m inds fo rtified only by three y ears education

at a co l lege are o ften unab le to resist .

Befo r e letters we r e inve nted s y m b o ls were nec

,

essary to fo r m a language ; and it is s till an arg ument

of the G r eek and Romi s h Chu rches that pictu res and
image s are the b ooks of those who can not r ead .

The y sa y also that since man is not a di s em b odied

spi r it like the angel s it is als o impo s sible that he
,

can wo rs hip the D eity with his hea rt alone And it .

cann o t b e denied that dim and shadowy lights s weet ,

pe r fume s maj e s tic p ro ce s s ion s and s train s of m u s ic

,

will elevate the s o ul towards God and p r epa re the

mind to receive heavenly and s u blime imp r e s s ion s .

W ithout objecting to the u s e of s u ch aid s to de

v o tio n
, I wi s h to g uard people fr om attaching a
 1 46 C e rem onie s of c
t he C hur h of R ome .

peculiar s a nctity to the bar e aid s in them s elve s ,

which is nothing le s s than idolatr y This I ca n be s t .

prevent b y s howi ng them how the y fi rs t came i nto

a Ch r i s ti a n Chu rch And in doing s o I s hall depa rt
.
,

little fr om th e o r iginal de s ign of thi s chapte r which

is to inve s tigate the ve s tige s of D r u idi s m in the
ce r em o nies of the Roma n Catholic Religion .

N ot onl y the ce r emonie s b ut al s o the o ffice rs and

,

many of the doctr i ne s of the Chu r ch o f Rome ma y

b e traced to heathen s o u r ce s .

The Pope of Rome exactl y resemb l e s the Secular

H igh P r ie s t of ancient Rome and in Latin his title
-
,

is the s ame — P ontifex Ma xi m u s The o ffice was

.

p r obably an imitation of that o f the A r ch D r u id who -

, ,
'

a s I have de s c r ibed had s u p r eme p o w e r o v e r s ecula r

,

as we l l as ecc l e s ia s tical affai r s and who w as s u r

,

r ounded b y a Senate of the Chief D r u id s a s the ,

Pontifex M aximu s w as by F la m i nes a nd the Pope ,

b y C ardinal s .

The di s tingu i shing s ign of the fl a m en w as a H AT ;

’

an d the ca r dinal s hat is a E u r opean p r ove rb .

The Arch D ru id he l d his foot to he k i s s ed on

-

ce rtai n occas ion s b y th e common peop l e J u li u s .

C ms a r who ha d ob s e r ved thi s c u s tom o n bei ng made ,

Po n t ife x M a x im u s compe ll ed Pompe y to do the

,

s ame ; i n thi s he w a s fo ll owed by Calig u l a a n d H elio

ab alu s whom the P op e al s o has wi s e ly imitated

g , .
1 42 C e rem onie s of t he C hur h of R omec .

o r i g inal The r e w as a t r ibe of l az y mendica nt p rie s ts

.

among the heathen s again s t whom Cice r o w r ote in

,

his Book of Laws who u s ed to t rave l fr om ho u s e to

,

ho u s e wi th s ack s on thei r back s and which we r e ,

g radu all y fil l ed with eatabl es by the s upe rs titio n of

.

thei r ho s ts .

Pyth ago ras e s tabli s hed an o r de r of n u ns ove r

whom he placed his d au ghte r The Roman ve s tal s .

we r e n u ns who took a v o w of cha s tity and who , ,

l ike Ch r i s tian n u ns that we have hear d of we r e ,

pu ni s hed wi t h death if they di s g raced it .

The r e w as a s is t e r hood of D ru ide s se s at K ilda r e

in I r e l a nd who s e o ffice it w as like the Roma n V e s t
, ,

a ls t o p r e s e r ve a ho l y fi r e eve r b u r ning
,
They .

devote d th e m s elve s to the s e r vice of B r ig hit the ,

Godde s s of Poet ry of Phy s ic s and of Smith s &a n d

, ,

who is s poken of in the o l d I r i s h MS S as the P r es i di ng .

Ca r e Whe n D ru idi s m w as ab oli s hed the s e p r ie s t

. ,

e s s e s bec a me C hr i s tian n u n s and B rig hit b ec a me ,

S t B r idget the t u te l a r y s a int of I r e l and

. , The fi r e .

was s t i l l p r e s e r ved in ho n o r of thi s Ch r i s tian s a int ,

a n d tho u gh exting u i s hed o n ce by the A r chb is ho p o f

London w as re l igh ted a nd o n ly finall y extingu i s hed

,

a t t he s u pp r e s s io n of the mon as te r ie s in t he r eig n of

K in g H en r y the Eigh th .

The d re s s a nd o r n a me n ts of the Romi s h p r ie s t are

bo rrowed from the heathe ns The Ph oe nician p r ie s ts .
 C e rem onies of the C hur h of 1Rome c . 1 43

wo r e s u rp l ice s Lamb s kin w as wo r n by the Pe rs ian

.

p r ie s ts The pelt which the c a no ns wear wi th the

. ,

fu r o u tw a rd is a memo r i a l of the c u s tom of t he ea rly

,

heathen s who havi ng ki l led the beas ts fo r s a c r ifice

, ,

fl ayed them and taki ng the s kin s p u t them ove r thei r

head w ith the fu r o u tw ard s : On the s a ccos o r e pi s ,

copal ga r ment of the R u s s i a n bi s hop s ar e s u s pended

s mall s i l ve r be ll s whic h we r e al s o wo r n o n the r obe s
,

o f the p r ie s t s of Pe rs ia and of the H igh P r ie s t of the -

J ew s .

The cr os i er o r pa s to ral s taff of th e Pope was al s o

,

u s ed by t he D r u id s and an s we rs to the li tu u s of the

,

Roma n au g u r s an d the hier a lpha of the H indoo s .

The A r ch D ru id wo r e ba n d s p r eci s e l y r e s emb l i ng

-

tho s e which the Romi s h a n d E ngli s h cle rgy we ar

n o w a n d wh ich a s ho r t time ag o t he s t u dent s of o u r
,

u n ive r s itie s we r e compe ll ed to we a r in thei r p u b l ic

exam ination s .

V otive offe r ing s and pi l gr im age s ar e k n own by

all to be of Pag a n ext raction .

The fas ts penance s and s elf to rt u re s of the Romi s h

,
-

p r ie s ts find a paral le l amo ng the Y ogee s o r Gym no

s ophi s t s of I n dia who wan de r ed abo u t the wo r l d
,

naked as the y had been bo r n s ometime s s tand ing ,

on o n e leg on the b u r n ing s a n ds — pa ss ing week s

without n o u r i s hment yea rs witho u t repo
, s e — expo s ed
the n to t he rain to the wind — s tandi n with
to s u . , g
1 44 C e rem onie s of t he C hur h c of lRome .

their a rm s c r o s s ed above thei r head s till the S inews

—
sh rank a n d their fle s h withe red awa y fi xing thei r
e y e s upon the b u r ning s u n till their moi s tu r e w as
seared and thei r light exting u i s hed .

When a B rahmin became a g randfather he gave

u p the management of his affai rs to his s o n and ,

q u itted the cit y for the de s e rt the company of men

,

for ete r n al s o l itu de H e d re s s ed in the ba rk o f

.

t r ee s ; he w a s not permitted to wea r linen n o r t o c u t

his nail s H e bathed n ine times a da y ; he read and

.

meditat ed eve r on the H oly Vedas At nigh t a l o n e .

he s l ept a n d then on the ba re g r o u nd I n the s u m

, .

mer mo nth s he s a t i n the fu ll b l aze of the s u n s u r ,

r ou nded by fo u r fi re s ; in the fo u r month s of r a in he ,

dwe l t i n a s tage r ai s ed above the wate r By fo u r pole s

b ut u n roofed ; d u r ing the fou r winter months he s at
all night i n th e co l d w a te r
.

And a l wa y s pe rfo r mi ng the fas t of C hande rayan .

Soon his s pi r its wo u l d sink and ti red of l ife he

,

w as a ll owed to commit s u icide which w as co ns ide r ed

,

the s u r e pas s po r t to he a ven Some b u r n them s e l ve s

.
,

some d r owned them s elve s s ome flun g them s elve s

,

fr om p recipice s and s ome walked walked walked

, , ,

till they d r opped do w n d e ad .

The fas t of C ha nde r a ya n consi s ted i n eati ng one

mouthfu l a day and inc r easing a mo u thful eve r y da y
,

for a m onth a n d then dec r easin g a mouthful eve r y

,
1 46 C e rem oni e s of t he C hur h of R ome c .

filled wi th s al t a nd o i l a n d a l ighted wick floated

,

within .

It is c u r io u s that thi s P agan obse r va nce s ho u l d

be s til l p r e s e r ved by the Papi s ts A fe w ye ars ag o.

I w as i n the ho u s e o f a Rom a n Catho l ic at ve s p e r

t ime I ca n not atte nd ve s pe rs to day he s aid
“ -
, ,

s o I do thi s A n d he fetched a g l a ss s a u ce r w hich

.

i
w as fil l ed with oil and li g hted a wick wh ch w a s
,

floating in th e mi d s t After s ome few min u te s t he

light died o u t N ow s aid he ve s pe rs a re ove r
, , , .

The P e rs ia n s u s ed a k ind Of holy wate r which w as

named z or But it is need l e s s to p r od u ce s u ch in
.

s tance s .Wate r as a p r i n cipl e of gene r atio n and

, ,

as one of the fo u r elements was reve r ed by all

heathe ndom The ve r y asp er soi r e o r s ac r ed wate r

.

pot which the a n cient Roman s u s ed fo r thei r temple ,

may be fo u n d amon g the implements of thei r s u c

ce s s o rs .

Thei r tu r n i ng s a n d g e nu fl e xio ns ar e copied fr om

the de is u ls of the D ru id s The D r u idic religio u s
.

da nces which we r e pe rfo rmed in a ci rcle i n imi ta t io n ,

of the revol u tion of the heave n ly bodie s a re p r e ,

s e r ved to po s te r ity by the ca r di n al s who a dv a n ce to

the Pope in a ci r c l e by the Tu rk is h de r vi s he s a n d

, ,

by the F r e n ch an d E ngl i s h pea s a nt r y in va r io u s

r u ra l da n c e s .

The he athe ns we r e n o t witho u t their lit u rgie s .

 C e rem onie s of t he c
C hur h of Rome
“
. 1 47

The Pe rs ian s u s ed a l ong fo r m of p raye r for the

ceremo ny of ma rr iage and the u s e of the r ing on the
,

thi r d finger of the left hand w as k n own to al l the

a n cie n t s as Te r t u ll ian him s elf admi t s I n the G r eek .

Ch u rch of R u s sia the co u ple are c r owned with g ar

l ands w h ich a re removed o n the eighth day Thi s an .
,

a n cie nt Roman o b s ervance is not a traditional s u pe r ,

s t it io n of the Russian s bu t a ce r emon y autho r ized

,

by thei r r eligion and a s er vice in thei r liturgy The

,
.

veil which o u r b r ide s wear is al s o a remnant of

ancien t Rome .

B d m d t i ll p
u t u se e a a ra o

F lam m eo lo —j u zz S . . at . &

A S is a l s o the s u pe rs ti t ion amo ng Papi s t that it is

u n l u cky to marr y i n the mo nth of May O vid .

reco rd s it in a di s tich .

N ec v id t di
u ae d m n vi g i i p t
oe s ea e ec r n s a a

T mp
e Q n p it n di t
o ra u ae f itu s on u u r na u

q q d c a i t p v b i t g nt
. .

H ac uo ue e au s s e ro er a an u
M m l M i n b v l g it
e ns e a as a o u e re u us a .

O ur fu ne ral p ractice of th r owing th r ee ha ndfu l s

of e arth on t he co ffin and s ayi ng : ea r th to ea r th
, ,

a shes to a shes du st to du st w as in u s e among the

, ,

ancie nt Egyptian s and o u r mute s r esem ble the hi red

,

mo u r n e rs of all the a n cient natio ns .

The Vedas are fu l l of e x o rci s m s against tho s e evil

S p ir i t s which as the H indoo s s u ppo s ed c r o wded
, ,

abo u t the s acri fi ce and impeded the r e l igi o u s r ite s .

1
48 C e rem oni e s of the C hur h of Romec “
.

The r e are fo rm s of ex o rcism u s ed by Romi s h p r ie s ts ,

a nd in the fi rs t litu rgy of Edwa r d V I the r e w as a ,

fo r m of e x o r ci s m in the baptismal s erv ice which s ince

has b ee n e ra s ed .

The Roman s u s ed to consec rate their temp l e s ,

when fi rs t b u ilt with p raye rs and sac r ifices and

, ,

sp r ink l ings of ho l y w ate r

.

The mas s is acknowledged by the C atho l ic p r ie s ts

to be a sac r ificial se r vice , and the ho s t made o f
wheat fl o u r is an e x act im i tation of the co ns ec rated
cakes which we r e u s ed by the heathen s .

The a n cie nt Pe rs ian s ca rr ied thei r infants to the

temp l e a few days afte r they we r e bo r n and p re ,

sented them to the p r iest who stood befo r e the ho l y

fi re i n the p r e s ence of the bu r n ing s u n H e took the
.

child and p l u nged it into a vas e fu ll of water fo r the

pu r ification of its soul Afte r which it w as anointed
.
,

received the sign of the c r o s s and w as fed with mi l k

,

and honey .

S u ch is the o r igin of infant bapti s m of the font , ,

and of the ce remon y of S igning the fo r ehead with

the fi g u r e of the c r o s s — no ne of which are de r ived
fr om God o r fr om H is H oly Sc r iptu r es .

When the ch i l d had a rr ived at the ag e o f fiftee n

y ea rs the p r ie s t i nve s ted him with the ro b e calle d
,

S u dr a and with the gi r dle and initiated him int o

,

the mysteries of thei r r eligion .

1 50 c
C e rem onie s oi t he C hur h of R ome .

The of the Egyptians acco rdi n g to

cr u x a n s a ta ,

R u ffi n u s and So l omen w as hie r ogl y phic and im

, ,

pa rted t he time that w as to come .

The 6 w as a phallic e m ble m i n Eg y pt The reby .

a l s o t he Syrian s and Ph oe nician s r e p re s en ted t he

p l anet V e nu s O n some of the ea rly coin s of the
.

l atte r 9 21763 : we fi nd the cross attached to a chaplet

o f bead s placed i n a ci r cle so as to fo r m a r o s a r y ,

s u ch as the Lama s of Thibet and China the H indoo s ,

and t he R oman Catholi c s now te l l over as t hey p r ay .

O n a Ph oe nician m e da l di s cove r ed by D r C l a rke .

in the r u in s o f Citi u m are i n s cribed the c r os s the

, ,

rosar y and the l amb .

we r e the monog ram s of O s iris Venus

& P 1
,
‘

and J u pi te r Ammon .

r the S candinavian T e u tate s o r T u is co

of .

The Vai s hnavas of I ndia ma r k o n e of their idol s

w ith c r o s ses thu s and with triangl e s
,
36 a
O n the Egyptian mon u ments in the
B r iti s h M u s e u m may be seen t he m ys
tic c r o s s i n g r eat n u mbers of p l ace s ,

a nd u pon the b r eas t of one of the

m u mmie s in the M u s eum of the Lon
don U niversit y is a c ro s s exactl y i n
thi s s hape .

The tw o p r incipa l pago das o f I ndia tho s e o f ,

B ena re s and Math u ra a re bui l t in the fo r m of a c ross .

The M e x ican temple s are b u i l t in the fo r m of a c r o ss

and face the fo u r ca r dinal points .
 C e rem onie s oi t he C hur h c of R ome . 1 51

C ros s e s have b een di s cove red on the Scandinavia n

”
M a rk s tones i n the Scotti s h I s l e s a n d the r e a r e
,

many a n cient mo n u ments i n G reat B r itain which b u t ,

fo r the c r o s s e ng ra ved upon them wo u ld b e con ,

s ide r e d D r u idical .

Th at the D r u ids like th e ab o r igines o f Ame r ica

,

and the ancient conj u re r s o f Lapl a nd r eve r ed the ,

fo rm of the c r o s s ca n h a rdly b e d o u bted S ched i u s .

de Mor Ger m info r ms u s that it was thei r c u s tom to

. .

s ee k s t u dio u s ly for an oak t r ee la rge and h a nd s ome ,

g r owing u p with t w o p r incipal a r m s i n the fo r m of a

c r o s s be s ide the main s tem I f the two ho rizo ntal
.

a r ms we r e not s u fficientl y adapted to the fig u r e ,

they fa s tened a cro s s b eams t o it Then they co n

.

s e cr at e d it b y c u tting u pon the r ight b r a n ch in fai r

cha racte rs th e wo rd H es u s u pon the m iddle s t em

, ,

the wo rd Ta r a n is upon the le ft b ranch B elen u s and

, ,

ove r them the wo rd Tha n .

The t r ee so in s c r ibed the y wo u l d m ake thei r

,

Kebla like the J ewi s h J e r u s alem the T u r k s M ecc a

,
’

a nd the Ch r i s tian s altar to which the y w o uld di r ect

t hei r face s when they p r ayed .

I can be s t e x p l ain the ado ration of thi s s ymbol by

de riving it fr om that co ns tellation The S ou ther n Cr oss ,

which appea rs o nly i n t ropical s kie s and which p e r

haps t he heathen s attrac ted by its bea u ty lea r ned
, ,

to wo rs hip a s they wo rs hipped the s u n fo r its God

,
1 52 C e rem oni e s of t he C hur h of R ome c .

l ike grande u r a n d the m oon fo r its b e n e fi ce nt l ight

, .

The idolatr y of the Rom a n C atho l ic s is not co n

fined to emb l em s The y ha ve de ified ma rty rs and
.

o t her ho ly men and r ender them a wo rs hip that is

,

o nly du e t o God .

It is t r u e th a t the y d raw a di s t inc t ion be twee n the

ado r ation w hic h the y pa y to God a n d the homage ,

which they pa y to S a int s c a ll i n g t he o n e i n the

,

la ng u age of th e s choo l s L a tr i a fr om y c the w o r ,

a r ez a

s hip d u e to God o n ly a nd t he la tter D u li a fr om

, ,

a n i n fe r ior k i n d of wo rs hip B u t this dis .

t i n c t ion is too de l i cate for th e il l ite ra te t o u n de r

s ta n d .

A p l uralit y o f G od s I have shown to be o ne of the

ab u s e s of ancie nt he athe n i s m I n this abu s e they .
,

h a ve bee n imi tated by the m ode r n ido l ate rs of Rome ,

not o nl y in the ab s tr act b u t i n th e co n c r ete : the r e is

n o t o n ly a s s imilation b u t a r ep r od u c t io n
, .

The Rom a n s ridic u l ed th e Gods o f Egy p t whom

the y them s e l ves ado r ed bu t u n der d iffe r e nt n a me s .

They b u r nt Se rapi s A n u bi s a nd I s i s ; t he y r eve r ed

, ,

P l u to Me r c u r y a n d Ce r e s
, .

S o the Rom a n C atho l ic s whi l e p r etendi ng to abj u r e

the God s of hea the n i s m h a ve actu all y a dop ted many
of them .

T he pe t t y d ivi n it ie s of t he P a g a n s w e r e d e ified
m e n a n d w e r e i n t e rce s s o r s w ith O s ir is Z e u s o r
, ,
1 54 C e rem onie s of the C hur h of 1Rome c .

di o i To St Wolfgang the hatchet o r hook of

. . ,

u —
S a t r n t o Mo s e s t he ho r n s of J u pite r A m mo n— t o
,

St Peter the k eys of J a n u s

.
, .

I n th e s ame wa y as the P agans wo rs hipped the s e

d io i b u t s t igm at ized them — A p o l lo as a rake Me r ,

c u r y a s an a r r a n t thi e f and Ve n u s as a co u rteza n ;

,

the r e a r e thi ngs r eco rded by pio u s C atho l ics them

s e l ve s o f tho s e P o pe s wh ich a r e i n fa ll ib l e a n d of

s ai n t s which ar e s aid to be i n he a ve n q u i t e a s l itt l e ,

to their c r edi t .

Minu t iu s Fe l ix j ee rs the P agans for the vile dr udg

”
e r y they have p u t u pon thei r God s Sometime s
“
.
,

s ay s he H e r c u l e s is set to em p t y d u ng ; Apo ll o
,

tu r n s cow he r d to A m e tu s ; N ept u ne hi r e s him s elf to

-

Laome d on as b r ick l a yer to b u ild u p the w all s o f

”
Tr ov a nd is cheat ed o u t of his wage s
, .

So a mo n g t he glo r io u s m irac l e s o f the H o l y Vir

in we fi n d th a t s he de s ce n ds fr om heaven to bleed
g ,

a yo u ng m a n in th e ar m ; to take the place of a

nau ghty abbe s s w ho ha s e l oped with a mo n k ; to
me n d th e gown of St Thomas o f C a nte rb u r y who
.

ha d to r n it o n a na il a n d to wipe the s weat off the

,

face s of the mo nk s of C he v rau x whil s t the y were at

wo rk .

B u t as I have said b efo r e there has been some ,

thing mo r e than imi tatio n The r e has bee n adop t io n

. .

The Roman C atho l ic s have c an onized s eve ral of the

 C e rem onie s of t he C hur h of R ome c . 1 55

P aga n gods B acchus the G od of tope rs has be

. , ,

come St Baccu s a w o rs hipfu l s aint of the pe r enni a l

.
,

cal e n da r ; and B r ighit the Godde s s of the D r u id s

, ,

St B r idget a patr on s ai nt of I r ela nd

. , .

The m o s t di s ting u i s h ing featu r e of the Roma n

C at holic r e l igio n is the ido lat r ous wo rs hip of th e
V i rgi n M ar y It is idolat ro u s fo r to t hi s wom a n
. ,

whom it is p al p able fr om Sc r iptu r e th at C h r i s t t reated

as a b ei ng i n fe r io r to him s elf ar e r e n de r ed p ra ye rs
,

a nd ho n o rs a s n u me r o u s a n d high as tho s e which

a r e re n de r ed to H im and in a l l i n s tance s they a r e

,

p l aced u pon a l evel wi th each othe r .

They have made he r immac u l ate altho u gh s he ,

w as the wife of a ca r pente r a n d altho u gh the

,

b r eth r en of J e s u s are mo r e tha n once me ntioned i n

the go s pe l s .

A n d a s the r e w as no mention m a de i n Sc r ipt u r e

of her death they infe rr ed that like Enoch a n d
, ,

Elij ah a n d her H o l y Son s he had been take n u p ,

into H eaven U pon thi s b a r e co nj ectu re t he doc

.
,

tr ine w as a s s id u ou s ly i n c u lcated i nto the mind s of

the igno ra n t and a se r vice w as int r odu ced into the
,

l it u rg y c all ed The A s s umption of the V i rgi n

Mary .

Bonaventu r a who w as canonized a saint and who ,

is s poken of by his b r othe r catholics a s the Se ra phic

-

Docto r w r ote a book c all ed The Imitation of the

,
“
I 56 C e rem onie s of t he C hur h of R ome c .

Vi rgi n Ma r y afte r St Thomas a Kempi s well

, .
- -

k nown wo rk i n which h e e x ho rts al l fa ithful catho l ic s

,

to p ra y to the V i rgin Ma r y b y wh o s e in te rce s s i o n

thei r s o u l s may b e saved .

I n the P s alter whic h S t B onaventu ra edited he . ,

ch a nge s i n each of the 1 50 P s alm s the wo r d Lo r d o r

God fo r that of Lady or M ar y i n te rs pe rs ing i n s ome
, ,

m u ch of his own compo s ition and adding the Gl o r ia ,

Pa tr i to e a ch .

Fo r in s tance in the 1 4 8 th P s alm — ( pag e 4 9 1 cf the

P r ai s e o u r Lady of H eaven glo r ify her i n the ,

h ighe s t P rai s e h er all y e me n and cattl e y e bi rds

.
,

of the heaven a nd fi s he s of th e s e a P r ai s e her s u n .

and moon ye s ta rs and ci r cle s of the planets P rai s e

, .

her Che r u bi n a n d Se raphin th r o n e s an d domi n io ns ,

and powe rs P ra is e her a l l y e legion s of a ngels

. .

P ra i s e her all y e o r de r s of s pi r i t s o n h igh .

Let eve r ythi ng that ha t h b r eath p ra is e our

&

Lady .

Theophi l u s Rayna u d a Je s u it of L y on s in his wo rk

, ,

entitled D ipty cha Ma r i a na thu s write s

“
The to rr ents of H eaven an d the fo u nta i ns of the
great deep I wo u l d rather O pe n th a n clos e i n homage
,

o f th e Vi rgin A nd if he r son yes u s ha s om i tted

.

hi to the p r e em i ne n ce
f h l h
an
y t n
g as
o t x t ti on of i
-
e e a a s

o w n m othe r , I a s e r va nt I a s lave
, , no t i ndeed with
1 58 Get emonies ot the ( t hat ch of R ome

gl o rio u s Vi rgin acco rding to that p s alm ,

Eve r y day will I give thank s u nto thee and p r ai s e

THY name for e ver and eve r .

I n the followin g e x tract from a little w o rk pub

lis he d at D blin 8 6 and entit l ed T ae L i ttl e
u 1 3 , ,

Testa ment qf t/i e [J l V i i i n G od and the Virg/ in

o y g ,

ar e place d upo n an equalit y .

M ary & s ac r ed name under which no one sh o uld

de s p ai r Ma ry & sac red name often ass au l ted bu t
.

al ways victo r iou s Ma ry & it s hall b e m y life my

. ,

strength my comfo rt Ever y day s hall I invoke it

, .

and the divine name of je s u s The Son shall awake .

the reco l lection of the mothe r and the mother that , ,

of the s o n yes u s a n d Ma ry & this is what my heart

.

s hall say at my la s t hour if my tong u e cannot I .

s hal l hear them on m y death—b ed they shall be ,

wafted on my e x pi r ing b reath and I with them to s e e ,

TH E M k now TH E M ble s s an d love T H EM for ete r nity

, , .

Amen .

B u t s he is s ometime s made even g r ea t er than

God
M y so u l s a y s the b le s sed E r ic S u zon is in the
, ,

ha nds of Ma r y s o that if the J u dge wi s hes to con

,

dem u me the s e ntence must pas s th r ough thi s

,

clement Q u een and she k n o ws how to p revent its

,

”
exec u tion .

It e ven became a c u s tom at one time in their

 ¢eremouie5 of the Ghurch of R ome . 1 59

chu rch to date the C h r i s t ian e r a not fr om the b i rth

of the Ch r i s t bu t fr om the vi rgin mother of God
, .

S ee Eman u el Aco s ta s Ac ts of the je s u its i n the

’

Eas t D iling ae 1 5 7 I A a a nn w n a rgue a D eipa r a

. . .
’

Vi rg i ne , I 568 .

The q u e s tion now natu ral l y a r i s e s why doe s the ,

V i rgin M ar y rece ive this wo rs hip and the s e hono rs

w hich are o nl y du e to God .

Y o u will b e surprised w hen I tell y ou that this

als o is a r emnant of heathen ism .

I n all nation s lo ng b efo re th e Ch r i s tian e ra a fe

, ,

male w ith a child in her a r m s had been wo rs hipped .

Am o n g the Eg y ptians it was I s is among the Etr u s ,

cans it was Venus am o ng the P hryg ians it w as

,

Aty s .

I n fact as I s is w as the o r iginal o f the P r o serpine ,

the V enus the D iana the ju n o the M aia and the

, , ,

Ce r e of a ncient Rome s o she was the o r iginal of the

,

V i rgin M ar y of the Roman Catholic C h u rch .

I n M ontfau con we fi nd seve ral plate s of I s i s giving

s u ck to the b o y H o r u s .

I n the y ear 1 74 7 a M ithraic monument w as fo u nd

,

at O x fo rd— a femal e nurs in g an infant— which D r

S tukele y proved to b e a representation of the God
des s of the Y ea r n u rsin g the God Da y .

I t is indee d n ot impro bab le that Ox fo r d w ith its

s e v en h ills its ri v e r Isi s and t he b ull in its coat o r
, ,
1 60 c e rem onie s of t he Ghurch of R ome .

a r m s had b een e s tab li s hed by p r ie s ts who li k e the ,

D ruids we r e acquainted with Egyptian l o re

, .

An a ncient Etru s c a n mon u me nt w as di s cove r ed at

Rome the p r eci s e model of tho s e pictu res of the
,

Madonna and her child so common i n Ital y and

th r oughout the wo rld .

I n man y chu rches o n t he continent the Vi rgi n ,

M a r y is rep re s ented with a lil y o r lotu s in he r h a nd .

Thi s plant w as s ac r ed to I s i s an d w as he l d i n r eve r .

ence b y the p r ie s ts of Egypt a nd of I ndia .

I s i s w as the wife o f Osi r i s as th e moon w as cal led

,

the wife of the s u n .

I n the hymn of the A s s u mptio n the Vi rgin is ,

“
entr e ated to c al m the rage of he r heaven l y hu s
band .

The month o f M a y was s ac r ed to I s i s .

It is c all ed by the P a pi s ts Ma ry s m ont/t ’

V en u s t he I s i s of the Roma ns w as bo r n fr om the

, ,

foam of the sea .

I n the fo r m of p rayer cal led L i ta n ia L a nr ita na ,

the r e ar e mo r e than fo rty add res s e s to the V i rgin ,

invoking her as the s ta r of the s e a as the my s tical ,

r o s e and by a va r iet y of othe r heathen epithet s

, .

I n a nother p rayer s he is named a m ica s telta ,

nf r a i s a n d i n S a nv al s H i s to r ie d e s A ntiq u ité s
’

g ,

de Pa r i s etoi le ecla ta nte a e la m er

,
’ '
’
.

The chie f title o f Venus was R eg i na Ca toi a m .

1 62 C e rem oni e s of the C hurch of iRome .

the r e is a r i tual n amed The Be n edic tio n of the

“

Wate rs . A wooden temp l e r ich l y g il t a nd hu ng

,

r o u n d with s ac r ed pictu r es is e r ected u pon the N eva

,

a t S t Pete rs b u rg when it is fr ozen and a p r oce s s ion

.
,

is fo r med b y the cle r k s the deaco n s the p r ie s ts and

, ,

th e bi s hops dr e s s ed i n their r iche s t r obe s and bea r ,

ing the tape rs a nd the s ac red pictu re s and the ,

s e r vice is read withi n t he t e mp l e .

“
Thi s is n o t u nlike T he Fea s t of Lamp s befo re
de s c r ibed which th e Egyptia ns p artly ce l ebrated on
,

the N i l e a r iver which in one of the p raye rs of the

,

G reek Ch u rch is cal led The Mona rc h of the .

F l oods .

The conception of the Vi rgin Mar y is rep re s e nted

on the s ame day ( the a n d of Feb r u a r y ) as t hat o f
the mi rac u lo u s conception of J u no by the a n cie nt
Rom a ns Thi s s ays th e a u thor of the Pe rennial
. ,

Calendar is a rema rkab l e coincidence

, .

It is a l s o a r ema rkable coincide n ce that the Feas t

of Al l Saints which is ce l eb rated b y the Roman
-
,

Catholic s on the 2 nd of N ovembe r and which re ta in s

its p l ace in the P r ot e s tan t ca l enda r s ho u l d have been
,

on the s ame da y as the F esta m a e i Mor tis of the ’

Roman s a nd s ho u ld s ti l l be ann u all y k ept b y the

,

B u ddhi s ts of Th ibet and by the natives of So u th

,

A me r ica and as a Dru idic custo m b y the r u s tic

c l as s e s of I r eland .
 C e rem onie s of t he C hur h of Rome c “
. 1 63

It is a l s o a r em ar kab l e coincidence that the R 0

man s s ho u l d have had thei r P r os ip e r n a ti a o r Feas t ,

o f Candle s o r C and l ema s s in F e br u a r — t hei r P a leti a

y ,

o r s hephe r d s fea s t o n M id s u mm e r D a y which is

s a c r e d t o S t J ohn the Bapti s t a n d that t he Rom i s h

. ,
o

C ar n iva l s ho u ld be held at the s a me time as the

ancient S at u r n alia and s ho u l d re s emble s o c l o s ely
,

tho s e o rgie s whic h we r e of a ma s q u e rade cha ra cte r .

Th u s we s e e that the Roman C atholic s h ave been

i n the habit of ce l eb rating Ch r i s t ian fe s tival s u pon
day s w hich we re he l d s ac r ed by the heathen s .

W hethe r thi s w as fr om me re s l a vi s h imitation o r ,

fr om a fo n d n e s s fo r o l d as s ociation s o r fr om a de s i r e
,

t o s a n ctify t ho s e d a y s u nhallowed by paganism it is

impo s s ib l e to s ay .

O n e of t he m o s t e x t rao rdina r y example s of thi s

c u s tom is to be fo u n d in o u r g ra nd fe s tival of C hrist
m as .

A l l wi ll a l low I thin k that there is no evidence

, ,

to p r ove that the twe nty fifth of D ecembe r w as the

-

ac t u al day upo n which Ch r i s t w a s bo r n A n d that

.

H e r eal l y a ro s e o n E as te r Day ca n s c ar ce l y be
believed s ince t he fi x ing of that day w as not a r ranged
,

amo ng the ea rly Ch r i s tia ns ti ll aft e r s wo rd s as wel l

a s wo r d s had been u s ed in the conflict and s eve r al ,

fi e r ce bat tle s had been fo u ght .

I hope th at I s hall no t weak e n the genial feelin g s

1 64 c
C e rem onie s of the C hur h of R ome .

with which Ch r i s tm as Day th a t ho l iday of the y ea r

, ,

is g r eeted by the nation if I e x po s e the real o r ig in o f

the fe s tival Bu t that I feel s u r e is impos s ib l e I t
. .

wo u l d need s omethi ng mo r e tha n a fe w facts fr om

old book s to b l ot o u t a ll tho s e happy as s ociatio ns
which c r owd a r o u nd that glo r io u s fe s tiva l which ,

tho ugh it may be ce l eb rated o n the w r o ng day is

kept i n the r ight manne r .

I m ay howeve r s how t ho s e Ch r i s tian s who w o r

, ,

s h ip the l ette r and not the s pi r it who attach mo r e

,

s anctity to the day than to the fe s tival who s e t thei r ,

“

chi l d r en ove r grave book s a n d who fo rbid t hem to

l au gh o n th at d ay when the r e is a s mi l e eve n on the
poor m an s li ps I may s how tho s e wo rd mongers
’

,
-
,

thos e s i l ly P u r itan s t ho s e hars h b l u nde r ers in r e l igion

,

wh at honor they have p a id to heatheni s m a l l thei r

l ive s .

The fe s tiv a l of the twenty fi fth of Decem b e r which

-
,

we cal l C h r istmas w as ob s e r ved by the D ru ids o n

,

that day by lighti ng g reat fi re s on the to p s of hil l s .

The fe s tival w as r epeated o n t he twe l fth day afte r

wa r ds which we call ol d C h r i s tm as D a y
, .

A n d even no w t he r e a r e ce rtai n r ite s pe rfo rmed

u n de r the s ac r ed mi s tletoe on Ch r i s tmas Day which

ce r tai nl y have l i ttle to do with C h r i s tiani t y .

The Jew s al s o celeb rated a fe s tival o n the twenty

fi fth of Decem b e r which they called S m; o r the
1 66 C e rem onie s ot t he C hur h of R ome
‘

c .

and r ec r eatio n H e had g iven fo rth that edict from

.

M o u nt Sinai not to the I s rae l ites on l y b u t to the ,

who l e wo rl d But s ince the J ews faithfu ll y kept thi s

.

commandment the C h ri s tian s hated the Sabbath and

,

took a s tep which w as who l ly u nau tho rized b y thei r

Mas te r o r b y any o f his Apostles They cha ng e d
, .

the day .

They cal l ed this ne w da y the Lo rd s Day or t he ,

Day o f the S u n
- - -
.

The wo rd L or d is heathen a n d is eq u ival e nt t o

,

Baal in C h al dee a nd to Ado n i s i n Ph oe nician It .

fi rs t c rept i nto t he Sc r iptu re th u s

The J ews in obedience t o the law thou s halt no t
,
“

take the name of J ehovah thy God i n vai n n ever ,

w r ote o r s poke H is name e x cept on the mo s t s olem n

o cca s io n s A nd t he fi rs t t ranslato rs to avoid the
.

fr equ ent r epetition of the wo rd fi rs t u s ed thi s h ie r o

,

gl yphic a nd afte r wa r d s the te r m which the

Pagan s app l ied to thei r God So l which in G reek ,

’
w as n vw c in Latin a om i n a s i n Ce l tic a aon i n ’
v
, ,

’
H eb rew a aon i .

N o w the Pers ian s s e t apa r t eve r y m o nth fo u r o f

’
the s e Lo rd s day s o r le s s e r fe s tivals to the S u n O n .

the s e day s the y had mo re s olemn s e rvice i n thei r

,

temple s than on othe r day s r eading po rtion s of t hei r

,

s ac r ed b oo k s and p r eaching mo ra l it y .

But the mo s t c u rio u s point o f resem bl a nce is that

 C e rem onie s oi t he C hurch of lRome
‘

. 1 67

on the s e da y s alone the y pra y ed sta ndi ng And in .

the s ix t eenth canon of th e Co u n cil o f N ice to knee l

in p ra yer o n S u nday s is fo rb idden .

Con s ta nti n e after p r etending to b e converted to

,

Ch r i s tianity o rde r ed the da y D om i n i i nv it ti S olis

,

to b e s e t apa rt fo r the cel eb ration o f peculiar m ys

te r l e s in hono r of the gr eat god S ol .

The ea rl y Ch r i s tians we r e accused by the heathen s

of wo rs hipping the s u n and J u s tin as if loathing the
, ,

ve r y name of the J ewi s h Sabbath prefe rr ed w riting ,

of it as nu g bu g the day o f the s u n

s a 1 01 ) - - -
.

Si n ce it wo u l d be n o w almo s t i mpo s s i bl e to restore

o u r weekl y day of r e s t to that da y which God thou g ht

fit t o appoint and which man thought fi t t o alter I

, ,

may b e blamed fo r having made the s e disclo s ures

which certai nl y do not r edou nd to the h o n o r o f o u r
r eligion .

B u t I have had m y r ea s on I t is to sh o w the folly

.

of tho s e who go wo r d mo nge r ing to mak e tr iumph

-
,

a n t compa r i s on s betwee n the Day o f the su n as - - -

ob s e r ved b y Ch r i s tia n s a nd God s S abb ath as

’

o bs e r ved by J ews ; who b r ing out the i r r eli g i o n thei r ,

co ns cience s thei r bible s thei r ste rne s t faces and

, ,

thei r be s t clothe s u pon thi s da y a n d who believe o r ,

s eem to believe that God s leep s all the week and ,

that if they go to chu r ch on S unda y they s ucceed i n

deceiv ing him .
1 6s C e rem onie s of t he C hurch of R ome .

It is not at this h o u r o r at that hou r that G od is

to be wo rs hipped Lip services resem ble the tr e ach
.
-

e ro u s ki s s e s of a J uda s and the hea rt does not

,

nat u ral l y as pi r e towards heaven at the s tri k ing of a

clock o r at the rin g ing of a church b ell .

Befo re concludin g thi s chapte r I s h o uld wi s h to

,

exc u lpate m ys elf fr om the s upposition that I have

w ritten i n an u nj u s t s pi r it again s t the mem b ers of
th e Roman Catholic C hu r ch .

I know that the y can boast o f man y devout dis

i
c p el s — o f man y enterp r ising mi s siona r ies — o f many

con s cienti o u s p r ie s ts I know that the y are not no w

.

mo re fooli s h and b igoted than the mem b ers of the

P r otestant chu r che s as in fo rmer times the mu rder
,

e rs of S t Ba rtholome w we r e n o wo r se than the c r u el

.

'

Calvin nor Bloody Ma r y than Jam e s the Fi rs t I n

, .

tho s e day s a remnant of the horr i b le cu s tom of human

sacrifice w as p re s e r ved by all alike The y marty red .

those of the s ame religio n as them s elve s b ut not o f

the same s ect b u r ni ng them d rowning them tea r
, , ,

ing them limb from limb like the Pagans of o ld as ,

offeri ngs to a kind and g racio u s G od .

It is t ru e th at the Roman Catho l ic s we re the mo s t

r uthle s s in ba r ba r ity and the mo s t ingenious i n tor

t u re b ut it w as b ecause the y po s s e s s ed th e m o st
,

power .

I k now that R o man Catho l ic p r iests do not reall y

1 76 C e rem onie s of t he c
C hur h of R ome

m u r m u r ed n o t in me r e reve r e n ce bu t in actu al
ado ratio n .

St u dy t he doctr ine of Tr an s u b s ta ntiation I s not .

that a n i ns ta nce of the emb l em bei ng fo rgo tt e n in

the God ?

The s e ab u s e s are me l a ncho l y t o con temp l ate fo r ,

the s e alone it is which ho l d two C h r i s tian ch u r che s

a s unde r The s e with t he P l ato n ic dogma of p u rga
.

to r y u pon w hich n o man can decide and upon ,

which the refo r e it is foo l i s h for m a n to conte nd .

Engl i s h p r ie s ts bewa r e ho w yo u n u rs e ido l at r y ;

fo r tho s e who do s o e nchain not on l y othe r s b u t
,

them s elve s .

I n the r e ig n of Pet e r the G r eat a la w w as pas s ed

,

by a s ynod of t he G r e e k C h u r ch in R u s s ia e n ac t i ng
th at the u s e of p ictu re s in ch u r che s w as co n t ra r y to
the p r i nciple s i n Ch r i s tian ity and th at all s u c h
,

s ho u l d be r emoved fr om place s of wo r s hip .

The Empe r o r s a n c t io n ed thi s law b u t fea r ed t o

,

u t it i nto e x ec u tio n l e s t it s hould c a u s e a gene r a l

p
in s u r rec tio n .

S u pe rs tition bo r n of Sata n fed a nd fo s te r ed by

, ,

p r ie s ts l ike a hideo u s c u ttl e fi s h has cas t its whi t e

,
-

a n d s l imy a r m s a r o u nd the H a rl o t of B a by l o n a n d ,

has b edaubed he r with its b lack b l ood N o w s he

.

love s thi s bl ood an d k n ows n o t t hat it de fi le s he r ;

s he love s the s e emb ra ce s a n d k n ows not that the y
 c
C e rem oni e s oi t he C hur h of R ome . 1 71

enslave he r But s ome da y as pi r ing to b e fr ee s he

.
,

w ill attempt to r i s e fr om her g rave of s a n d a n d fou l

weed s ; and then seizin g her in its ho rr ib l e a r m s that
,

demon who s o lon g has tr i u mphed o ver her will sin k

with he r fo rever b eneath the wave s .
 IL

IN THE E M B LE M S O F FR EE M A S O N R Y .

H ER E is
a divine and hidden s cience wh o se
o r igin can o n l y be discove red by the waverin g
li ghts o f t radition who s e doctrines and purpo ses are
,

enveloped i n sac r ed m y s teries .

I t is n o w dege ne rated into a s o ciet y of gluttons

an d wine bibbers w ho y awn while thei r Mas te rs
-
,

expo u n d to them tho s e em bl ems which have excited

t he w onder o f the g r eate s t phi l o s o p he r s o f the pa s t ,

and w ho deem that the riche s t gem of freemas o n ry

is the b a n qu et which c l o s es the labor of the Lodge .

A nd yet this o rder can b oast of some lea r ned and

inte ll ectual men who endeavor t o fi nd the key to
,

the hidden l a nguage of s y mbol s and who app r eciate

,

at its t rue val u e the high h o n o rs which the initiated

are pe r mitted to e nj o y .

I n s pite of the ab u s es wit h which it has b een de

g raded in S p ite of the s nee r s with which the ig no rant
,

revi l e it this i ns ti tu t ion s ti l l possesses m uch that is

,

ho ly and s u blime .
1 74 E m b lem s of f eem as onry
r .

s em bl es a sce n e of enchantment in the mids t of thi s

wilde rne s s which we cal l the wo rld And tho s e who .

ar e thu s a s s embled together in my s tic r obes s eem ,

s pi r it s of anothe r age who have r et u r ned to ho l d

,

t hei r hidden meetings o n ce mo r e in the catacomb s

of the Egyptian py ramids o r in the cave r n tem p le

,
-

s ac r ed to M ith r a or i n the s u bte rranean laby r inth s

,

of the hol y D ru ids .

The b reth ren seated in a ci rcle one of the M as te rs ,

a r i s e s a nd advances to the mid s t H e r elates to .

them a t radition of the o r igin of thei r c raft .

Afte r the s u n had de s ce nded dow n the seventh

age from Adam b efo r e the fl ood of N oah there w as ,

bo r n u nto M eth u s ael the s o n o f Meh ujael a m an

, ,

call ed L am ach who took u nto him s elf t w o wive s the .

name of the o n e w as Adah of the other Z ill ah , .

N ow A dah his fi rs t wife bar e two so ns —the one

,

named Jabe l and the other J ubal Jaba l w as the .

i n vento r of geometry and the fi rs t who b u i l t ho u s e s

of s to ne and timber a n d J u bal w as t he i nvento r o f
,

m u s ic and ha r mo ny Z i ll ah his second wife ba r e

.
, ,

Tu bal C ain the in s tr u cto r of every a rtifi ce r in b ras s

,

a nd i r on a n d a da u ght e r ca ll ed N aamah who w a s

,

the fou nde r of the weave r s c raft ’

A l l the s e had knowledge from ab o ve that the ,

Almighty would take vengeance fo r s in ei the r by fi re

o r by wate r , s o g r ea t w as the wickedne s s of the
 E m b lem s of f reem as onry . 1 75

wo rld So they reasoned among them s elve s how

.

the y mi g ht p r e s e r ve the knowledge of the s cience s

which t hey ha d fo u nd and J abal said that the r e we r e
,

two diffe r e nt ki nds of s to n e of s u ch vi rtu e that one

wo u l d n o t b u r n a nd the othe r would not s in k— the
one cal led m a r ble and the other la tr es The y then .

agr eed to w r ite a ll the scie nce that the y had fou nd
u pon the s e s to ne s .

“
A fte r the de s tru ction of the w o rld these t wo ,

pi l la rs we r e di s cove red b y H e r mes the son of Shem

, .

Then the c r aft of m as on r y be gan to flo u r i s h and ,

N im r od was one o f the ea rlie s t patr ons of the art .

Ab r ah a m the son of J e rah was skilled i n the s even

, ,

science s and t a u ght the Egypti a ns the s cience o f

g ramma r Euc l id was his pupil and in s tr u cted them
.
,

i n the art of makin g might y wal ls and ditche s to

p re s e r ve thei r ho u s e s fr om the in u ndati o ns of the
N ile a nd by geometr y meas u r ed o u t the land and
, ,

div ided it i nto pa rtitions so that each man might

as ce rtai n his own p r operty A nd he it was who
.

gave mas on r y the name of g eomet r y .

I n his day s it came to pas s that th e sove reign

,

a n d lords of the r e a l m had got t en many s ons u n l aw

’

fu lly by other men s wive s i n s om u ch that the land

,

w a s g r i evou s l y b u rde n ed with them A co u ncil was

.

call ed b u t no r eas onab le remedy w as p r opo s ed The .

king then ordered a p r oclamation to b e made

1 76 E m blem s oi f r eem as onry .

throu gh o ut his r eal ms that high r ewa r ds would be

,

given to any man w ho wo u ld devi s e a p r ope r method

fo r maintaining the child r en Euclid di s pe l led the
.

di ffic u l ty H e th u s add re s s ed the king :

. M y nobl e ‘

s ove r ei g n if I ma y have o rder and gove r nment of

,

’
these l o rd s son s I will teach them the s even libe ral
,

s cience s whe r eby they m a y l ive hone s tly like gentl e

,

men p rovided that yo u wi ll g ra nt me powe r ove r

,

them b y vi rt u e of y o u r r oyal commi s s ion .

’

“
Thi s requ e s t w as immediately comp l ied with ,

and E u clid e s tab l i s hed a Lodge of M as o ns .

Thi s tale is c u r io u s as being the earliest acc o unt

of an educationa l i ns ti tu tion .

The re are va r iou s t radition s of m i no r inte r e s t re

lating to the pat r ia rcha l age s and to the wande r ings
o f the I s raelite s in the wilde r ness .

The F reemas on s claim de s cent from that body o f

b u ilde rs who s ome from Ph oe nicia and s ome fr om
, ,

I ndia came to J e ru s alem to e r ect the temple o f

,

S olomon They al s o as s e rt that these mas on s we re

.

g ove rned by th e same laws and u nited by t he s a me ,

tie s as tho s e of the mode r n o rde r and i n the i n i t ia .

tio n of a Mas te r ma s o n the fo ll owi ng t radi tion is

-

r e l ated r e s pecting the death of the Ph oe nici a n H i ram

Abiff the mas te r a r chitect who di rected the b u i l ding

,

of the temp l e
“
The r e we r e fifteen fe ll ow c ra ftsmen who findin g -
,
1
78 E m b lem s of f r eem as onry .

was acc o s ted in the s ame man n e r b y Ju b e lo to w hom

he gave a simi l a r an s we r and who gave him a b l o w
,

with a s q u a r e upon his left b r eas t H i ram r eele d .

bu t r ecove r ed him s elf and fl e w to the we s t do o r

,

whe re Jube lu m g a ve him a h e a vy b l o w u pon the

head with a common gave l o r s etting maul which
proved his death .

“
Afte r th i s they carr ied him o u t of the we s t doo r
and hid h im in a he a p of r ubbi s h till it w as twe l ve at
night when they fo u nd mean s to b u r y him i n a
,

hands ome grave s ix feet eas t and we s t and s ix feet

, ,

in height .

When H i ram w as mi s sed Ki ng S ol o mon made ,

gr eat in qu i r y afte r h im a nd n o t hear ing an y thing

,

of him s u ppo s ed him to be de a d The twelve c rafts .

that had rec anted hear ing the s aid r epo r t and their ,

con s cience s p r icki ng them we nt and i n fo rmed King

,

Solomo n with white ap r o ns a n d g l ove s as tokens of

thei r innocence K i ng So l omon fo r thwi th s e nt them
.

in s ea rch of the th r ee m u rde r e rs who ha d ab s conded ,

and the y ag r eed t o m a ke the p u rs u it in fo u r partie s ,

three going no rth th r ee s o u th th r ee eas t and th ree

, , ,

west .

A s one of the s e par t i e s t r ave l ed dow n to the s e a

of J opp a o ne of them s i tti n g h im s e l f do w n t o r e s t by
,

the s ide of a r ock h e ard the fo l lowing lamentation s

,

r oceed fr om a cle ft withi n

p
 E m b lem s of f r eem as onry 1 79

O that I had m y th roat cu t ac ro ss and my ,

tong u e to r n o u t by the r oot and b u r ied i n the s and s

,

of the s e a at l ow wate r a cab l e l engt h from the s ho r e ,

whe r e the tide doth r eg u l a rly ebb and flow twice i n

the co u rs e of t he twenty fo u r hou rs than that I had
-
,

’
bee n co n ce r ned in the death of o u r m aster H i ram .

“
A n d then anothe r voice :
Oh & that I had m y hea rt to r n fr om u nder m y
nak ed l eft b r eas t and given to the v u lt u r e s of the
,

a ir a s a p rey r ather than I had b een conce r n ed i n

,

the death of s o good a m as te r .

’

But oh & c r ied Ju b e lu m I stru ck him ha rde r

’
.

than yo u both fo r I ki l led him Oh & that I had had

, .

my b ody s eve red in two one pa rt ca rr ied to the,

so u th a nd t he othe r to the n o rth m y b owels b u r nt

, ,

t o a s he s a n d s catte red b efo r e the fo u r wi nd s of the

ea rth rathe r th a n I had been conce r ned i n the death

,

o f o u r ma s t e r H i ra m
’

The b ro t he r that hea rd the s e so rr owful lamen

t at io n s hai l ed the othe r two a n d they went into the
,

cleft of the r ock and took them a nd bo u nd them a n d ,

b ro ught them befo r e Ki ng So l omon w he n they ,

ow n ed wh at had p as s ed and what they had do n e

, ,

a n d did n o t de s i r e t o live the r efo r e K i n So l omon

,
g
o rde red thei r own s entence s to be execu ted upon
them saying They have s ig ned thei r own deaths
, , ,

a n d let it b e u p o n them as they have said

’
.
1 86 E m b lem s of f reem as onry .

u be la taken out a nd his t h r o a t c u t ac r o s s

J w as
‘
, ,

and his tongue to r n o u t by th e r oot and b u r ied in ,

t he s a nd s of the s e a at low wate r a cab l e l ength ,

fr om the s ho r e whe r e the tide did r eg u la rly ebb and

,

fl ow twice in the co u rs e of the twenty fou r ho u rs -

.

u b e lo s he a r t was to r n fr om u n der his na ked

’

J
“

left b r e as t and w as given to the v u l tu res of the ai r

,

as a p r e y .

u b e lu m s body w as s evered i n two one pa r t w as

’

J ,

ca rr ied to the n o r th the o t he r to the s ou th his

, ,

bowe l s we re bu r nt to a s he s a n d s catte r ed to the fo u r

wind s of the ea rth .

The rea l s ec re t of F r eemas on r y v iz its o r igin and

, . ,

purport as y et r emain a n eni g ma and will p r obab l y

,

eve r r emain s o .

The r e a r e s ome autho rs who have fi x ed t he s ou rc e

of thi s s a c red an d m y s te r io u s fo u ntain within the
oaken g r ove s of th e e x t ingu i s hed o rde r of the
D r u ids .

Who as s e rt that when D ru idi s m w as p ro s c ribed ,

its p r iests adopted va r iou s di s gu i s e s and c a rr ied thei r

lear ning i nto v a r io u s p rofe s s io ns Some became .

s choo l maste rs and taught s cie n ce to the yo u th o f

-

B r itain as they had once done i n the fo r e s t s emi n

,

a r ie s of M ona Some fo rtu ne te ll e rs the p ar e nts o f

.
-
,

the t r ibes of gyp s ie s who s ti ll retain a kind of b rothe r

1 82 E m b lem s ot f reem as onry .

Wh t m t it b
a k wl dg f
o e e d h p w
—I t is t he no e e o natu re . a n t e
p ic l l k i ll f c k i g f w i g h
o er
o f it v i
s p ti
ar o u s o e ra o ns ; art u ar y t he s o re on n o e ts
nd m c i g b i l di g d dw ll i g f ll k i d
,

a f c
e as u r e s , o o n s tr u t n u n s an e n s o a n
m f m i g ll hi g f
s,
an d h t e tr u e a nn e r o f f m or n a t n s or t he u s e o an

Wh did i b g — i b g wi h h fi m f h E
.

e re t e in h t e an t t e rs t en o t e as t, w o

w b f
e re h fi
e o re m f h W
t e d c m i g wi h i i h h
rs t en o t e e s t, an o n t t, t at

b gh ll c m f
ro u t a h wi l do d c mf l
o rts to t e an o o rt e s s .

Wh b g h i
“
o h W ro u — h Ph ici
t t to t h bigg e e st t e oe n an s w o, e n re a t

m ch c m fi f m h E i Ph ici f
er ants , a e rs t roc v i c t e as t nt o oe n a, or the on en en e

o f c mm c
o b hEer e , d W by h R d d M di
ot as t an e st t e e an e te rra ne an
S e as .

H w c m i i
o E gl d Py h g
a e t nto G ci n v l d an -
t a o ras , a re an , tra e e to
a cq i k w l d g i E gyp d i S y i
u re no e e d i v y h l d
n t an n r a , an n e er ot er an

w h e re Ph ici h d p l d m
the oe n y d g i i g dmi c
an s a a nt e as o n r ; an a n n a ttan e
i
nto a ll l d g fmo h l es o d m ch d as o ns ,d d dw l e e ar ne u an r e tu rne an e t
i G ci M g g wi g d b c m i g m i g h y wi d g l y
,

n re a a na , ro n an e o n t se an re at

re n ow d H h f m d g l dg C
ne e re e dm d m
or ey a re at o e at r o t o na , an a e an

m m f wh m v l d i F c d h m d m y
.

as o ns , s o e o o t ra e e n to ra n e , a n t e re a e an

m f m wh c i p c
o re , ro f im h
en e, p d i E gl d
n ro e s s o t e, t e art as se nto n an .

Thi s I need not remi n d the r eade r is a s to r y ve r y

, ,

simi l ar to tho s e c u r r ent r e s pecti ng t he fi rs t planting

of D ru idi s m in B r itain .

I al s o di s cove r e d a s I thought a ke y to the t ra .

,

dition of H i r am A biff which I have j u s t related viz , , .

,

that it w as s imply the s to r y of O s i r i s ( ki l led by

Typhon the Evil Spi r it b u r ied in a co ffin and fo u nd ,

by I s i s ) so co rru pted by mode r n Ma s ons .

I n the co ntin u ation of the sto r y of H i ram it is ,

stated that the twelve c rafts on di s cove r i ng his bo d y

were u nable to r ai s e it and that K i ng So l omon ,

ordered a lodge of mas te r m as on s to be s u mmo n ed -

and s aid “
I w i l l go my s elf in pe rs on a nd t ry to
,

rai s e the b ody by the m aster s g r ip or the li on s p a w

’ ’

.
 E m b lem s of f reem as onry 1 83

By m ean s o f this gr ip the G rand Mas te r H i ram w as

-

r ai s ed
.

N ow in a figu r e painted on a mumm y at the Au s tin

Fr yar s of L a P la ce des Vi t tor es r ep r e s enti ng the
’

death and r e s u rr ection of O s i r i s is seen an exact ,

model of the po s itio n of t he m a s ter mas on as he -

rai s es H i r am .

y u bel
,a y u bel o Y ,u b el u m are me r el y va r iati o ns fr om

the Latin wo r d ju beo I comm a nd The p r ete nded

, .

as s as s i ns a r e r ep r e s e n t ed a s demand ing t he mas ter s ’

g r ip a nd word fro m H i ram i n an impe r io u s m a n ne r .

A m o r e s ati s fa ctor y proof of the t ruth of thi s

s tatement is co n tai n ed i n an a s t r o n omical n otion of

the H indoo s who s e Chr i s na is t he s ame as the

,

O s i r i s of the Egyptian s .

The D eca ns or E lohi m a re the gods of whom it

, ,

is s aid the Almighty c r e a t e d the U n ive rs e .They

a rr a nged the o r der of the zodiac The E lohi m of .

the s u mm e r we r e god s of a b e n evo lent di s po s ition

'

they made the day s long and loaded the s u n s head

,
’

with top az While the thr ee w r etches that p re s ided

.

in th e winte r at the ext r eme e nd of the yea r hid in ,

the realm s below we re with the c o n s tel l ation to

, ,

which they belonged cu t off fr om the re s t of the

,

zodiac ; a nd a s they w er e m i ss i ng we r e co ns equ e nt l y

,

acc u s ed of b r i ngi ng C hr is na into tho s e t r o u ble s which

at la s t e n ded in his death .
1 84 E m b lem s of f r eem as onry .

Even all owi ng the s e p r emi s e s t o be t ru e it doe s ,

not n ece s s a r ily fo ll ow th a t the t raditio n a r y acco u n t

’
of the b u il di ng of So l omon s Temple by ma s on s w as
al s o a ll ego r ical .

A n d i n deed t he r e is s o m u ch that is p u r e l y H e
b r ew ih ce r em o n ia l m as o n r y that o ne is al mo s t
,

fo rced to believe that the F r eemas o ns of the p r e s ent

d ay a r e r eal ly d e s ce n ded fr om a body of a r chitect s ,

who l ike the D io nys iack s of A s ia M ino r we re u n ited

, ,

in t o a fr ate r n al a s s oci ation and who e r ected the

temp l e of Solomon .

I n th e s e ce r em o n ie s howeve r an d in thei r em
, ,

ble m s the r e is m u ch al s o that is D r u idic an d if F r ee

,

mas on r y did not emanate fr om D ru idi s m the r e can ,

b e n o do u bt t hat it s p rang fr om the s ame o rigin .

I wi l l t ra ce o u t the affi n ity be tween the M as o n ic

O rde r of the P r e s e nt a nd the D r u id O r de r of the
,

Pas t I t s ha l l be fo r the r eade r to decide w he the r

.

the s e M as o n ic u s age s a re ve s tige s of D r u id is m o r ,

me r e points of fami ly re s emb l ance .

The i n itiation s of M as o ns a r e s o s imilar to tho s e

of the D ru ids that a ny M as on r eading m y a r t ic l e
,

u pon t he s u bject m u s t have been struck b y t he

r e s em bl a n ce
.

The ovade wo r e a g o d chain r o u nd his neck .

A n d the app r e ntice when i n itia t ed has a s il k co r d in

'

ma s o n ic p a rl an ce a ca ble tow s u s pe n d e d fr om his

-
,
 1 86 E m b lem s O f f reem as onry

changed s he w as r e an imated and s oothed b y the

s weet s t r ain s of cho r al m u s ic .

I have al r eady s hown I t r u s t co nc l u s ively that

, ,

l t he D r u idic my s te r ie s we r e fo u n ded o n tho s e o f the

Egyptian s a n d we r e a nal ogo u s t o tho s e of Ty re

, ,

Pe r s ia a nd H indo s ta n ; a nd that thei r mo ral doct r ine s

a nd p r i s tine s implicit y of wo rs hip we r e those o f the

H eb r ew Pat r ia r ch s .

It will b e ea s y to s ho w that tho s e of F r eemas on ry ,

if n o t a me r e pe r p etu at ion of the D r u idi c we r e de &

r ived fr om the s ame fo u n tain s and that the s ec r et s

,

o f th i s s cie n ce a n d p h i l o s ophy ar e hidde n fr om u s

by the veil of I s i s .

To the Egypt ia n can didate o n his i n itiation the ,

H ie r opha n t di s p l ayed the holy vol u me of hie r o

l hics which h e the n r e s to r ed to it s r e p o s i t o r y
g yp .

So when the e ye s o f the app r e nt ice a r e fi rs t r e

l eas ed fr om da r kne s s he beho l ds the vo l u me of the
,

s ac r ed law .

D u r i n g the Pe rs ian initi at io ns the doctr ine was

,

e n fo rced ex ca thedr a fr om the de s k o r p u l pit So

, .

the G r a nd Ma s ter s its on a t hro n e befo r e which the

candid at e knee l s pointi n g a dagg e r to his naked left
,

b r east and t w o whi t e w ands bei ng c ro s s e d above his

head .

O n the s e al of the a ncient A bbey of A r b r oath in

Scot l a nd is a r e p r e s e nta t ion which bea r s a c u r io u s
,
 E m b lem s of f r eem as onry . 1 87

resemblance to the engraving on a s eal u s ed by the

p r ie s ts of I s i s a n d which P l u ta rch de s c r ibe s i n his
,

—
E s s a y on I s i s and O s i r i s a m a n hneeli ng hi s ha nds ,

bou n d , a nd a hn if e at his thr oa t .

I n all the ancient m y s te r ie s befo r e an a s pi rant

co u l d c l aim par ticipat ion in the higher s ec rets of
the i ns titu tio n he w as p l a ced within the pa stos o r
,

bed o r cofi n a n d w as s u bj ected to a co n fi n ement i n

, ,

da rk n e s s fo r a ce r tain time .

Thi s I have de s c r ibed to be p ract iced by the

D ru i ds I n s ome o f thei r l a by r i nth s di s cove r ed i n
.
,

F rance the r emain s of ce lls l iafi 3 b ee n fo u n d and

,
~
,

the r e w as a d ar k ce l l of p r ob ation r ece ntly s ta ndi n g

nea r M aids tone K itt s C otti H o u se — fr om Ked ( or
’

C e ridw e n) the B r iti s h I s i s a n d cotti an a rk o r , ,

che s t .

5 0 in th e i n itiat ion of a M as te r M as on the candi ,

date is i n s om e lodge s b u r ied i n a co ffi n to r ep re s ent

the d e ath of the m u r de red H i r am Abiff .

The gra nd fe s tival of Mas on r y is on M ids umme r

Day which w as al s o the g ra nd fe s tiva l of the D ru ids
, .

The p r oce s s io nal movements of the M as o n s as of

th e D ru id s we r e mos tl y ci r c u la r .

I have al r ead y i n s ta n ced the symbol b y which the

J ews e x p re s s ed the wo r d J ehovah Thi s lette r
‘
.
’

od w as b elieved by them to d enote the p r e s ence o f

j
G od e s peciall y w hen co nve y ed i n a circle
,
 1 88 E m b lem s of f r eem as onry .

Mas on s al s o have a wo r d wh ich t hey ar e n o t a ll owed

t o p r o n o u n ce e x cept in t he p r e s e n ce of a fu ll l odge ,

and they pay pec u lia r r eve r e n ce to a point within a

ci rcle .

Some of the D r u id ic mon u me nts a re s imple ci r c l e s

with a s tone s ta nding in the mi ds t a nd th e bo s s in ,

the centr e of thei r ci r cul ar s hie l ds had p r obably the

s ame s ig n ificatio n .

The M as o n ic Lodge l ike all Pagan temple s is , ,

b u il t due e as t a n d we s t I ts fo r m is an oblo ng .

s q u a r e which t he a n cient s believed to be the s hape

of the w o rl d I n the we s t a r e two pi ll ars s u rmo u nted

.

by g l obe s The one on the left is ca ll ed Bo az an d

.
,

is s u pp os ed to r ep r e s e n t O s i r i s o r the s u n the othe r ,

J achi n the emblem of I s i s o r the moon The floo r

, .

is m o s a ic and the wa ll s ar e ado r n ed with t he va r io u s

,

symbo l s of the c raft .

The c r o s s is one of the chief emb l em s in Mas o n r y

a s it w a s i n D r u idi s m a n d in all the Pag a n r eligio ns
, .

The Taw is a badge in Roya l A r ch M as o n r y ,

and a lmo s t a l l the othe r var ietie s of t he s ymbol

a r e u s ed in M as on r y .

The key a nd the c r o s s key s a r e a l s o mo s a ic s ym

-

bo l s The yare s u p po s ed to be as tr o n omica l s ig ns

.

of A n u bi s o r the Dog Star

,
-
.

A n e ar o f co r n is a p r ominent emblem i n M as on r y
- -
,

p roving th a t the o rde r did n ot confine thei r i ntellects

1 9 0 E m blem s of f reem as onry .

anothe r That is all o u r doctr ine a ll o u r s cience

. , ,

”
all o u r law .

Ah & rail again s t u s bigoted and ig n o ra n t men ,

slande r u s cu r iou s and j ealo u s women i f yo u will .

Tho s e who obey the p r ecepts of thei r ma s t e rs and ,

tho s e who li s t en to th e t ruth s which they i n c u lcate

can r e adily fo rg iv e yo u I t is impo s s ibl e to be a
'

good Mas on w i tho u t b eing a good m an .

W e have no narrow minded p rej u dices ; we do not

-

debar fr om o u r s oci e t y th i s s ect or that s ect ; it is

su ffi cie n t fo r u s that a man wo rs hip s God no matter ,

u nder what n a me o r i n what ma n ne r and we admit ,

h im Ch r i s ti a ns J ews Mahometa ns B u ddhi s ts are

. , , ,

’
en r olled am o ng u s a n d it is in the Mas o n s Lodge
,

alone that they can k n eel down t ogethe r without

feelin g hatred without p r ofe s s ing co ntempt again s t
,

their b ro the r worshippers .

 III .

I N R U STI C F O L K L O R E -
.

T is nge with what pe rti nacit y the igno r ant

s t ra

r etai n tho s e c u stom s which thei r fa the rs ob s e r ved ,

a n d which the y hold s ac r ed witho u t u n de rs tanding

eithe r thei r o r igi n o r thei r p u rpo s e .

I t is an attr ib u te of h u man n atu r e to hall o w all

that b elo ngs to the pas t It is impos s ible to l o o k
.

witho u t admi r at ion upon a vene rable bu ilding which

has lived th r o u gh centu r ie s an immo rtal work of art ;
,

it is nat u ral that we s ho u ld al s o r eve r e tho s e c u s tom s

which h a ve de s cended to u s b y n o w r itte n laws b y ,

n o kingl y p roclamation s but s impl y fr om lip to ear

, ,

fr om fathe r to s o n .

Befo r e I en t er the home s of o u r peas ants however ,

com e with me to the mo u ntai ns of Wa l e s whe r e we

s ha ll fi nd the t ru e d e s ce nda nts n ot on l y of the
,

ancient B r iton s bu t al s o of the H o l y D r uids them

s elve s .

I mean the B ar d s o r harpers who s till continue

, ,

to stri k e melodio u s note s i n thi s la n d of m u s ic and

1 91
1 9 2 jf o l he it ore .

metheglin and who s till conve y to thei r hea r e rs the

,

p recepts of their g reat ancesto rs .

The Ba rds we r e alway s he l d i n high r eve r e nce in

Wale s a nd that is why t hey have l ived s o lo ng
,
.

Whe n the p r ie s ts had been swept a way by the s wo r d

of the n e w r e l igion thi s glo rio u s a s s oc iatio n o f
,

mu s icians r e mai n ed an d con s ented to si ng p r a i s e s

,

to J e s u s Ch r i s t the Redeeme r in s te ad of to H U the,

pe r vading s pi r it .

I ndeed it w as s aid of Barach who w as chief B ard ,

to C o ncho bhar N e s s a n K ing of U ls te r th at he de

, ,

s c r ibed the pas s io n o f J e s u s i n s u ch moving wo r d s

that the king tr a ns po rted with r age d rew his s wo rd

, ,

and fe l l to hacki ng and hewing the tr ee s of the wood

in which he w as s ta ndi ng m i s taking them fo r J ews
, ,

and even died of the fr e nzy .

By s tu dying the o l d Wel s h l a ws of H o w el the

g ood kin g ( A D . . o n e find s s ome c u r io u s ma tt e r

r e s pecti n g the po s ition which the B a r d s held at that

time i n the Co u r t a nd co u ntr y .

Y B a r dd Te u l u o r Co u r t B ar d ( an appoin tme n t
,

from which that of o u r poe t l au r ea te p r obably o r ig in

-

ated ) on receiving his commi s s io n w as p r e s e nted ,

b y the king wi th a s i l ve r h ar p by the q u ee n wi t h a ,

go l d r i ng H e he l d the e ighth p l a ce at C o u rt H e
. .

po s s e s s ed his l a n d free A t the th r ee gr eat fe s tival s

.

of the year C hr i s tmas Eas te r a nd Whits u ntide he

, , , ,
1 94 f o lk l ore .

H is p ers o n w as he l d s o s ac r ed that whoeve r

slight l y i nj u r ed him w as fined v 1 cow s and c xx pence ,

and the m u rde r e r of a B a r d w as fined c xxv 1 cows .

The wo rs t m u r de r i n tho s e d a y s like c r imi nal co n ,

v e rs at io n s in th e p r esent age only n eeded pec u n i ar y

,

ato neme nt
'

O n a p l u nde r i ng expeditio n the Ba r d r eceived a ,

large po rtion of the s p oi l H e p r eceded the w ar .

r io r s to battle , r eciting a poem call ed U nbena eth

”
“
P ry da i n the g l o r y of B r ita i n
, .

An edict w as i s s u ed b y K i ng Ed wa r d I autho r .

izing the m as s ac r e of the Ba r d s one of them having ,

p roph es ied the l ibe ration of Wa l e s The mu rde r o f .

the l as t B ar d has been beautifu lly de s c r ibed by G ray

i n one of his poem s .

Q u een E l izabeth a l s o i s s u ed a p r oclamatio n b u t ,

of a le s s s a ng u ina r y cha racter ag a i n s t ce rtain w an

de r ing mi ns trel s who appear to h a ve been amo ng
,

the m u s icia ns of tho s e day s what q u a ck s a r e amo ng

’

o u r mode r n M . D s . It a l s o comm i s s io n ed c e rta in

.

g entlemen to i n q u i r e i nto the va r io u s c ap a bi l i t ie s o f

the Wel s h B a r d s a n d to licen s e tho s e w ho w e r e
,

mo s t fit to rep r esent the musical talent of th e ir

co u ntr y .

Thi s p rofo u nd q u e s tion w as settled at an E i stedd

f od or
,
a m u s ic a l meeti n g of the B a r d who contested

once a ye ar fo r a s i l ve r ha rp Thi s p ractice wh ich .

 Jf O Ill s JLO l C
’ ‘
. I QS

had existed fr o m time immemo rial is still c ontinued

i n Wales and the t ran s actions of the A berj r aw
,
’

R oy a l E is teddfod were pub l i s hed in the year 1 8 4 9 .

I know little of the pecu l iar characte r of Wel s h

m u s ic except that it is exec uted mostly in B fl at .

Pa rt s inging may be c o n s ide red as a pec u lia r ity o f

-

the Wel s h bards Extempore perfo r mance s were

.

common t o all the ancient min s tr el s of the wo r ld .

A kind of e x tempo r e compos ition is s till exercised

among t he Wel s h peas antry and is called P en illi on ,

s i ngi ng The ha rper being seated pla ys one of his

.
,

native ai rs while the s in g e rs s ta nd r ou nd him and

al te r natel y compose a stanza upon an y su bject they
p l ease .

The r e are man y cler wy r o r wanderin g minstrels

,

s ti l l i n Wale s Li k e their p redecess o rs the y are in

.
,

the hab it of going fr om hou s e to h o u se and o f o ffi ci ,

ating as o u r g y ps y fi ddle rs do at all rustic festivals

,

and weddings .

The y have a cu rious t radition that M adoc a , ,

b rothe r o f one of th e K ings o f Wale s sailed from ,

that co u nt ry in the y ear 1 1 7 1 A D and was the fi rs t . .

Eu ro pean s ettle r i n M e x ico S ir Thomas H e rbe rt .

who wrote a s ca r ce boo k of t ravels in 1 66 5 mention s ,

’
it as a fact and i n H ac k e tt s Collection of Ep i taph s
,

( 1 7 57
) is thi s o n e
 FO U N D AT M E& IC O .

M d c wyf m wydi i w dd
a o c e e

l w g
a n O w i G wy dd
e n au a n ne

N i fy w di fnn w yddn dd r y a oe

N d m w
a a d y M add r on o ro e .
”

M d c I m —m i l d i c
a o a c n o u nte nan e

O f h i g h l i f O w G wy dd
t e r t ne o en ne
I wi h d f l d m y b w
s e no t or an ; e nt as

F g ich b f h
o r no r e at r es , ut o r t e s e as .

W e have it on the auth o r ity of a C aptain Davies ,

and Lieutenant R o bert s of H aw co rde n in Flints hire ,

and fr om a M S entr y i n W illiam P enn s j o u r nal

’

. ,

evi dence collected by the famou s Dr O w en P ughe . ,

that the tr ibes o f the I llin o i s Mado cau te s the P a , ,

do u cas and M ud I ndians spoke the W el s h language .

W ith o ut enterin g int o a useless diss e rtati o n upon

this su bject I will n o te a cu rious c us tom i n which
,

the Ame r ican I ndians resem ble the W elsh v iz i n , .

,

the hab it o f ca rr y ing their canoes upon their b ac k s

fro m rapid to rapid Giraldus C am bre ns is in fo rms
.

us that the We l s h u s ed to ca rry thei r t riang u lar

b oats from river t o rive r which occasioned a famou s
,

dealer named Ble dhe r c to sa y : The re is amongst

, ,

us a pe o pl e who when the y g o o ut in s ea rch of p rey

carr y their hors es on their back s to the place of
plunde r ; in o rder to catch their pre y the y leap u pon ,

thei r ho rse s and when it is taken ca rry thei r horses

, ,

”
h o me again upon thei r sho u lde rs .

The y w o rs hipped the same s ymbols of G od as the

1 98 f o lk l ore .

fi re and d re s s a l a rge caudle of eggs butte r oatmeal , ,

a nd mi l k taking ca r e to be s u pplied with p l en t y o f

,

bee r a nd whi s key as we ll The rites b egin with .

s p ill ing s ome of the ca u d l e on the g r o u nd b y way of

a libation ; on th at eve r y o ne takes a c a ke o f oat

,

meal upon which are rai s ed n ine s q u a r e knob s each

, ,

dedicated to some pa rt icular b ei ng the s uppo s ed ,

p rese r ver o f their fl ocks an d he rb s or to some p ar ,

t icu lar animal the real de s t r oyer of them E a ch .

pe rs on then tu r ns h is fa ce to the fi r e b r e ak s o ff a ,

knob and fl ingi ng it over his sho u l de r s a y s : Thi s I ,

g i ve to thee , p r es e r ve thou my hor s es; thi s [ g i v e to

thee , p r ese r ve thou my s hee p

and so o n A fte r that , .
,

they use the s ame ce r emon y to the no x io u s animals .

Thi s [g i ve to thee oh f ox & s a r e thou my la m bs &

, p
thi s to thee oh hooded cr ow
, thi s to thee oh eag le & ,

They then k n ead a n other cake of oatm e a l wh ich

is toa s t ed at the embe rs aga in s t a s to n e They .

divide thi s cake i nto s o man y po rt io n s ( as s imi l ar as

po s s ib l e to each o the r in s ize and s hape ) as the r e
a r e pe rs o n s in the company They d a u b o n e of .

the s e po r tion s a l l ove r with charcoal u nti l it is q u ite

black . They p u t a l l t he b its i nto a bo n net a nd
eve ry one b l ind fo l ded d raws H e w ho ho l ds the
,
-
, .

bon n et is e nti tl ed to t he las t bit Whoeve r d r a ws .

the bl ack mo rs e l is t he devoted pe rs on who is to be

sac r ificed to Baal a nd is compe ll ed to leap th r ee
,
 If O lli I 99

time s th ro u gh the fi re afte r which they dine on the

,

cau dle .

When the fe a s t is fini s hed the r emains a r e con ,

c e ale d by two pe rs o n s dep u ted fo r t hat pu r po s e and ,

on the ne x t S u nday the y r e as s emb l e a n d fini s h it- .

Thi s you s e e is a r e l i c of the D r u idic hu m a n

, ,

s ac r ifice s as well as of thei r fi r e wo rs hip I will give

-
.

two mo r e e x ample s of th e fo r me r .

I have noticed th e c u s t om of the D ru ids i n g reat

e x t remitie s of con s t ru cti ng a la rge w icker e ngine of ,

fi ll i ng it with s heep o x en a n d s ometime s men and

, ,

s et t ing light to it as a mammoth

, sac r ifice D r . .

M i l n e r in his H i s to r y of W inc he s t e r i nfo r m s u s that ,

at D u nki rk and at D o u a y the r e has exi s ted a n im

memo r ial c u s tom o f con s tr u ct ing h u ge fi g u res o f
wicke r wo r k and canvas an d movi ng them abo u t to
-
,

r ep r e s ent a giant that w as ki ll ed by their p at r on

s a i nt
. And St Foi x in his E s s ay o n Pa r i s de s c r ibe s
.
, ,

a c u s tom which is not y et aboli s hed i n s om e of the

s mal l town s i n F r ance viz for the mayo rs on the
, .
,

Eve of S t J ohn to put into a la rge bas ket a doze n o r

.

two c at s and to th r o w them into one of the fe s tive

,

bo n fi r e s lighted u pon that occas ion .

To r etu r n to Ma y Day I n M un s ter and C o n .

n au ght the I r i s h peas a nts d r ive their c attl e betwee n

two fi r e s as if for p u rpo s e s of p u r ific atio n I n s ome
, .

pa rts of Scotl a nd they light a fi r e to feas t b y and ,

2 00 jf oe -iLore .

having th r own a po rtion of their refreshments into

the fl ame s as a p r opitiato r y s ac r ifice deck b ranches
,

of mo u ntain as h with wreaths of fl owe rs and heathe r

-
,

and walk th r ee times r ou nd it i n a p roce s s ion .

P r eci s ely the same cu s tom is ob s e r ved b y th e

natives of Ame rica an d at the same pe r iod i e that , . .
,

of the ve r nal equ inox .

I n I ndia the r e is a festival i n hon o r o f B hava ni

( a P r iapic pe rs onification of natu r e and fecu ndit y
) ,

which t he H i ndoo s c o mmemo rate b y e rec t ing a po l e

in the fi elds and by ado r ning it with pendants and
,

flowe rs r o u nd which the y o ung people dance p recisel y

the s ame as in England .

The J ews al s o keep a solar fe s tiv a l at t he vernal

equ inox on which occasion the Pas chal lamb is
,

sac r ificed .

The F l o r idian s a n d Me x ican s e r ect a t ree i n the

centr e of their s ac r ed e nc l os u r e s a r o u nd which they
dance .

O n May Eve the Co r ni s h e r ect stu mp s of t r ees

befo r e their doo rs O n t he fi rs t of the month the
.

famo u s May po l e is ra i s ed ado r ned with flowe rs and

-
,

e n ci r c l ed by the p retty cou nt r y l ass es who little know

of w hat thi s pole o r quo t : is an emblem
,
a .

O n M id s u mme r Eve an i n voluntar y t r i bute is pai d

b y the peas a nts o f Great B r itain and Ireland to the
shades of their ancient p riests and t o the G o ds
,
20 2 f ol k l or e .

which we r e p r o bably u s ed by p r ie s ts to fo retell the

fat e of a kingdom o r to decide upo n the life o r death
,

of a h u man b ei ng have n o w become me re methods

,

of love p rophecie s with vi l lage s weethea rts .

O ne w ill s o w hemp s eed on M ids u mmer Eve -

,

s ayi n g ,f Jemfi s eed I s ow he mfi seed hoe a n d he tha t

-
,
-
,

i s my tr u e love com e af ter m e a n d m ow She will then .

t u r n rou nd and expects to s e e the y o u ng man who

,

will ma rr y he r .

A n othe r will pic k a kind of r oot which g r ow s

u nde r mug wo rt -
a n d which i f p u ll ed e x actly at
, ,

midnight on the Eve of S t J oh n t he B a pti s t a n d .

placed u nde r he r pillow will give he r a dr eam of he r

,

fu tu r e h u s ba nd .

Anothe r will p l a ce over he r head the o rphine

plant commo n l y c all ed Mi ds u m m er m e n : the be n d
,
-

ing of the leave s to the r ight o r to the left wi l l t e l l

he r whether her h u s band w as t r ue o r fal s e .

Bou r ne cite s fr om the Tr u ll an C o u n cil a s pecie s

of divination s o s ingu l ar that it is impo s s ibl e to
, ,

r ead it witho u t being r eminded of t he Python e s s o n

he r t r ipod o r the D ru ide s s on her seat of s to n e

, .

“
O n the a 3r d of J u n e which is the Eve of S t , .

Joh n the Bapti s t men a nd women we r e acc u s tomed

,

to gather togethe r i n the eveni ng at the s e a s ide o r -

in ce rt ain ho u s es an d there ado r n a gi rl who w as

,

h er fathe r s fi rs t b egotten chi l d afte r the ma nner of

’
-
 if O IRé EO t C . 2 03

a b r ide Then they feas ted and leaped afte r the

.

ma n ne r of Bacchanal s a n d danced and s ho uted as ,

they we r e wont to do o n thei r holy days ; after thi s -

,

they po u r ed into a na rr ow necked ve s s el s ome of -

the s e a wate r and al s o p u t into it ce rtain things

-
,

b elo ngi ng to each of the m Then as if the devil .

gifted the gi r l w ith the fac u lty of telling futu r e things ,

they wo u ld enqu i r e wi t h a lo u d voice ab out the

good o r evil fo rtu ne th a t s ho u l d attend them ; upon
thi s the gi r l took o u t of t he ve s s el the fi rs t thing
that c a m e to h a n d and s howed it a nd gave it to the ,

ow n e r w ho u pon r eceivi ng it w as s o foo l i s h as to

, , ,

im agi n e him s elf wi s e r as to the good or evi l fo rtune ,

that s ho u l d atte n d him .

The D r u idic ve rvain w as held in e s timation on this

da y as we r ead i n Ye P ofi ish [( i ng dom e .

T h d th y j yf l f t f J h n y B pti t t k hi t n
en o e o u e as o o e a s a e s ur e,

Wh b nfi g t wi th l fty fl m in v y t w n d b n
en o e rs re a o a e e er o oe ur e,

A d y
n ng m ou nd b t wi th m id d d c in v y s t e et
e n ro u a ou a es oe an e e er r e,

W i th g l nd w g h t f m th w t l wi th w in w t
ar a s ro u o o e r- or , o r e se ver a s ee e .

The fo ll owi ng extract fr om the Cal enda r of the

Romi s h C h u r ch s hows u s what doi ngs the r e u s ed to
,

J UN E .

23 T he V i gi l f h N ivi y f J h h B p i
r o t e at t o o n t e a t st
g iv V p
. .

Spic e s a re e n at es e rs

l igh d p
.

Fires are te u

A g i l wi h l i l d m h p c l i m h g l
.

r t a tt e ru t at ro a s t e ar an d
By d i gi l cl h
.

o s d are re s s e n r s
’
ot es .
2 04 if01 R= 1 0t 6 .

C l aro sl i b l i mp c i g i h v ici
to the e ra : re a t o ns a a ns t t e a ar o us

w m i d g h igh d b gh i v l
.

W ate rs ar e s u n u ri n t e n t , an a re ro u t n es s e s
h h gf p p t at f divi
an i or ur ose s o nat o n

Fmi g i m i wi h h v l g
.

e n reat e s t cc f i d
at o n t t e u ar o n a o u nt o ts s e e
H b f di ff ki d gh wi h m y c m i
.

er s o e r e nt n s a re s o u t t an e re on es

G i l Thi l i g h d d h d d c by h m
.

’
r s st e s at e re an a un re r o ss e s t e sa e
T h N ivi y f J h h B p i
.
,

24 e at t o o n t e a t st
w l im i
.
.

D w de v i
an ne ea es n e st at o n

Th v lg l ic
.

e u ar s o s t e .

It w as on H allo w E e n that the D ru id s used to fl

’

compel thei r s u bj ect s to extingui s h thei r fi r e s which , ,

when the a n nu al du e s we r e paid we r e relighted ,

fr om that holy fi r e which b u rnt i n the clacha n of the

D ru id s and which neve r died
, .

Even n o w all fi re s are e x tin g ui s hed on H allow

E en and a fi re being made by r u bbi ng two s t ick s
’

together they are r eli ghted from that and fr om that ,

alone .

The s ame c u stom is observed among the Chero k ee

I ndian s .

At the village o f Fi ndern i n Derby shi re the b oy s ,

a nd gi rl s go eve r y yea r on th e 2 nd of N ovembe r

and l ight a n u mbe r of s mal l fi r e s amon g the fu rze

g rowi ng the re which they call Ti ndles They can
. .

give no r e as on fo r s o doing .

T hr o u gho u t the U nited Kingdom the r e are s imila r

divining c u s tom s obse r ved to tho s e w hich I have
j u st de s c ri be d as e x e r ci s ed on Mids u mme r Eve .

The re ar e mi s ce ll aneo u s ve s tige s of fi re —wo rship

b eside s tho s e al r ea dy noticed .
2 06 f e lhg i ore o

centre is s e t a pe r pe n dic u l a r po s t fixed by a wooden ,

pi n to t he co u ple the lowe r e nd being placed in a n

,

oblong g r oove on the floo r and anothe r pole placed

,

ho r izonta lly between the u p right po s t and the leg of

the co u ple i n t o both of which the e nd s being ta pe r ed
are in s e r ted. Thi s ho r izonta l t imbe r is ca ll ed the
au g e r b eing p r ovided with fo u r s ho r t s poke s by
,

wh ich it can be tu r ned A s man y men as can be

.

co l lected are then s e t to wo rk Havi ng dive s ted .

the m s e l ve s of al l k ind s of metal s the y t u r n the pole ,

tw o at a time by me a n s of the leve rs whi l e othe rs ,

keep d r ivi ng wedges u n der the up r ight po s t s o a s to

p e s s it agai ns t the a u ge r which by the fr iction s oon
r
,

become s ig n i ted F r om t hi s t he need fi r e is i ns ta ntl y

.
-

p r oc u r ed a n d a l l o ther fi res bein g q u e n ched tho s e

, ,

that are rekindl ed b oth i n dwel l i ng ho u s e s a n d o ffice s

ar e acco u n t ed s a c r ed a n d t he di s ea s e d a n d bewi t ched
,

cattl e ar e s ucce s s ive l y made to s me l l t hem .

Thi s contr ivance is e l abo rate and its de s c r iption

not u n natu ral l y awkwa rd It is howeve r wo rthy of
.

r ema r k th a t i n the initiation of F r ee mas on s a l l

metal s a re taken from them .

Water w as wo rs hipped by th e D ru id s a n d w as ,

used b y them for p u r ification The W e l s h p e as an .

t r y ho l d s ac r ed the r ain wate r w hich lodge s in the

-

c revice s of thei r cro m le achs o r al ta rs a n d the I r i s h ,

 IFO IB= 1 0re
a o 207

“
p r ove r b To take a dip in the Shan no n would ,

s eem to s ho w th a t its w ate rs we r e he l d in th e s a me

s u pe rs tit io u s r eve r ence a s a r e tho s e of the Gange s

by the nat i ve s of H i ndo s ta n .

The D r u id s b e s p ri nk led them s elve s with dew when

t hey w e nt to s ac r ifice a n d it is a be l ief amo n g th e
,

E ng l i s h las s e s th at tho s e who b athe thei r fa ce s i n

the dew on May Day m o r ning wi l l have beau tifu l
comple x ion s .

It is a be l ief i n O xfords hi r e that to c u r e a man

b itten b y a mad dog he sho u l d be taken to the s e a
,

a n d d ipped the r ei n n i n e time s .

The r ega r d s t i l l p a id howeve r to we l l s and fou n

, ,

tai ns b y th e pe as a n t r y is th e mo s t e x trao r dinar y

featu r e of wate r wo rs hip I n the ea rl y ages it pre
-
.

v a i l ed with such st r e ngth that the R oman C athol ic s

,

fe a r ing to combat the c u s tom ch r i s tia n ized it by

givi ng the ho l y wells the name s of pop u l a r s a i nts ,

a n d by e njoining pi lg r image s afte r the Pagan fa s hion

to t he ir sh r i ne .

In ome pa rts of E ngla n d it is s till c u s tomar y to

s

deco rate the s e we ll s with bo u gh s of t r ee s g arlands ,

of tu lip s a n d o t he r flowe rs p l aced in v ar io u s fancied

,

device s .

At one time indeed it w as t he c u s tom on H o l y

,

Th u rs d ay aft e r t he s e r vice fo r the day a t t he ch u r ch

, ,
2 08 f olk l or e .

fo r the c l e rgyman an d s inge rs to pra y an d sing

psalm s at the s e we ll s .

Pilg r image s a r e s t i l l made by inval ids amo ng the

poo r I r i s h to we ll s who s e wate rs a re suppo s ed to
,

po s s e s s m edici n al p r ope r ties u nder the i nfl u ence o f

s ome b e n e fi ce n t s ai n t .

The well of S trathfi llan i n Scotland is a l s o r e s o rted

t o at ce rtain pe r iod s of the y e a r The water o f the
.

well of T r i n ity Gas k i n P e rth s hi r e is s u ppo s ed to

c u r e an y o n e seized wi th the plagu e I n many p arts .

of Wale s the water u s ed for the bapti s mal font is

fetched fr om the s e ho l y we ll s .

N ot o nl y a reve re n ce b u t actu al s ac r ifice s ar e

,

o ffe r ed to some of the s e we ll s a nd to the s aint s which

p r e s ide ove r them or to the s pi rits which a r e s u p

,

po s ed to i nhabit them .

I n a qu i ll et c a ll ed Gwer n D eg la ne a r the village

, ,

of L l a n degla i n W a le s the r e is a s mal l s p r i ng The .

water is u n der th e t u tel age of S t Tec l a a nd is e s .

teemed a s ove r eign remedy fo r th e fall ing sickne s s .

The patie n t wa s he s his l imb s i n the we l l make s a n

'

offe r i ng i nt o it of fo u rpe n ce wal k s r o u nd it t hr ee

,

time s and th r ice r ep e at s th e Lo rd s p r aye r I f a

’

.
,

man he s ac r ifice s a cock ; i f a wom a n a hen The

, .

fowl is ca rr ied i n a bas ket fi rs t r o u nd t he w e l l a fte r ,

that into th e ch u r chy a r d and ro u nd the ch u r c h .

The vota ry then ente rs the ch u r ch g ets u nde r the ,

21 0 f o lk l or e .

The W ell of S t K ey ne in the par i s h of St K eyne

. .
,

in Co r nw a l l is s uppo s ed to po s s e s s a c u r io u s p rope rty

,

which is h u mo rou s ly e x p l a i ned in the fol l owing

ve rs e s
TH E W E LL O F S T K E YN E . .

A w ll t h i i th w t c nt y
e e re s n e es ou r

cl
,

A d n a v w e a re r o n e n e
n er as s e e

Th i n t wi f in th w t c t y
e re s o a e e es o un r

B thu h d f th W ll f S t K yn
as e ar o e e o . e e .

An k nd n lm t
oa ta d b id a e re e s a n es e,

A d b hi d d th
n eht g w
n o a n as re e ro

wi ll w f m th b k b v
,

A d n a o ro e an a o e

D p t th w t b l w
ro o s o e a er e o .

A t v l c m t th W ll f S t K y
ra e er a e o e e o e ne ,

Pl
.

e as a n t it w as t o his e ye
Fo r f m c ck c
ro o -
ro he ha d w b e en tra v l i ng
e

cl d i
,

h
A n d t e r e w as n o t a ou n t he s k y .

d k
H e ran o f the a e r s o o o a n d wt c l cl e ar ,

hi
Fo r t rs t a n d ho t w as he y
A n d he s at hi m d w p
o n u o n t he b k
an

U d th wi ll w t
,

n er e o re e .

Th c m m n f m n i g h b i g t w
e re a e a a ro a e or n o n,

A t th w ll t fill hi p i l ;
e e o s a

O nth w ll id h e t d it
e -
s e e re s e

d b d th g h il
,

An a t e e s ran er a .

N w
o t th ar b ch l t g ? q t h h
ou a a e o r , s ra n er uo e

i f t h h t wi f
, ,

F o r an ou as a e,

T h h ppi t d
e a g ht th h t d k thi d y
es ra u ou as ra n s a

Th t v th did t i thy l i f
a e er ou s n e .

O hr y g d w m n if y h v
as o ur oo o a o ne ou a e,

w ll v b ?
,

In C o rn a e er een

F o r an i f h h v I ll v nt my l i f
s e a e,
’
e ure e,

Sh h e d k f th W l l f S t K y
as run o e e o . e ne .

I h v l ft g d w m n wh v w h
a e e a oo o a o ne er as e re ,

Th t g h m d ply ;
e s ran er e a e re

B t t h t my d gh t h l d b b tt f th t
‘

u a rau s ou e e er or a

I p y th t l l m wh y
,

ra ee e e .
 f ol k l or e . 21 1

St K y q h h c ym m y im
e ne , uot t e o u ntr an, an a t e,

D k f hi h y l w l l
.

ra n o t s C r s ta e ;
A d b f
n g l mm d h
e o re t he an e su o ne e r,

S h l id e h w
a p ll on t e at e r a s e .

If h h b d ( f hi gi f d w ll )
t e us an o t s te e

Sh l l d i k b f hi wif
, ,

a r n e o re s e,

A h pp y m h c f h i h
a an t en e o rt s e,

F h
or h ll b m
e s f l if a e as te r or e .

B if h wif h l d d i k f i fi
ut t e e s ou r n o t rs t ,

G d h lp
o h b d h
e t he us an t en

T h g
e s tr a n p d h w ll f S K y e r s to o e to t e e o t e ne ,

k fi w gi
.

A ddn ra n o ts ate rs a a n.

Y oud k f h w ll I w
ran b im o t e e ar ran t et es ?
H e h c to t eym id o u ntr an s a

ym m i l d h g pk
,

B uth c t e o u ntr an s e as t e s tran er s o e,

A d h pi hly h
n s k hi h d
ee s s oo s ea .

Ih d
as te n e h w ddi g das s o o n as t e e n w as o ne

A d l f my wif i
.

n e h p ch
t e n t e or

i f i h I f d h wi
,

B ut
’
a t h m o un er ser t an e,

For s he to o k a bo ttle to chu r ch .

I mu s t not omit to mentio n a method of divi n ation

b y water which is p ra cticed a t Made r n We l l i n the
,

p ar i s h o f M ade r n a n d at t he we l l of St E n n y s in
, .
,

the pa r i s h of S a ncr e d Co r nwal l At a ce rtain pe r iod , .

o f the y ea r moo n o r da come the u nea s y impatie nt

, y , ,

a n d s u pe r s titio u s a n d by d ropping pi n s or pebble s

,

i n to the wate r a n d by s h ak ing t he g r o u nd r o u nd t he

,

s p r i n g s o as to r ai s e b u bb l e s fr om th e bottom em ,

de a v o r to p r edict the fu t u r e This p ract ice is not .

i ndige no u s to B r itai n The C as talian fo u ntai n in .

G r eece w as s u ppo s ed to b e of a p r ophetic natu re .

By dip p i ng a mi rr o r i nto a we l l the P at rae ans r eceived .

as they s u ppo s ed ome ns of en s u ing s ick n e s s o r

,
21 2 f ol k l ore .

health from the fi gu re s po rtrayed u pon its s u rface .

I n Laconia the y cas t i nto a lake s ac red to J u no

, , ,

th r ee stone s and dre w p r ognostication s fr om the

,

several t u r n s which the y made in si n ki ng .

I will t ran s late at length a p r etty F r ench s to r y

which I have met w ith a n d which wi l l ado r n as we ll
,

as i l l u s t rate the p r e s ent s u bject .

TH E LEGEN D O F TH E PI N .

I n th e We s t of F ran ce the pin is endowed wi th

a fab u l ou s powe r which is n ot witho u t a ce rtai n
,

inte re s t O n e of its s u ppo s ed att r ib u te s is the powe r

.

of at tr ac t in g love rs to her w ho po s s e s s it aft e r it has ,

been u s ed i n the toilet of a b r ide Con s equ ently it .

is a c u r io u s s ight in La V ende e o r L e s De u x S ev r e s -
,

to s e e al l the pea s ant gi r l s a n x io u s ly p l aci ng a pin

’

in the b r ide s d r e s s : the n u mber being often s o con

s ide rable that she is fo r ced to have a in c u s hion
p
-

attached to her wai s t band to r eceive al l the p r ickl y

-

charms At night on the th r e s hold of the b r idal

.
,

cham b er sh e is surrou nded b y he r companion s each

, ,

o ne easi ly s eizin g upon the cha r med pin which is ,

k ept as a sac r ed relic .

I n B r ittan y the pin is r ega rded as the g ua rdian of

chas tit y a mute witne s s which wi l l one day s tand
,

fo rth to applau d or c o ndemn i n the followi ng man

ne r
21 4 f ol k l ore .

plain whe nce they p l u nged o n ce mo r e into the dark

,

fo r e s ts of Fi n i s te r r e fi ll ed w it h D r u idical memo r ie s .

I t m ight h a ve bee n tho s e s omb r e s h a de s which s a d

d e n e d them fo r a moment b u t it w as o n l y fo r a ,

mome nt J e a n fea r ed not the t r ial fo r he loved

. ,

M a rgar et a n d be l ieved he r to be an a n ge l A n d
, .

M a rga r e t fe ar ed it n o t fo r s he knew t hat s he w as

,

i n noce nt .

Now the y we r e c l o s e to the s ac r ed fo u n ta i n w hic h ,

b u rs t th r o u gh the c r evice s of a r ock ove r g r own wi th

mo s s i nto a n atu ral bas on a n d t he n ce like a th read
,

of s ilve r thr o u gh t he fo r e s t .

They di s mo u nted a nd M a rgar e t k n ee l i ng d ow n

, , ,

p rayed fe r ven tl y fo r s ome mome nt s T he n r i s i ng .

,

s he gave he r left ha n d to he r l ove r a n d fu ll of con ,

fide n c e a dva n c e d towa r d the wel l

, A l as &s he had .

too m u c h fa ith in the vi r tu e of the l ege nd I ns t e a d .

of a tho r n p in s he took fr om a n ecke r chief o n e with

,

a s il ve r he a d which he had give n he r H e p re s s ed .

he r fing e r s a ffec t io n ate l y a s he took it fr o m he r ha nd

a n d d r op p e d it i nt o t he w e ll I t di s a p pe a r ed i n s ta n
.

t a n e o u s ly M a rga r e t s a n k t o t he g r o u nd wi th a
.

h e a r t b r oken g r o a n
-
.

H e ra i s ed he r a nd p laced he r on his ho rs e bu t he ,

did n o t s pe a k to he r he did n o t c ar e s s he r I n
, .

mo u r n fu l s i l e nce he w al ked by he r s ide H e r a r m .

co u l d no l o nge r emb race him She was n o t his .

 [R-fl LO l C
‘
. 21 5

M a rga ret no w S he w as a g u i l ty w r etch who had

.

dared to tempt the j u dgment of God .

’
H e placed he r do w n at he r fathe r s doo r and ,

s to oping he ki s s ed he r o n the fo r ehead I t w as a .

s ilent adieu he w as biddi n g he r ; it w as his las t ki s s

— it was the ki s s of death .

N e x t m o rn ing he r co rp s e w as fo u n d u nde r neath

his wi n dow . The r e we re n o ma rk s of viole n ce upon
her body ; the wo u nd w as in he r he a rt ; s he had died
a victim t o a de s te s table s u pers tition .

To the eleme nt of air we do not find o u r peas ants

pay an y pa r t ic u l ar homag e u nl e s s the we ll known
,
-

p ractice of s a i l o rs of w hi s tl ing fo r the wi n d i n a dead

ca l m a n d o f the C o r n i s h labo r e rs when e ngaged in
,

winnowi ng may be rega r ded as s u ch .

B u t the wo rs h ip of the heave nly b odie s has not

yet died o u t amo ng u s The a s t r ologi s ts of the
:

midd l e ages we r e b u t co p yi s ts of the a n cie n t C h al

de a n s a nd the l ower c l a s s e s to thi s day d ra w omen s
,

fr om meteo r s a n d fall i ng s ta rs G e n e ral Valla nce y

.
,

b y the way r eco rd s a c u r io u s i ns ta nce in his Collect

,

a n ea de r ebu s H ibe r n i ci s of an I r i s h p ea s a n t who

,

co u l d neithe r r ead no r w r ite b u t who co u l d c a l c u l ate

eclip s e s .

When we co n s ide r how u n ive rs al a n d ho w p r om

in e nt w as the wo r s hi p of the s u n i n t he wo r l d it is ,
21 6 f o lk l ore .

alm o s t su rp r i s i ng that we do not find m o re vesti g es

of thi s idolat ry The r e a r e s ome few however
. .

I t was o n ce a c u s t om o f th e v u l gar t o r ise early

on Eas ter Da y to see the s u n da n ce for the y fancied ,

that the reflectio n of its b e a m s p l ayed o r da nced upon

t he wate r s o f an y s p r in g or lake they m ight look

into .

I n the B r iti s h Apo l lo fol Lo nd 1 70 8 vo l i N o , . .

, . . .

4 0 , we r ead :

Q O ld wiv P hce b es , y us , s a

Th t n E t d y
.

a o as e r a

T th m ic th s p h e d c p
,
’
o e usy 0 e re s ou o a e r,

I f th f ct i b t
e a s r, e ru e ,

P y l t th c k n w
,
’
ra e s e au s e o

Wh n y u h v ny r m i y p p
,

e o a e a oo n o ur a er .

A Th ld wiv
e o g t m y es e e rr

W i th p i d l h y
.

’
s c a e or s e rr

O nE t which m k th m m nc
as e r, a es e ro a e

A d whi l t in
n t s a rou

Th i r b i s whi l b t
,

e ra n r a ou

T h y f nc y w e c p d d nc
,

e a a e r an a e .

The s u n s hi ning on the b r ide as s he goe s to chu r ch

is a g ood omen The c l o u d y r is i ng of the s u n is a
.

p re s age of mi s fo rtu ne The H ighlande rs when .

,

they app roach a we l l to d r ink walk ro u nd it fr o m ,

ea s t to we s t s ometimes th r i ce
, .

The O rkney fi s he rm e n o n g oin g to sea wo u l d , ,

thin k them s e l ve s i n immine nt pe ril we r e the y by ,

accident to t u r n thei r boat in opp o s it ion to th e s u n s ’

co u rs e ; and I have see n ma n y we ll ed u cated people -

s e r io u s l y d is co m fi t e d if the ca r ds fr o m th e pack the ,

21 8 f olk l ore .

the s u n and the con s equ e n t r e n ewa l of the hu nting

,

s ea s o n .

I n m atte rs of divinatio n the moo n is s u ppo s ed by ,

the v u lga r to po s s e s s a p e c u l i a r powe r Sh e w as .

s u ppo s ed to e x e r ci s e a n infl u ence not o nl y ove r

the tide s of the s e a a n d over th e mind s of men
, ,

b u t a l s o over the fu t u r e in we a the r cooke r y a n d

, , ,

h
p ys io .

W he n t he m o on is e n ci rc l ed b y a halo o r is ,

”
involved i n a mi s t when s he i s call ed g r eas y it
, ,

po rtend s rain — when sh e is s ha r p ho r ned wi n dy ,

weathe r It is al s o a gene ra l b elief amo ng a ll c l a s s e s

.

that a s t he weat he r is at the new moon s o it will ,

co ntin u e d u r ing the whole month .

I n m a n y of the old alman a c s and b ooks o f bu s

band ry it is di r ected to ki l l hogs when t he m oon is
,

inc rea s ing a nd the b acon wi l l p r ove the b et t e r i n

, ,

boiling ; to shear s heep at the moon s i n c re as e ; to ’

fe l l h a nd timbe r fro m the fu l l to the cha nge ; to fe ll

-

fri th coppice a nd fu el at the fi rs t q u ar t e r ; to ge l d

, ,

cattle when the moon is i n A r ie s Sagittar i u s o r , ,

Cap r icor n .

I n The H u s ba n dm a n s P r acti ce o r P r og nosti ca ti on ,

f or e ve r the r e a de r is ad v i s e d
,
“
To p u rge with

elec t u ar ie s the moon i n C a n ce r w ith pi ll s th e moo n e ,

”
i n Pi s ce s with potio ns th e moone i n Vi rgo a n d
, ,

“
in a nother p l ace To s e t s o w seed s g r aft and
, , , ,
 f o lk l ore . 21 9

pl ant the moo n e being in Ta u r us Vi rgo o r Cap r i

, ,

co r n and all k in ds of co m e i n Cance r to g raft i n

, ,

’
Ma rch at the m o o ne s inc rea s e she b ei n g i n Tau ru s
, ,

o r Cap r ico r n .

We r e nfe ls in his D i s s e rtatio n o n S u pe rs tition ,

&

s peaking of a s u pe r s titio u s m an w r ite s H e will

“
, ,

have his hai r cut either when the moon is in Leo ,

that his loc k s may s ta re like the lion s s hag o r i n ,

A r ies that the y m ay s ta r e l ike a ra m s ho r n What .

ever he wo u l d have to g r o w he s e ts about when s he

is i n the i n c r eas e ; fo r whateve r he wo u ld have made
l e s s he choo s e s he r wane When the moon is in
.

Ta u rus he can never be pe rs uaded to take phys ic

, ,

l e s t that anim al which chew s its cu d s ho u ld make

hi m cas t it u p aga in ; and if at any time he has a
mind to be admitted to the p re s ence of a p r ince he ,

wi l l wait ti l l the moon is in co nj u ncti o n with the

s u n fo r t is then the society of an i n fe r io r with a
’

s upe r ior is s a l uta r y and s ucce s s fu l .

The i s l ande rs of Sky wi ll not dig peats ( which is

their o nly fu e l ) i n the i nc reas e of the moo n be lie v ,

ing that they a r e le s s moi s t a n d w ill b u r n mo r e

,

clearly if ou t in the wane .

I n the pa r i s he s of Ki rkw al l a n d St O l a O rkney .

, ,

none ma rr y or ki ll cattl e in the wane .

I n Angus it is b el ieved that if a child be p u t from

t he b r ea s t du r ing the waning of the moo n it wi l l ,
 if O IRfl LO t C
‘
2 20 .

decay all the time t h a t the moon conti n u e s to wane .

I wi l l mention two mo re in s tances of divination ,

o ne fr om Thoma s H odge s I n ca r n ate D i v ells viz ’

, .
,

“
That when the moone appea r eth i n the s p r ing
time the one ho r n spotted a nd h idden with a blacke
,

and g reat clo u de fr om the fi rst day o f he r appa r i t ion

to the fo u rth day afte r it is some s igne o f tempe s ts
,

and t ro u ble s i n the ai r e th e s u mme r afte r .

W hen the new moon appears with the o l d moon

i n he r a rm s o r in other wo rds when that pa rt of the
,

moon which is cove red b y the s hado w of the e arth

is s een th r o u g h it it is con s ide r ed not only an omen
,

of b ad weathe r bu t a l s o of m i s fo rtu ne as we le a r n
, ,

from the fo l lowing s tanza i n the ball ad of S i r P a tr ich

L ate , y lI h
at e w m
e s tre e n s aw t e ne o o ne

Wi h ’
ld m
t i h
e au m o o ne n e r ar e ;
A d I f i I f i my d i m
n e r, e r, e r as te r ,

Th w w i ll c m h m
at e o e to ar .

One might e n u me r ate examp l e s of thi s k i n d to

vo l u me s and I fea r I have a l r eady pas s ed the l imits
,

of h u m a n end u ra n ce ; I m u s t howeve r w r ite a few , ,

wo rds u pon the s u bj ect of moon wo rs hip -

.

The femini n e appe ll ation is traditionally de r ived

fr om the fa b l e of I s i s who was entit l ed t he w ife of
,

th e s u n The s u pe rs tition of the man ih the moon

.
- - -
,

is s u ppo s ed to have o rigina ted i n the acco u nt given

i n the B oo k o f N umbe rs & V 3 2 ci sea of a man , . .
2 22 f ol k l ore .

t in o ple , A . D the following inte rdiction

. 680 , is
“
Tho s e b o ne fi re s that are ki ndled by ce rtaine
-

pe o ple on new m o o ne s befo r e their s hop s and ho u s e s ,

ove r which also they are mo s t fooli s hl y and r idicu

lo u s ly to le ap e b y a ce r taine antient c u s tom we ,

Command them fr om hencefo r th to cea s e Whoeve r .

the r efo r e s hal l do an y s u ch thing if he be a c l e rgy ,

man let him be depo s ed— if a l ayma n l et him be

excomm u nicated .

N o bonfire s are no w l it in hono r of the new moon ,

b u t the common I r i s h o n beholding he r fo r the fi rs t

time c r os s them s elve s s a y i n g : ,

Ma y thou leave u s as s afe as tho u h as t fo u nd

Engli s h peas ants often s alute the new moon s a y ,

“ ”
ing : The r e is the new moon God ble s s her u s ually , ,

s eatin g them s elve s on a s tile as they do s o .

The y al s o believe that a new m o o n s een over the

r ight s hou l de r i s luck y over the left s ho u lder u n,

l u cky and s traight befo r e good l u ck to the end of

,

the moon .

That i f they l ook s traight at t he new moon ( o r a

s h o oting s ta r ) whe n they fi rs t s e e it and wish fo r ,

s omething thei r wi s h wi ll be fu lfilled befo r e the end

,

o f the y ea r .

The pea s ant gi rl s in s ome pa rts of England when

, ,

t he y see the new moon in the n e w yea r take thei r ,

 f olk l ore . 2 23

stockin g off from one foot and ru n to the next stile ;

when they get the r e the y l o o k b etween the g reat
,

toe a nd the next and expect to find a hair which

,

will b e the colo r of their l ove r s .

. I n Y o r k s hire it is common en o u g h for an inquisi

,

tive maid to go o u t into a fi el d till she fi nds a s tone

fa s t in th e ea rth to k neel upon thi s with naked knees
,

and l o oking u p at the n e w moon to say

A ll h i l new m n
a oo allh i l t th
a o ee ,

I p i th g d m v lt m
, ,

r ee , oo oo n re ea o e

Thi ni g ht w h h ll my t e l v e b e
,

s ,
o s a ru o ,

Wh h i nd wh
o e s, a a t h w e e ars ,

A nd wh t he d es a o a ll m nth
o nd y s a ears .

She then r eti r es ba chwa r ds till s he comes to a

s tile , a n d goe s to b ed directly witho u t s pea k in g a

w o rd.

The I r i s h b elieve that eclip s e s of the mo o n are

effected b y wi tchc raft and th is occas ions me to nar
,

r ate a c u r io u s c u s tom of the ancient Pe r uvian s who

we r e the Eg yptians of the N ew World .

When the moon became eclips ed the y imagined ,

that she was ill a n d wo u ld fall down and c ru s h the

wo rld Accordingl y as soon a s the eclip s e com
.

m e n ce d th e y made a noi s e with co r nets a nd d ru m s

, ,

a n d t y i n g dogs to t r ee s b eat them till the y howled

i n o rder to awake the fainting moon who is s aid to

love the s e animal s fo r Diana and N e hale n na are
,

s e l dom rep r esented without a do g b y their si de .

2 24 f olk l ore
Since we fi nd in a b o o k called O s b o rne s Advice
,
’

to his Son p 79 that the I ri s h and Welch d u r i ng

, .
,

eclipse s ran ab o u t b eating kettl e s and pan s thi nking ,

their clamo r and vexation s avai l ab le to the as s i s ta nce

”
of the highe r orbe s it is p r obable that they made
,

u s e of the s ame canin e r e s o u r ces a s the native s o f

“

Pe ru and that s uch is the o r igin of the I ri s h p rove rb

,

“
that dog s w ill ba r h at the m oon .

H avi ng th u s conside red the wo rs hip of the ele

me nts and of the heavenl y bodie s e x tant amo ng u s ,

let u s pas s on to those mino r idolatr ies which are

still r etai n ed among the lower o rde rs .

The r e is no religio u s c u stom of the Ru ss ians s o

celeb rated as that of p r es enting each other with eggs
“
dyed and s tained s ayin g ,C h r i s t is r i s en
, To
”
which the othe r rep l ie s H e is indeed and the v ,

excha nge ki s s e s .

A n egg w as th e Egyptian emblem of the u nive rse ,

a nd it was fr om the Egyptian s that a l l the Pagan

nation s and afte r wa rds the G r eek C h r i s tian s de r ived

,

this ce remony The y are used al s o b y the Roman

.

Catholic s and b y the J ews i n their Pas chal fe s tival .

It is p r obable th at it w as al s o a D ru idic ce remony ,

for it p revail s i n C u mb e rl a nd and many othe r co u n

tie s o f England O n Eas te r Mo nda y and Tu e s day
.

the inhab itants assem b le i n the meado ws the chil ,

2 26 f O l R= 1 0reo

meet togethe r i n compa n ie s an d that by j oi n i ng

,

head s together a nd hi s s ing a ki n d of bubble is

,

fo r med which the r e s t by conti nu a l hi s s ing b l o w o n

ti l l it q u ite pas s e s th rough the body when it imme ,

diate ly h ardens an d r e s em b les a g l ass r i ng which

wi l l make its finder p r o s pe r o u s in all his u n de r tak
ings The r ings th u s gene rat ed a r e cal led g lei n u
.

m a dr oeth o r s nake s to n e s
, They a r e s m all gla s s
.

amulets commonl y abo u t ha l f as wide as o u r fi nge r

r ing s ,b u t m u ch thicke r of a g r een co l o r u s u a l ly
,

tho u gh s ometime s b l u e and waved wi th r e d a n d

w hite .

C a re u in his S u r vey of C or nw a ll s ay s th at its in

hab itants believe that s nake s b reathi ng u pon a hazel
wand p r od u ce a s to ne r i ng of a b l u e co l o r in which ,

the r e a ppears the ye ll ow fig u r e of a s nake and that ,

beas t s which have b een b it by a mad do g o r poi s o ned ,

if given s ome wate r to d r ink whe rein thi s s to n e has

bee n i nfu s ed wi ll pe r fectl y r ecove r
, .

The fo ll owi ng c u s tom is ev idently a d ramatic

r ep r e s entation of the r ape of the s e r pe n t s egg a l a
’

Pl i ny
O n Eas ter M o n day in N o rmandy the commo n
, ,

people cong r egate ci la m otte de P o ug a r d which t hey

s u rr o u nd The y p l ace at the foo t a b as ket co n tain
.

i n g a hund r ed egg s the n u mbe r of the s tones of the

,

temple of A n b u r y A m a n take s th e e gg s a nd
.
 i IRs JLO I C
’ ‘
. 227

place s them s i ngly on the top of the t u m u l u s and ,

then de s ce nds i n the s ame m a nn e r to r etu r n them

to the b as ket While th i s is doi ng a n othe r man
. ,

r u n s to a village half a leag u e off a n d if h e ca n ,

r et u r n befo r e the la s t egg is r e s to r ed to the ba s ket ,

he gai ns a ba rr e l of cide r as a p r ize which h e ,

emptie s with the co ope ratio n of his fr ie n ds a n d a

-
,

B a ccha nal i a n d an ce r o u n d the t u m u l u s e nds the

r oceedi ng s
p .

Se r pe nt wo rs hip is almo s t e x ti n ct if not e nti rely

-
,

s o ; a n d t he be l ief of the lowe r o r de rs in I r e l a n d tha t

St Pat r ick e x pelled al l th e s na ke s a nd othe r r eptile s

.

fr om th e i s l a n d is pe rh aps de r iv e d fr o m his having

e x tingu i s hed their ado r e rs .

H oweve r it is con s ide r ed u nl u ck y i n E ngl and to

,

ki l l the h a rm l e s s g r een snake ; a nd the r e is a s u pe r

s t it io n a lmo s t u n ive rs ally p r e s e n t that it will not die
,

ti ll the s ettin g of that s u n of which it w as an em

,

b l em .

I ts tenacit y of life is i ndeed s omethi ng ma r velou s .

Mr Payne Knight i n his wo rk o n Phal lic wo rs hip

. , ,

( which I r e a d at t he B r i t i s h M u s e u m b u t which is
,

s omewh a t ab s u r dl y excluded fr om the catalogue )

s t a te s that he has seen t he hea r t of an adde r th r o b

for some moments after it had been comp l et e ly taken

fr om the b ody and even r enew its b ea t ings ten
,

m i n u te s afte r wa rd s when di pp ed i n hot wate r .

 IFO IIB I O t C.
’
228

Man y of o u r ladie s wear b racelets i n the s hape o f

a s nake as d id the Eg y ptian dame s of old The
, .

’
lowe r o rde r s believe that a se r pent s ski n wi l l ext ract
tho r ns a nd its fat is s old to Lo ndon chem i s ts at fi ve
,

s hil l ings a po u n d for its m edicinal p r ope r tie s .

M o s t c u r io u s of al l is th e s u pe rs titio n that by ,

eati ng s nakes o n e m ay g ro w yo u ng and of which ,

the th r ee fo l lowing pas s ages are il l u s tration s .

g l w m ld
A ci
e nt e b ch l w h l k d v y
o an to an an e nt a e or, o oo e er

y g h h h gh h h d
oun t at s ek N mi
t ou (h id ) t e a e at e n a s na e o s tre s s , e sa

i i b c I v m ddl d wi h k which m k h m l k
,

t s e au s e ne er e e t a ny s n a es a et e oo

so y g —H ly S t
o un
”
4 p 3
. o a te , 1 6 2, . 6 .

H h h l f ff l f d
e k
at e t o 0
’
at e to ee o n s na e s,

Hi b d d whi g i s e ar
’
s tu r n e te a a n
M i g O ld L w A V Sc I
.

as s n er , a . ct . . .

H y l vi g b h i d wi ll ll b dy
e 15 o ur o n ro t e r, s r , a n te no o

B ll h m
ut a h h v e k e e ts , t at yo u a e e a t a s na e,

A d ng w y g g m m d mp
a re ro n o un a eso e an ra ant

E l d B h A IV Sc 4
.
, ,
’
I bi a, er ro t e r, ct .
,
. .

O f s tone wo rs hip the r e ar e s till many ve s tige s .

I n a little i s land nea r Skye is a chapel dedic ated to

St C o l u mb u s ; on an alta r is a r ou nd b l u e s to n e
.

which is al ways moi s t Fi s he r men detained by .

,

cont rary winds bathe thi s s tone in wate r e x pecting

, ,

the r eby to obtain favo rab l e winds ; it is likewi s e ap

plied to the s ides of people t roubled with s titches ,

and it is he l d s o holy that deci s ive oath s are swo r n ,

u
p on it
The r e is a s to n e in the pa r i s h of M ad ren Corn ,

wall th ro u gh Which m a ny p e r s o ns are wo nt to c ree p

,
2 30 f o lk l ore .

impo rted it i nto E n g l a n d I t is st ill a s u pe rs tition

.

i n the H igh l ands that tho s e who lay their ha nd s

’

agai n s t the D r u id s s tone s will not p r o s per .

Man y of the s e mo nu me nts a re app r oached with

g reat reve rence b y the n ative s of Scotl and and the
I s le s e s peciall y the Tzghte n a n D r u i dhnea ch i n the
,

I s le o f Sk y e little a r ched rou nd s tone bu i l dings

, ,

capable of holdi ng o n e whe r e the co ntemplative

,

D ru id sat when h is oak co u ld n ot s helte r him fr om

the weathe r The common peopl e never p a s s the s e
.

witho u t wal kin g ro u nd them th r ee times fro m eas t

to we s t .

I n Chartr e s which teem s with D r u id ic ve s tige s a

, ,

c ur i o u s s pecime n of stone wo rs hip r em a in s At the .

c l o s e of s e rvice in the cathedral n o o ne leaves the ,

ch u rch wi tho ut knee l i ng and s aying a sho rt p raye r

befo re a s mal l pi ll a r o r n —
s o e witho u t po l is h bas e
t ,

o r capita l — placed i n a niche a nd much wo r n o n one

,

s ide b y the ki s s e s of the devo u t Thi s s tone is

.

r u mo r ed to b e of high antiquity eve n earlier than ,

t he s te ab l i s hme n t of Ch r i s tiani t y— for many centu r ie s

to have r emained in a c r ypt of the cathed ra l whe r e
—
lamps we re con s tantly bu ning bu t the s ta i rs having
r

bee n much wo r n on one s ide by the g r eat re s o rt o f

pi l gr ims to the s pot the s tone had b een removed
,

fr om its o r iginal s ite to avoid the expen s e s of r e

,

p ai rs . I t w as s aid to be a m i r aculo u s s tone and .

 f o lk l ore . 23 1

that its mi racle s we r e pe r fo r med at the inte r ce s s io n

o f the V i rgin Mar y .

The r e is a ce rtain r everence paid b y the pea s ant r y

to tho s e caves i n which the D r u ids he l d thei r i n itia
to r y r ite s Man y of them are s aid to b e i nh abited
.

b y spi r its a nd there is one in the neighbo rhood of

,

D u ns k e y Scotla nd which is held i n pec u liar ve n e r

, ,

ation At the ch a nge of the moo n it is u s ual to

.

b r in g even fr om a g r e a t di s ta n ce infi r m pe rs on s ,

and pa rtic u la rl y r ickety chi l d ren whom they s u ppo s ed

b ewitched to b a the i n a str ea m which flows fr om
,

th e h i l l a n d th e n to dr y them i n th e cave
, .

A s a mong t he D ru ids it is s till c u s toma r y to place

a p l at te r of s al t a nd e arth u pon th e b reas t of the
co r ps e in man y p a r ts of B r ita in Salt w as he l d in
.

g reat r eve re n ce b y the Eas te r n nation s as an emb l em

of i n co rr u ptibi l ity S o amo ng u s to S pi l l s alt is
.

con s ide red u nl u cky ; it w a s o nly the o ther da y that

I s a w a t a l e nted a n d w ell ed u cated lady ove r
whelmed with con s te r nation at this mi s hap b u t ,

with admi rable p r e s ence of m i n d sh e fl u n g a pinch

ove r her left s ho u lder a n d s o r ecove r ed he r s elf
pos s e s s io n .

H ar e was fo rb idden to the ancient Brito ns b y their

re l igion and to this da y the C o r n i s h eat it with
,

r el u c t a n ce Bo adicea al s o a u gu r ed fr om the ru nni ng

.

of a har e ; a nd a ba re that r u n s ac ro s s a path ( to any

23 2 f o lk l or e
on e bu t a s po rts man o r rathe r a pot hunte r) is an ,
-

omen of il l l u ck -
.

The onion w as an emb l em of the deity amo ng the

Egyp t ia ns pe r h ap s al s o amo ng the D ru ids for it is
, ,

a c u s tom i n s ome p a rts of Engl a n d fo r gi rl s to div in e

b y it as B a r nab y Googe i n his t ra ns lation of N ao
,

e o rg u s Popi s h King do m e i n fo r m s u s
’

g .

In t h m d y y gw
ese sa gy l
e h m a f sm ig b o un ant o n r es t at e e te or arr a e e,

Doe ch k w h m f h m h h l l h i h b d b
s e ar to no t e na es o t e t at s a t e r us an s ee

igh h y k d m k i v y
;
F fi
o u r o nyo n s , ve, or e t, t e ta e , an a e n e er o ne

S ch m
u nah y d f ci m
e s as d b hi k p
t e o an e o s t , an es t to t n u o n,

Th h chi m
u s n e re y hmhyt e d h m O h ne t e t e s e t , an t at s a e n yo n t en

Th fi d h p
at rs t e d h ly b h m f h i g d m
ot s ro u te , ot s u re e ar t e na e o t e r oo an .

I n matte r s o f d re s s the re ar e not man y t race s o f ,

the D r u ids and the ancient B ritons to be fo u nd .

The c a p s of ru s he s ho w eve r which they wore , ,

tied at the to p a n d twi s ted into a band at the bot

tom m ay s t ill b e s een upon the he ads of child r en in
,

Wa l e s a nd s ome pa rts of E ngland I n Shetland the .

,

ancient s a n dal s of u n tanned s kins are wo r n and ,

a l s o by fi s hermen in co l d weather the D ru idic

, ,

wooden s hoe s I co u ld not discove r their r eal o r igi n

.

d u r ing my v i s i t the r e : s ome sa id the y had b ee n

impo rted by the D u tch othe rs that the D u tch had ,

b o r r owed th e idea fr om them ; bu t i n an y ca s e the s e

wooden s hoes the s a bots of the lowe r o rde rs of
,

F rance a re de r ived fr om the D r u ids

, .

The b e s t in s ta nce of d re s s howeve r is th e H igh ,

land pl a id which w as the ve r y g arme nt wo r n by the

,
 ji O llQr-I
‘
2 34 O I C.

AR MAP
Kan d in e nz a ’
e u r r au n ,

Ke n a o u ffe nn b m re an .

L E D R UID E .

T o ut b e a u e n ant f bl an cd u D id ru be, to ut e au r é p o n d s ~
m oi; q ue v eux

i n ? te ch an t e r a ij -
e

’
L EN F ANT .

Ch a n te -
m o i 1a divi i s on du no mb re un ju s q u e
’
cc q ue je l
’
a p p re n n e

au o u rj dh i
’
u .

LE D RU IDE .

P as de divi i n p s o our le no mb l é
re n o a n ce s s ité u ni q u e ; la m o rt pé re

l b
,

d l d
e a o u e ur ; i
r en a v pe T i
a n t, r e n a r s . o ut e au , &c .

L ENEA N T ’
.

Ch a n t e -m o i l divi i n d n mb d x &c
’

a s o u o re eu ,
.

L E D R UI D E .

D xb f l
eu oe u s a tt e é s au n c q ; il t i nt il v
e o ue s re s o nt e x pi re r — Vy
o ez la
m v ill
,

er e e

P as d e divi i s o n, &c .

L E N EA N T ’

Ch t m i l divi i n d n mb t i &
.

an e - o a s o u o re ro s , c .

LE DR UID E .

I &y a t i p ti d l m d ; t i co m m n c m t
ro s ar es an s e on e ro s e e e n s e t t ro s i fi ns
p l h mm c mm p l ch e ; t i cel t
o ur
’
o e, o e our e ne ro s es es ro y m
au es

d M li ; f i t d fl b i ll nt p ti t f t i
’
e er n ru s o r, e u rs r es , s e n an s q ui r e nt .

x bm
a e

D eu u fs , &c .

P as d e divi i s o n, &e .

The ch ri s tianized v e r s io n in Latin is as fo ll ow s

L E NEA N T
’
.

D ic m ihi q id u u nu s ,

D ic m ihi q id u unu s .

LE M A IT RE .

U t D
nu s e s e us ,

g i C
Qu i re n at n oe lis .

L EN EA N T
’
.

D i m ihi q id d
c u uo

m ihi q id d
.

D ic u uo .
 f o l k l or e . 2 35

L E MA IT RE
m
.

D u o te s ta e n ta,

U D
nu s e s t e us ,

Q i g
u rei C li na t n oe s .

L E N EA N T ’

Dic m ihi i
.

qu s u nt t re s
Dic m ihi q u e s u nt tr e s .

LE M AI T RE .

T r e s s u nt
p i h w a tr a r c

m
,

D u o s u nt te s ta e n ta ;

U d
nu s e s t e us ,

Q i g
u i C li
re n at n oe s .

Bo t h of the s e dia l og u e s are co nt in u ed to the

n u mbe r twe l ve I n the Dru idic ve rs ion co nta i n i ng
.

p recepts o n t heo l og y co s mogon y ch ro no l ogy as

, , ,

t r o n o m y geog raph y m agic medici n e a n d h i s to r y

, , , .

The Latin ve rs ion teaching that the r e is one God ,

two te s tame n ts th ree p rophets four eva nge l i s ts fi ve

, , ,

books of Mo s e s s ix pitche rs at the m a rr i age o f

,

Cana s eve n s ac ra me nts eight be a titu de s n i n e c hoi rs

, , ,

of angel s ten comma ndme n ts e l even sta r s which

, ,

appea red to J o s eph a nd twe l ve apo s t l e s

, .

The r e s emblance of s tyle and p r ece p t th rougho u t

is ve r y s t r iking and a di s cove r y which I have m a de
,

of the s ame natu r e r ende rs it s t ill m o r e s u rp r i s i ng .

The re is a pec u l i a r s o ng of the O x fo r ds hi r e pe as

a nts the me a ni ng o f which had often pe r pl e x e d m e
,

a n d which of cou rs e tho s e who s ung it we r e t he

l ea s t able to e x plain .

It is sun g in thi s man n e r O n e of them begins

.

I will i ng y m y n 0
s ou o e
2 36 f olk l or e .

To w hich t he r s e t s i ng i n c ho r u s .

Wh at is y o u r o ne 0

And he s ing s .

O ne is a ll al o n e ,

A nd e v d th
er o re m i
a n so .

The s ong contin u es to the n u mber t we l ve e a ch ,

ve rs e r epeated aft er each as i n the o rigi nal ve rs io ns

above M o s t of the s e ve rs es a re loca l co rr u ptio ns
.
,

and it is p robable that in some pa rts of Eng l and a

p u r er ve rs io n is retained H o w ever si n ce th e fi rs t
.
,

r efe rs t o the O ne D eity the second to , t w o white

b oys clothed in g reen th e fo u r th to four g o s pel

,

p r eache rs the seventh to th e s even s ta rs & c

, , .
,

the r e ca n b e no do u bt as to its o rigi n .

The r e is so s u pe rs t itiou s a reve r ence paid b y the

lower o rde rs i n ma n y parts of B r itain to bee s th at ,

o n e is almo s t inc l i n ed to s u ppo s e that t hey al s o we r e

held sac r ed b y the D ru ids .

The Co r ni s hmen con s ide r b ees too s a c red t o be

b o u ght I n othe r co u ntie s on the de ath of thei r
. ,

p r op r ieto r a ce r emonio u s an n o u n ceme nt of the fact

,

is made t o them an d a piece of fu n e ra l cake p r e s ented

to them I t is believed th at we r e t hi s omitted they
.

would fl y away I n Lith u an ia a s imil ar p ractice

.

p r evail s .

The r e is n o c l u e to thi s except in the c ir c u m ,

sta nce that the bee hive is one o f the emb l ems of F r e e
-
2 38 f O IRs O t C .

li b e rty pa rdon a nd fr eedom to all s o rts of i nfe r io r

,

and even wicked peop l e a t the gate s of the city

to wa rd s the fo u r q ua rte rs of heave n .

The mi s tl etoe w a s co ns ide red of g r eat medici n a l

vi rtu e b y S ir J o hn C o ldbatch fo r epi l ep s y a n d othe r
convu l s ive di s o rde rs The mi s tletoe of the oak is
.

u s ed by the common peop l e fo r wi nd r u pt u r e s in

child r en .

L ike the hou z z a of the Ea s t the mi s tle toe wo u l d ,

s eem t o have a r e l igio u s e x c l a matio n as I j u dge ,

fr om findi ng it s o oft e n the r efr ai n to o l d F r e nch

son gs e s pecia ll y thi s o n e
,

O g ue la
’

b o nne a dv e ntu re , 0 gué .

And in one ce l eb rated E ng l i s h b all ad

O the mi l
s t e to e b ghou and O t he mi l s t e to e b ghou

It is s till a c u s tom i n m a n y parts of F ra nce fo r

chi l d re n to ru n dow n the s t reet o n N ew Y ea r s D a y
’

and to rap the doo rs c rying A u g u i t a n ne o r A u

’

f
’

g ui, l a n neu .

I n the i s l and of Sei n the r e is a m is t l e t oe fe as t

,

which it is be l ieved has been pe rpet u ated by the

Ba s B r eton ta i lor s who s t range to s ay have bee n , ,

fo rmed fr om time immemo rial into a fine a s s oc iatio n .

They a re po e ts m u s ician s and wiza rd s w ho neve r

,

cont ract ma rr iag e s with s t ra n ge r s a nd who have a ,

 f o lk l ore . 23
9

langu age of thei r own call ed lu ea che which they will

,

not s pe a k in the p r e s ence of fo reigne rs .

A t thi s feas t the r e is a p r oce s s ion An al ta r .

cove r ed wi t h g reen bo u gh s is e rected i n t he cent r e

of a ci r c u l ar s pace of g r o u nd The n ce they s ta r t a n d
.
,

thithe r ma rchi ng r o u n d the i s l a n d re t u r n Two .

fi ddle rs fo r m the vang u a r d ; they are fo l lowed by

ch il d re n c arr yi n g b ill hook s a n d o ak b ra n che s and
- -
,

leadi ng an ox a nd a ho rs e cove r ed wi t h fl owe rs .

Aft e r them a h uge c r owd which stops at intervals

c ry ing G u i na ne voila le Gu i
- -
’

The r e is o ne mo r e m i s tletoe c u s tom which I had

al mo s t fo rgo tte n L e t u s im agi n e o u rs e l ve s in the
.

h al l of s ome o l d fas hio n ed co u nt r y man s io n Let it

-
.

b e C h r i s tma s night and at that ho u r when me rr iment

-
,

a n d wine ha s fl u s hed eve r y face a n d g l owed in t o ,

eve r y h ea rt .

A n d n o w I wi l l paint to yo u a yo u n g maide n who

emb raced in t he a rm s of her lover is whi r l ed r o u nd
t he ha ll he r eye s s p ark l ing her white bo s o m he a vi ng
, ,

a n d he r l itt l e fee t s ca r ce s eemi n g to to u ch the floo r .

The y pa u s e for a moment A n old lad y with an .

a rch twi n kle in he r eye whispe rs somethi ng to he r

pa rt n e r he nods a nd s m il e s ; s he b lu s hes and t u r ns
,

her eye s p r etendin g n ot to hear

, .

T he y jo in the da n ce aga i n when s u ddenly he s tays ,

he r i n the ce n t r e of t he h a ll Above their heads .

2 40 f O Ik ‘ I Ote o

d roops d o wn a beautifu l p l ant with pale white berr ies

and leave s of a de l icate g r een H e s toop s an d give s
.

her the hiss u nder the m istletoe All lau gh and fo l low
- - -
.

his example ti l l the scene vie s the revel s of the

ancie nt Bacchanals .

It is thi s pictu r e which awakes m e fr om a r eve r ie

into which I have long been bu r ied Reader &y ou .

have s o u g ht with me for the fi rs t g e r ms o f r eli g ion

i n the chao s of youthfu l Time ; yo u have dived with
m e i nto tho s e my s te r ie s which the Veil of I s i s held
s ec r et fr om o u r sight ; yo u have s ojo u r ned with m e

amon g the tomb s of the pas t and tr od upon the du s t

,

o f a falle n Wo r ld
.

Let u s now retu r n fr om the s e cave rn s of lea r nin g

t o the glo r io u s day light of the P r e s ent and to the
-
,

enj o y ments of a r eal e x is t e n ce .

 AP P E N DI & .

I n stead of disfi gu r ing the pag e s of thi s vo l u m e

with ma rgi na l r efe r e n ce s which no one exam ine s , ,

a n d with foot n ote s which s ca r ce ly any o n e r ead s I , ,

n a ve p r epa r ed a cata l og u e of the wo r ks con s u l t e d

u pon the s u bj ec ts of P a ga n i s m the D r u id s the ea r ly , ,

B r itons the Roma n C a tho l ic s the F r eemas on s and

,
.
,

the Folk lo r e of o u r pea s ants as di s cu s s ed i n thi s

-
,

wo rk an d which tho u gh an impe rfect one is s u ffi

, , ,

cient as a p l edge of my i ndu s t r y and good fa ith and ,

a s a g u ide t o tho s e who m a feel i n cli n ed to i l lumine

y
with thei r s tr o nge r l ights th at u pon which I have
but th r own the faint g l immer of a g ree n to rch .

Ca ta logu e f War /es cons u lted f or

o the Ve il o
f Tris .

A b e rfl ra w R y l E is te dfo dd, Al l d J d im
’
M
A ll y
o a en s o e rn u a s .

T ci
t f Vi d i i C h i ti n
’

c m l gi
ra n s a o ns

A l ph Li g i G l i
o . e s n c ae r s a a
e .

Act S a n to ru , o u Ch f
M y
a ro n o o e o ns o uo r o r es o
,

de l H is t o rie d e la
’
F ra n ch e ar
Mg
.

Am b ii O p
Ad m L tt M A l C mb i
a o n n e ri e . ro s , e ra .

’
o n the as o n ic
I ti t ti A lm Li b d x ll ntifi
a s e e rs n na e s a r a
e .

Ad m R l i g i W ld gl i V i gi i M l i
ns u on . ns e , er e e ce e .

D is
‘

pl y d A t d A ci t W l d
a s e o us or o r o sa r n s ar e .

N i i I ti i m
a e . ns e s n en or .

ZElia n , D e atu ra A n im a li u m A t
Exp
n on n
A th l g i G
.
n e ra r u .

A g at he m e r i, G e o g ra p hiw o n o o c ec n i n a ra
e a e r e s o e
s it io nu m B k ii
Agl i A i q i i M x ic Ap pi ni H i t ri
. ru n c .

o, nt u t es o f e o . a , s o a .
 2 44
l p enbi x .

A p p le yard s W l h S k ch
et
’
Bl i T h
p
e s es .
as o A iq i. e s au ru s nt u tatum
A pp o lo nii Ale xa nd rini, O e ra S m
Bl V i g f A ci C
. a cr a ru
A rchae o lo g ia C am b re n s is
Hi i C mm c
’
un t s est
m d M i M d
.
es o n e nt us
A rcq , s to r e d e
B g to
o er e
I ly d Sici l y
. s an a nne rs n o e rn
A r e ntre,
g Hi i
s to r e d e r e ta ne ta an
A id
.
.

ri s t e s , O ratio n es
p
A r is to te llis O e ra
. B o b rick s G e rs chichte d e r ’
F r ei
m au r e r e y
Ah M nic M n l B ll i g I d K n t M yt h
.
.

A i tic R
s e, as o a ue o e r, ee n z ur
.
u s
ch
D i q i i ti l gi
s a e s e ar es

L
.
o o e .

A p lin A lk ib l
’
B nn h Q t C n
hi pp i ng t w d the
s
n W
s a , o r, s u s o ns o ec ose , es u a res o

E t q ét d l A gl t
o o rs o ar s u
’

V i i ll F mm
es e n e e rr e .

A tl n S t n P i ll C
as B nn li L
d I ll d S i n
.
o e e r, es e es e es

d C ci fix
s e, o o e ars , ro s s e s , ’

T é d R ch ch e
e e e .

A i l O i g i n nd P g
an ru es . B li
t A ntiq i t é G li
o re us , r sor es e er s
’
f
W i ti ng
s e s r a ro re s s o

Natu al Hi t y f Co n
e u s au o se s .

p
r B l
or e e,
w fi
.
r s or o r
A tha n as ii O e ra
B l A ti q iti f C nw ll
.
a
A the nw i D e ip no so p his tw
F gm B l l ng L Antiq ité D
o r as e , n u es o or a
.

A v ie nii ra e nta ’

v i lé
.
0 u a e r, u e
A u s o n ii E p ig ram m ata
y f o

L Ch i ti ni m
e
.

A th ic Hi t
.

e nt F
m n y
ll n g
u s or 0 r e e ou a e r, e r s a s e

g Acc D ilé
as o r .
e vo e
A v
.

o un t o f an H is to r i C
m i Bi y
M B
u er ne , ll D l
ou g an té R e e r, e a ru au
ca l o nu e nt n r ttan lig i
ille R ch ch
e us e
. ’

B t A
B c R l iq f R m d l P vi n c d N
o ur g ne v ,
e er es e h
tiq té
’

B i l y R i l C h li m
a on s e ues o o e. ui s e a ro e e eu
t i
’
tu a at
B i ll B n A ntiq it t V l g e
a e s e o cu . s r e .

6l S i
’
l D
e t, i De ev o t
Vi g B w l H m B i t nnic
a a on 1 a a nte o ur e s u a es u ar s .

B i ll i D l G d B g B nd Hi t y f N wc tl
er e . o es, er es r a us .

’
re ta
B n d O b v ti n n P p l
a , e a ran e ne ra s s or o e as e .

A m iq
’

B l dwi ( A ch b i h p ) I i
r or ue . ra s ser a o s o o u ar
’
A tiq i ti
h gh W l
t ne r n
B t gn L C t m d
a n s r s o ,
u es .

t
B i My h l gy py
a ry ro u a es . re a e, e s o us u es u
t o o
B l w Ad B w P ict f E g l nd
ah e r, . a s .

f h C
’ ’
o rat i o n o t e
B ig O b B w B ti f E gl d nd
ar o s ro s s . re er s u re o n a .

v i p
to n
’
se r at o ns
’

W l
ar r n s u on re er s e au es o n an a
t he St t t
B i ti h Ap ll ( Th )
a u es . a es .

B as ilii O p
S ymb l i k
M y h l gi B ht n Dicti y f ll
e ra . r s o o e
u nd
’
B au r , t
Bx G l i m A iq i
o o o e . ro u o s o nar o a
R ig i n
’
te r nt
mBi i m
t
B w Hi t y f th Hi g h
a s o s s ar u u e o s .

’
atu
Mmi c l
tan n
l d nd H igh l nd c l n
r ca r u . ro ne s s or o e
B di é a te r
p l A ci D id
e au eu , o re o nsu an s a a a s .

r u g s ch l ns cn p tio R os e tta na
B f Lg d T d
o ur es n e ns ru es .

t é es e t H ie ro glyp hica
B l Av
en
p p l i d l F c Ch i i i m
e au o r ra .

i it a nt le r s t an s
i E ccl i ic B
o ne s o u a re s e a ran e . ru ne , e
B d m Hi
.

s to r a e s as t ru t Y , T yw ys o g io n
B k O i g i B ibli B H i i d A ci P
e ,
a . .
.

’
u at, s to re
B dic & IV W k f pl d E p
e e s r ne s cae . es n e ns eu
’

B h m T h G l d Ci mb i
tu s
B L O i gi
e ne .
,
or s o es u ro e .

e nt u at ,
B h p d E B ck Th l gic l Dic i y
an
t M
a , e ae r . es r ne s .

’
ane t t
B ck Vi w f A i q i i i
ns e
bi m
e ro s u s e o a u u s eo o a o nar .

’
nt t es
W l
u . u s e o u n
B g Hi i d l d
no t , s to re e s tru o
i d P g i m O ccid B ckl d R l i q i D il i iw
eu e a a es .

’
t e nt
B i gh m Ch i i A iq i i f h Id l y
on u a an s e en u an s e u a u v an .

’
r s t an nt t es B d Acc ’

T i N hW l
o u nt o t e
fP g N i
n a s u ur er s o atr
Bi l
’
ng e y s ou r n o rt a es . o a an at o ns .
2 46 st p p e nb i t .

D ni l C d x L t g i E ccles to n d cti t E g ’
I ntro
Hi t i d B t g l i h A tiq i ti
a e ,
o e i ur cu s . s u on o n
D
d M f R e1igi
aru , s o re e re a ne s n u es .

D vi Anci nt Ri t
,

En y l p di
m t f th M n t ic l d K wl dg
a s, e e s an o nu c c o oe a 0 0 u s

C th d l Ch ch f D h m C mb i T i m ph
en s o e o as a an no e e .

E d bi ’

E ch L V i F c m c
a e ra ur o ur a . n er e s a r a r u a ns .

D vi D i ti i m A ntiq
Li g B it i
a es , c o n ar u u ae no , e ra ran -
a on .

E tin Ad A ntiq it t E t
’

D vi W l h B t l gy
n ua
e r ann cae . rn s s u a es ru s

D vi C l tic R E p i t d D g m d l F nch
a e s, e s o a no o . ca s .
ch
D vi Ri t nd C m ni f
a es, e e s e ar es s r u o e e a ra e
Mc
.

i
th D E x O O i g i n d A tiq i ty
a es, es a e re o es o a o nn e r e .

e id ru s . ss e ,
n r an n u
D vi C m b B it ni C ym fR d Ch ch
Li g I tit ti E ti n A p l g i p H d
a es, a ro - r an caa o o un ur es .

t R di m
ra ecoev e n uae ns u o ne s s e ne , o o e our e ro
t
E tym l g i i m M g m Syl
t
D
e u en a . o e .

W hip f th S p t
’

Hi t iq
e an e s o rs o e er en . o o c u a n u
D l R E i b u rg ii
B d p
e a ue . s s as s or ue s .

l E u s e b ii O
Pl f N c nf m E v Sp ci m f h P y
sur es ar es. e ra .

D l
’ ’
t o e tr
W lhB d
e au n e s ea or on o or an s e e ns o e
t f h A ci e nt
Ev B i i h H b l
ts s o t e n e s ar s
M
. .

D F i d k in d i ’
t s
F im
er r e en er er au re r e .
an s er a r .

D d n in i Ev ’
G w in lanny B ardd s e f
N i ch ti gk i t
er re a u re r o r e s e ne r an s
P r ydd w a ith a r C ym ryiv e d e s
i B i bl i th c J d ic t
e .

D R t u nau a G wahan o l Fe s u rau

Ev T S hW l
e o ss , o e a u a a e .

A ti Ch i ti ’
o u r in
D é v l pp m nt d b i t
o ut
Ev
ana
B di
n r s . an s a es .

an s D is s e r tatio d e
’

d it d n l F c m c E v ly Si b
e o e e es a us n ro ar s .

Ew l d B i f b d l M y i k
u s a s a ra n -
a on e n s ra .

i
’
st
Hi t i q
ner e a r e e u er a te
M iim
.
,

Dicti n i d d d
c l t R l i gi x
ys t
Exp l i f h M ic Pl
on a re s or ue e s un e n ne u e n c s us .

Did n H i t i S i t
u es e eu . anat o n o t e as o n ate .

L b n d W k d
o s o re a n e .
,

Di
T b d F b M i f h C bi i
ez e e un er e er
,
’
ys te r t
F b O igi f P g Id l y
a er s es o e a r

D i d i Sic l i O p
ro u a o u rs .
.

C m i E gl d
a er s r n o a an o a tr

D i c idi H i t i h
o or u e ra .
.

F i
a rho l ’
t o s tu
D id A P m
s e n n an

Acc t f t P i
os or s, s or a . .

F f the
E ccl i ic l D ic i
D d idg
’
r n ane o ru s oe

ip lit y f W l
o r e s o un o e . .

F a rra r s
’
e s as t t on
th i S y n p i V
c a o a es . a
i m Hi
F h L A iq i é G l
D o ro oe o s s ar u s ary .

i m au c e t, es nt u t au

D id C m p l t Hi t y f
t o r a ru z
i
.

F ll w E x p i i
o ses.

D id M g i
e e s or o
f h M
ru s ,
o
’
t t e
D gm f h A ci
’
e o s os on o ys
D d ( th ) T l t l t d
ru s a az ne
ter i t e e nt
E gy p i
r an s a e o us o as o n

f m th G m N m
ru i ess e ,
a a e,
t
Fi m ic d E
ans

D ch Hi t i
ro e er an .
.

u es ne , s o r a: or an o r r us , f m e rr o r e p ro a na r u

A tiq i R li i m
Fl y M I li
m S ip t o nu

D cl M em D id
u cr o re s n u . e g .

l e ur d oe u r s es s raé te s e t
D H ld H i t y f Chi
u os, o re s s u r es ru es .
,

d Ch i ré
t e ns
li H i i d O cl
’

C l t q i t p é cé dé
u a e s s or o na es .

F
.

o nte n e s to
P im v l
re es ra es
D l e,

t m é l Id l t i
u a u re , u es u ou r .

l Ad
’
F o rs te r s O
’
L an
g g
’
or ne r e a

Fi g Hmi t
e a en o a r e ou

ti
F b h E l w di
d ua e
D p i O i gi d t l é c ld
a on es u re s u a ne s . .

’
ro e s n cyc o p a oi

D p i A ly
u u s, r ne e ous es u s . 0 s

i A iq i i
S k ch f h My h l
nt u t es
C lt
u u s, na se ra s o nn e e .

l F o s te r s
’
et t t
d t
Hi d
o
l O ig i es o e
’
r ne e o us es u es .

f the
E l y Hi t y f th C ym y
o gy o n o os .

F q S i E lid
ue s ,
’
ld B
E t tt S k tch f th O g in
r o c, an o re

Lg d
ar s or o e on r

P g
e es o e ri to n en
f M
as co .
e
nd E ff ct
.
,

ro re s s a e s o u5 1 c .
 l l p p e nbir . 247

Fy R m i h R i O fli
’
te s , G ( L d y Ch l
u es t ar o tte ) M bi
d L g d
o e s o s ce s , a , a n
i
F c M c Dvi G h i Di
o g o n.
l
an e en s.
ut i s s e rtat o n s u r le s A n
R gl m
ran s - a o ns , e u rs e o rs ,
r e, s

S ta tuts , g ou e e e n ts é né r t iq u ité s de R uss e i .

au x
F m G d G
.

d re at

E ff c f h U iv l M di
re e an , on an oo
H ak e w e llA ntiq i ty f Ch i ti n
’

R l igi n i B i t i
ts t e s u o r s a

ci f h M g i
e o n e rs a e

H l H i t y f th J w
t e o n r a n

F m
ne o e a .
.

H ll iw ll E l y H i t y f F
( h ) H dib t a e s s or o e e s

ick P m
re e as o n s e ,
an u ra .

m y i E gl d
a e s ar s or o re e

F m y i P
st oe .

i
H ll T i m ph f R m
ts r e te ns o ns as o n r n n an

E xp d
re e as o n r ,
.

H mm H i t y f I l d
a s r u s o o e

F m yi E p d ig
ose .
.

H mm M em l c lt d
ur n a er s s or o re an

y
n
h P
re e as o n r uro e .

C
M i th
e n tu r a e r, o re s u r a u e e
t e as t
F m
.

O cc p i
H dim n I i h M i t l y
dD ’
at o n a n ra

i Si x L
re e as o n s u e .

H t d Hi t y f K t
f e tt e rs ar a s r s n s re s

Ac d m d I c ip i
e ns e n .

H wk i n Hi t y f M ic
F re r e t, a e e es ns r t o ns .
as e s s or o en .

F Ch iq d ’

H ll Ch icl f E gl d
a s s or o us
ro is s a r t,
F ll Ch ch Hi y
ro n ue s e .

H mm H i t y f I l d
u er s
’
ur s to r .
a s ro n e o n an .

Hi i c l R
a er s s or o re a n

m
.

G lli m F i m
c a ru et ran c caru r e ru
H e e ren
’
s ch s to r a e s e ar es .

H gg ip p i O p
a

H y H i t y f E g l nd
e es e ra
S c rip t o r e s
Ecc l
.

’
.

H y l E gyp t P h iq
enr s s or o n a
G di
re n n a D Ill ib us e u s tr us e ’
.

i S H y Hi t i d C h i ti i
e nr e aro n ue
ib crip t o r
G h dA
.
,
s se us .

Z i e nr s o re u r s an s
rchae o lo g tu n g
G y N ic f Chi S l
,
er ar
-
e
m
.
,

H b t B i t i ft t h
’ e
ot
.

e tt
f di I l d
s es o ne s e ea s ’

R m n
er er s r ann a a er e

Gi l d S p i i d E idi B i
o un n re a n .

H b t B i t i S ct
o a s
e nt s xc t .

a a e o r ’

H b t C yc l p Ch i ti
er er s r a nn a an a
a n n iae
.

.
’

H b t E y
er er s o s r s an u s
G irald i C am b re ns is , E xp ug n atio
H ib
.

’
th N
e rn se i .
er er
D ru idis ts
s ssa on e eo

G ir ald i C a m b re n s is , T o p o g ra p hia
.

H e ro d ianu s
H ib e rnica
Ii m H
.

i H e ro d o tis , Hi i
s to r a
G ira ld i C am b re ns is , t n e rar u
ic El gi
.

f L lyw a r ch H en
H ic k H
e ro e es o
C a m b r iae
.
.
’
p id
V
e rr s es er es
G ira ld i C am b r e ns is , I tin ariu m
.

H e rv a rt , D e A ntiq u i s s im a e t e r
C a m b rine
u m N atio niu m S u p e rs t itio n e
.

i
G lid d o n s O t a E gyp tia ca
H i gd P l ych ic
G d C D cm ip i WiMl d I i h
’ .
.
’

H y f A gl y
en s o ro n on
oo s
’
es r t on of an n e rs .

i s to r
fG
o n ese
and u s to s o f t he r s
.
.

Th Hi i i
s to r e o i i B r ta
i M di P i
re a t ne
G raev iu s e s au r u s A nt iq u ita l .

H h V e te r s
M m
oec e a et e rs a
iu m R o m a n a ru m
G S p ii H ig h
,
.

e n ta
My h l g ic l D ic i
o nu
u e rs t t o ns o f the
’ .

ran t s
l nd H lo ll
we
’
s t o o a t on

G v H i t y f C lt v l d
a e rs .

ll F iv l f
a ry
’
e an

G i mm AD iqt chi i M yfhI l l gi d

e
.

s or o
d F
ra e s .

H ll
’
we as ts a n e st
Hi d
o o e o s a s o
eu s e

GG v V i t w t f A ti q i ti f
r .

the
,

H p C m f A ci
’
re a n
n o os
es o
.

ro e s n u .

t he
’
o s tu e nts
H ii O p
o e s e o n
’
e o n u es o .

W l
ro s e s
o rat
H ly Bi i R m
e ra .

G P vi ci l G l y
a es .

H w l A ci L w d I i
o rs e
’
s r tann a o a na .

b lt D ict i i I c
ro s e s
’
ro n a o s s ar .

e nt ns t
fW l
o e n a s an
o no

M m
o n n a re u ,
G ue ne au
t ut e s
Ch icl
o a es
i d t d ue es o nu en s e
.

g p q
ra e
H li h d f E g
l A nt iq ité Ch é t i
’

l d I l d d Sc l d
o ns e s ro n es o n

G i d R ch H i t i é
’
u r e nne .

o t an

H gh H B i ic
an re an an
s o re v r

T mp f b l x
e r, , .
,
u er n u o
u es o ra r ta n n a
itabl d u eu .

e es e s a .
H mb l dt R ch An
’
Anti q t e
’
Sc i p t
ci t I nh b i t t f A m ic
u o on o ne s
f t h N ti n l
s e s e ar es r u re ui i s .

’
Ill t ti
H d Ri t s nd C m o ni f
en an s o on
Hi t y f th Sn wd ni n
a er a . es us ra o ns o e a o a
’

th W h l e W ld M t in
ur s e a e re es o s or o e o o a

H t l ins n s Hi to y o f C umb J n S t n h ng e R t d
e o or . o un a s .

’ ’
ci
pn i
o s r er o es o e e e s o re .

J m d D G t m iv e
H b nd m n Practic m O i gi n
a c or an ez , e e aru s
n d
’
G th
P gn tic ti n f E v
us a a s e a

t B ll m
o o ru r e .

J phi Antiq it t
Hy d V t m P mP
ro os a o or er . o se , u a es e e u
J d i m
i m t Md m R lig i i S tyra
e, e e ru e rs ar u ar u a cu .

th or u e e o ru e on s
J n l
uv e a is a .

Hi t i a s or

K fm
.

ann et C he rp in Hi t i
Pmhi l
au s o re

I C ll c i f W l h T v
. o e t on o e s ra oso phiq ue d e la F nc ra

My h l gy f G c
ago n n e ri e

I d i y f R l i gi c ll d H
e 5 .
.

Ke ig htle y ’
t o
I ly
e nt t s o o re e e
b w d D idic
o e o ns a e e
and ta
I C i ic l E y A ci
re an ru
K ick A ci E gyp t nd e
.
.
’
e nt
h Ph
’
t e nr s n u r

I h bi f Sc l
e nt
nn e s r a ss a on n
d t e h
K ick P h ic
ta nts o o t an ar o a s

l M m
n a .
.

K A ch l gy f p p l
I i i
nst tu t o A h e n t, e nr s en a

A ichi I di i
rc oeo . o nu .

Ph
nt t er s r aeo o o our o u ar

I c i d T i p mi , ne .

K y R ligi f N h m
ns tru t o ns r as e s

G d d l F ch M c
es ro s re er .
.

’
ra es e a ra n a on e ser s e on o o rt e n,
e-
i
I d ci F m y
ne r e .

K y D D a N h l ia
S l c
ntro t o n to e s e r, e e e a e nn

I l M c ip S l c i f
u re e as o nr .
.

K l A iq i nt tates ta
i l
ts , e ys e r , u e e
a nu s t on
A ci W l h M SS
o o, r e e o
Sp te ntr
d c l
o na e s
S li
e nt e

I i A iq i i b y C h dl
n e s .
.

nt t e s, K l
e ys e r , e u ta o s

d P
o n an u an er
.

Kidd Chi ’

Ki g Ri m i f
R l t an s n a.

i H i p l i Epi c p i
eve a rs
d C
.

I i d te s
G k Ch ch i R i
a ens s n an e re o n es o

Op
s o r , s s o ,

the
K i gh I q i y i h S ym
e ra. re e ur n u ss a .

’
t s nt o t
g g f ci
n n u r e

J bl k i P h ZEgy i b li l L An e nt
d My h l gy
o ca an ua e o
a o ns ant e o n pt or
,
A rt an t o o
m
J bl k i O p c l K igh hp f Pi
.

h W
u .

n t, o n t e o rs i o r

J ck l g ic l A i q i
a o ns us u a .
Ch
,
p
i ki L c R l i gi
’ a us
so n s nt
.
a ro n o o a u
K ture s o n
i Hi y f S l i N i
ras n e e o us
t
J cq m i l F cm
,
es .

s to r o c av o n c at o n s .

J q i D b D ic i
a ue n e ran -
a co n
ac u n et ue s e rg , t o nnai re
Kru as e , d ie D i lt t K re a es e n u ns

Ch é ti n lu rk u n d n d d t ch n F re i
m r B d ch ft
e er eu s e
d A ntiq u it é
’
s r en es
My t ii
.

au r e ru e rs a
Jam blicu s d e
V i taP yth g i
.
s er s .

Jam blicu s d e
J m P t i ch l R l i g i n f
a o r ca .

L c mb Dic i i d vi x t o nna re
L gg F
a o e, u eu

B it in
a es , a r ar a e o o
i
S v g
an a e ra n co s

mi Hi t y o f th C l d
r a
M
.
.

J L fi tau , d
A m ic i
a ce u rs es au a es
i g J wi h A ntiq i ti
a e so n, s or e u e es .
J é
L d E ccl i ic l Dic i
’
e nn n s e s u es .
r a ne s .

J o h t n A ntiq it t G lt
ns o e s
’
u a es e o an o n, e s as t a t on
m m i
E gyp i A iq i i
n or a ca na r e .

L
.

J h t A ntiq it t C lt
’
t nt t
H i y f A ic l
o ns o n e s
’
u a es e o an e s an u es .

a s te y r ie ,
f i
S di s to r ur u ar

m f P imi
o

B dic M
ca n ca .

J ’
C o n e ss o n

t iv B i ti h Li t
o n es ar us e u o r .

L d A C O i ’
o rre t,
gi G l i
t a to u r u v e rg n e r

Hi t y f W l t
-
e r s e r a u re .
J
B u Ch ic l f
’
ne s
M ic l nd P c l R l
o ne s s or o a es au o s e s .

J .

La ya m o n s
’
t or
Bi i
’
r ro n e o

i k s f th W l h B d
o n es us a a oe i a e
c o e e s ar s . r ta n .
2 50 B p p e noi r .

M y M y h l gy ’
N i m d Di c
t p c i ’

M l m ii O p p g i H i y d F bl
e rt a n
a o s o o . ro s s o u rs e u on
Po
M m i d l S ci é R y l N
e a po n ,
e ra . a ss a es n s to r an a e .

é C p c Th té i o lte n s
’

A iq i d N d
o re s e a o o a e o ns e tu s e s au r
d A i i m G m i m
M i l M l g A ch é l g i q
nt nt q u tatu
N
es ua r e s a or . er a n caru .

er é an e s h A iq i i b S W o rt u t es , ir
Sc H W b d R J mi
,
r o o ues e rn nt y .

et Li i
tté ra re s
M ( ) My
. o tt, . e e r, an . a e
la e t s e s m s tere s , co
M e A ci N v C é chi m d F c
ess e son .

p a ré s a u x ys t at
M i g E c c l p di Th e l g i mc
re s n e ns . ou e au s e es r an
ne , n y o é e o o a on .

M ll i G l e i My h l giq
q ue .

M i lm H i y f Ch i i i
i n, a
O i
r e
R d t
T wo o
f I
ue .
’
Br
’

l
’ en s o un o e rs o re
ty
Mil I q i yi c i V l
an s sto r r s t an
d o .

q
’ an
n to e rt a n
p ci g h
.

ne r s n u r u
l i A chiv Hi i CE t
O gyg i
O pi i
ng e r , r es, s to r ue s
t n t
C h l ic I h b i
.

g ar n o ns res e e ’
O l F a he rt y s
’

H y fI l
a
at fl l d t a n ts o
.

o n re a n
Mi ii F li i O p O H l
a
i d .
’
a l o r an s
’
s to r
O l iv f Gl y
o re an

M i ch iv i H b
nu c
S
.
e c s, e ra ’
tar o
.

l P l p y
er s or
m to t
.

s na , s e us ra o ru
J i Ri i m A i i m iv Th c ic hi e
h f O
’
rat
m y
er s eo oso o
tu u q u tat u
L mO im y m
ur s nt
F ac

O l iv b
re e as o n r
ra t u S
Mi l R m m
.

egu s te
J c L dd a .
’ ’

O l iv I M
er s a o s a er

Mi T v l i E gl d
.

ss a e o anu
i .

ic er s
’
n s t t u te s of as o n

l d)
s s o n n n an
,
J i p ra
d c e s

l I g l
ur s ru en e
( t ra n s a t e
Mk M
.

U Fe O iv .

i i f h R te s , et
er s
’
ns n a o t e o ya

B lg
o e, oe u r s , sua es,
g A ch
l M
r
S l m d n i té s
mm i d A
.

o e es e es
M i O iv i f h J h
.

i
’
t e te
M
er s rr o r or o ani i
o nt e rs , Le S
M v i ll d E
o a re es h

O l iv l
a s o ns
i i
’
t q u te z et
H i y f D v hi
.

M
er es co s e
R v i e
f Sq
.
’
e at o n s o
O l iv H y m
’ er s e a u ar e
s to r
M Hi y f I l d
o o re s o ns
.

o re
i fF
e .
’
s to r
O l iv Ex g m
’ er s o re e as o n r y
s to r
M ic P v d l H i i d
re a n
.
o o re s o
i i R i fA
.
’
st n
B
’ er s e a ns o h

B g
or e, reu e s t o re
ci ies e
e nt t o ns
l B k h L dg
r
r e ta
M i i A iq i
.

Eccl i
ne
O iv.

f ’
t
l h E
er s oo o e o e
nt tate s
li
.

or n u es a
O i
,
O iv S i
’
ta r n t e as t
l H y fI i i i
er s
r e n ta
M i R l i gi Hi y f O l iv
.

s
O iv .

i ’
s to r n t at o n
q
’ er s o
or son s s to r
.

e o us o
M A i i i F m
’
nt u t es o f
y
er s re e a

M i Di i i Eccl i ic O l iv Dic i y f S ym b l ic
an .

m so r
e s as t
ll M i l y A ci
o ro n o na r o
.
z o
M h
.
, ’
t
M y
’ er s o nar o o
e rw e n s tr e s e nt
d M d
ot s ,
n

l G l R m
as o n r

M i N v Th
an e rn
.

o
O iv .

d i f h ’
t e
E l M
er s o en e a ns o
V et
mI i i m
u r at o r o us e s au ru s
,
ic W i te r s
l g mb l l l
ar y as o n r

M di H i y h Py m id pt
.

e ru n s cr o nu
O iv Si d S .

i ’

x l
er s n s an y o s, us
u r ta s to r of t e
f Egy p
ra s
,
d d i d
l H l M k
t rate an a ne
t p e

M g v A iq Bi
.

o
O
.

iv i c L d ’
s to r i
m y
er s a an -
ar s
us ra e, nt u i tate s r ta nn o
B l i f F o re e as o n r

C f mi y b w
.

e g coe
M
.

O i i H i i a l e u t ca
m pp an
d
’
t et
d M d m
o n or een
.

us s ar s
A ci L O F c — ’

F c m
rat e u r ra n aco n
n e n t an G o e rn e re o
.

O d d
’

n ies
L r re es ra n s - aco n s .

M l gy f W l O p
.

i i O r ge n s
O m H i y f E gl d
e ra
i
yr v yr a n A h rc a o o o a es .
’
.

r e s st o r o n an .

a o g e o rg u s P pi h K d m ii H i
’

i A
o s
i
ing o e
O
O
ro s
r p he
s t o ra
rg o n au t ca
.

O b
.

N l W hip h
Advic of t e
.

Vi gi
e e rca s s e on o rs 0

h S ’
to
b f Eg p
,
o rn e s is on
S i d the
A iq i i
s e .

N m i i Ecl g
a n ts a n r n
y t
’
O t es
y
nt
.

s o rne s u o .

N
e
ii E l g i m B i
e s an
i O ,
i ic S ci
o a
T .

c i
ta n n
f s s an o et r an s a t o ns o .

N i bb i El m i di A ch l g i O id i O p
e nn u o u r a
i
BiihR m i
.
,
v e ra .

e nt
O w
e r eo o a . ’
,
en s r t s e a ns .
 a p p e noi t . 25 1

O w ’
Hi s to r y C of c ti P l h E i ’
g yp t
l P l iC l S ym b l i q d
en s o ns e ra on oo e s o ra aca
of A ta r s an d Ch ch ur es . o r ta ,
o e u rs o ue s a ns
’
lA nt q u ité
P (M d m P l S ymb l d E p i
.

R ch ch o rta gy t
c mp x d Hé
de ) , o s es e ns

P l
a a e e er es ,

phiq a c a ré e s
b x
hi o s o o eu
l E g yp ues s ur es es

Chi i
P l C l S m b li
re u
t i e n s e t le s no s .
,

di T ti A ci t o s ta
P B i ic R ch
o u e u rs
P ac ia u y o q ue s
f d tR v
,
re a se on n en , .

C o s te s
’
t an n
P w l H i i f C mb i
r e s ea r es

P lm Li t g ic
ro s s e s o un a a e nn a .

O ig i
’
s to r a o

P fic Hi i B i ic D
a er s
’
r ne s ur a .
o e s a r a .

am hili C i li r o n r e s s to r a r ta n n
P a e
P f M (l ) p ca .

i
P ich d A l y i f E gyp i
a it e ns o

P ki C ll c A gl
ar aco n e
.

.
’

M h l gy
’ r ar 5 na s s o t an
M i i ic
ar ns o n s o e ta ne a , n o
yt
P ich d E O igi
no r t o o

P R m i fJ h
a
.
.
’
f h as te rn
C l ic N i
’
et
r ar 5 r n o t e

P q i R ch ch d l
a rs o n s e a ns o ap .

e t at o ns
a s u e r, e er es e a
P ich d S g f h Ab i
.

F c ’
t
i l B d fB i i
r ar 5 on s o e or g
E i l ii l
ran e .

P id x C c i
P au t h e r ,
i
’
ne e t na ar s o r ta n
f m i i mil i d é c i
ss a sur or g a .

’
or at o n s a re es r t r e au o nn e t o ns .

Chi i P i i O p
P p i Aq i i O p
i r o s co p n e ra
E g yp t e n s e t
P w R ch ch
u re s no s .
.

i hi P h lo s o p ro s er u ta n e ra

A m ic i
au , e er es .

q P tol m iG i ii e o g ra p h a B e rt
P gi G l y f E cc l i ic l
o a
l é
P Bi g D ch
u es s u r es r a ns .
.

e s as t
m m
t ra e u ts
u n, o s s ar o a

M h l gi
a nz e r , e z ur en
O rn a d C e n t an o s tu e

P ch y U p h S p S
yt o o e .
.

e
imp d m
e ,

E I di
on t e e r e nt to n e s
Q mé
u at r e Mmi G é
'

g ph q Hi i q
o r te fr o t he re , o re s e 0
as t n
Hi i d C l
es .

1 Egy p
P l i
lo u t s to r e
ra i u es e t s to r ues s ur

cy R l iq
e e r, es e te s
f A ci M
’
P er
’
s e ue s o n e nt in
te .

l
s t re s y Qu in tillia nis I ns titu tion e s O ra

R d T w i
.

F i i t ona
Q i t Gé i d R l igi n
f I
’
o un
l d
e r e 5 o e rs o re .

u ne n e es e o s

R l igi
an . ,
.

Hi i
R B Hi t y f W l
P s t o re e t
P hi l ph y f M
e y rat , e on .

R f A t iq i té A m é ic i
s or o a es

P ic D l A i d L g
o so y o as o ns .
. . .

R mm h n R y T n l ti f
te t ,
’
fli n t é a n, n u s r a ne s

C l
e e an ues .

v c S ci ’

th V d
le t a o u o s ra s a on o

P ic L M e d B d d
e te s a e ans r

g b A tiq i té H l l é iq
te t , e e as
ys t re
d B g
a es ar es e .

R
R wl i C ci f m I ip
l
’
I le r e ta an a e, n u s e n ue s

P i ec m l p
e ne .
.

vi a l H i ’

f B b yl
e ee s ns o n s
’
es au r s e r a ru or n s cr
s
i l Mc i ti d A y i
R b ld H i t ge l d l
de o ns o a o n an ss r a

P ip M h l g d S mb l i k
to re a a o nn e r e .
.

e o s o i re n e ra e
yt e a

Pi ( Ch v l i ) B g
e r, o o i e un y o
F c Mc
. ,

i
R ch ch P hi l p hi q
r e ta A 11 r an a o nn e r

Md
tre e a er ,
ne,

Am é ic
i
c e nn s e t e er es os o ues s ur

P li ii H i i N li
o e rn e .

l
R ch ch P hi l phiq
s to r a a t u ra es r ai n e s

P l N l H i y f O xf d
n ,
s .
.

’
ot s atu ra s to r o or e er r es oso ue s su

hi l E gyp ti
E y th W l h S i t
es e ns

P l N l Hi y f S ff d
s re .

R
.

’
ot s
’
atu ra s to r o ta o r ee s ssa on e e c a n s .

hi Rich d f C i t D ip
f B it i
s re ar r c e n ce s e r , e s cr
ti
.

p
Ridd l M l f C h i ti n A
P lu t a rchi O e r a on o a n

E
r

Mi c ll
.
.

P o le n u s , s e ane a ru ta di e s
‘

an u a o r s a h

A n tiq u ita tis t iq it i

Hi w ll R id p t h B d Hi t y
.
u es .

s to r y o f C ’

P o lw he le s
g nd B l
’
or er s or

Hi y Dv
o rn a . a 8 .

R im b lt O ld S
’
of
’
P o lw he le s
l d
s to r e on au 5 on s a a

hi ’

L g g R ck H gi h
s re .
ar s .

d Li t
’

R b t S k tch f t E ly H
l
’
P o lw he a ru a.

ll
e s an ua e an er o s

fC
’

y f th C y m y
o r n wa o er s e o e ar is
a tu r e o .

P o lv b ii O p e ra . t or o e r .
252 a p p enb i t .

Rb E l y Hi y f h
e rt s
’
s to r t e Sp V i w o f th S t te f ’

Bi I l d
o ar o e ns e r s e e a o
to ns
R b C h ic l f K i g f Sq i A m ic n A ha l gi
r . re a n ,
’ ’
e rt s
Bi i
o ro n e o n s o u er s er a rc o
ta n l R ch
R b C mb i P p l A S t ff d Y F m l Gl y
r . ca e se ar es .

’
o e rt s a r an o u ar n a or

R b g ti in
e e a or .

i i i
t q u t es S t nlh t D
R b i M Gl Hi b i
. a u rs , e e us es s
R o n t-
ch ch H i i q l i
o n ,
o nn , ou e e rn a .

S t p h ii O p
’
s to r
gi d C l
er es ues s ur or e an e ra .
te s S t ph n Li t tu f th
’

R bi Th l g ic l Dic i Kym y
ne s es e . e e s e ra re o e
’
ns o n s t on
S tilli g fl t O i g i n
o eo o a r .

S c ’

R bi P f (M i )
a r y. n ee s r as a ra .

’
St b i G g p hi
R ll i Hi i A ci S t k l y S t h g nd
o so n s roo s aso n c. ra on s eo ra a .

s to re
Ab y
n e nn e
R illii O p
o n, . u e e s o ne en e a
ut
S t k l y I ti i mC i m
e ra . ur .

g p hi B i t n
u e e s n e rar u ur o su

S cri fi c A E y
.

St k l yu P l
e e
’
s a a o ra c r a
h O
g d D ig f t
a n
n ic
es , ssa on e r
a .

i n an

S c y Hi i d I i i d
i
S t k l y P l g p hi S c
es n o ’

S t w Ch ic l f B i t i n
.

u e e s a a ra a a ra
s to r e
Mi tu t o ns
.
a , es ns t e ’

t n ii T q illi O p
o s ro n es o r a .

P h ici H i
o se
S
.

ue o r an u e ra
S h i h
an c o n at
’ .

S lp itii O p
o s en an s

p
u e ra
to ( tr a ns la ted by B is hop
.

y r
S ym m a chii O e ra
Cu m be r la n d
.

S l lc TAcc nt f B i t n
.

a e s A T L
’

y
o ra n . . .
,
ru e ou o r o s
S v L
e tt r e s s u r l E g yp te
’
b
Bi
a a ry , . .

S au ll s N o ttia r ta n n a
’
ic T ci ti Hi t i
B Il l T v i Si x V y g n T
. a s or a .

S am m e s
’
i t nni A tiq
qi P xI d
r a a n ua us a e rn e r , o a es e ur
t rata
Im g
. u e, t e rs e , e au n es .

S che n k iu s o n Th d ti O p
T hi T i té d S p ti ti n
a es . eo o re e ra .
S chu le ri Th
e s a u ru s A nt iq u it ati
’

g d nt l S é m n
e rs ra es u e rs o s
u m T e ut o n ica ru m q i
y Hi T h y A ct L t m m
. u re ar e es a cr e s .

S c
e re t s to r o f the Fr e e m a
T h m m l M xik e nd d i M x i
or , a a o o ru .

S c t f th F m k
son s . u e , e u e e

v l d by Di g t d B th p
e re s o e re e as o n s re an e r .

T ib u lli O
T d An l nd Anti q ui ti f
ea e a s us e ro er . e ra .

S q t iOp ’

S ym P i lg m g t R m
e ue s r e ra o s na s a es o
R j h t
’ ’

Sh w H i t y f S t ff d hi T l d Hi t y f th D id
e our s ri a e o o e . a a s an .

’ ’

Sh w C nc i g th Bl d T ch d N t l H i t y f
a s s or o a or s re . o an s s or o e ru s .

f th V i g i n M y
a ,
o e rn n e ess e re n ar s a u ra s or o
n ess o e r ar . S p ti ti n
u e rs o .

S id n ii O p T im é g i t l A t d E xp liq l ’ ’

S i cl i H i l l nd V ll y nd S g
o e ra . r s e, r ue r es
’

Wl d th W l h T n S c d Hi t y
n a r s a a e , a on e s.
’

Sk Hi g h l nd T n Vi dic t i n f th G n
a e s an e e s . ur er s a re s or .

’
f Sc t ’ ’

f A n ci nt B i ti h
ur n
l d
e ne s a er s o o er s a o o e e
i
P m
u n e n e ss
S l n f th P t d d S p nt
an . o e r s

Tyl Wo s hi p f th Vi g i n
oa e, o e re e n e er e oe s .

St n ’

S m i th R l i g i n f th A ci t M y
o e . er s r o e r
’

B it Ty l Pri m i tiv C h i ti n W
s e o o e n en ar .

S m i th S c d Ann l hi p
r o ns . er s e r s a or
’

S m i th G l ic R ch
s a re a s, s .

S m i th S n D n
’
s ae e s e ar es .

Va le rii O e ra p
’

y A nti q i ty
.

D ni B t n E
s ea a a
V alle n ce y, s s a of
.

Ii hL g g
on u
S t L
o u v e s re , es er e rs re o s.

y
r s an ua es
m iO p
.

S
Sp d H i t y f G t B t n A n ci e nt H t
oz o en e ra
V ll O
fB i ic I l
.

’ a e n ce y, n is o r
ee s s or o re a r i ai .

o r t ann s es .