UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING WATER UTILISATION DIVISION WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT TEST 1 MEMORANDUM WOB 750 Tntemal Examiners: Prof. E. N. Chirwa Time: ——-:120 minutes, Prof. C.F. Schutte Maximum: — 100 points Mr. A.M. Jaffer Date & Time: 12 Sept. 2005, 8:00 AM = Instructions: 1. This is a CLOSED book test. Consultation among candidates and reference to material not supplied by the examiner and invigilator will result in expulsion from the examination room plus an entry of a failing grade for the test 2. Answer ALL questions in Part I of the test. 3. Choose ONE question fiom Part Il of the test. 4. Write your answers in the answer book. 5. Write your name and student number on each answer book and any loose sheets containing rough work.PARTI: Questions 1 to 4, Answer all questions. QI Basic guidclines are applied to ensure that domestic water quality is appropriately assessed so that water quality information can be appropriately interpreted. The central component of this assessment process is the classification system which is used to establish how suitable the water is for domestic users and to aid in decision making rerarding the management of domestic water quality. The classification system describes the effects of increasing concentrations of biological, physical and chemical substances important for domestic use. () Desetibe briefly how the microbiological, physical and chemical water quality affects domestic users. (6pts ) Water quality affects the domestic user in terms of: © Health (acute and chronic) «Aesthetics (colour and odour) © Economies Examples of microbiological WOP is the total coliform concentration and free available chlorine. These would primarily affect the health of the consumer. Examples of physical WOP are EC, pH and turbidity. These would have an effect on the aesthetics of the water. Examples of chemical WOP are arsenic, Cadmium, Calctum, Copper, hardness, Nitrate, sulphate, iron, fluoride concentrations etc. Chemical water quality parameters would affect the health of the ‘consumer as well as aesthetics and economics of water distribution. i) Outline in the form of a flow diagram the primary stages of the process to assess and interpret water quality information to determine its suitability for domestic use. (6pts) ‘The following steps should be followed in the process: Step 1: Determine the minimum data needs for assessing the water quality Step 2: Collect the data Step 3: Process the data Step 4: Compare the results to guidelines Step 5: Classify the water per substance Step 6: Determine the overall class of source Step 7: Determine if rreatable ‘Step 8: Interpret the information and decide on its suitability for domestic use (ii) Provide a brief description of the structure of this classification system including the effects of the different classes of water on the various domestic uses. (4pts) Classification of the water quality is important to establish how suitable the water is for domestic use, (o.make it easier to communicate to the public and other role players and to aid indecision making. The classification system describes the effects of increasing concentrations of each physical, chemical and microbiological substance Considered iniportant for domestic purposes by using a colour coded number code ranging from ideal to wnacceprable water ‘quality. The effects considered are on domestic uses like drinking health, drinking aesthetics, food preparation, bathing and laundry. Class 0: Ideal Class 2: Marginal Class 4: Unacceptable Class 1: Good Class3: Poor[16 points | Q2.a. QA/QC Page 446 (SMP) QA = the following of a set of operating principles for collection and analysis of environmental samples in order to produce data of known and defensible quality. QC =the procedure (mechanisms) followed by an analyst to produce credible results as part of the overall QA programme. b. ‘ili See next page.@s 4 ‘The fauna and flora present in water systems are affected by the various hydrological, physical and chemical features in the water body. These effects can be manipulated to assess the water ‘quality of that environment, Provide a critique of the five main biological assessment methods in terms of the advantages and disadvantages of each method when applied to assess water quality. [10 points | Method Description Advantages/Disadvantages Beological “Analsis of presence and! | Abundance of ecological ‘absence of communities an | information available. Species called bio-mdicators | Blotndicators ean be easily collected, handled and identified. BiochemicalPigstotogical | O2 cnsiompton and “Methods oniy used Jar production, enzyme studies | occasional asessment and not routine monitoring Because of ost and complexity Tadicator organisms Toxicity tests on organions | Can be used for poluion under lab conditions to | monitoring ofthe effects of assess behaviour offauna | specific compounds ony tind flora insta danot be used to determine ect ofa combination of compounds. Tistoogical Study of embryology and | Long study periods required observation ofhistorical and | morphologteal features ‘Bioaccumaation ‘Studies on the accumulation | Can be wed wnder Tow (of substances by organisms | polivant concentration titer by acive or passive | environments means Still underdevelopment and very much dependant on pe of migro-organism selected. The following analysis was obtained on a drinking water sample. Parameter mgiasion |mmolll | meqll | mg/las CaCOs, Ca 52 23 46 230 Me™ 31 21 42 210 Na" 33 23 23 15 Ke 195 05 05, 25 H x 107 107" x ‘Of x_ 10 107 x ‘Alkalinity as HCOs"_| 406 6.66 6.66 333 S04! 120 125 25 125 (ci 92 26 6 130 NOsIN 2, 0.16 016 [8 PO 95 O1 03 15 F 1 0.08 0,08 4 (Total Cations x x 11,6 580 . Total Anions x x 13 61s ‘Atomic mass: Ca= 40; Mg = 24,3; Na = 23; K = 39,1; $=32; O= 16; 4, vlc= =31,N=14,F=19 (@) Complete the table (11pts) {b) Do cation-anion balance and comment on the accuracy of analysis, (2pts) 9%6 difference = (580 ~ 615)/ 615*100 = 5,7% (alt use total eqts) A difference < 596 is usually accepted as reasonable, The % difference acceptable depends (on the application (©) Draw a bar diagram of the water (2pts) Ca 231 Mg 210] other 135 Alkalinity 333, other 282 @ Calculate total hardness, Ca carbonate hardness and Mg non-carbonate hardness (3 pts ) TH = 440 mg/l CaCOs CaCH = 230 mg CaCOs M@NCH = (230 +210) ~ 333 = 107 mg/l CaCOs (©) Express the phosphate concentration as mg/ P Cipts) 9,5 mgPOw/ *31/95 = 3,1 mgPa (Express the nitrate concentration as mg/ NOs Cipts) 2,2 mgN/t * 62/14 = 9,74 mg NOs (c) Comment on the suitability of the water for drinking purposes (4pis) [24 points] ‘The chemical quality of the water is acceptable for drinking, except for total hardness and TDS which are on the high side and may affect sensitive users. Cannot comment on bacteriological quality as no information on bacterial counts or residual chlorine is givenPART II: Choose one question. Q5 a. After adding a biodegradable pollutant in a bottle you observed that it was degraded over time in a reaction defined by first order kinetics as given below: where L=BOD concentration at time ¢ (mg/L) a= coefficient of degradation (d") y =BOD exerted defined as (y= L-L) If the initial concentration of the biodegradable organic matter (at time 0) =, write the expression for the BOD exerted (y) in terms of time tand Z,: (4pts) First Order ODE Solution — rearrange and integrate between L., and L for BOD, and 0 and t for time. [tude YL=Le-y whore y= organics consumed removed at time ¢ (BOD) eh-e™) Se 2 b. The ultimate BOD of this sample is 120mg/l. After five days the BOD exerted is measured as ‘90mg/l. What is the coefficient of degradation in this case. (6 pts) y= 90mg/, Lo = 120mg/. “Substitute into above equation and solve for kd. kd = 0.28 d" a wo xcc. The pollutant sample was extracted from a tailings dam on a mine approximately 30 metres in diameter and 8 meters in depth. What mass (kg) of this pollutant BOD is contained in the tailings dam (Base your answer on the ultimate BOD) (4pts) Calculate volume of dar. ‘Mass of pollutant = BOD concentration * volume of dam = 678 kg 4. A textile company pays a high tax to be allowed to discharge a partially treated wastewater with ‘a BOD concentration of 2000 mg/L well above the regulation level. The waste discharge flow rate is 0.04 m’/s with a background BOD = 0, The waste is discharged into a stream flowing at 0.20mi, Summary Wastewater River Section Area=4 m? 1" Discharge Point Flow, m’/s 0.04 02 BOD, mg/L. 1500 0 2" Discharge Point Flow, m’/s 0.01 0.24 BOD, mg/L. 50 1 ‘Assuming a kg value for the river of 0.74 4", determine: (BOD concentration at the point of first discharge (4pts) _0,04x1300+0.2%0 oe o04+02 0,-0.2 ms C= Omg BODafter mixing = 250 = =L, a (ii) BOD concentration at a point 20 km from the point of discharge (4pts) Late"? L= 250-6 2 19.16 me/L (iii)How far downstream should a second discharge of BOD = 50 mg/L, O1 m/s be allowed in order not to exceed a set ambient limit of BOD < 10 mg/L. (8pts) BOD after mixing at distance, d= 10 mg/l.x=8333 mg/L. me BOD at any location inthe river is represented by L= Le ° Thus, the distance dis the unknown for the portion ofthe river before introducing the second load of 50 mg/L: 8333=250-e © 86400 0.24 uo(§ 23) O.71x€ 250 d= (-7301.41)-(-3.401) d= 26833 km [30 points }7 (Ch 2Lro7 2 (eh) 4 se 2 2d ’ Cop CL @aryes ce — ~Q— Neill ) ee Leo wy Seer = 74 2 a 2 Feta ~ Pino = LAOIK ho = 2S "Sie (2-58) ep - y p/se-0 i 3101 xen = - a (ee-s) enh oe oO ‘Fler oT ws) _ 202w ~ (ene) BE = = reve Oo Ni —¥/s corte o ~ (a19 = yo Los (9-7 = 49 ey > a yee =r] a