Ateneo Law Journal Legal Citation Guide 4th Editition

Legal
Citation
Guide
Ateneo Law Journal

ATENEO
LAW JOURNAL
LEGAL
CITATION GUIDE
Fourth Edition
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LEGAL CITATION GUIDE 2020
BOARD OF EDITORS
PATRICIA ANNE ALARIOS JOHN STEPHEN B. PANGILINAN
PATRICK EDWARD L. BALISONG JOSE RYAN S. PELONGCO
JUSTIN MARK C. CHAN KATRINA ISABELLE G. PIMENTEL
KATHLEEN TRACI P. DEL ROSARIO FRANCES CHRISTINE P. SAYSON
BRIAN EARL A. LESHEN JASON L. SY (lead editor)
SERGIO LUIS M. MERCADO KORINA D. TORRES
MARIAN GAE V. MERINO JOHN PAULO S. VICENCIO
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
PATRICK EDWARD L. BALISONG JOHN PAULO S. VICENCIO
JOHN STEPHEN B. PANGILINAN
ATTY. JACINTO D. JIMENEZ ATTY. LEE BENJAMIN Z. LERMA

FACULTY ADVISER FACULTY ADVISER
Preface to the Fourth Edition
The Ateneo Law Journal humbly offers this fourth edition of the
Legal Citation Guide as it renews its commitment to provide a coherent and
simple yet extensive system of citation. Grateful for the gift of mentorship
and the wealth of experience imparted by past Boards, the present Board of
Editors sought to build on the foundations laid down by previous editions.
Every aspect of this new edition has been met with intense scrutiny and
thorough deliberation by the Board of Editors, guided by the cardinal
principles of clarity, simplicity, consistency, and identifiability. This fourth
edition has benefitted from updates and additions in response to
developments in the legal landscape within the Philippines and beyond its
shores. Several rules relating to primary and secondary authorities have been
refined to facilitate efficient identification of sources. The Guide now
provides for simplified citation rules for various international materials,
including United Nations sources, and features rules dedicated to
quasi-judicial decisions as well as films and broadcasts. Considerable attention
is given to the levels of citations and explanatory footnote texts to provide
guidance in attributing relevant sources and in enriching incisive discussions
of one’s work. Permanent links have also been introduced for internet
sources to make them easily available for future research and study.
Citation is undeniably a tedious task; nevertheless, it remains

indispensable in the legal profession heavily built on precedent. Likewise,
citation, when done conscientiously, is an exercise in humility; one
recognizes the debt of gratitude he or she has for others whose works made
possible one’s insights and expositions. With this fourth edition, the Journal
hopes that this Guide supports the work of jurists, practitioners, and learners
of the law as they advance the cause of truth and justice. Ultimately, more
than the mastery of the rules herein, what remains of paramount
importance is one’s keen understanding of academic and professional
integrity which this Guide endeavors to impress upon its users.
May this Guide continue the Journal’s enduring mission of promoting

legal scholarship since its founding in 1951. Ad maiorem Dei gloriam.
Jason L. Sy
Lead Editor
Preface to the Third Edition
Every legal analysis, to be persuasive, requires proper citation of authorities
for support, opposition, or comparison. Unfortunately, due to the complexity
of other citation systems, members of the Philippine legal community have
expressed the need for a simpler and more practical guide to legal citation.
Through the years, the Ateneo Law Journal has humbly responded to that need
through its Legal Citation Guide, which has been well-received since its first
iteration in 2008. Accordingly, to ensure that it remains responsive to the
needs of the legal community, the Journal dutifully presents this third edition
of its Guide.
Notably, this edition now includes rules on how to cite matters found
on social media, case texts available online other than those maintained by
commercial electronic databases, European case law available in the new
EUR-Lex database, as well as formal rules in citing court documents such
as transcripts of stenographic notes. Yet, even with these additions, the
Guide remains true to its ethos of providing a relatively small, practical, but
comprehensive citation system.
Again, every rule in this Guide has been meticulously studied and
deliberated upon by the Journal’s Board of Editors. The Guide also remains
consistent with and up to par with other citation systems in various
jurisdictions. As such, with this latest edition, the Journal trusts that this
Guide will continue to serve as an essential companion to members of the
Philippine legal community for years to come.
Paolo Miguel S. Consignado

Lead Editor
Preface to the Second Edition
The publication of the Ateneo Law Journal Legal Citation Primer in 2008 paved
the way for a systematic and convenient guide for legal citation and
scholarship. Primarily a compilation of the Ateneo Law Journal White Sheets,
the Publication’s informal editing and citation guide, and based on The
Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, the Citation Primer served both as a
tool for training the Members of the Board of Editors and a benchmark of
the Ateneo Law Journal’s tradition of excellence.
Recent developments in law and media, however, have rendered the

Citation Primer inadequate to cover the growing body of available legal
authorities and sources. This Legal Citation Guide serves as the revised and
updated edition of the Journal’s citation system. Published in
commemoration of the Journal’s 60th anniversary, this Guide promises a
more refined and nuanced approach to legal citation than its precursor.
Foremost among the changes introduced is a reduction of the Citation

Guide’s size for portability and ease of use. Moreover, the citation rules are
now laid down in a more user-friendly and concise manner.
Then as now, each citation was thoroughly deliberated upon by the

Journal’s Board of Editors to ensure a balanced and comprehensive
representation of the needs of legal citation. Refining the Journal’s citations
included greater attention to Supreme Court issuances and decisions. There
are now citation formats for separate and dissenting opinions accompanying
the majority opinions of the Court, unpublished decisions, and rules of
procedure not incorporated within the Rules of Court. Ordinances also
now have their own citation style in this edition. There is greater detail for
executive, legislative, and administrative issuances given their inevitable
importance when conducting extensive research on relevant legal
documents. The Guide also fine-tuned its adherence to Bluebook rules and
styles as far as practicable in order to conform with international standards
of legal citation.
Most importantly, this Guide also presents a more
Philippine-centric approach to citation. Built upon the standards and styles
of The Bluebook, the rules herein have been revamped to suit the needs of a
localized body of statutes, jurisprudence, sources, and authorities. The
country of origin is now indicated for each foreign statute, jurisprudence,
or material, even including materials from the United States’ jurisdiction.
As legal sources and materials transform into electronic and online

formats, the Guide developed more citations for different types of internet
texts. As libraries continue to enable greater access to online sources, rules
of citation to electronic databases have also been added. For easier
reference, an annex which compiles some of the most commonly used
citation abbreviations have also been appended.
The legal citation style guide project of the Ateneo Law Journal is by no
means completed by this edition. Legal citation is ever evolving. It requires
constant review and development. As a testament to this fact, this Citation
Guide embodies the codification of 60 years of the Journal’s experience and
traditions in legal scholarship. It cannot stop there, however. With this
Legal Citation Guide, the Journal only affirms its duty to continually develop
and expand the scope of legal scholarship and, necessarily, that of legal
citation, too.
Oscar Carlo F. Cajucom Vicente Carlos S. Lo

Lead Editor Lead Editor
Preface to the First Edition
The system of legal citation can be confusing, even daunting, for students of
the law and experienced practitioners alike. It requires careful attention to
detail to ensure that those reading a piece of work will be able to trace its
roots and sources. In, perhaps, no other field is there a greater reliance on
precedent than in the law — thus, prompting a seemingly complex and
impenetrable method of citation. Law students and lawyers are all too often
easily intimidated or overwhelmed by this. The problem, however, lies not
so much in lack of skill, than in the lack of a clear and understandable
reference. While The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, published by
American law reviews, is useful and comprehensive, many practical
difficulties exist in relation to its use. Not only is access to it quite limited, as
it is not locally available, its focus is also primarily geared towards American
sources, at times making application challenging. Also, while a longer length
may be indicative of extensiveness, realistically-speaking, many users associate
convenience and functionality with short guides. It is with the goal of
addressing these issues that the editors of the Ateneo Law Journal publish this
Citation Primer.
The Ateneo Law Journal has established itself as a premier law review in
the country. For more than fifty years, it has exhibited unsurpassed zeal and
dedication to the advancement of legal scholarship. It has instituted an
enduring tradition of excellence which has been passed on to, and
maintained and enriched by, each generation of editors. Cognizant of the
importance of honing its editors’ skills in order to live up to the exacting
and elevated standards of being one of the country’s foremost publications,
the system of legal citation has been central to the training of its editors.
Ever the pioneer of progress in the field of law, the Journal now utilizes its
well engraved knowledge in the system of citation to once again break new
ground by providing a solution to the difficulties encountered in legal
citation.
This Citation Primer is the product of hours of deliberation and

research by the present Board of Editors. Each citation form was examined
and deliberated upon to ensure not only accuracy, but also facility in usage.
While it is principally based on the Ateneo Law Journal White Sheets and The
Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, the editors have molded or
reinvented certain citation forms to suit the distinct needs of the Philippine
legal scholar or practitioner. The Board has expended all efforts to make
this primer as simple and user-friendly as possible, without diminution of
content or quality. It must be borne in mind, however, that this
publication is not meant to be all-encompassing, and is exactly what it
purports to be — a primer.
With this, the editors are proud to present to the legal community this
Citation Primer, with hope that it will serve as an essential and lasting
reference in the study and practice of the law.
Bernard Joseph B. Malibiran

Lead Editor
Floralie M. Pamfilo Joy Stephanie C. Tajan

Associate Lead Editor Associate Lead Editor
INTRODUCTION TO LEGAL CITATION
An Overview of Citation ....................................................... 1

About this Guide ................................................................. 1
I. FUNDAMENTALS OF LEGAL CITATION
A. Use of Citations ............................................................. 2
B. Order of Authorities ....................................................... 2
C. Introductory Signals....................................................... 4
1. Direct Citation & Signals That Signify Support or
Attribution ............................................................... 4
2. Signals That Signify Divergence of Views ................... 6
3. Signals That Signify Comparison ............................... 6
4. Signal That Invites Further Research ......................... 7
D. Pinpoint Citations & Subdivision Symbols ......................... 8
E. Short Citation Forms .................................................... 11

1. Supra .................................................................... 11
2. Id. ........................................................................ 12
3. Hereinafter ............................................................ 16
F. Levels of Parenthetical Citations.................................... 19
G. Explanatory Footnotes & Parentheticals ......................... 21
II. PRIMARY AUTHORITIES
A. Constitutions ............................................................... 22
1. Incumbent Constitutions ......................................... 22
2. Repealed Constitutions ........................................... 23
3. Records & Journals of Constitutional Proceedings ..... 23
B. Codes & Statutes ......................................................... 25
4. Codes ................................................................... 25
5. Statutes ................................................................ 26
6. Amendment, Repeal, & Invalidation of Statutes ........ 27
C. Local & Foreign Cases .................................................. 29

7. Reported Cases...................................................... 29
8. Cases Available Online Under Official Domain
Names .................................................................. 31
9. Cases Available on Commercial Electronic
Databases ............................................................. 33
10. Cases Unreported & Unavailable Online ................... 34
11. Pending Cases ....................................................... 35
12. Opinions Other Than the Majority Opinion ............... 36
13. Pleadings, Transcripts of Stenographic Notes,
Interlocutory Orders, & Other Court Documents ....... 37
D. Legislative Materials ..................................................... 39

14. Legislative Bills ...................................................... 39
15. Congressional Resolutions ...................................... 40
16. Committee Reports ................................................ 40
17. Congressional Records ........................................... 41
18. Congressional Journals ........................................... 42
E. Executive Materials ...................................................... 43

19. Executive & Administrative Issuances ...................... 43
20. Advisory Opinions .................................................. 44
21. Implementing Rules & Regulations .......................... 45
22. Quasi-Judicial Decisions .......................................... 46
F. Judicial Issuances ........................................................ 47

23. Court Circulars & Administrative Orders ................... 47
24. Bar Matters ........................................................... 47
25. Issuances from the Office of the
Court Administrator ................................................ 48
G. Ordinances .................................................................. 49
26. Local Government Ordinances ................................. 49
H. Rules of Procedure ...................................................... 50

27. Legislative Rules of Procedure ................................. 50
28. Rules of Procedure of Administrative Agencies ......... 50
29. Rules of Procedure Within the Rules of Court ........... 51
30. Rules of Procedure Issued by the Supreme Court Not
Incorporated in the Rules of Court .......................... 52
31. Superseded Rules of Procedure ............................... 53
III. SECONDARY AUTHORITIES
I. Books & Other Non-Periodic Materials ........................... 54

32. Books by a Single Author ........................................ 54
33. Books by Two Authors ............................................ 55
34. Books by Three or More Authors ............................. 55
35. Multi-Volume Works ............................................... 56
36. Works With Editors or Translators ........................... 56
37. Works in Collections ............................................... 57
38. Annotations ........................................................... 58
39. Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions, & Epilogues ...... 58
40. Special Citation Forms ............................................ 59
J. Journals & Periodical Articles ........................................ 60

41. Consecutively Paginated Journal Articles .................. 60
42. Non-Consecutively Paginated Journal Articles ........... 61
43. Newsletters & Magazine Articles .............................. 61
44. Newspaper Articles in Print ..................................... 62
K. Internet Sources .......................................................... 63

45. Internet Sources in General .................................... 63
46. Magazine & News Articles Online............................. 65
47. Social Media .......................................................... 66
L. Theses & Unpublished Materials ................................... 68
48. Dissertations & Theses ........................................... 68
49. Memoranda, Letters, E-mail, & Other
Correspondences ................................................... 69
50. Press Releases & Other Unpublished Papers ............. 70
M. Interviews ................................................................... 71
51. Interviews Conducted by the Author........................ 71
52. Interviews Not Conducted by the Author ................. 72
N. Speeches & Addresses ................................................. 73

53. Unpublished & Untranscribed Speeches &
Addresses.............................................................. 73
54. Transcribed Speeches & Addresses ......................... 74
O. Films & Broadcasts ...................................................... 75

55. Films ..................................................................... 75
56. Television & Radio Broadcasts................................. 75
IV. INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS
P. Founding Documents ................................................... 76

57. U.N. Charter & League of Nations Covenant ............. 76
Q. Treaties ...................................................................... 77
58. Bilateral Treaties .................................................... 77
59. Multilateral Treaties................................................ 79
R. International Law Cases ............................................... 81

60. I.C.J. & P.C.I.J. Reported Cases .............................. 81
61. I.C.J. & P.C.I.J. Cases Available Online .................... 82
62. I.C.J. & P.C.I.J. Advisory Opinions ........................... 83
63. Cases Before the ICC ............................................. 84
64. CJEU Reported Cases in Print .................................. 85
65. CJEU Cases Available Online ................................... 86
66. Cases Before Other International Judicial
Institutions & Ad Hoc Tribunals ............................... 87
67. International Arbitration Cases ................................ 89
S. Resolutions & Decisions ............................................... 90

68. U.N. General Assembly Resolutions & Decisions ....... 90
69. Resolutions by Other U.N. Organizations &
Other International Bodies ...................................... 91
T. Reports & Other International Materials......................... 92

70. Reports by U.N. Organs & Committees .................... 92
71. Reports by the Secretary-General & Other Officials ... 92
72. Conference Reports................................................ 93
73. WTO Panel & Appellate Body Reports ...................... 94
74. Reports by the WTO Secretariat & Other
WTO Bodies .......................................................... 94
75. WTO Ministerial Documents .................................... 95
76. GATT Panel Decisions ............................................. 95
77. Sales Publications .................................................. 96
V. GENERAL RULES OF USAGE
U. Quotations .................................................................. 97
78. Quotations of 49 Words or Less .............................. 97
79. Quotations of 50 Words or More ............................. 97
80. Alterations ............................................................. 99
81. Omissions.............................................................. 99
82. Emphases.............................................................. 99
V. Footnote References .................................................. 100

83. Footnote References ............................................ 100
W. Punctuations ............................................................. 102
84. Periods ................................................................ 102
85. Commas & Semicolons ......................................... 102
86. Colons ................................................................. 102
87. Hyphens .............................................................. 102
88. Em Dashes .......................................................... 103
89. Ellipses ................................................................ 103
90. Brackets .............................................................. 104
91. Parentheses......................................................... 105
X. Numbers ................................................................... 106

92. Numerals............................................................. 106
93. Ordinals .............................................................. 106
Y. Symbols .................................................................... 107

94. Section & Paragraph Symbols ............................... 107
95. Percentage & Currency Symbols ............................ 107
Z. Other Rules ............................................................... 108

96. Author Names...................................................... 108
97. Dates .................................................................. 108
98. Capitalization ....................................................... 109
99. Abbreviation ........................................................ 110
100. Italicization......................................................... 111
ANNEXES: LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS
A. Selected Geographical Terms...................................... 112

B. Months ..................................................................... 114
C. Government Issuances ............................................... 115
D. Subdivisions .............................................................. 116
E. Selected Philippine Codes ........................................... 117
F. Foreign Periodicals ..................................................... 118
G. Selected Terms & Periodicals ...................................... 140
The LEGAL CITATION GUIDE is a special publication of the Ateneo Law
Journal. It is a compilation of methods of citation for the legal field in an
effort to aid legal practitioners and students in writing their legal
documents and papers. The print version is available for sale within the
Philippines.
This free digital version of the fourth edition of the LEGAL CITATION GUIDE is
available for download from the official website of the Ateneo Law
Journal or from its official Facebook page.
The table of contents of this free digital version may be conveniently

accessed using a Portable Document Format (PDF) viewer
(by clicking “View” > “Show/Hide” > “Navigation Panes” > “Bookmarks”
in Adobe Acrobat Reader on Windows and Mac, “View” > “Table of
Contents” in Preview on Mac, or the bookmark icon in Google Chrome).
INTRODUCTION TO LEGAL CITATION
AN OVERVIEW OF CITATION
Citation is particularly essential in the legal profession because legal

analyses depend on the examination of binding rules and norms.
Thus, it is imperative to determine with precision what these rules and
norms are. Citation facilitates this determination.
Accordingly, citation serves at least three purposes. First, it provides

support or contrast to assertions. Second, it allows proper attribution of
non-original input. Third, it helps readers identify sources for further
study or research.
To achieve these purposes, this Guide emphasizes accurate pinpoint

citation, i.e., directing the reader to the specific portion (e.g., article,
section, paragraph, or page) of a source. A pinpoint citation is complete
when a reader is given sufficient information to locate and to verify the
source, when that source is physically or virtually accessible to the
reader.
This Guide, however, is not meant to be rigid and inflexible,

as no citation guide can completely cover all materials imaginable.
When confronted with materials for which no specific citation rule
squarely applies, the solution is to use analogous rules, bearing in mind
the purposes of legal citation.
ABOUT THIS GUIDE
This Guide is intended for footnote citation. It is divided into five Parts:
Fundamentals of Legal Citation, Primary Authorities, Secondary
Authorities, International Materials, and General Rules of Usage.
Three typefaces are used for the prescribed citation forms in this Guide:
ordinary Roman font, Italics, and LARGE AND SMALL CAPITALS, otherwise
known as SMALL CAPS.
The rules herein were derived from THE BLUEBOOK: A UNIFORM SYSTEM OF
CITATION (21st ed. 2020) and THE MAROONBOOK: THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
MANUAL OF LEGAL CITATION (2019), and were modified for Philippine
practice by taking into consideration the MANUAL OF JUDICIAL WRITING
(2005) by the Supreme Court of the Philippines.
OF LEGAL CITATION
FUNDAMENTALS
2
I. FUNDAMENTALS OF LEGAL CITATION
A. USE OF CITATIONS
A.1. A citation refers to the sentence or clause immediately

preceding it.
A.2. A citation is intended to:
A.2.1. attribute non-original ideas;
A.2.2. provide authorities relevant to the discussion; or
A.2.3. offer sources for further study or research.
B. ORDER OF AUTHORITIES
B.1. When citing multiple authorities, cite first the sources to which
non-original ideas are attributed, or those authorities which
directly provide support or opposition to the text.
B.2. Authorities for support must be given first before those in

opposition. Support or opposition is indicated by introductory
signals (Section C of this Part).
1. JOAQUIN G. BERNAS, S.J., THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF

THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES: A COMMENTARY 780
(2009) & Sedfrey M. Candelaria, Testing Constitutional
Waters IV: Power of the Purse in Light of the Belgica and
Araullo Rulings, 59 ATENEO L.J. 317, 346 (2014). Contra
ISAGANI A. CRUZ & CARLO L. CRUZ, CONSTITUTIONAL
LAW 33 (2015).
B.3. Support or opposition may be direct, indirect, or analogous. Cite

all authorities for support in the aforesaid order, before those
for the opposition in the same order.
2. 4 ARTURO M. TOLENTINO, COMMENTARIES AND

JURISPRUDENCE ON THE CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
470 (1991). See also MELENCIO S. STA. MARIA JR.,
PERSONS AND FAMILY RELATIONS LAW 220 (7th ed.
OF LEGAL CITATION
FUNDAMENTALS
fundamentals of legal citation 3
2019) & Richard Michael Fischl, Ideology and Argument

Construction in Contract Law, in RESEARCH HANDBOOK ON
CRITICAL LEGAL THEORY 284-87 (Emilios
Christodoulidis, et al. eds., 2019). Contra Jose B.L. Reyes,
Observations on the New Civil Code on Points Not Covered by
Amendments Already Proposed, in CIVIL CODE READER 440
(Carmelo V. Sison ed., 2005) & Linda Greenhouse, Justices
Rule Press Can Be Sued for Divulging a Source’s Identity,
N.Y. TIMES, June 25, 1991, at A1.
B.4. Support or opposition may also be given by authorities in their

own right, or when related to other authorities.
B.4.1. Cite first the authorities which support the text in their
own right, before citing those which must be related to
other authorities in order to demonstrate support.
Do the same for the authorities in opposition.
3. PHIL. CONST. art. III, § 14 (2). See also TRANQUIL

GERVACIO S. SALVADOR III, CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 254
(2019). Compare BERNAS, supra note 1, at 499, with
2 FLORENZ D. REGALADO, REMEDIAL LAW
COMPENDIUM 461 (11th ed. 2008). Contra WILLARD B.
RIANO, CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (THE BAR LECTURE
SERIES) 349 (2016).
B.5. Lastly, cite authorities which are merely intended to provide the
reader with tangential sources for further study, personal
analysis, or research.
4. Oposa v. Factoran, Jr., G.R. No. 101083, 224 SCRA 792,

812 (1993). Contra 4 TOLENTINO, supra note 2, at 405 &
2 REGALADO, supra note 3, at 733-35. See generally PHIL.
CONST. art. III, § 10; Reyes, supra note 2, at 434;
RUBÉN F. BALANE, JOTTINGS AND JURISPRUDENCE IN
CIVIL LAW (OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS) 502 (2020);
CRUZ & CRUZ, supra note 1, at 574; & David
Schneiderman, A New Global Constitutional Order?,
in COMPARATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 196
(Tom Ginsburg & Rosalind Dixon eds., 2011).
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FUNDAMENTALS
ateneo law journal 4
C. INTRODUCTORY SIGNALS
C.1. Signals are used to convey the relation between the text and
the authority cited. These may signify:
C.1.1. attribution; or
C.1.2. support or opposition.
C.2. They are italicized for emphasis.
1. Direct Citation & Signals That Signify Support or

Attribution
C.3. Direct citation, without any introductory signal, is used if the

cited authority:
C.3.1. directly supports the text;
C.3.2. identifies the source of a quotation or a non-original

idea; or
C.3.3. identifies the source referred to in the text.
C.4. “See” is used if the cited authority clearly, but indirectly,

supports the text.
C.5. “See, e.g.,” is used if the cited authority:
C.5.1. supplies an example of what is asserted in the text; or
C.5.2. is supplemented by other authorities stating the same

proposition, but stating all of them is not necessary.
5. See, e.g., MAGDANGAL M. DE LEON, APPELLATE

REMEDIES 262 (2d ed. 2018).
C.6. “See also” is used if the cited authority supplies an additional

indirect authority for the text, when the direct authorities have
already been cited, bearing in mind the order of authorities
(Section B of this Part).
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FUNDAMENTALS
6. ROBERTO A. ABAD & BLESSILDA B. ABAD-GAMO,

FUNDAMENTALS OF LEGAL WRITING 101-05 (2014).
See also Pamela Samuelson, Good Legal Writing: Of Orwell
and Window Panes, 46 U. PITT. L. REV. 149, 151-57 (1984).
C.7. “Cf.” is used if the cited authority supports a proposition

different from the text, but provides sufficiently analogous
support when compared with the text.
C.7.1. “Cf.” is derived from the Latin word conferre, which is

usually translated as “compare.”
C.7.2. Use “Cf. also” when direct or indirect supporting

authorities have already been cited.
C.7.3. “Cf.” and “See” are different. “Cf.” merely invites the
reader to compare the text with the cited authority for
possible analogous support. “See”, however,
confidently signals that the cited authority, at the very
least, provides indirect support even if it has to be
inferred from the text.
C.7.4. Parenthetical explanations should be provided

whenever “Cf. ” is used to acquaint the reader with the
analogy or comparison. Meanwhile, the use of
parenthetical explanations is optional whenever “See”
is used.
7. See Tarrosa v. Singson, G.R. No. 111243, 232 SCRA 553,

557-58 (1994) (While the case did not expressly rule
on the validity of the appointment of the Central Bank
Governor who was not confirmed by the Commission on
Appointments, it may be inferred that the said appointment
was valid given the Supreme Court’s discussion of a
previous ruling in the case itself.).
8. Cf. Government of the United States of America v.
Purganan, G.R. No. 148571, 389 SCRA 623, 664 (2002)
(explaining that bail is typically not available in extradition
cases, which are analogous to cases when the grant of bail
is denied by the Constitution).
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FUNDAMENTALS
2. Signals That Signify Divergence of Views
C.8. “Contra” is used if the cited authority directly contradicts a

proposition in the text.
C.9. “But see” is used if the cited authority indirectly contradicts a

proposition in the text.
C.10. “See also” is used when direct contrary authorities were already
cited.
C.11. “But cf.” is used if the cited authority supports a proposition

analogous to the contrary of the text.
C.12. “Cf. also” is used when direct and indirect contrary authorities
have already been cited.
9. Contra RIANO, supra note 3, at 452. See also Greenhouse,

supra note 2, at A1.
10. But see RULE ON THE WRIT OF HABEAS DATA, A.M.
No. 08-1-16-SC, § 1 (Feb. 2, 2008) & Vivares v. St.
Theresa’s College, G.R. No. 202666, 737 SCRA 92, 107
(2014). Cf. also Samuel D. Warren & Louis D. Brandeis,
The Right to Privacy, 4 HARV. L. REV. 193, 205 (1890) &
TOBY MENDEL, ET AL., GLOBAL SURVEY ON INTERNET
PRIVACY AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 84 (2012).
3. Signals That Signify Comparison
C.13. “Compare ... [, and ...], with ... [, and ...]” is used if the cited
authorities, when compared to each other, support or
demonstrate the text.
C.14. “Contrast ... [, and ...], with ... [, and ...]” is used if the cited
authorities, when compared to each other, evince contrary
positions against the text.
C.14.1. For example, the following citation supports a text

which argues that experts in the field of substance
abuse disagree as to whether substance abuse should
be considered as a form of mental illness. Notice how
OF LEGAL CITATION
FUNDAMENTALS
support for the text is demonstrated only by

comparison of the authorities cited.
11. Compare National Institute on Drug Abuse, Comorbidity:

Substance Use Disorders and Other Mental Illnesses,
available at http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/
drugfacts/comorbidity-substance-use-disorders-other-
mental-illnesses (last accessed Nov. 16, 2019)
[http://perma.cc/E8ER-9Q5Z] (asserting that drug
addiction causes fundamental changes in brain function,
overriding the ability to control impulses which is one of
the hallmarks of other forms of mental illness), and Kent C.
Berridge, Is Addiction a Brain Disease?, 1 NEUROETHICS 29,
30 (2017) (“Addiction is a brain disease of temptation and
of choice itself.”), with MARK LEWIS, THE BIOLOGY OF
DESIRE: WHY ADDICTION IS NOT A DISEASE 24-26 (2015)
(arguing that the way the brain changes has to do with
learning and development, not disease).
C.15. Like in “Cf.”, parenthetical explanations may facilitate a better

understanding of the comparison. However, unlike “Cf.”, these
signals tell the reader to compare authorities in order to find
support or opposition to the text, whereas “Cf.” is used to
compare the cited authority with the text itself to provide
analogous support or opposition.
4. Signal That Invites Further Research
C.16. “See generally” is used if the cited authority provides

background material to the text.
C.16.1. The use of footnote text or parenthetical explanations

is also encouraged when using “See generally” to
provide information regarding the relevance of the
source. This is used to guide the readers as to what
authorities can be used for further research or study.
12. See generally UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC

INFORMATION, BASIC FACTS ABOUT THE UNITED
NATIONS 58 (42d ed. 2017) (discussing the role of the
United Nations Security Council in dispute settlement).
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FUNDAMENTALS
D. PINPOINT CITATIONS & SUBDIVISION SYMBOLS
D.1. To ensure proper pinpoint citation, authorities must be

completely cited from its main divisions down to its subdivisions
where the cited portion may be found.
13. Instituting the “Administrative Code of 1987”

[ADMIN. CODE], Executive Order No. 292, bk. II, tit. II,
ch. 4, § 234 (e) (1987).
D.2. It is sufficient to indicate the page number if the cited authority

contains only page numbers.
D.2.1. Use the word “at” only to indicate page numbers, not
other subdivisions (e.g., sections, articles, paragraphs).
D.2.2. When indicating consecutive page numbers (not other

subdivisions), retain only the last two digits of the last
page in the range (e.g., 751-58, 1203-07) except if the
previous digit changes (e.g., 1398-1400).
D.3. Use the section symbol (§) or the paragraph symbol (¶) if the
cited authority is divided by sections or paragraph numbers,
respectively.
14. In the Matter of the South China Sea Arbitration

(Phil. v. China), PCA Case No. 2013-19, Award, ¶ 761
(July 12, 2016).
D.3.1. However, do not use the paragraph symbol (¶), if the

cited portion is not expressly enumerated by paragraph
numbers. Use the written abbreviation (para.) instead.
15. An Act Establishing the Philippine Identification System

[Philippine Identification System Act], Republic Act No.
11055, § 15, para. 3 (2018).
D.4. The pinpoint citation must correspond to the internal ordering

system of the cited authority. If the authority is organized other
than by section or paragraph, cite using the abbreviations in
Annex D. For instance, use “art.” if citing an article, “princ.” if
citing a principle, and “n.” if citing a footnote.
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FUNDAMENTALS
16. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A.

Res. 217 (III) A, art. 28, U.N. Doc. A/RES/217 (III)
(Dec. 10, 1948).
17. U.N. Conference on Environment and Development,
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development,
annex I, princ. 16, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1
(Vol. I) (Aug. 12, 1992).
18. Roland Glenn T. Tuazon, Wrongful Capture, Proper
Detention? Challenging the Doctrine of Male Captus, Bene
Detentus in International Law, 56 ATENEO L.J. 37, 55 n. 77
(2011).
D.5. If the cited authority contains further subdivisions,

use parentheses to separate these from the main divisions of
sections or paragraph numbers.
19. An Act to Institutionalize the Use of an Alternative

Dispute Resolution System in the Philippines and to
Establish the Office for Alternative Dispute Resolution,
and for Other Purposes [Alternative Dispute Resolution
Act of 2004], Republic Act No. 9285, § 28 (b) (2) (iv)
(2004).
D.5.1. However, do not use parentheses if the cited portion is

not expressly distinguished as a further subdivision.
In such case, again, use the abbreviation (para.) to cite
paragraphs within these divisions.
D.6. There is a space between the section symbol and the section
number (e.g., § 2). The same rule applies to the use of the
paragraph symbol (e.g., ¶ 7). There is also a space between the
section or paragraph number and the subdivision in parentheses
(e.g., § 4 (d), ¶ 10 (g)).
D.7. Use two section or paragraph symbols when citing multiple

subdivisions (e.g., §§ 1 & 43 and ¶¶ 12, 17, 45, & 51). Likewise,
use the plural form of the abbreviations in Annex D whenever
proper (e.g., use “arts.” when citing multiple articles).
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FUNDAMENTALS
D.7.1. If the subdivisions cited are consecutive, use a

hyphen (-) to delineate them (e.g., arts. 124-126).
See Rule 87 on Hyphens for further guidance.
D.7.2. Use an ampersand (&) to indicate the last item of an

enumeration.
D.7.3. Use commas to separate items within the same division

level (e.g., main sections or paragraph subdivisions).
20. Philippine Identification System Act, §§ 1, 3, & 5.

21. PHIL. CONST. art. VI, § 16 (1), (3), & (5).
D.7.4. Use semicolons to separate citations of divisions with

further subdivisions. See Rule 85 on Commas and
Semicolons for further guidance.
22. An Act Providing for a National Competition Policy

Prohibiting Anti-Competitive Agreements, Abuse of
Dominant Position and Anti-Competitive Mergers and
Acquisitions, Establishing the Philippine Competition
Commission and Appropriating Funds Therefor
[Philippine Competition Act], Republic Act No. 10667,
§§ 4 (i); 8, para. 2; & 12 (h) (2) (2015).
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FUNDAMENTALS
E. SHORT CITATION FORMS
E.1. Short citation forms are normally used for subsequent citations
of previously fully cited authorities. Specific short citation forms
are usually provided for several materials within this Guide
(see Rules 1 to 77). Otherwise, the following special short
citation forms under this Section on Short Citation Forms (E) are
to be used in the proper cases.
1. Supra
E.2. “Supra”, a Latin word for “above” or “earlier in this writing”,

is used to subsequently cite an authority which has been fully
cited previously, when no specific short citation form has been
provided in this Guide.
E.3. Supra, however, cannot be used to cite an immediately

preceding authority. In such case, Id. must instead be used.
E.4. Follow this format:
<volume no., if any> <Last Name/s of Author/s or

Title of Work>, supra note <footnote no. of
initial citation>, <pinpoint citation>.
E.4.1. The shortened form should appear in the same

typeface as in the full citation (i.e., whether in
SMALL CAPS, italics, or ordinary Roman font).
23. 4 TOLENTINO, supra note 2, at 112.

24. Tuazon, supra note 18, at 50.
E.5. In a work with two authors, indicate each of the authors’ last
names, along with an ampersand (&) in between their names.
If a work was written by three or more authors, indicate the last
name of the first listed author followed by a comma and “et al.”
25. Warren & Brandeis, supra note 10, at 193-95.

26. MENDEL, ET AL., supra note 10, at 12 fig. 1.
OF LEGAL CITATION
FUNDAMENTALS
E.6. If the author is an institution, use the full institutional name.
27. UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC

INFORMATION, supra note 12, at 243.
E.7. If no author is indicated, use the title of the work.
28. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development,

supra note 17, princ. 25.
E.8. If there is no author nor title indicated in the work, use the
document number or designation.
E.9. Note that the supra note number (i.e., referring to the footnote
number of the initial citation) must be kept accurate despite the
addition of intervening footnotes in the work (see Rule 83.7).
2. I d .
E.10. “Id.” , an abbreviation of the Latin word Idem which means

“the same”, is used when citing exactly all the authorities:
E.10.1. in the immediately preceding authority within the same

footnote; or
E.10.2. in the immediately preceding footnote.
E.11. If neither of the two conditions above apply, a different short

citation form (i.e., supra or the prescribed short citation form)
must instead be used.
E.12. Id. cannot be used to refer to Incumbent and Repealed

Constitutions (see Rules 1 and 2), but it may be used for all
other authorities.
Id. <pinpoint citation, if different from immediately

preceding citation>.
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FUNDAMENTALS
E.13.1. When used alone without any pinpoint citation, Id.

refers to the identical pinpoint citation referenced in
the immediately preceding citation.
E.13.2. As illustrated, Id. alone was used in Note 30 to refer to

the same pinpoint citation (i.e., page 138) of the
immediately preceding authority in Note 29.
Meanwhile, Id. was not used in Note 33 because not all
the authorities in Note 32 were intended to be cited for
authority. Similarly, Id. was not used in Note 35.
29. Poe-Llamanzares v. Commission on Elections, G.R.

No. 221697, 786 SCRA 1, 138 (2016).
30. Id.
31. Id. at 142.
32. Id. at 145-46 (citing Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, supra note 16, art. 15; Convention on the
Rights of the Child art. 7, adopted Nov. 20, 1989,
1577 U.N.T.S. 3; & International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights art. 24, opened for signature Dec. 19, 1966,
999 U.N.T.S. 171).
33. Poe-Llamanzares, 786 SCRA at 152.
34. Eilene Zimmerman, The Lawyer, The Addict, N.Y. TIMES,
July 15, 2017, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2017/
07/15/business/lawyers-addiction-mental-health.html (last
accessed Nov. 2, 2019) [http://perma.cc/6D9W-4FJX]
(citing Lawrence S. Krieger & Kennon M. Sheldon,
What Makes Lawyers Happy?: A Data-Driven Prescription to
Redefine Professional Success, 83 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 554,
560 (2015)).
35. Zimmerman, supra note 34.
E.14. Note that “at” is only placed after Id. when indicating the
pinpoint citation of pages (i.e., if the pages are different from
the immediately preceding citation). For subdivisions other than
pages, “at” must not be used, pursuant to the rules on pinpoint
citations and subdivision symbols (Section D of this Part).
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FUNDAMENTALS
E.15. Use the applicable short citation form if the material has been
cited five consecutive times as Id. in the same footnote or in the
preceding footnotes.
E.15.1. In the example, the applicable short citation form of

the authority first cited in Note 36 is used in Note 42,
instead of a sixth consecutive Id.
36. CHRIS LOWNEY, HEROIC LEADERSHIP: BEST PRACTICES

FROM A 450-YEAR-OLD COMPANY THAT CHANGED THE
WORLD 277 (2003).
37. Id. at 120-22.
38. Id. at 245.
39. Id. at 95.
40. Id.
41. Id.
42. LOWNEY, supra note 36, at 95.
E.16. Every time Id. appears or is used, whether within a single

footnote or in a set of successive footnotes, it is counted for the
application of the said rule.
E.16.1. As seen below, Id. is not used in Note 48 as Id. has

been used five consecutive times, which includes Id.
being used twice within a single footnote, Note 46.
43. An Act Providing for the Revised Corporation Code of

the Philippines [REV. CORP. CODE], Republic Act
No. 11232, §§ 124-126 (2019).
44. Id. § 35 (h).
45. Id. § 11, paras. 2 & 4.
46. Id. § 2. This Section defines a corporation as “an artificial
being created by operation of law, having the
right of succession and the powers, attributes,
and properties expressly authorized by law or incidental to
its existence.” Id.
47. Id. §§ 8 & 40.
48. REV. CORP. CODE, § 49 (a) (6).
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FUNDAMENTALS
E.17. Introductory signals may precede Id. if applicable.
49. THOMAS S. KUHN, THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC

REVOLUTIONS 158 (3d ed. 1996).
50. See id. at 170.
E.18. Id. may be used even when the immediately preceding

authorities have an introductory signal.
51. See Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, Republic Act

No. 3019, § 7 (1960) (as amended).
52. Id. §§ 3 (e) & 4 (a).
E.19. Id. is also used when passages are quoted in the footnote text.
E.19.1. When the direct quotation contains 49 words or less,

Id. is placed right after the quotation (see Rule 78).
53. Valino v. Adriano, G.R. No. 182894, 723 SCRA 1, 24

(2014) (J. Leonen, dissenting opinion). In his dissent,
Justice Marvic Mario Victor F. Leonen eloquently
explained that “[t]he law reaches into much of our lives
while we live. It constitutes and frames most of our
actions. But at the same time, the law also grants us the
autonomy or the space to define who we are.” Id.
E.19.2. If a block quotation (i.e., consisting of 50 words or

more) is used, Id. is placed on the next line after the
quotation (see Rule 79).
54. Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, § 7 (as amended).

The pertinent portion of Section 7, as amended, reads —
Every public officer ... shall prepare and file ... a true,
detailed[,] sworn statement of assets and liabilities, including a
statement of the amounts and sources of his [or her] income,
the amounts of his [or her] personal and family expenses[,]
and the amount of income taxes paid for the next preceding
calendar year[.]
Id.
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FUNDAMENTALS
3. Hereinafter
E.20. “Hereinafter” is used when the authority would be too confusing

or burdensome to cite repeatedly, such as when there are
several works by the same author cited in one article or when
the name of the authority is extremely long.
E.21. To avoid the confusion or ambiguity, the author uses

“hereinafter” and creates a special short citation form which will
aptly identify the authority cited.
<full citation of the source> [hereinafter <special short

citation form>].
E.22.1. “Hereinafter” is added at the end of a cited authority,

before any parenthetical explanation, and is placed in
brackets together with the special short citation form.
55. CESAR L. VILLANUEVA, COMMERCIAL LAW REVIEW 381

(2009) [hereinafter VILLANUEVA, COMMERCIAL LAW].
56. Cesar L. Villanueva, Developments in Commercial Law,
PHILJA JUD. J., Oct.-Dec. 2004, at 58
[hereinafter Villanueva, Developments].
57. U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, Report
of the Conference of the Parties on Its Twenty-First Session, Held
in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015, ¶¶ 47-51,
U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1 (Jan. 29, 2016)
[hereinafter COP 21 Decision].
E.23. The short citation form should appear in the same typeface as in
the full citation (i.e., whether in SMALL CAPS, italics, or ordinary
Roman font).
58. Villanueva, Developments, supra note 56, at 83.

59. VILLANUEVA, COMMERCIAL LAW, supra note 55, at 382.
60. COP 21 Decision, supra note 57, ¶ 50.
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FUNDAMENTALS
E.24. “Hereinafter” is never used when the citation is mentioned and

used only once.
E.24.1. As illustrated below, Note 63 did not use “hereinafter”

as the source therein was not cited subsequently in the
work, whereas “hereinafter” was used in
Notes 61 and 62 considering the succeeding citations in
Notes 65 and 64, respectively.
61. ANTONIO G.M. LA VIÑA, CLIMATE CHANGE AND

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: NEGOTIATING A GLOBAL
REGIME 219 (1997) [hereinafter LA VIÑA, NEGOTIATING A
GLOBAL REGIME].
62. Antonio G.M. La Viña, Climate Justice in Katowice, MANILA
STAND., Nov. 17, 2018, available at
http://manilastandard.net/opinion/columns/eagle-eyes-
by-tony-la-vina/280700/climate-justice-in-katowice.html
(last accessed Nov. 6, 2019) [http://perma.cc/TPA5-
FUC3] [hereinafter La Viña, Climate Justice].
63. Antonio G.M. La Viña, Reducing Uncertainty, Advancing
Equity: Precaution, Trade, and Sustainable Development, 53
ATENEO L.J. 957, 960 (2009).
64. La Viña, Climate Justice, supra note 62.
65. LA VIÑA, NEGOTIATING A GLOBAL REGIME, supra note
61, at 73.
E.25. A subsequent citation based upon the use of “hereinafter” is

always accompanied by supra.
E.26. When the simple supra form suffices, “hereinafter” should not
be used.
E.27. Similarly, if a specific short citation form is prescribed in Rules 1

to 77 of this Guide, “hereinafter” should generally not be used.
E.27.1. However, there could arise extraordinary circumstances

where supra, in conjunction with “hereinafter”, may be
used to refer to codes, statutes, cases, legislative
materials, regulations, etc. (i.e., those with a specific
short citation form prescribed in this Guide), as when
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FUNDAMENTALS
the title of the authority is extremely long or when the

use of ordinarily prescribed short citation forms may
cause confusion or ambiguity.
66. In the Matter of: Save the Supreme Court Judicial

Independence and Fiscal Autonomy Movement v.
Abolition of Judiciary Development Fund (JDF) and
Reduction of Fiscal Autonomy, UDK-15143, 746 SCRA
352, 355 (2015) [hereinafter In Re: Save the
Supreme Court].
67. Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in
Armed Conflict, Advisory Opinion, 1996 I.C.J. 66, 73
(July 8) [hereinafter World Health Organization I.C.J.
Opinion].
68. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons,
Advisory Opinion, 1996 I.C.J. 226, 238 (July 8)
[hereinafter U.N. General Assembly I.C.J. Opinion].
69. In Re: Save the Supreme Court, supra note 66, at 359.
70. World Health Organization I.C.J. Opinion, supra note 67,
at 84.
71. U.N. General Assembly I.C.J. Opinion, supra note 68,
at 245.
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FUNDAMENTALS
F. LEVELS OF PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS
F.1. A second-level citation is parenthetically added if the information

conveyed is particularly relevant (e.g., when the source cited as
authority itself quotes or cites another source for that point).
72. Leca Realty Corporation v. Manuela Corporation,

G.R. No. 166800, 534 SCRA 97, 109 (2007) (citing
Cesar L. Villanueva, Revisiting the Philippine “Laws” on
Corporate Rehabilitation, 43 ATENEO L.J. 183, 184 (1999)).
73. Mandanas v. Ochoa, Jr., G.R. No. 199802, 869 SCRA
440, 495 (2018) (citing PHIL. CONST. art. X, § 6 &
Province of Batangas v. Romulo, G.R. No. 152774,
429 SCRA 736, 760 (2004)).
F.2. All the rules in this Guide (e.g., rules on typefaces, short citation
forms, pinpoint citations) shall apply to the parenthetical citation
in the same way as any citation outside the parentheses.
F.2.1. To illustrate, suppose that certain authorities have

been cited previously in the work (e.g., in Notes 1, 4,
13, and 73) and they are to be cited again, along with
or as part of a parenthetical citation, the
applicable short citation forms (i.e., supra or the
prescribed short citation forms) must be used when
citing the authorities.
74. Araullo v. Aquino III, G.R. 209287, 728 SCRA 1, 67-70

(2014) (citing BERNAS, supra note 1, at 959 &
1 RECORD OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION,
NO. 27, at 436 & 439 (1986)).
75. BERNAS, supra note 1, at 991-93 (citing Marcos v.
Manglapus, G.R. No. 88211, 177 SCRA 668, 708 (1989)
(J. Gutierrez Jr., dissenting opinion); Oposa, 224 SCRA at
809-10; & Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, G.R. No.
115455, 235 SCRA 630, 760-61 (1994) (J. Romero,
dissenting opinion)).
76. Mandanas, 869 SCRA at 614 (J. Leonen, dissenting
opinion) (citing ADMIN. CODE, bk. VI, ch. 2, § 3).
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FUNDAMENTALS
F.3. One level of recursion may already be sufficient. If a source

cites a source, which itself cites another source, only one level
of parenthetical citation pertaining to the second source may be
indicated if particularly relevant.
F.3.1. An additional level of recursion (i.e., a third-level

citation) may be included if the information conveyed
by the citation is particularly relevant.
F.3.2. For example, the case of People v. Adriano quoted the

case of People v. Herrera, which itself quoted the case
of People v. Hilario. If the Herrera case is particularly
relevant, it may be parenthetically cited as illustrated
below. There is no need to include a third-level citation
for the Hilario case if it is not relevant.
77. People v. Adriano, G.R. No. 205228, 763 SCRA 70, 83

(2015) (citing People v. Herrera, 422 Phil. 830, 857
(2001)).
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FUNDAMENTALS
G. EXPLANATORY FOOTNOTES & PARENTHETICALS
G.1. Explanatory footnotes and parentheticals may introduce

information related to, but not appropriate for, inclusion in the
body of the work (e.g., when making a tangential point, when
explaining the relevance of an authority cited, or when clarifying
a statement made in the text). Such information may be in the
form of direct quotations lifted from the authority cited.
G.2. Explanatory footnotes must be complete sentences and must be

accompanied by citations, if necessary.
78. While the decision overturned years of precedent in

various fields of law, the Author humbly submits that the
petition should have been dismissed outright.
79. Rules of statutory construction necessarily come into play
in the case of two conflicting laws where one did not
expressly amend or repeal the other. RICARDO M.
PILARES III, STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION: CONCEPTS
AND CASES 255 (2019).
G.3. In contrast, explanatory parentheticals may be in the form of

sentences or phrases.
80. ALOYSIUS P. LLAMZON, CORRUPTION IN

INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT ARBITRATION 3 (2014)
(explaining that revolutionary shifts in history were largely
driven by the desire to reform institutions plagued by
corruption).
G.3.1. If the explanatory parenthetical is in sentence form, it

must end with the appropriate punctuation inside the
parentheses, in addition to the period at the end of the
footnote.
81. Libi v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 70890,

214 SCRA 16, 18 (1992) (“One of the ironic verities of
life, it has been said, is that sorrow is sometimes a
touchstone of love.”).
22
II. PRIMARY AUTHORITIES
Primary authorities are statements of law that issue from the sovereign
body, the legislature, the courts, or any other body with official capacity
A. CONSTITUTIONS
to issue or to clarify rules within its jurisdiction. Primary authorities may
either be mandatory (i.e., binding) or persuasive depending on the court
level and jurisdiction involved.
On the other hand, secondary authorities, dealt with in Part III of this
Guide, are sources of information which help explain, comment on, or
analyze the law. Unlike primary authorities, secondary authorities are
never binding but are merely persuasive.
The rules provided in this Part are applicable to both domestic and
foreign primary authorities. International materials, however, have their
own citation formats which shall be dealt with later in Part IV of this
Guide.
A. CONSTITUTIONS
1. Incumbent Constitutions
1.1. Cite incumbent constitutions as:
<ABBREVIATED STATE OR COUNTRY NAME> CONST. <pinpoint

citation>.
82. PHIL. CONST. art. XI, § 3 (6).

83. PHIL. CONST. art. VII, § 18, para. 4 & art. VIII, §§ 1-2.
84. INDIA CONST. arts. 15 (2) & 16 (2).
85. U.S. CONST. amend. IV.
86. MYAN. CONST. pmbl.
1.2. Constitutions must always be cited in full, even in subsequent

citations. Do not use supra or Id.
1.3. Refer to Part I, Section D of this Guide for proper understanding

of pinpoint citation and subdivision symbols.
primary authorities 23
1.4. See Annex A for the list of abbreviated State or country names.
1.5. “CONST.” is in a typeface known as LARGE AND SMALL CAPITALS,

otherwise known as SMALL CAPS, which are uppercase letterforms
that are shorter in height than the capitals in a given typeface.
A. CONSTITUTIONS
If you are using Microsoft Word in Windows, click
Ctrl + Shift + K (or Cmd + Shift + K in Mac) to format the text
to SMALL CAPS.
2. Repealed Constitutions
2.1. Cite repealed constitutions as:
<year of adoption> <ABBREVIATED STATE OR COUNTRY NAME>

CONST. <pinpoint citation> (superseded in <year>).
87. 1935 PHIL. CONST. art. VI, §§ 1 & 5 (superseded in 1973).

88. 1973 PHIL. CONST. art. IV, § 4 (2) (superseded in 1987).
2.2. Likewise, repealed constitutions must always be cited in full,

even in subsequent citations. Do not use supra or Id.
3. Records & Journals of Constitutional Proceedings
3.1. The initial citation format for records and journals of

constitutional proceedings is as follows:
<volume no., if any> <OFFICIAL TITLE OF RECORD OR

JOURNAL>, <SESSION NO., IF ANY>, <pinpoint citation>
(<year>) <Abbreviated State or Country Name>).
3.1.1. The volume number must be in Arabic Numerals.

The OFFICIAL TITLE OF THE RECORD OR JOURNAL and the
SESSION NUMBER, if any, are in SMALL CAPS.
3.1.2. There is no need to indicate the country name if it is a

Philippine constitutional proceeding, or if it is evident
from its official title.
89. 5 RECORD OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION,

NO. 109, at 1010 (1986).
90. 2 JOURNAL OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF
THE PHILIPPINES, NO. 56, at 594-97 (1934).
A. CONSTITUTIONS
91. OFFICIAL RECORD OF THE DEBATES OF THE
AUSTRALASIAN FEDERAL CONFERENCE, 2D SESS., at 95
(1890).
3.2. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<volume no., if any> <ABBREVIATED TITLE>, <PERTINENT

CONSTITUTION>, <SESSION NO., IF ANY>, <pinpoint citation>.
3.2.1. Follow the rules under this Section on Constitutions (A)

in citing the constitution pertinent to the journal or
record being cited.
92. 2 JOURNAL, 1935 PHIL. CONST., NO. 56, at 595.

93. Id. at 594-97.
94. 5 RECORD, PHIL. CONST., NO. 109, at 1011.
95. Id. at 1012.
96. RECORD, AUSTL. CONST., 2D SESS., at 106.
3.3. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
B. CODES & STATUTES
4. Codes
B. CODES & STATUTES

4.1. The initial citation format for codes is as follows:
<Full Title> [<SHORT TITLE>], <statute no.>,

<pinpoint citation> (<publisher, if not published by
State officials> <year of enactment>) (<Abbreviated
State or Country Name>).
4.1.1. There is no need to indicate the country name if it is a

Philippine code.
97. An Act Providing for a Local Government Code of 1991

[LOCAL GOV’T CODE], Republic Act No. 7160, § 129
(1991).
98. The Family Code of the Philippines [FAMILY CODE],
Executive Order No. 209, art. 68 (1987).
99. Penal Code of California [CAL. PENAL CODE], § 25 (West
2011) (U.S.).
4.2. The SHORT TITLE is in SMALL CAPS (e.g., LOCAL GOV’T CODE, REV.
PENAL CODE, REV. CORP. CODE, INTELL. PROP. CODE, LABOR CODE).
4.3. Follow the short title used in the code itself, unless the code has
a well-known abbreviated short title as listed in Annex E.
If no short title is provided, or if the code has no well-known
short title, do not indicate any.
4.3.1. If the short title of the code includes the phrase “of the
Philippines”, such must be omitted (e.g., “CIVIL CODE”
instead of “CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES”), consistent
with Annex E.
100. An Act to Ordain and Institute the Civil Code of the

Philippines [CIVIL CODE], Republic Act No. 386,
art. 415 (10) (1949).
<SHORT TITLE>, <pinpoint citation>.
B. CODES & STATUTES

101. LOCAL GOV’T CODE, §§ 16-19.

102. FAMILY CODE, whereas cl. para. 2.
103. Id. art. 68.
104. CAL. PENAL CODE, § 95 (a).
5. Statutes
5.1. The initial citation format for statutes, other than codes, is as
follows:
<Full Title> [<Short Title, if any>], <statute no.>,

<pinpoint citation> (<year of enactment>) (<Abbreviated
State or Country Name>).
5.1.1. Similarly, there is no need to indicate the country name

if it is a Philippine law.
105. An Act Defining Gender-Based Sexual Harassment in

Streets, Public Spaces, Online, Workplaces, and
Educational or Training Institutions, Providing Protective
Measures and Prescribing Penalties Therefor
[Safe Spaces Act], Republic Act No. 11313, § 6 (2019).
106. An Act Prohibiting the Imposition of Death Penalty in the
Philippines, Republic Act No. 9346, § 2 (2006).
107. An Act Establishing the Philippine Space Development
and Utilization Policy and Creating the Philippine Space
Agency, and for Other Purposes [Philippine Space Act],
Republic Act No. 11363, §§ 2 (e) & 5 (c) (2019).
108. An Act to Establish a New Law for Trade Marks, to
Enable Singapore to Give Effect to Certain International
Conventions on Intellectual Property and for Matters
Connected Therewith [Trade Marks Act], Act No. 46 of
1998, § 15 (1) (b) (1998) (Sing.).
5.2. Note that, unlike codes, the short title for statutes is in ordinary
Roman font, not SMALL CAPS. Follow the short title used in the
statute itself. If no short title is provided, do not indicate any.
B. CODES & STATUTES

5.3. Even if a statute has no official short title, parenthetical
explanations may be used to indicate the name for which a
statute is better known. This explanation may be included in
subsequent citations for clarity.
109. An Act Penalizing the Making or Drawing and Issuance of

a Check Without Sufficient Funds or Credit and for Other
Purposes, Batas Pambansa Blg. 22, § 1 (1979)
(also known as the Bouncing Checks Law).
<Short Title, if any, otherwise use the statute no.>,

<pinpoint citation>.
110. Safe Spaces Act, § 3 (a).

111. Id. §§ 17 & 20.
112. Batas Pambansa Blg. 22, § 2 (also known as the Bouncing
Checks Law).
113. Republic Act No. 9346, § 3.
114. Trade Marks Act, § 18 (1).
6. Amendment, Repeal, & Invalidation of Statutes
6.1. If a code or statute has undergone express amendments,

parenthetically indicate this fact.
6.1.1. This parenthetical indication may be omitted in

subsequent citations, if not necessary to the text.
115. A Decree Instituting a Labor Code Thereby Revising and

Consolidating Labor and Social Laws to Afford Protection
to Labor, Promote Employment and Human Resources
Development and Ensure Industrial Peace Based on Social
Justice [LABOR CODE], Presidential Decree No. 442,

art. 96 (1974) (as amended).
116. An Act to Institute the Policies of Overseas Employment
and Establish a Higher Standard of Protection and
B. CODES & STATUTES

Promotion of the Welfare of Migrant Workers, Their
Families and Overseas Filipinos in Distress, and for Other
Purposes [Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of
1995], Republic Act No. 8042, § 3 (a) (1995)
(as amended).
117. Id.
118. LABOR CODE, art. 6.
119. Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995, § 1.
6.2. When citing a statute no longer in force, parenthetically indicate

the year when it was repealed or invalidated in jurisprudence.
6.2.1. Always parenthetically indicate the repeal or

invalidation in subsequent citations, except the year
and the pertinent case. But there is no need for such
indication when using Id.
120. An Act Revising the Penal Code and Other Penal Laws
[REV. PENAL CODE], Act No. 3815, § 202 (1930)
(repealed in 2011).
121. Id.
122. An Act Providing for a National Policy on Responsible
Parenthood and Reproductive Health [The Responsible
Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012],
Republic Act No. 10354, § 23 (a) (1) (2012) (invalidated by
Imbong v. Ochoa, Jr., G.R. No. 204819, 721 SCRA 146
(2014)).
123. An Act to Impose the Death Penalty on Certain Heinous
Crimes, Amending for That Purpose the Revised Penal
Laws, as Amended, Other Special Penal Laws, and for
Other Purposes, Republic Act No. 7659, whereas cl.
para. 3 (repealed in 2006).
124. The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health
Act of 2012, § 23 (a) (3) (invalidated).
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN CASES
7. Reported Cases
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN

7.1. Both local and foreign cases are primary authorities which are
dealt with under this Section (C) on cases. In the Philippines,
CASES
foreign cases are, at best, persuasive to local courts. The initial
citation format for reported local and foreign cases is as follows:
<Case Title>, <case or docket no., if needed>,

<volume no.> <abbreviated name of reporter> <first page
of report>, <pinpoint citation> (<court abbreviation>
<year>) (<Abbreviated State or Country Name>).
7.1.1. Follow the abbreviated name of the reporter used by

the reporter itself.
7.1.2. There is no need to indicate the case or docket number

when citing from the official reporters in a State. Thus,
the case or docket number is omitted when citing a
local case from the Philippine Reports (Phil.) or the
Official Gazette (O.G.).
125. Morfe v. Mutuc, 130 Phil. 415, 440 (1968).

126. Manila Electric Company v. Dominador Madronio, 114
O.G. 3730, 3732-35 (CA 2016).
127. People ex rel. Nonhuman Rights Project, Inc. v. Lavery,
124 A.D.3d 148, 151 (N.Y. App. Div. 2014) (U.S.).
7.1.3. A commercial reporter may be cited only when it is

certain that it is a faithful reproduction of court
decisions or resolutions. When citing from a
commercial reporter, the case or docket number is
indicated if its inclusion greatly facilitates access to the
case. Accordingly, for local cases from commercial
reporters (e.g., Supreme Court Reports Annotated
(SCRA)), the case or docket number must be indicated.
128. Javier v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. L-68379,

144 SCRA 194, 198 (1986).
7.2. There is no need to indicate the deciding court if the case was
decided or resolved by the highest court of a State or country.
129. Taunoa v. Attorney-General, 1 NZLR 429, ¶ 79 (2008)
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN

(N.Z.).
130. Plaintiff M70/2011 v. Minister for Immigration and
CASES
Citizenship, 244 CLR 144, 194 (2011) (Austl.).
7.3. Likewise, there is no need to indicate the country if it is a

Philippine case, or if it is apparent from the name of the
reporter.
131. Serrano v. Gallant Maritime Services, Inc., G.R. No.

167614, 582 SCRA 254, 295 (2009).
132. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 468-70 (1966).
7.4. When citing a case, omit the names of all the parties other than
those first listed from the contending sides. If the actions are
consolidated in one decision, cite only the first one listed with its
corresponding docket number.
133. Disini, Jr. v. Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. 203335, 716

SCRA 237 (2014).
7.5. Generally, there is no need to indicate whether a case is a

resolution of a motion for reconsideration.
7.5.1. However, if the decision sought to be reconsidered has

already been referred to in the work, the fact that what
is being cited is the resolution of the motion for
reconsideration may be parenthetically indicated.
134. Disini, Jr. v. Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. 203335, 723

SCRA 109 (2014) (resolution of motion for
reconsideration).
<Short Case Title>, <volume no.> <abbreviated name of

reporter> <pinpoint citation>.
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN

CASES
135. Morfe, 130 Phil. at 440.
136. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 474.
137. Id.
138. Disini, Jr., 723 SCRA at 120 (resolution of motion for
reconsideration).
7.8. For the short case title, shorten the title in a way that would not
cause ambiguity or confusion with other cited cases.
139. People v. Cayat, 68 Phil. 12, 18 (1939).

140. Republic v. Manalo, G.R. No. 221029, 862 SCRA 580,
601 (2018).
141. Cayat, 68 Phil. at 17.
142. Id.
143. Manalo, 862 SCRA at 607.
8. Cases Available Online Under Official Domain Names
8.1. This Rule applies only to cases available in official domain

names of States.
8.1.1. In the Philippines, the official domain name for the

judiciary is www.judiciary.gov.ph. Under this domain
name are the official websites of the Supreme Court,
the Court of Appeals, the Court of Tax Appeals, and the
Sandiganbayan.
8.2. Do not cite case texts found in any other domain or website.
8.2.1. As an exception, cases faithfully reproduced by

commercial electronic databases may be cited using
Rule 9 of this Guide.
8.3. The initial citation format for cases available online under official
domain names is as follows:
<Case Title>, <case or docket no.>, <date>, <pinpoint

citation, if possible>, available at <internet address>
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN

(last accessed <date>) (<Abbreviated State or Country
Name>).
CASES
144. Uber Technologies Inc. v. Heller, No. 38534,
June 26, 2020, ¶¶ 52, 54, 62, 64, 79, & 99, available at
http://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/18406/1/
document.do (last accessed July 13, 2020) (Can.).
145. Secretary for Justice v. Wong Chi Fung, CACV 14/2018,
May 16, 2019, ¶ 49, available at http://legalref.judiciary.hk/
lrs/common/ju/ju_frame.jsp?DIS=121897 (last accessed
Dec. 21, 2019) (H.K.).
8.4. There is no need to indicate the country name if it is a Philippine

case.
146. Oscar B. Pimentel, et al. v. Legal Education Board,

G.R. No. 230642, Sept. 10, 2019, available at
http://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/
1/65751 (last accessed Nov. 19, 2019).
147. People of the Philippines v. Judy Anne Santos y Lumagui,
CTA Crim. Case No. O-012, Jan. 16, 2013, at 40, available
at http://cta.judiciary.gov.ph/home/download/52589e7
fdbb6adf34405f6ab0ed2a77d (last accessed May 30, 2020).
<Short Case Title>, <case or docket no.>, <pinpoint

citation, if possible>.
148. Uber Technologies Inc., No. 38534, ¶¶ 53-55.

149. Id. ¶ 95 n. 7.
150. Judy Anne Santos y Lumagui, CTA Crim. Case No. O-012,
at 41.
9. Cases Available on Commercial Electronic Databases
9.1. This Rule applies only to commercial electronic databases (e.g.,

Westlaw) which are faithful reproductions of officially published
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN

cases, and which usually assign unique database identifiers to
these cases.
CASES
9.1.1. If the electronic database is not a faithful reproduction,
or does not assign unique identifiers to its contents,
use Rule 10 of this Guide.
9.2. The initial citation format for cases available on electronic

databases is as follows:
<Case Title>, <case or docket no.>, <database identifier,

if any>, <pinpoint citation> (<court abbreviation> <year>)
(<database name>, <Abbreviated State or Country
Name>).
9.2.1. If the name of the electronic database is apparent from

its identifier, it need not be parenthetically indicated.
9.2.2. The database identifier is usually found at the top page

of the case when viewed in the electronic database.
9.2.3. Electronic page numbers, when used for pinpoint

citation under this Rule only, are accompanied by an
asterisk.
151. Patel v. Facebook, Inc., No. 18-15982, 2019 WL 3727424,

at *5 (9th Cir. 2019) (Westlaw, U.S.).
152. Rufo v. Simpson, No. B112612, 2001 Cal. App. LEXIS
41, at *2-3 (Cal. Ct. App. 2001) (U.S.).
9.3. Similarly, there is no need to indicate the deciding court if the

case was decided or resolved by the highest court of a State or
country.
9.4. There is also no need to indicate the country if it is a Philippine

case, or if it is apparent from the database name or identifier.
<Short Case Title>, <database identifier, if any, otherwise,

use the case or docket no.>, <pinpoint citation>.
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN

CASES
153. Patel, 2019 WL 3727424, at *6-7.
154. Id. at *3.
10. Cases Unreported & Unavailable Online
10.1. This Rule covers all judgments, final orders, and resolutions of
any court, which are not available in any reporter or online
under official domain names.
10.2. The initial citation format for cases unreported and unavailable
online is as follows:
<Case Title>, <case or docket no.>, <pinpoint citation>

(<deciding court> <year>) (unreported).
155. Coca-Cola FEMSA Philippines, Inc. v. Sugar Regulatory

Administration, et al., Civil Case No.
R-QZN-17-02927-CV, at 4 (RTC 2017) (unreported).
156. People of the Philippines v. Datu Andal “Unsay”
Ampatuan, Jr., et al., Criminal Case No. Q-09-162148-72,
at 657-761 (RTC 2019) (unreported).
10.3. There is no need to indicate the deciding court or agency if it is

apparent from the case or docket number.
<Short Case Title>, <case or docket no.>, <pinpoint

citation> (unreported).
10.6. Do not parenthetically indicate that the case is unreported when

using Id.
157. Coca-Cola FEMSA Philippines, Inc., Civil Case No.
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN

R-QZN-17-02927-CV, at 1 (unreported).
158. Id. at 3.
CASES
11. Pending Cases
11.1. The initial citation format for pending cases is as follows:
<Case Title>, <case or docket no.> (<court abbreviation>,

<date of filing or other significant date>) (pending).
159. People of the Philippines v. Maria Angelita Ressa,

Crim. Case No. R-PSG-19-00737-CR (RTC, filed
Mar. 26, 2019) (pending).
160. Ferdinand “Bongbong” R. Marcos, Jr. v. Maria Leonor
“Leni Daang Matuwid” G. Robredo, PET Case No. 005
(PET, filed June 29, 2016) (pending).
11.2. This Rule applies to cases that are yet to be fully disposed of by
the court hearing it.
11.2.1. If the case is subject of an appeal, use this Rule when

citing the case pending before the appellate court.
11.2.2. Use Rules 7, 8, 9, or 10 of this Guide, whichever is

applicable, when citing the final judgment or order of
the lower court appealed from, or when the appellate
court has fully disposed of the appeal.
<Short Case Title>, <case or docket no.> (pending).
11.5. Do not parenthetically indicate that the case is pending when

using Id.
161. Maria Angelita Ressa, Crim. Case No. R-PSG-19-00737-

CR (pending).
162. Id.
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN

12. Opinions Other Than the Majority Opinion
CASES
12.1. When citing an opinion other than the ponencia, use the citation
formats in this Section on Cases (C) but parenthetically indicate
that such other opinion is being cited.
163. Corpuz v. People, G.R. No. 180016, 724 SCRA 1,

71 (2014) (C.J. Sereno, concurring and dissenting opinion).
164. Id. at 77.
165. Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616. 630 (1919)
(J. Holmes, dissenting opinion).
166. Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98, 144 (2000) (J. Ginsburg,
dissenting opinion).
12.2. As a general rule, there is no need to indicate whether a

decision or resolution is the opinion of the majority, or if it is
promulgated per curiam.
12.2.1. Nonetheless, if other opinions of the same case have

already been referred to in the work, parenthetically
indicate the fact that what is being cited is the majority
or main opinion.
167. Corpuz, 724 SCRA at 96 (J. Brion, concurring opinion).

168. Id. at 57 (majority opinion).
13. Pleadings, Transcripts of Stenographic Notes,

Interlocutory Orders, & Other Court Documents
13.1. The initial citation format for pleadings, transcripts of
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN

stenographic notes, interlocutory orders, and other court
documents is as follows:
CASES
<Document Title>, <date, if any>, <pinpoint citation>
(on file with <physical repository>), in <pertinent case
citation>.
13.1.1. Follow the rules under this Section on Cases (C)

in citing the case pertinent to the court document
being cited.
169. Motion for Reconsideration by the Accused,

Nov. 16, 2015, at 3 (on file with the Sandiganbayan, Third
Division), in People of the Philippines v. Avelino C.
Ceriola, SB-14-CRM-0420 (Sandiganbayan 2016)
(unreported).
170. Urgent Motion for Clarification, Dec. 1, 2015, at 1
(on file with the Olongapo City RTC, Branch 74), in
People of the Philippines v. Joseph Scott Pemberton,
Crim. Case No. 865-14 (RTC 2015) (unreported).
171. Order, June 1, 2020, at 1 (on file with Author), in People
of the Philippines v. Karl Mae San Juan y Calopez, et al.,
Crim. Case No. 1372-04-20 (MTC 2020) (unreported).
172. T.S.N., at 22 (on file with the Cagayan de Oro City RTC,
Branch 40), in Alfredo Fernandez v. Ronaldo Chua,
Civil Case No. 1429 (RTC, filed Oct. 5, 2008) (pending).
173. Brief for Appellant, June 25, 1971, app. (on file with the
Supreme Court of the United States), in Reed v. Reed,
404 U.S. 71 (1971).
13.2. This Rule is intended for court documents other than a final
judgment, order, or resolution of a court. In these latter cases,
use Rules 7, 8, 9, or 10 of this Guide, whichever is applicable.
13.3. As a general rule, it is imperative to indicate where the court

document may be physically accessed.
13.3.1. As an exception, the physical repository and pertinent
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN

case citation may be dispensed with if the citation is to
be used for a pleading, motion, or paper to be filed
with the court where the case is pending. This
CASES
exception applies only for as long as such court has the
records of the case.
174. Memorandum for the Plaintiff, Sept. 9, 2019, ¶ 7.
13.4. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
175. Urgent Motion for Clarification, supra note 170, at 1.

176. Id.
177. Brief for Appellant, supra note 173, app.
178. T.S.N., supra note 172, at 6.
D. LEGISLATIVE MATERIALS
14. Legislative Bills
D. LEGISLATIVE
14.1. The initial citation format for House and Senate bills is as
MATERIALS
follows:
<Title, if needed>, <H.B. or S.B. No.>, <pinpoint citation>,

<legislature>, <session> (<year>).
179. An Act Defining and Prohibiting the Establishment of

Political Dynasties, S.B. No. 1580, § 3 (b), 16th Cong.,
1st Reg. Sess. (2013).
180. S.B. No. 1418, §§ 5, 7, & 9, 18th Cong., 1st Spec. Sess.
(2020).
181. An Act Providing for a Magna Carta of the Poor,
H.B. No. 5811, § 4 (c) (2), 17th Cong., 2d Reg. Sess.
(2017).
182. H.B. No. 9161, explan. n., 17th Cong., 3d Reg. Sess.
(2019).
183. An Act to Ordain and Institute a New Criminal Code of
the Philippines, Repealing for That Purpose Act No. 3815,
Otherwise Known as the Revised Penal Code, and Other
Related Laws, and for Other Purposes, S.B. No. 1227,
§ 25, 17th Cong., 1st Reg. Sess. (2016).
<H.B. or S.B. No.>, <pinpoint citation>.
184. H.B. No. 5811, § 5.

185. S.B. No. 1227, §§ 41, 44, & 48.
186. Id. §§ 12, para. 3; 74 (4) (ii); & 79 (1) (g).
15. Congressional Resolutions
15.1. The initial citation format for House and Senate resolutions is as
follows:
D. LEGISLATIVE
MATERIALS
<Title, if needed>, <H. or S. Res. No.> <pinpoint citation>,
<legislature>, <session> (<year>).
187. Resolution Urging the House of Representatives to

Declare Schools as Zones of Peace and Academic
Freedom, H. Res. No. 2341, whereas cl. para. 7,
17th Cong., 3d Reg. Sess. (2018).
188. Resolution Concurring in the Ratification of the Rome
Statute of the International Criminal Court,
S. Res. No. 57, whereas cl. para. 5, 15th Cong.,
2d Reg. Sess. (2011).
189. S. Res. No. 1031, whereas cl. paras. 7, 9, & 22,
17th Cong., 3d Reg. Sess. (2019).
<H. or S. Res. No.>, <pinpoint citation>.
190. H. Res. No. 2341, whereas cl. para. 5.

191. Id. whereas cl. paras. 6-8.
16. Committee Reports
16.1. The initial citation format for legislative committee reports is as

follows:
<Title of Relevant Bill or Resolution, if needed>,

<Committee/s>, <H. or S. Comm. Rep. No.>, <pinpoint
citation>, <legislature>, <session> (<year>).
192. An Act Encouraging Corporate Social Responsibility,

Providing Incentives Therefor, Committee on Trade and
Industry, H. Comm. Rep. No. 1219, at 1, 17th Cong.,

3d Reg. Sess. (2019).
193. Committee on Justice and Human Rights & Committee
on Public Order and Dangerous Drugs, S. Comm.
Rep. No. 18, at 85-86, 17th Cong., 1st Reg. Sess. (2016).
D. LEGISLATIVE
MATERIALS
<H. or S. Comm. Rep. No.>, <pinpoint citation>.
194. H. Comm. Rep. No. 1219, at 1.

195. Id.
17. Congressional Records
17.1. The initial citation format for congressional records is as follows:
<H. OR S. REC.>, <document designation>, <pinpoint

citation>, <legislature>, <session> (<date>).
17.1.1. The “H. REC.” or “S. REC.” is in SMALL CAPS.
196. H. REC., Vol. 2, No. 23, at 57, 17th Cong., 2d Reg. Sess.
(Sept. 12, 2017).
197. H. REC., Vol. 4, No. 54, at 8-10, 18th Cong., 1st Reg.
Sess. (Mar. 11, 2020).
<H. OR S. REC.>, <document designation>, <pinpoint

citation>.
198. H. REC., Vol. 2, No. 23, at 60-67.

199. Id. at 68.
18. Congressional Journals
18.1. The initial citation format for congressional journals is as

follows:
D. LEGISLATIVE
MATERIALS
<H. OR S. JOURNAL NO.>, <pinpoint citation>, <legislature>,
<session> (<date>).
18.1.1. The “H. JOURNAL NO.” or “S. JOURNAL NO.” is in

SMALL CAPS.
200. S. JOURNAL NO. 2, at 1716, 13th Cong., 3d Spec. Sess.

(Feb. 20, 2007).
201. H. JOURNAL NO. 16, at 12, 16th Cong., 2d Reg. Sess.
(Sept. 10, 2014).
<H. OR S. JOURNAL NO.>, <pinpoint citation>.
202. S. JOURNAL NO. 2, at 1708-09.

203. Id. at 1709.
E. EXECUTIVE MATERIALS
19. Executive & Administrative Issuances
19.1. The initial citation format for executive and administrative
issuances is as follows:
<Issuing Agency>, <Title, if any>, <issuance or series no.,

if any> [<Short or Abbreviated Title, if any>],
<abbreviated name of reporter with volume no. & first
page of issuance, if any>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>).
19.1.1. Always cite from an official reporter (e.g., Official

Gazette (O.G.)) if published therein.
19.1.2. When using the abbreviated title, refer to Annex C for

the list of abbreviations for government issuances.
204. Office of the President, Providing for the Establishment of

Smoke-Free Environments in Public and Enclosed Spaces,
Executive Order No. 26, Series of 2017 [E.O. No. 26,
s. 2017], 113 O.G. 4053, whereas cl. paras. 2 & 8
(May 16, 2017).
205. Bureau of Internal Revenue, Ruling No. 099-2011
[BIR Ruling No. 099-2011], at 1 (Apr. 6, 2011).
206. Securities and Exchange Commission, Guidelines on the
Establishment of a One Person Corporation (OPC),
Memorandum Circular No. 7, Series of 2019
[SEC Memo. Circ. No. 7, s. 2019], § 15 (Apr. 25, 2019).
207. Civil Service Commission, Strike by Government
Employees, Memorandum Circular No. 6, Series of 1987
[CSC Memo. Circ. No. 6, s. 1987], para. 3
(Apr. 21, 1987).
208. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Monetary Board,
Rate of Interest in the Absence of Stipulation,
Circular No. 799, Series of 2013 [BSP-MB Circ. No. 799,
s. 2013], § 1 (June 21, 2013).
<Short or Abbreviated Title, if any, otherwise, use the

issuance or series no.>, <pinpoint citation>.
209. SEC Memo. Circ. No. 7, s. 2019, §§ 1, 5, & 11.

210. Id. § 14.
20. Advisory Opinions
20.1. The initial citation format for advisory opinions is as follows:
<Issuing Agency>, <Title, if any>, <issuance or series no.,

if any>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>).
211. Department of Justice, Advisory on Plagiarism,

Advisory Opinion No. 02, Series of 2012, at 1
(Sept. 18, 2012).
212. National Privacy Commission, Access to Information in
Relation to Disciplinary Records and/or Administrative
Cases of Students and School Personnel, Advisory Opinion
No. 24, Series of 2017, at 2-3 (Feb. 21, 2020).
<Abbreviated Name of Issuing Agency>, <abbreviated

issuance or series no., if any, otherwise use the Title>,
213. DOJ, Advisory Opinion No. 02, s. 2012, at 6.

214. Id.
21. Implementing Rules & Regulations
21.1. The initial citation format for implementing rules and regulations
of statutes is as follows:
<Issuing Agency, if needed>, Rules and Regulations

Implementing <Full Title of Statute, if needed, or
Short Title, if any>, <statute no.>, <pinpoint citation>
(<year>).
21.1.1. The short title, if any, may be used if the full title of the
statute is not needed for authority.
215. Department of Education, Rules and Regulations

Implementing the Anti-Bullying Act of 2013,
Republic Act No. 10627, rule III, § 4 (2013).
216. Philippine Statistics Authority, Rules and Regulations
Implementing An Act Establishing the Philippine
Identification System Act, Republic Act No. 11055,
rules I & V (2018).
Rules and Regulations Implementing <Short Title, if any,

otherwise, use the statute no.>, <pinpoint citation>.
217. Rules and Regulations Implementing the Anti-Bullying

Act of 2013, rule VI, §§ 8-10.
218. Id. rule II, § 3 (b) (4).
22. Quasi-Judicial Decisions
22.1. Decisions rendered by administrative agencies in the exercise of
their quasi-judicial powers are cited analogously to Rules on
Cases (Section C), particularly Rules 8 and 10.
22.1.1. For quasi-judicial decisions available online under the

official domain names of the administrative agencies,
use Rule 8 analogously.
219. Competition Enforcement Office of the Philippine

Competition Commission v. Urban Deca Homes Manila
Condominium Corporation and 8990 Holdings, Inc.,
PCC Case No. E-2019-001, Sept. 30, 2019, ¶ 15, available
at http://phcc.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/
PCC-Case-No.-E-2019-001_Commission-Decision-No.-
01-E-001-2019_Urban-Deca-Homes_Sett_30Sept2019.pdf
(last accessed Mar. 19, 2020).
220. Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System v. Local
Board of Assessment Appeals of Pasay City,
CBAA Case No. L-103, Aug. 30, 2012, at 10, available at
http://cbaa.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/L-
103Decision.pdf (last accessed Nov. 18, 2019).
22.1.2. For decisions of quasi-judicial agencies unreported and

unavailable online, use Rule 10 analogously.
221. Leonides C. Buac, Jr. v. Alan Peter S. Cayetano,

SPA No. 18-196 (DC), at 17 (COMELEC 2019)
(unreported).
222. Denmark B. Solar, et al. v. Food Panda Philippines, Inc.,
NLRC Case No. NCR-03-04050-17, at 1 (2018)
(unreported).
22.2. For subsequent citations, analogously follow Rules 8 or 10, as

the case may be.
F. JUDICIAL ISSUANCES
23. Court Circulars & Administrative Orders
23.1. The initial citation format for court circulars and administrative
orders is as follows:
<Issuing Court>, <Title, if any>, <issuance or series no., if

any> [<Short or Abbreviated Title, if any>], <pinpoint
citation> (<date>).
223. Supreme Court, Guidelines in the Observance of a Rule of

Preference in the Imposition of Penalties in Libel Cases,
Administrative Circular No. 08-2008 [SC Admin. Circ.
No. 08-2008], para. 1 (Jan. 25, 2008).
224. Court of Tax Appeals, Reorganizing the Three (3)
Divisions of the Court, Administrative Circular
No. 02-2018 [CTA Admin. Circ. No. 02-2018], para. 2
(Sept. 18, 2018).
<Short or Abbreviated Title, if any, otherwise, use the

issuance or series no.>, <pinpoint citation>.
225. SC Admin. Circ. No. 08-2008, para. 6.

226. Id.
24. Bar Matters
24.1. A Philippine Bar Matter may be in the form of a case or a

Supreme Court issuance.
24.1.1. For cases, follow the Rules on Cases (Section C).
227. Tan v. Sabandal, Bar Matter No. 44, 206 SCRA 473,
481 (1992).
24.1.2. For issuances, follow Rule 23 on Court Circulars and

Administrative Orders.
228. Supreme Court, Adopting the Rules on Mandatory
Continuing Legal Education for Members of the Integrated
Bar of the Philippines, Bar Matter No. 850 [B.M. No.
850], rule 7, §§ 1-3 (Aug. 22, 2000).
24.2. For subsequent citations, analogously follow the Rules on Cases

(Section C) or Rule 23, as the case may be.
25. Issuances from the Office of the Court Administrator
25.1. The initial citation format for issuances from the Office of the
Court Administrator is as follows:
Office of the Court Administrator, <Title, if any>,

<issuance or series no., if any> [<Short Title, if any>],
<pinpoint citation> (<date>).
229. Office of the Court Administrator, Release of Qualified

Persons Deprived of Liberty, OCA Circular No. 91-2020,
at 3 (Apr. 20, 2020).
230. Office of the Court Administrator, Order of Destruction of
Dangerous Drugs Pursuant to Section 21 (4), Republic Act
No. 9165, as Amended, OCA Circular No. 118-2020,
para. 1 (July 15, 2020).
<Short Title, if any, otherwise, use the issuance or series

no.>, <pinpoint citation>.
231. OCA Circular No. 91-2020, at 2.

232. Id. at 3.
G. ORDINANCES
26. Local Government Ordinances
G. ORDINANCES
26.1. The initial citation format for local government ordinances is as
follows:
Sangguniang <Barangay, Bayan, Panlungsod, or

Panlalawigan> of <Name of Barangay, Municipality, City,
or Province>, <Full Title> [<Short Title, if any>],
<ordinance no.>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>).
233. Sangguniang Bayan of the Municipality of Sagada,

Ordinance Adopting the Cave Management of the
Municipality of Sagada, Mountain Province
[The Cave Management Ordinance of the Municipality of
Sagada, Mountain Province], Ordinance No. 06-2018,
art. VI, § 1 (Oct. 15, 2018).
234. Sangguniang Panlungsod of the City of Pasig, An Ordinance
Strengthening the Operationalization of Freedom of
Information and Providing for a Mechanism
for the Disclosure of Public Records in Pasig City, and
Providing Penalties for the Violation Thereof
[Pasig Transparency Mechanism Ordinance of 2018],
Ordinance No. 2018-37, § 10 (Sept. 13, 2018).
235. Sangguniang Panlalawigan of the Province of Iloilo,
Sanitation Code of the Province of Iloilo
[Sanitation Code of the Province of Iloilo], Ordinance
No. 2015-120, § 52 (Apr. 21, 2015).
<Short Title, if any, otherwise, use the ordinance no.>,

236. Pasig Transparency Mechanism Ordinance of 2018, § 11.

237. Id. §§ 9 & 12.
H. RULES OF PROCEDURE
27. Legislative Rules of Procedure
27.1. The initial citation format for legislative rules of procedure is as
follows:
<H. or S.> <Title> [<Short Title, if any>], <pinpoint

citation>, <legislature> (<date>).
238. H. Rules of Procedure in Impeachment Proceedings,

rule II, § 2 (b), 16th Cong. (July 24, 2013).
239. S. Rules of Procedure Governing Inquiries in Aid of
Legislation, § 7, 15th Cong. (Aug. 9, 2010).
<H. or S.> <Short Title, if any, otherwise, use the Title>,

240. H. Rules of Procedure in Impeachment Proceedings,

rule V, § 14.
241. Id.
28. Rules of Procedure of Administrative Agencies
28.1. The initial citation format for rules of procedure of

administrative agencies is as follows:
<Issuing Agency>, <Title> [<Short Title, if any>],

242. Commission on Elections, COMELEC Rules of

Procedure [COMELEC Rules of Procedure], rule 2,
§ 3 (c) (Feb. 15, 1993).
243. Department of Energy, Rules of Practice and Procedure

Before the Department of Energy [Rules of Practice and
Procedure of the Department of Energy], rule 13, § 1
(July 13, 2002).
<Short Title, if any, otherwise, use the Title>, <pinpoint

citation>.
244. COMELEC Rules of Procedure, rule 8, § 4.

245. Rules of Practice and Procedure of the Department of
Energy, rule 12, §§ 1 & 3.
246. Id. rule 17, § 2 (b).
29. Rules of Procedure Within the Rules of Court
29.1. The Rules of Court cannot be cited in the citation reference as a

collective repository of rules. It may only be mentioned in the
body or text to refer to the Rules of Court as a collective.
29.2. The initial citation format for rules of procedure within the Rules
of Court is as follows:
<year> <TITLE OF RULES>, <pinpoint citation>.
29.2.1. The TITLE is in SMALL CAPS.
247. 1964 SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS, rule 78, § 6 (c).

248. 2000 REVISED RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE,
rule 110, § 4.
249. 1997 RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE, rules 1-5 & 36-71.
250. 2019 AMENDMENTS TO THE 1997 RULES OF CIVIL
PROCEDURE, rule 6, § 5 (b); rule 30, § 1; & rule 35, § 3.
251. 2019 AMENDMENTS TO THE 1989 REVISED RULES ON
EVIDENCE, rule 130, §§ 37 & 54 (c); rule 131, § 1, para. 2;
& rule 133, § 5 (a)-(c).
<TITLE OF RULES>, <pinpoint citation>.
252. REVISED RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, rule 110,

§ 2.
253. Id. rule 114, §§ 4-7.
30. Rules of Procedure Issued by the Supreme Court

Not Incorporated in the Rules of Court
30.1. The initial citation format for rules of procedure which are not
incorporated in the Rules of Court is as follows:
<TITLE OF RULES>, <issuance no.>, <pinpoint citation>

(<date of effectivity>).
254. JUDICIAL AFFIDAVIT RULE, A.M. No. 12-8-8-SC, § 9 (a)

(Jan. 1, 2013).
255. RULE ON CYBERCRIME WARRANTS, A.M. No.
17-11-03-SC, § 7.3 (Aug. 15, 2018).
<TITLE OF RULES>, <pinpoint citation>.
256. JUDICIAL AFFIDAVIT RULE, whereas cl. para. 4.

257. Id. § 2 (a) (1).
31. Superseded Rules of Procedure
31.1. The initial citation format for superseded rules of procedure is as
follows:
<year of effectivity> <TITLE OF RULES>, <pinpoint citation>

(superseded in <year>).
258. 1985 RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, rule 112, § 6 (a)

(superseded in 2000).
259. 1983 RULES ON SUMMARY PROCEDURE IN SPECIAL
CASES, §§ 10 & 12 (superseded in 1991).
31.2. For subsequent citations, retain the year when the superseded
rules began to be effective by following this short citation
format:
<year of effectivity> <TITLE OF RULES>, <pinpoint citation>.
260. 1985 RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, rule 112, § 3 (f).

261. Id.
54
III. SECONDARY AUTHORITIES
Secondary authorities are sources of information which help explain,

comment on, or analyze the law. These are never binding statements of
law, but they may be persuasive.
I. BOOKS & OTHER NON-PERIODIC MATERIALS
32. Books by a Single Author
NON-PERIODIC MATERIALS
32.1. The initial citation format for books by a single author is as
follows:
I. BOOKS & OTHER

<AUTHOR>, <TITLE> <pinpoint citation> (<year of
publication> / <edition no.> <year of edition>).
32.1.1 The AUTHOR and the TITLE are both in SMALL CAPS.
262. CHRISTINE BELL, ON THE LAW OF PEACE:

PEACE AGREEMENTS AND THE LEX PACIFICATORIA 290
(2008).
263. ALICIA V. SEMPIO-DIY, HANDBOOK ON THE FAMILY
CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES 117 & 121 (2d ed. 1995).
264. MICHAEL J. SANDEL, THE TYRANNY OF MERIT:
WHAT’S BECOME OF THE COMMON GOOD 226 (2020).
265. JAMES CRAWFORD, BROWNLIE’S PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW 228-30 (9th ed. 2019).
proper.
266. BELL, supra note 262, at 166-70.

267. Id. at 183 tbl. 2.
secondary authorities 55
33. Books by Two Authors
33.1. The initial citation format for books by two authors is as follows:
<FIRST AUTHOR> & <SECOND AUTHOR>, <TITLE> <pinpoint

citation> (<year of publication> / <edition no.> <year of
edition>).
268. DARON ACEMOGLU & JAMES A. ROBINSON,

WHY NATIONS FAIL: THE ORIGINS OF POWER,
PROSPERITY, AND POVERTY 428 (2012).
269. WILLIAM STRUNK JR. & ELWYN BROOKS WHITE,
I. BOOKS & OTHER

THE ELEMENTS OF STYLE 79 (4th ed. 2000).
proper.
270. ACEMOGLU & ROBINSON, supra note 268, at 437-43.

271. Id. at 455.
34. Books by Three or More Authors
34.1. The initial citation format for books by three or more authors is
as follows:
<FIRST AUTHOR>, ET AL., <TITLE> <pinpoint citation> (<year

of publication> / <edition no.> <year of edition>).
272. MITSUO MATSUSHITA, ET AL., THE WORLD TRADE

ORGANIZATION: LAW, PRACTICE, AND POLICY 375
(3d ed. 2015).
273. GUNNAR NIELS, ET AL., ECONOMICS FOR COMPETITION
LAWYERS 283-87 (2011).
proper.
274. MATSUSHITA, ET AL., supra note 272, at 787.

275. Id. at 788.
35. Multi-Volume Works
35.1. The initial citation format for multi-volume works is as follows:
<volume no.> <AUTHOR/S>, <TITLE> <pinpoint citation>

(<year of publication> / <edition no.> <year of edition>).
35.1.1. The volume number must be in Arabic Numerals.
276. 4 EDGARDO L. PARAS, CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

ANNOTATED 863 (18th ed. 2016).
277. 1 CESARIO A. AZUCENA JR., THE LABOR CODE WITH
I. BOOKS & OTHER

COMMENTS AND CASES 17 (9th ed. 2016).
proper.
278. 4 PARAS, supra note 276, at 93.

279. Id. at 352.
36. Works With Editors or Translators
36.1. If the work has indicated editors or translators, follow this initial
citation format:
<AUTHOR/s>, <TITLE> <pinpoint citation> (<Editor(s) /

Translator(s)> ed(s). / trans., <year>).
280. REYNATO S. PUNO, EQUAL DIGNITY & RESPECT:

THE SUBSTANCE OF EQUAL PROTECTION AND SOCIAL
JUSTICE 493 (Josephine G. Maribojoc ed., 2012).
281. FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, THE BROTHERS KARAMAZOV
209 (Richard Pevear & Larissa Volokhonsky trans., 1992).
282. ANTOINE DE SAINT-EXUPÉRY, THE LITTLE PRINCE 70
(Katherine Woods trans., 1943).
283. THE GOOD CAUSE, THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON
CORRUPTION 20 (Gjalt de Graaf, et al. eds., 2010).
proper.
284. DOSTOEVSKY, supra note 281, at 212.

285. Id. at 223.
37. Works in Collections
37.1. The initial citation format for works in collections is as follows:
<Author/s>, <Title of Shorter Work, if any>, in
<TITLE OF WHOLE COLLECTION> <pinpoint citation>
I. BOOKS & OTHER

(<Editor(s) / Translator(s)> ed(s). / trans., <year>).
37.1.1. The author and Title of the Shorter Work are not in
SMALL CAPS but, rather, in ordinary Roman font and
italics, respectively. The TITLE OF THE WHOLE COLLECTION,
however, is in SMALL CAPS. The indicator “in” is
italicized.
286. Albert E. Alejo, et al., Anti-Corruption and Third Party

Monitoring, in BUILDING INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACIES IN
ASEAN 418 (Ronald U. Mendoza, et al. eds., 2019).
287. Paul Ducheine, The Notion of Cyber Operations,
in RESEARCH HANDBOOK ON INTERNATIONAL LAW AND
CYBERSPACE 231 fig. 10.1 (Nicholas Tsagourias & Russell
Buchan eds., 2015).
288. Lola Rodríguez de Tió, Ode to October 10, in
HERENCIA: THE ANTHOLOGY OF HISPANIC LITERATURE
OF THE UNITED STATES 562 (Nicolás Kanellos ed. &
Manuel A. Tellechea trans., 2002).
37.2. If the shorter work has no formal title, provide a description.
proper.
289. Alejo, et al., supra note 286, at 423.

290. Id. at 417-19.
38. Annotations
38.1. The initial citation format for annotations, which are discussions
in selected case reporters (e.g. SCRA), is as follows:
<Author/s>, Annotation, <Title>, <volume no.>

<abbreviated name of reporter> <first page of
annotation>, <pinpoint citation> (<year>).
291. Jorge R. Coquia, Annotation, The Enforcement of the Hawaii

District Court Judgment Awarding $2.5 Billion to Human
Rights Victims Under the Marcos Administration,
455 SCRA 427, 434 (2005).
I. BOOKS & OTHER

proper.
39. Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions, & Epilogues
39.1. The initial citation format for prefaces, forewords, introductions,

and epilogues, which are written by persons other than the
authors of the cited works, is as follows:
<Author/s>, Preface / Foreword / Introduction / Epilogue

to <AUTHOR/S>, <TITLE> <pinpoint citation of preface,
et al.> (<year of publication> / <edition no.> <year of
edition>).
292. Joseph Christopher Mijares-Gurango, Preface to PRIMITIVO

MIJARES, THE CONJUGAL DICTATORSHIP OF FERDINAND
AND IMELDA MARCOS xiii (2d ed. 2017).
293. Hilario G. Davide Jr., Foreword to ARTEMIO V.
PANGANIBAN, JUDICIAL RENAISSANCE xi (2005).
294. Albert French, Introduction to HARPER LEE, TO KILL A
MOCKINGBIRD 5 (1996).
proper.
295. Mijares-Gurango, supra note 292, at xiii.

296. Id.
40. Special Citation Forms
40.1. Below are examples of frequently cited works that require

special citation:
297. BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 687 (1oth ed. 2014).

298. OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY 447 (5th ed. 2002).
299. John 15:13 (New International).
I. BOOKS & OTHER

300. 66 AM. JUR. 2D Restitution and Implied Contracts § 3 (2019).
301. 19 C.J.S. Corporations § 771 (2018).
302. RESTATEMENT (FOURTH) OF THE FOREIGN RELATIONS
LAW OF THE UNITED STATES § 451 (Am. Law Inst. 2018).
40.2. For subsequent citations, use a special short citation form that
omits the year or edition but retains it if a different subdivision
was updated in a different year. Do not use supra, but Id. may
be used when proper.
303. BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 454.

304. i Corinthians 1:27-31.
305. 66 AM. JUR. 2D Restitution and Implied Contracts §§ 8 & 12.
306. Id. § 9.
307. RESTATEMENT (FOURTH) OF THE FOREIGN RELATIONS
LAW OF THE UNITED STATES § 401 cmt. a.
J. JOURNALS & PERIODICAL ARTICLES
41. Consecutively Paginated Journal Articles
41.1. The initial citation format for consecutively paginated journal

articles is as follows:
<Author/s>, <Title>, <volume no.> <ABBREVIATED NAME OF

JOURNAL> <first page of article>, <pinpoint citation>
(<year>).
J. JOURNALS & PERIODICAL

41.1.1. A journal is consecutively paginated if the works are
paginated in sequence throughout the whole volume.
The author and title are in ordinary Roman font and
ARTICLES
italics, respectively.
41.1.2. For the abbreviated name of the journal, refer to

Annex F and Annex G. When the abbreviation for the
name of a particular journal is not contained in the said
Annexes, consult the other entries therein for common
words to be abbreviated.
308. Barack H. Obama, The President’s Role in Advancing

Criminal Justice Reform, 130 HARV. L. REV. 811, 848
(2017).
309. Terence Conrad H. Bello, There’s No Business Like Show
Business ... Until the Taxman Comes Knocking: Analyzing
Common Tax Issues in the Entertainment Industry,
63 ATENEO L.J. 722, 749 (2019).
310. Derrick Wang, Scalia/Ginsburg: A Gentle Parody of Operatic
Proportions, 38 COLUM. J.L. & ARTS 237, 247-50 (2015).
proper.
311. Obama, supra note 308, at 817 fig. 1.

312. Id. at 843-45.
42. Non-Consecutively Paginated Journal Articles
42.1. The initial citation format for non-consecutively paginated

journal articles is as follows:
<Author/s>, <Title>, <ABBREVIATED NAME OF JOURNAL>,

<date, month, quarter, period, or year; or
volume no., issue no.>, <pinpoint citation>.
42.1.1. Non-consecutively paginated journals are those whose

issues per volume are separately paginated.

42.1.2. For the abbreviated name of the journal, refer to
Annex F and Annex G. When the abbreviation for the
ARTICLES
name of a particular journal is not contained in the said
Annexes, consult the other entries therein for common
words to be abbreviated.
313. Florin T. Hilbay, The Flunker: The Bar Examinations

and the Miseducation of the Filipino Lawyer, IBP J.,
Volume No. 33, Issue No. 1, at 62.
314. Amal Clooney & Philippa Webb, The Right to Insult in
International Law, COLUM. HUM. RTS. L. REV.,
Spring 2017, at 3.
proper.
315. Hilbay, supra note 313, at 58.

316. Id.
43. Newsletters & Magazine Articles
43.1. The initial citation format for newsletters and magazine articles
is as follows:
<Author/s>, <Title>, <ABBREVIATED

NAME OF NEWSLETTER OR
MAGAZINE>, <date, month, quarter, period, or year>,
43.1.1. For the abbreviated names of selected terms and

periodicals, refer to Annex G.
317. Clayton M. Christensen & Michael Overdorf, Meeting the

Challenge of Disruptive Change, HARV. BUS. REV.,
Mar.-Apr. 2000, at 67.
318. Paul David Hewson, Why Men Must Also Fight for Women
and Girls, TIME, Jan. 15, 2018, at 30.
proper.

319. Christensen & Overdorf, supra note 317, at 72 & 75.
320. Id. at 74.
ARTICLES
44. Newspaper Articles in Print
44.1. The initial citation format for newspaper articles in print is as

follows:
<Author/s>, <Title>, <ABBREVIATED NAME OF NEWSPAPER>,

<date>, <pinpoint citation>.
44.1.1. For the abbreviated names of selected terms and

periodicals, refer to Annex G.
321. Edgardo J. Angara, Erap’s Final Hours Told, PHIL. DAILY

INQ., Feb. 4, 2001, at A16.
322. Neil Sheehan, Vietnam Archive: Pentagon Study Traces 3
Decades of Growing U.S. Involvement, N.Y. TIMES,
June 13, 1971, at 1.
proper.
323. Angara, supra note 321, at A1 & A16.

324. Id.
K. INTERNET SOURCES
45. Internet Sources in General
45.1. This is the general rule when citing internet sources. Rule 46 on
Magazine and News Articles Online and Rule 47 on Social Media
are the exceptions to this general rule.
45.2. Note that this Rule should only be resorted to if no other rule
within this Guide is applicable to the source intended to be
cited. Typically, citations under this Rule point to sources in
Portable Document Format (PDF) and sources that were
K. INTERNET SOURCES
generated by owners or managers of web pages or domains.
45.3. The initial citation format for internet sources in general is as

follows:
<Author/s or Organization>, <Title> (<description of

material, if needed>), <pinpoint citation, if possible>,
available at <internet address> (last accessed <date>)
[<permanent link, if possible>].
45.3.1. A permanent link is an internet address, or uniform

resource locator (URL), that provides an alternate but
permanent web address to the original web page.
45.3.2. Whenever possible, the use of permanent links

is encouraged to ensure that the web page is
preserved and made available for future research,
despite changes to the original link that may
subsequently occur (e.g., when the link leads to a
broken or blank web page).
325. Francis Mark A. Quimba & Maureen Ane D. Rosellon,

Impact of Government Incentive on MSME Innovation
(Philippine Institute for Development Studies Discussion
Paper Series No. 2019-27, Dec. 2019), at 14, available at
http://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/
pidsdps1927.pdf (last accessed Apr. 7, 2020)
[http://perma.cc/5R4M-WU7H].
326. Tim Urban, The AI Revolution: The Road to

Superintelligence, available at http://waitbutwhy.com/
2015/01/artificial-intelligence-revolution-1.html
(last accessed Dec. 1, 2019) [http://perma.cc/CKD9-
89NZ].
327. Harvard Law School Library, What Is Perma.cc, available at
http://guides.library.harvard.edu/perma (last accessed
June 10, 2020) [http://perma.cc/8W3W-BL2K].
328. Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Definition of Plagiarism,
available at http://www.merriam-webster.com/
dictionary/plagiarism (last accessed Dec. 19, 2019)
[http://perma.cc/ZJA7-UEJP].
K. INTERNET SOURCES
329. Jose Ramon T. Villarin, S.J., et al., In the Eye of the
Perfect Storm: What the Philippines Should Do About
Climate Change (S.C. Johnson Professional Lecture
Working Paper, July 8, 2008), at 70-73, available at
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=
10.1.1.504.2436&rep=rep1&type=pdf (last accessed
May 22, 2020) [http://perma.cc/BZ8D-PP47].
45.4. In case the URL is too long or unwieldy, citation may be made
to a shorter URL provided the reader is given directions as to
how the cited source may be accessed. Direction is done
through parenthetical explanations.
330. World Bank, Current Health Expenditure (% of GDP),

available at http://data.worldbank.org (last accessed Aug.
20, 2019) (follow the hyperlink “Indicator”; click on “All
indicators”; then follow the hyperlink labeled “Current
health expenditure (% of GDP)”; select a preferred option
under “Download” to access the annual data per country).
proper.
331. Quimba & Rosellon, supra note 325, at 9.

332. Id. at 17 tbl. 8.
333. Id. at 18-20.
334. Villarin, et al., supra note 329, at 34 fig. 8.
46. Magazine & News Articles Online
46.1. This is the first exception to Rule 45. This Rule applies to
newsletters, magazines, broadsheets, and news articles
available online. Cite articles only from the official domain
names of their respective magazine and news publications.
46.2. The initial citation format for magazine and news articles online
is as follows:
<Author/s>, <Title>, <ABBREVIATED NAME OF MAGAZINE,

NEWSPAPER, OR NEWS AGENCY>, <date of publication or
K. INTERNET SOURCES
report>, available at <internet address> (last accessed
<date>) [<permanent link, if possible>].
46.2.1. Note that the author and title are not in SMALL CAPS but,
rather, in ordinary Roman font and italics, respectively.
The ABBREVIATED NAME OF THE MAGAZINE, NEWSPAPER, OR
NEWS AGENCY, however, is in SMALL CAPS.
335. Chiara Zambrano, Chinese Vessel Blocks Pinoy Fishermen in

Scarborough Shoal, ABS-CBN NEWS, July 14, 2016, available
at http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/14/16/chinese-
vessel-blocks-pinoy-fishermen-in-scarborough-shoal (last
accessed Nov. 5, 2019) [http://perma.cc/R44M-3RP8].
336. Alex Tizon, My Family’s Slave, ATLANTIC, June 2017,
available at http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/
2017/06/lolas-story/524490/ (last accessed May 11, 2020)
[http://perma.cc/B9TR-27H4].
337. Maria A. Ressa, How Facebook Algorithms Impact Democracy,
RAPPLER, Oct. 8, 2016, available at
http://rappler.com/newsbreak/facebook-algorithms-
impact-democracy (last accessed Aug. 15, 2019)
[http://perma.cc/VLH9-7HYL].
proper.
338. Tizon, supra note 336.

339. Id.
47. Social Media
47.1. This is the second exception to Rule 45. This Rule applies to
every internet medium which allows end-users, not the owners
or managers of web pages, to generate, participate, or share
content on the internet (e.g., social networking sites,
video-sharing sites), and even comments on a general internet
source or a magazine or news article online.
47.2. The initial citation format for social media is as follows:
<Author or Content Creator>, <username, if available>,
K. INTERNET SOURCES
<kind or description of content>, <Title of Cited Content, if
any>, <PLATFORM OR WEBSITE>, <date of posting>: <time of
posting, if any>, available at <internet address> (last
accessed <date>) [<permanent link, if possible>].
47.2.1. The date and time of posting must be the same as the
timestamp provided by the platform or website.
340. Meera Nair, Article, Adjudication by Algorithm,

WORDPRESS, Jan. 3, 2018: 8:33 a.m., available at
http://fairduty.wordpress.com/2018/01/03/adjudication-
by-algorithm/ (last accessed May 7, 2020)
[http://perma.cc/2TVX-V39E].
341. Barack H. Obama, @POTUS44, Tweet, TWITTER,
Aug. 29, 2016: 9:28 a.m., available at
http://twitter.com/POTUS44/status/770297035
274584068 (last accessed Sept. 26, 2019)
[http://perma.cc/Y4FP-GYML].
342. Ateneo Law Journal, Status Update, FACEBOOK,
Apr. 22, 2016: 2:23 p.m., available at
http://www.facebook.com/ateneolawjournal/posts/81667
7568478093 (last accessed June 22, 2019)
[http://perma.cc/4TF5-6B6T].
343. Areté Ateneo, Video, Magisterial Lectures: Roberto Conrado
O. Guevara, Ph.D. – On Journeys & Crossroads: Reflections on
Exodus, YOUTUBE, Aug. 11, 2020, available at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geVah0hecPQ
(last accessed Aug. 27, 2020).
344. Kenneth Isaiah I. Abante, Article, Awakening Vocations in
the Service of the Poor, MEDIUM, Aug. 23, 2019, available at
http://medium.com/@kabante/awakening-vocations-in-
the-service-of-the-poor-46dfdb1ba475 (last accessed Nov.
26, 2019) [http://perma.cc/ZG6D-M3XG].
47.3. Use of parenthetical explanations is encouraged to clarify how

the cited source could be appreciated or accessed by the reader.
345. Areté Ateneo, Video, Magisterial Lectures: Antonette
K. INTERNET SOURCES
Palma-Angeles, Ph.D. – How Do We Decide? Tools for Ethical
Decision-Making, YOUTUBE, Aug. 17, 2020, available at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tma1GDcefeQ (last
accessed Aug. 24, 2020) (discussion on the proposed model
for ethical decision-making begins at 6:50).
47.4. Note that this Rule does not necessarily pertain to the main
content in the website or platform. It can also be used to cite
the comments on the status update, blog post, article, or video.
346. Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook Comment, FACEBOOK,

Feb. 29, 2016: 4:19 a.m., available at
http://www.facebook.com/notes/bill-gates/if-you-could-
have-one-superpower-what-would-it-be/10153387136491
961?comment_id=915530428544738&comment_tracking=
%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D (last accessed Oct. 21,
2019) [http://perma.cc/8CHB-89WK].
347. Steve Benjamins, Disqus Comment, TORONTO
STANDARD, Oct. 31, 2014, available at
http://www.torontostandard.com/uncategorized/the-
future-of-toronto-standard/#comment-1703853692 (last
accessed May 5, 2019) [http://perma.cc/2PDU-PL85].
proper.
348. Abante, supra note 344.

349. Id.
L. THESES & UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS
48. Dissertations & Theses
48.1 The initial citation format for dissertations and theses is as

follows:
<Author/s>, <Title>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>)

(<type of work>, <institution which awarded the
degree>) (on file with <physical repository>).
L. THESES & UNPUBLISHED

350. Stephen W. Hawking, Properties of Expanding Universes,
at 17 (Feb. 1, 1966) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation,
University of Cambridge) (on file with Author).
MATERIALS
351. Jose Maria G. Hofileña, A Comment on the Constitutional
Institutionalization of State Participation in the Philippine
Mining Industry, at 10 (Spring 1990) (unpublished LL.M.
thesis, Harvard University) (on file with the Harvard
Law School Library, Harvard University).
352. Sedfrey M. Candelaria, State Responsibility and
International Financial Obligations: A Case Study of the
International Monetary Fund Stand-By Arrangements with
Developing Country Members, at 151-54 (Dec. 1989)
(unpublished LL.M. thesis, University of British Columbia)
(on file with the University of British Columbia Library).
353. Rafael Christopher L. Yap, Bouncing Doctrine:
Re-Examining the Supreme Court’s Pronouncements of
Batas Pambansa Blg. 22 as a Crime of Moral Turpitude,
at 13 (2006) (unpublished J.D. thesis, Ateneo de Manila
University) (on file with the Professional Schools Library,
Ateneo de Manila University).
proper.
354. Hawking, supra note 350, at 38.

355. Id. at 20.
49. Memoranda, Letters, E-mail, &

Other Correspondences
49.1. The initial citation format for memoranda, letters, e-mail, and
other correspondences is as follows:
<Type of Correspondence> from <Author/s>, <title or

institutional affiliation, if needed>, to <Addressee/s>,
<title or institutional affiliation, if needed> (<date>)
(on file with <physical repository>).
49.1.1. The prepositions (i.e., “from” and “to”) indicating the

authors and addresses are italicized.
MATERIALS
356. Memorandum from Maria Luz C. Vilches, Vice President
for the Loyola Schools, Ateneo de Manila University,
to the Loyola Schools Community (Apr. 7, 2020)
(on file with Author).
357. E-mail from Jose Maria G. Hofileña, Dean of the
School of Law, Ateneo de Manila University,
to All Students of the Ateneo de Manila University School
of Law (Apr. 2, 2020) (on file with Author).
358. Letter from Jose “Ka Pepe” W. Diokno to Jose Ramon
“Popoy” I. Diokno (Oct. 23, 1972) (on file with Author).
49.2. If the material is authored by, or is addressed to, two persons,

separate their names with an ampersand (“&”). If the material is
authored by, or is addressed to, more than two persons,
indicate only the first listed author or addressee followed by a
comma and “et al.”
359. Letter from Malala Yousafzai, et al. to António

Guterres, et al. (Jan. 30, 2020) (on file with Author).
proper.
360. Vilches, supra note 356.

361. Id.
50. Press Releases & Other Unpublished Papers
50.1. The initial citation format for press releases and other
unpublished papers not available online is as follows:
<Description of Document> by <Author/s, if any>,

<title or institutional affiliation, if needed>,
<Title of Press Release or Paper, if any> (<date>)
(on file with <physical repository>).
362. Community Statement by Concerned Members of the

Ateneo de Manila University, We Are Not Blind to the
Darkness and Oppression of the Marcos Years! (Mar. 7, 2016)
(on file with Author).
MATERIALS
363. Press Release by Benjamin Perrin, Professor, University of
British Columbia, Human Trafficking Charges on International
Day for the Abolition of Slavery (Dec. 2, 2009) (on file with
the Senate of Canada).
proper.
364. Concerned Members of the Ateneo de Manila University,

supra note 362.
365. Id.
M. INTERVIEWS
51. Interviews Conducted by the Author
51.1. The initial citation format for interviews conducted by the author
is as follows:
Interview with <Name of Interviewee>, <title or

institutional affiliation, if needed>, in <location of
interview> / through <medium of interview> (<date of
interview>).
366. Interview with Emmanuel Levinas, Professor, University of
M. INTERVIEWS
Fribourg, in Iseltwald, Switzerland (Jan. 27, 1970).
367. Interview with Angelina Sandoval-Gutierrez, Retired
Associate Justice, Supreme Court, through Zoom
(July 30, 2016).
51.2. For subsequent citations, use supra with this particular format:
Interview with <Last Name of Interviewee>, supra note

<footnote no. of initial citation>.
51.3. Id. may also be used when proper.
368. Interview with Levinas, supra note 366.

369. Id.
52. Interviews Not Conducted by the Author
52.1. The initial citation format for interviews not conducted by the
author is as follows:
Interview by <Name of Interviewer>, <title or

institutional affiliation, if needed>, with <Name of
Interviewee>, <title or institutional affiliation, if
needed>, in <location of interview> / through <medium
of interview> (<date of interview>).
370. Interview by Kristin Karen Dávila-Sta. Ana with Victor Ma.

Regis N. Sotto, Mayor, Pasig City, in Rockwell Center,
M. INTERVIEWS
Makati City (Apr. 3, 2019).
371. Interview by James Menendez, Journalist, BBC News, with
Robert E. Kelly, Professor, Pusan National University,
through Skype (Mar. 10, 2017).
52.2. For subsequent citations, use supra with this particular format:
Interview by <Last Name of Interviewer> with

<Last Name of Interviewee>, supra note <footnote no. of
initial citation>.
52.3. Id. may also be used when proper.
372. Interview by Dávila-Sta. Ana with Sotto, supra note 370.

373. Id.
N. SPEECHES & ADDRESSES
53. Unpublished & Untranscribed Speeches & Addresses
53.1. The initial citation format for unpublished and untranscribed

speeches and addresses is as follows:
<Speaker>, <title or institutional affiliation, if needed>,

<Title of Speech, if any>, Speech / Address / Remarks at
<event or place of address> (<date delivered>).

53.1.1. The Title of the Speech, if any, is italicized. If the
speech has no formal title, provide a description, in
addition to the event or place of address.
374. Conchita C. Carpio-Morales, Ombudsman, Corruption and

Anti-Corruption Efforts in the Philippines – 25 Years of the
Office of the Ombudsman, Address at the Forum on
Corruption and Development – How Anti-Corruption
Can Be Integrated into Development Measures to Ensure
Sustainable Development and Inclusive Growth
(May 30, 2013).
375. Pope Francis, Head, Catholic Church, Address to the
Filipino Youth at the University of Santo Tomas, Manila
(Jan. 18, 2015).
376. Francis H. Jardeleza, Associate Justice, Supreme Court,
Author’s Speech at the Launch of the March 2017 Special
Issue of the Ateneo Law Journal Entitled Navigating
Uncharted Waters: Moving Forward with the
Philippines-China Arbitral Award (Mar. 30, 2017).
proper.
377. Carpio-Morales, supra note 374.

378. Id.
54. Transcribed Speeches & Addresses
54.1. The initial citation format for transcribed speeches and

addresses is as follows:
<Speaker>, <title or institutional affiliation, if needed>,

<Title of Speech, if any>, Speech / Address / Remarks at
<event or place of address> (<date delivered>)
(transcript on file with <location of transcript> /
available at <internet address> (last accessed <date>)
[<permanent link, if possible>]).

54.1.1. The Title of the Speech, if any, is italicized. If the
speech has no formal title, provide a description, in
addition to the event or place of address.
379. Claudio Teehankee, Associate Justice, Supreme Court, The

Rule of Law and an Independent Bench and Bar, Address at the
Induction of Officers of the Movement for the
Advancement of Young Advocates of Pampanga
(July 29, 1983) (transcript on file with Author).
54.1.2. If the transcript is available online, use available at.
380. Pompeyo Diaz, Former Presiding Justice, Court of

Appeals, Passion for Justice, Address at the Commencement
Exercises of the College of Law, Ateneo de Manila
University (Mar. 25, 1981) (transcript available at
http://www.ateneo.edu/aps/law/about-law/
commencement-addresses (last accessed Aug. 11, 2019)
[http://perma.cc/6F6Z-SYNX]).
54.2. This Rule does not apply if the speech or address is published as
part of a print collection, as in such case Rule 37 is applicable.
proper.
381. Teehankee, supra note 379.

382. Id.
O. FILMS & BROADCASTS
55. Films
55.1. The initial citation format for films is as follows:
<TITLE> (<Production Company> <year>).
383. THE PAPER CHASE (Thompson-Paul Productions 1973).

384. IGNACIO DE LOYOLA (Jesuit Communications 2016).
O. FILMS & BROADCASTS

proper.
385. THE PAPER CHASE, supra note 383.

386. Id.
56. Television & Radio Broadcasts
56.1. The initial citation format for television and radio broadcasts is
as follows:
<Title>: <Episode
Name> (<Production Company, if any, or
Broadcasting Company> <date>).
56.1.1. The Title, Episode Name, and colon (:) are italicized. If
there is no information as to the production company,
indicate the company that aired the broadcast.
387. Avatar: The Last Airbender: The Tales of Ba Sing Se

(Nickelodeon Animation Studio Sept. 29, 2006).
388. Coronavirus, Explained: How to Cope (Vox Media
June 16, 2020).
proper.
389. Avatar, supra note 387.

390. Id.
76
IV. INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS
International materials may either be binding or persuasive to the courts

of a State, including the Philippines, depending on context. These
materials often involve two or more States or international bodies,
necessitating their own set of citation rules as set forth herein.
P. FOUNDING DOCUMENTS
57. U.N. Charter & League of Nations Covenant
57.1. The initial citation format for the Charter of the United Nations
(U.N.) and the Covenant of the League of Nations is as follows:
U.N. CHARTER / LEAGUE OF NATIONS COVENANT <pinpoint

citation>.
57.1.1. The “U.N. CHARTER” or “LEAGUE OF NATIONS COVENANT” is

in SMALL CAPS.
P. FOUNDING DOCUMENTS
391. U.N. CHARTER art. 43, ¶ 1.
392. LEAGUE OF NATIONS COVENANT arts. 8, 11, 19, & 21.
57.2. Similar to the Rules on Constitutions, these two founding

documents must always be cited in full.
57.3. Hence, do not use supra for subsequent citations of the

U.N. Charter and the League of Nations Covenant. Nevertheless,
Id. may be used for both of these documents.
393. U.N. CHARTER pmbl.

394. Id. art. 27, ¶¶ 1 & 3.
international materials 77
Q. TREATIES
58. Bilateral Treaties
58.1 The initial citation format for treaties between two parties is as
follows:
<Name of Treaty>, <Abbreviated Names of Parties>,

<pinpoint citation>, <date of signing>, <treaty
compilation>.
395. Framework for Peace in the Middle East Agreed at

Camp David, Isr.-Egypt, pmbl., Sept. 17, 1978,
1138 U.N.T.S. 39.
58.2. Indicate the exact date of signing. If there are multiple dates of
signing (like in the case of exchanges of notes), indicate the
period covered by specifying the first and last dates of signing.
58.3. If relevant, the date of entry into force of a treaty or the fact
that the same is not yet in force may be parenthetically
indicated at the end of the citation.
Q. TREATIES
58.4. If the Philippines is a party to the treaty cited, place its country
abbreviation (Phil.) before that of the other party.
396. Mutual Defense Treaty, Phil.-U.S., art. IV, Aug. 30, 1951,
177 U.N.T.S. 133 (entered into force Aug. 27, 1952).
58.5. Treaties must be cited from an official treaty compilation

published by an international organization, such as the United
Nations Treaty Series (U.N.T.S.), League of Nations Treaty
Series (L.N.T.S.), Organization of American States Treaty Series
(O.A.S.T.S.), Official Journal of the European Union (O.J.),
European Treaty Series (E.T.S.), or Council of Europe Treaty
Series (C.E.T.S.).
58.6. If the treaty cannot be cited from an official treaty compilation

published by an international organization, cite the treaty from
an official domestic compilation of a party thereto.
58.6.1. For example, in cases where the Philippines is a party

to a treaty, such treaty may be cited from these official
treaty compilations: the Department of Foreign Affairs
Treaty Series (D.F.A.T.S.), or the Philippine Treaty
Series (P.T.S.).
397. Air Transport Agreement Between the Republic of the

Philippines and the Kingdom of Norway, Phil.-Nor.,
art. 12, May 8, 1969, 8 D.F.A.T.S. 12 (entered into force
May 30, 1969).
398. Treaty Between the Government of the Republic of the
Philippines and the Government of the Kingdom of
Thailand Relating to Extradition, Phil.-Thai.,
art. XVI, ¶ 2 (a), Mar. 16, 1981, 8 P.T.S. 668.
58.7. If the treaty has not appeared in any official international or

domestic treaty compilation, cite such treaty from an unofficial
treaty compilation such as the International Legal Materials
(I.L.M.) if available therein.
399. Treaty Establishing a Special Associative Relationship,

Arg.-It., art. 9, Dec. 10, 1987, 28 I.L.M. 1212.
Q. TREATIES
58.8. Use of the rules on “hereinafter” is encouraged when the treaty
will be cited subsequently, with the special short citation form
preferably indicating the name or abbreviation for which the
treaty is better known, if any.
400. Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong,

China-U.K., ¶ 3, Dec. 19, 1984, 1399 U.N.T.S. 33
[hereinafter Sino-British Joint Declaration].
proper.
401. Framework for Peace in the Middle East Agreed at

Camp David, supra note 395, pmbl.
402. Sino-British Joint Declaration, supra note 400, ¶ 1.
403. Id. ¶¶ 2 & 8.
59. Multilateral Treaties
59.1. The initial citation format for treaties among three or more
parties is as follows:
<Name of Treaty> <pinpoint citation>, <signification>

<date of signing or other significant date>, <treaty
compilation>.
59.1.1. Note that there is no comma between the name of the

treaty and the pinpoint citation.
404. Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia art. 2,

signed Feb. 24, 1976, 1025 U.N.T.S. 297.
405. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees art. 33, ¶ 1,
signed July 28, 1951, 189 U.N.T.S. 137.
59.2. The exact date of signing must be indicated. If for some reason
the date of signing cannot be indicated (as when a treaty was
not signed on a single date), then the date on which a
multilateral treaty was opened for signature, approved, ratified,
or adopted may be used. The signification must be in italics.
Q. TREATIES
406. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties art. 31,
opened for signature May 23, 1969, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331.
407. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change arts. 18 & 22, adopted
Dec. 11, 1997, 2303 U.N.T.S. 162.
59.3. Multilateral treaties must be cited from an official treaty

compilation published by an international organization, or from
an official domestic compilation of a party to the treaty. In the
absence thereof, cite from an unofficial treaty compilation
(e.g., I.L.M.). Refer to Rules 58.5 to 58.7 for further guidance.
408. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural

Rights art. 26, ¶¶ 2-5, opened for signature Dec. 19, 1966,
993 U.N.T.S. 3.
409. Convention on Rights and Duties of States art. 1,
signed Dec. 26, 1933, 165 L.N.T.S. 19.
410. Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights

to Abolish the Death Penalty art. 2, adopted June 8, 1990,
O.A.S.T.S. No. 73.
411. Treaty of Lisbon Amending the Treaty on
European Union and the Treaty Establishing the
European Community arts. 3-7, signed Dec. 13, 2007,
2007 O.J. (C 306) 1.
412. Association of Southeast Asian Nations Declaration pmbl.,
signed Aug. 8, 1967, 6 I.L.M. 1233.
59.4. If relevant, the date of entry into force of a treaty or the fact
that the same is not yet in force may be parenthetically
indicated at the end of the citation.
413. Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of

Terrorism arts. 2 & 4, opened for signature May 16, 2005,
C.E.T.S. No. 196 (entered into force June 1, 2007).
59.5. Use of the rules on “hereinafter” is encouraged when the treaty

will be cited subsequently, with the special short citation form
preferably indicating the name or abbreviation for which the
treaty is better known, if any.
Q. TREATIES
414. Convention on Cybercrime art. 7, opened for signature
Nov. 23, 2001, E.T.S. No. 185 [hereinafter Budapest
Convention].
415. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
art. 296, ¶ 1, opened for signature Dec. 10, 1982,
1833 U.N.T.S. 3 [hereinafter UNCLOS] (entered into
force Nov. 16, 1994).
proper.
416. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, supra note

406, art. 72, ¶ 1 (b).
417. UNCLOS, supra note 415, arts. 286 & 288, ¶ 4.
418. Id. art. 287, ¶¶ 1 & 3.
419. Budapest Convention, supra note 414, pmbl.
R. INTERNATIONAL LAW CASES
60. I.C.J. & P.C.I.J. Reported Cases
60.1. The initial citation format for reported cases of the International
Court of Justice (I.C.J.) and the Permanent Court of
International Justice (P.C.I.J.) is as follows:
<Case Title> (<Abbreviated Names of Parties>), <matter

of decision, if needed>, <type of court document>,
<volume no.> <abbreviated name of reporter> <first page
of report>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>).
60.1.1. For I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. cases, the year is used to identify
the volume number. Thus, the year is omitted from the
date at the end of the citation where only the month
and day are given (e.g., 2006 I.C.J. 6 (Feb. 3), 1925
P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 5 (Mar. 26)).
60.1.2. The indicator “v.” between the abbreviated names of

the parties is used if the case was brought by unilateral
R. INTERNATIONAL LAW
application of one party against the other (e.g., Austl.
v. Fr., U.K. v. Ice.). Refer to Annex A for the
abbreviated names.
CASES
420. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against
Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Merits, Judgment,
1986 I.C.J. 14, ¶ 205 (June 27).
421. Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Between
Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahr.), Jurisdiction and
Admissibility, Judgment, 1995 I.C.J. 6, 18 (Feb. 15).
422. Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia
(Ger. v. Pol.), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
1925 P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 6, at 15 (Aug. 25).
423. Legal Status of Eastern Greenland (Den. v. Nor.),
Judgment, 1933 P.C.I.J. (ser. A/B) No. 53, at 71 (Apr. 5).
60.1.3. On the other hand, if the controversy was brought by

special agreement of the parties, the abbreviated
names must be separated instead by a slash (/).
424. Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hung./Slovk.), Judgment,

1997 I.C.J. 7, ¶¶ 83-87 (Sept. 25).
60.2. The case title that appears on the first page of the case report
must be used. The word “Case” may be used if a person’s name
was mentioned in the case title.
425. Haya de la Torre Case (Colom./Peru), Judgment,

1951 I.C.J. 71, 83 (June 13).
<Short Case Title>, <volume no.> <abbreviated name of

reporter> <pinpoint citation>.
426. Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project, 1997 I.C.J. at 19, 21, & 26.

427. Id. ¶¶ 53 & 85.
61. I.C.J. & P.C.I.J. Cases Available Online
61.1. This Rule applies only to I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. cases available in the
CASES
official website of the I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. (i.e., http://www.icj-
cij.org).
61.1.1. Do not cite from any other domain or website.
61.2. The initial citation format for I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. cases available
online is as follows:
<Case Title> (<Abbreviated Names of Parties>), <matter

of decision, if needed>, <type of court document>,
<pinpoint citation> (<date>), available at <internet
address> (last accessed <date>).
428. Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean

(Bol. v. Chile), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, ¶ 26
(Sept. 24, 2015), available at http://www.icj-cij.org/
public/files/case-related/153/153-20150924-JUD-01-00-
EN.pdf (last accessed Sept. 24, 2019).
429. Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Arg. v. Uru.),

Judgment, ¶ 52 (Apr. 20, 2010), available at
http://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/135/135-
20100420-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf (last accessed Jan. 8, 2020).
61.3. Note that the type of court document being cited

(e.g., judgments) must always be indicated if the case was cited
online, even if irrelevant to the text referred to by the citation.
61.3.1. This is necessary to guide the reader in locating the

citation, especially in cases where the court has issued
or promulgated multiple documents that are all
available online.
61.4. All the rules in Rule 60 suppletorily apply to I.C.J. and P.C.I.J.
cases available online.
<Short Case Title>, I.C.J. / P.C.I.J. <type of court

document>, <pinpoint citation>.
CASES
430. Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean, I.C.J.
Judgment, ¶ 27.
431. Id. ¶¶ 28-29.
62. I.C.J. & P.C.I.J. Advisory Opinions
62.1. The initial citation format for I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. advisory opinions
is as follows:
<Case Title>, Advisory Opinion, <volume no.>

<abbreviated name of reporter> <first page of report>,
432. Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and

Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion,
1951 I.C.J. 15, 21 (May 18).
62.2. The parties requesting the opinion are not listed.
62.3. If citing from the official website, use Rule 61 analogously.
433. Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos

Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965, Advisory Opinion,
¶¶ 170-174 (Feb. 25, 2019), available at http://www.icj-
cij.org/public/files/case-related/169/169-20190225-ADV-
01-00-EN.pdf (last accessed Dec. 28, 2019).
62.4. For subsequent citations, follow Rules 60 or 61, if the Advisory

Opinion is cited from a reporter or from the official website of
the I.C.J. and P.C.I.J., respectively.
63. Cases Before the ICC
63.1. The initial citation format for cases before the International
Criminal Court (ICC) is as follows:
<Case Title>, <case no.>, <type & description of
court document>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>).
CASES
434. Prosecutor v. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, Case No.
ICC-01/12-01/15, Decision on Prosecution’s Request for
Provision of Certain Individual Reparations Applications,
¶ 6 (Feb. 28, 2020).
63.2. If the case has been made available in the official website of the
ICC (i.e., http://www.icc-cpi.int), include its internet address.
435. Prosecutor v. Al-Tuhamy Mohamed Khaled, Case No.

ICC-01/11-01/13, Decision on Reclassification of the
Warrant of Arrest, ¶¶ 2 & 4 (Apr. 24, 2017), available at
http://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/
CR2017_02560.PDF (last accessed June 1, 2020).
<Short Case Title>, <case no.>, <pinpoint citation>.
436. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, Case No. ICC-01/12-01/15, ¶ 1.

437. Id. ¶¶ 5-7.
64. CJEU Reported Cases in Print
64.1. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) consists of

two separate courts: the Court of Justice and the General Court.
The Civil Service Tribunal used to be part of the CJEU as a
specialized court, until it was dissolved on 1 September 2016.
64.2. The official reporter for the first two aforesaid courts is the
Reports of Cases Before the Court of Justice and the Court of
First Instance (ECR). Staff cases decided by the now-defunct
Civil Service Tribunal were reported separately in the Reports of
European Community Staff Cases (ECR-SC).
64.3. ECR and ECR-SC, however, have ceased publication in print
CASES
after the release of the Court of Justice and General Court
cases decided in 2011, and the Civil Service Tribunal cases
decided in 2009, respectively. Thereafter, cases have been
reported exclusively in digital format on EUR-Lex
(i.e., http://eur-lex.europa.eu), the official publication of
laws and cases of the European Union. For more
information, see the official website of the CJEU
(i.e., http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/P_101083).
64.4. The initial citation format for CJEU reported cases in print is as
follows:
<Case Title>, <case no.>, <year> ECR <volume no.>-<first

page of report>, <pinpoint citation>.
64.4.1. There is a hyphen, but no space, between the ECR

volume number and the first page of the cited case
(e.g., I-7367).
64.4.2. Cases before the Court of Justice are reported in

Volume I of the ECR (e.g., I-2971), while those cases
before the General Court are reported in Volume II
(e.g., II-415).
438. Van Duyn v. Home Office, Case C-41/74, 1974 ECR

I-1337, at 1343.
439. Microsoft v. Commission, Case T-201/04, 2007 ECR
II-3619, ¶ 842.
64.5. Note that case numbers before the Court of Justice begin with
the letter “C” (e.g., C-151/07); those before the General Court
begin with the letter “T” (e.g., T-70/17); and those before the
Civil Service Tribunal begin with the letter “F” (e.g., F-128/5).
<Short Case Title>, <year> ECR <volume no.>-<first page

of report> <pinpoint citation>.
440. Van Duyn, 1974 ECR I-1337 at 1344-45.
441. Id. at 1345.
CASES
65. CJEU Cases Available Online
65.1. This Rule is used to cite CJEU cases available at the official
website of the CJEU (i.e., http://curia.europa.eu) and from
EUR-Lex (i.e., http://eur-lex.europa.eu).
65.2. The initial citation format for CJEU cases available online is as
follows:
<Case Title>, <type of court document>, <case no.>,

<ECLI>, <pinpoint citation> (CJEU <date>).
65.2.1. The European Case Law Identifier (ECLI) is unique to

every CJEU case. The ECLI may be used to search for
CJEU cases on EUR-Lex. See the CJEU official website
for more information.
442. Red Bull GmbH v. European Union Intellectual

Property Office, Judgment, Case C-124/18 P,
EU:C:2019:641, ¶ 64 (CJEU July 29, 2019).
443. Patrick Breyer v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland,
Judgment, Case C-582/14, EU:C:2016:779, ¶ 49 (CJEU
Oct. 19, 2016).
<Short Case Title>, <ECLI>, <pinpoint citation>.
444. Red Bull GmbH, EU:C:2019:641, ¶ 100.

445. Id. ¶ 79.
66. Cases Before Other International Judicial
Institutions & Ad Hoc Tribunals
CASES
66.1. The initial citation format for cases before other international
judicial institutions and ad hoc tribunals is as follows:
<Case Title> (<Abbreviated Names of Parties, if

applicable>), <case no., if any>, <matter of decision, if
needed>, <type of court document>, <abbreviated name
of official reporter, if any>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>).
446. The “Arctic Sunrise” Case (Neth. v. Russ.), Case No. 22,
Provisional Measures, Order, ITLOS Rep. 2013, ¶ 88
(Nov. 22, 2013).
447. Xákmok Kásek Indigenous Community v. Paraguay,
Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 214, Merits, Reparations,
and Costs, Judgment, ¶ 309 (Aug. 24, 2010).
66.2. When the name of the judicial institution which rendered the
decision cannot be gleaned from the case number or reporter,
indicate the abbreviated name of the tribunal before the date.
448. Prosecutor v. Tadić, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72,

Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal
on Jurisdiction, Appeals Judgment, ¶ 137 (Int’l Crim. Trib.
for the Former Yugoslavia Oct. 2, 1995).
<Short Case Title>, <abbreviated name of official

reporter, if any, or case no., if any; otherwise, indicate
the Abbreviated Name of Judicial Institution & type of
court document>, <pinpoint citation>.
66.3.1. If the international judicial institution has an official

reporter, cite thereto. Otherwise, use the case number.
66.3.2. In the absence of reporters and case numbers, indicate

the abbreviated name of the judicial institution and the
type of court document being cited.
CASES
449. The “Arctic Sunrise” Case, ITLOS Rep. 2013, ¶ 34.
450. Id. ¶¶ 90-94.
451. Xákmok Kásek Indigenous Community, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R.
(ser. C) No. 214, ¶ 337.
67. International Arbitration Cases
67.1. International arbitration cases are cited fairly analogously to

I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. decisions under Rule 60.
452. North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Case (Gr. Brit./U.S.),

Award, 11 R.I.A.A. 167, 187 (1910).
67.2. For the case title, the indicated names of the parties may be
used. Otherwise, the subject matter of the case may be
indicated as the case title.
67.3. Do not indicate anymore the countries involved through

parentheticals when their names are already evident in the case
title.
67.4. For awards of the International Centre for Settlement of

Investment Disputes (ICSID), the full diplomatic names of the
country involved should be indicated.
453. SGS Société Générale de Surveillance S.A. v. Republic of
the Philippines, Decision on Objections to Jurisdiction,
8 ICSID Rep. 518, 533 (2005).
CASES
67.5. For subsequent citations, analogously follow Rule 60.
S. RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS
68. U.N. General Assembly Resolutions & Decisions
68.1. The initial citation format for United Nations (U.N.) General
Assembly (G.A.) Resolutions (Res.) and Decisions (Dec.) is as
follows:
<Title,if needed>, <resolution or decision no. & session

no.>, <pinpoint citation>, <U.N. Document Symbol>
(<date of adoption>).
68.1.1. After 1976, G.A. resolutions are designated by the

session number and the resolution number in the said
session (e.g., the 337th resolution adopted during the
fifty-seventh G.A. will appear as “G.A. Res. 57/337”).
454. Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts,

G.A. Res. 56/83, annex, art. 22, U.N. Doc. A/RES/56/83
(Dec. 12, 2001).
455. Promoting the Culture of Peace with Love and
S. RESOLUTIONS &
Conscience, G.A. Res. 73/329, ¶ 3, U.N. Doc.
DECISIONS
A/RES/73/329 (July 25, 2019).
456. G.A. Dec. 62/557, at 106, U.N. Doc. A/62/49 (Vol. III)
(Sept. 15, 2008).
68.1.2. Prior to 1976, however, G.A. resolution numbers were

increased from year to year with the session number
indicated by Roman numerals.
457. Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial

Countries and Peoples, G.A. Res. 1514 (XV), ¶ 2,
U.N. Doc. A/RES/1514 (XV) (Dec. 14, 1960).
68.2. Note that the U.N. Document Symbol may be placed at the end
of the URL, “http://undocs.org”, to access the U.N. document
(e.g., http://undocs.org/A/RES/59/38). For more information,
consult the guide found in the official website of the U.N.
(i.e., http://research.un.org/en/docs/symbols).
proper.
458. Promoting the Culture of Peace with Love and

Conscience, supra note 455, ¶ 1.
459. Id. ¶¶ 4-6.
460. G.A. Dec. 62/557, supra note 456, at 107.
69. Resolutions by Other U.N. Organizations &

Other International Bodies
69.1. Resolutions issued by other international bodies (e.g., U.N.

Security Council (S.C.), Economic and Social Council, Human
Rights Council) are cited analogously to U.N. G.A. Resolutions
and Decisions under Rule 68.
461. Science, Technology and Innovation for Development,

Economic and Social Council Res. 2019/25, at 7,
U.N. Doc. E/RES/2019/25 (July 23, 2019).
462. Outcome of the Universal Periodic Review: Philippines,
S. RESOLUTIONS &
Human Rights Council Dec. 36/110, para. 2, U.N. Doc.
DECISIONS
A/HRC/DEC/36/110 (Sept. 22, 2017).
463. S.C. Res. 2535, ¶¶ 2, 9, & 23, U.N. Doc. S/RES/2535
(2020) (July 14, 2020).
464. S.C. President Statement 2019/14, at 1, U.N. Doc.
S/PRST/2019/14 (Nov. 22, 2019).
69.2. For subsequent citations, analogously follow Rule 68.
T. REPORTS & OTHER INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS
70. Reports by U.N. Organs & Committees
70.1 The initial citation format for reports issued by U.N. organs and
committees is as follows:
<Issuing Body & Subcommittee, if any>, <Report Title, if

any>, <pinpointcitation>, <U.N. Document Symbol>
(<year for annual or sessional reports, otherwise, use
the date of document for other reports>).
465. International Law Commission, Report on the Work of Its

Seventy-First Session, ¶ 47, U.N. Doc. A/74/10 (2019).
466. Human Rights Council Advisory Committee, Global Issue
of Unaccompanied Migrant Children and Human Rights,
at 17-19, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/36/51 (July 24, 2017).
proper.
INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS
T. REPORTS & OTHER
467. International Law Commission, supra note 465, ¶ 279 (c).
468. Id. ¶¶ 228-234.
71. Reports by the Secretary-General & Other Officials
71.1. The initial citation format for reports by the Secretary-General,

and by anyone acting in an official capacity as in the position of
an envoy, spokesperson, or special rapporteur, is as follows:
<Capacity or Position>, <Report Title, if any>, <pinpoint

citation>, <Institution or Committee to which the Report
was Delivered, if any>, <U.N. Document Symbol>
(<date of document>) (by <Author/s, if any>).
469. U.N. Secretary-General, International Migration and

Development, at 5, 73d Session of the General Assembly,
U.N. Doc. A/73/286 (Aug. 1, 2018).
470. Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary

Executions, Investigation of, Accountability for and Prevention
of Intentional State Killings of Human Rights Defenders,
Journalists and Prominent Dissidents, ¶ 71 (b),
Human Rights Council, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/41/36
(Oct. 4, 2019) (by Agnès Callamard).
proper.
471. U.N. Secretary-General, supra note 469, at 6 fig. 3.

472. Id. ¶¶ 101-105.
72. Conference Reports
72.1. The initial citation format for conference reports is as follows:
<Conference Name>, <Report Title>, <pinpoint citation>,

<document designation, if any>, (<date of document>).
T. REPORTS & OTHER
473. World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna Declaration
and Programme of Action, ¶¶ 83 & 85, U.N. Doc.
A/CONF.157/23 (July 12, 1993).
474. U.N. Conference on the Human Environment, Declaration
of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,
princ. 20, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.48/14/Rev.1 (June 16,
1972).
proper.
72.2.1. Since there are usually no identifiable authors in these

cases, note that the title of the document must be
used in accordance with the rules on supra .
475. Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, supra note 473,

¶ 98.
476. Id. ¶ 5.
73. WTO Panel & Appellate Body Reports
73.1. The initial citation format for World Trade Organization (WTO)
panel and appellate body reports is as follows:
<Type of Report>, <Title of Dispute>, <pinpoint citation>,

<WTO Document Symbol> (<date>).
73.2. Use of the rules on “hereinafter” is encouraged, particularly

when citing multiple WTO panel or appellate body reports.
477. Panel Report, Canada — Measures Affecting the Export of

Civilian Aircraft, ¶ 5.153, WTO Doc. WT/DS70/RW
(May 9, 2000) [hereinafter Canada — Aircraft].
478. Appellate Body Report, Australia — Measures Affecting
Importation of Salmon, ¶ 88, WTO Doc. WT/DS18/AB/R
(Oct. 20, 1998) [hereinafter Australia — Salmon].
proper.
T. REPORTS & OTHER
479. Canada — Aircraft, supra note 477, at 43.
480. Australia — Salmon, supra note 478, ¶ 4.
481. Id. ¶ 279 (m).
74. Reports by the WTO Secretariat & Other WTO Bodies
74.1. The initial citation format for reports by the WTO Secretariat
and other WTO bodies is as follows:
<Issuing Body>, <Report Title>, <pinpoint citation>,

<WTO Document Symbol> (<date>).
482. WTO Secretariat, Trade Policy Review: The Philippines,

at 82 tbl. IV.8, WTO Doc. WT/TPR/S/261/Rev.2
(May 9, 2012).
483. WTO Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices, Reports
Under Article 16.4 of the Agreement, at 2-4,
WTO Doc. G/ADP/N/337 (Jan. 29, 2020).
484. WTO Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual

Property Rights, Annual Report (2019) of the Council for
TRIPS, ¶ 30, WTO Doc. IP/C/85 (Dec. 6, 2019).
proper.
485. WTO Secretariat, supra note 482, at 93.

486. Id. at 71 tbl. IV.3.
75. WTO Ministerial Documents
75.1. The initial citation format for WTO ministerial documents is as

follows:
World Trade Organization, <Title, if any>, <pinpoint

citation>, <WTO Document Symbol> (<year>).
487. World Trade Organization, Declaration on the

TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, ¶¶ 4 & 5 (c),
WTO Doc. WT/MIN(01)/DEC/2 (2001) [hereinafter
T. REPORTS & OTHER

Doha Declaration].
488. World Trade Organization, Work Programme on Small
Economies, at 1, WTO Doc. WT/MIN(17)/63 (2017).
proper.
489. Doha Declaration, supra note 487, ¶¶ 4-6.

490. Id. ¶ 3.
76. GATT Panel Decisions
76.1. The initial citation format for General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT) panel decisions is as follows:
<Type of Report>, <Title>, <case no., if any> (<date>),

GATT B.I.S.D. (<annual volume>), <pinpoint citation>
(<year of publication>).
76.1.1. GATT panel decisions must be cited from the GATT

Basic Instruments and Selected Documents (B.I.S.D.).
76.2. Use of the rules on “hereinafter” is encouraged, particularly

when citing multiple GATT panel decisions.
491. Panel Report, Norway — Procurement of Toll Collection

Equipment for the City of Trondheim, GPR.DS2/R
(May 13, 1992), GATT B.I.S.D. (40th Supp.), ¶ 4.17
(1993) [hereinafter Panel Report, Norway — Trondheim
Toll Ring].
492. Panel Report, United States — Prohibition of Imports of Tuna
and Tuna Products from Canada, L/5198 (Feb. 22, 1982),
GATT B.I.S.D. (29th Supp.), tbl. 3 (1983).
proper.
493. Panel Report, Norway — Trondheim Toll Ring, supra note

491, ¶¶ 3.6, 3.8, 3.11, 3.14, & 3.20.
494. Id. ¶ 5.1.
T. REPORTS & OTHER

77. Sales Publications
77.1. Many U.N. agencies release materials (other than official

documents and records) that are for sale to the public. These
materials may be in the form of reports, studies, or statistics.
They are cited analogously to books and other non-periodic
materials in Section I.
495. OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER

FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS AND
CONSTITUTION MAKING 22 (2018).
proper.
97
V. GENERAL RULES OF USAGE
U. QUOTATIONS
78. Quotations of 49 Words or Less
78.1. Quotations consisting of 49 words or less should be enclosed in

double quotation marks (“ ”).
78.1.1. Quotations within the quoted material should be

enclosed in single quotation marks (‘ ’). However, if the
exact passage being cited is itself quoted material in
the original, only one set of double quotation marks
should be used.
78.2. All punctuation marks should be placed inside the quotation

marks, except:
78.2.1. colons (:) and semicolons (;); and
78.2.2. question marks (?) and exclamation points (!), if they

were not part of the original quotation.
78.3. Thus, commas (,) and periods (.) are placed within the
quotation marks, even if the original text of the quoted material
does not contain them. This is for plain aesthetic purposes and
must only be used if the integrity of the quoted material will not
be compromised.
79. Quotations of 50 Words or More

U. QUOTATIONS
79.1. Quotations consisting of 50 words or more should be in the form

of a block quotation. A block quotation must be single-spaced,
indented on both sides, and justified, and must not be enclosed
in double quotation marks. The footnote reference should be
placed after the final punctuation of the block quotation.
79.1.1. Quotations within the block quotation should be

retained using single quotation marks.
79.2. The first line of the block quotation may be further indented on
the left margin if it is also the first line in the paragraph in the
original text being cited.
79.3. If a word, or words, at the beginning of the paragraph of the

original text is, or are, omitted in the block quotation, do not
further indent on the left side nor use an ellipsis to indicate the
omission.
79.4. Indicate the omission of an entire paragraph or paragraphs in

the block quotation by placing on the next line of the quoted
paragraph an ellipsis consisting of three periods (“ ... ”). This is
only done when one or more paragraphs are omitted in the
length of a single block quotation.
79.5. If the block quotation is not contained in the body but, rather, in
the footnote text, the citation reference should not be indented
but should begin at the left margin on the line immediately
following the quotation.
496. In the oral arguments before the Supreme Court of the

United States, Ruth Bader Ginsburg asserted —
Appellees concede that the principle ingredient [involving]
strict scrutiny is present in the sex criterion.
Sex, like race, is a visible, immutable characteristic, bearing
no necessary relationship to [ability].
Sex, like race, has been made the basis for unjustified, or at
least unproved assumptions, concerning an individual’s
potential to perform or to contribute to society.
...
In asking the [Supreme] Court to declare sex a suspect
U. QUOTATIONS
criterion, [the Amicus Curiae] urges a position forcibly stated

in 1837 by Sarah [Grimké], noted abolitionist and advocate of
equal rights for men and women.
She spoke, not elegantly, but with unmistakable clarity. She
said, ‘I ask no favor for my sex. All I ask of our brethren is
that they take their feet off our necks.’
Transcript of Oral Arguments, Jan. 17, 1973, at 16, 17, &
20 (on file with the Supreme Court of the United States),
in Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973).
general rules of usage 99
80. Alterations
80.1. Alterations (e.g., substitution of letters or words, insertion of

material, or conversion of letter case) made to quotations are
indicated by enclosing such changes in square brackets (“[ ]”).
80.2. When quoting a passage, significant mistakes found in the

original should be followed by “[sic]” (see Rule 90.4).
80.3. Omitted letters or punctuations must be indicated by empty

square brackets (“[ ]”) (see Rule 90).
81. Omissions
81.1. Omissions in the quotation must be indicated by an ellipsis,

consisting of three periods, with a space before the first period
and a space after the last period (“ ... ”).
81.2. An ellipsis must not begin a quotation. It is used generally when

the omission is in the middle of the quotation (see Rule 89).
82. Emphases
82.1. When emphasis is added to or omitted from the quoted text,

parenthetically indicate the same (i.e., “emphasis supplied” or
“emphasis omitted”) after the citation reference in the footnote.
Justice Claudio Teehankee stated,

The fundamental principles of justice necessarily connote a
U. QUOTATIONS
Rule of Law and not of men[,] and an acceptance of the concept

of human rights inhering in [every person] by virtue of his [or her]
very humanity and not granted to him [or her] by the State ... [,]
and fearless and committed lawyers to seek their enforcement
by a free and independent judiciary sworn to protect and
enforce the law without fear or favor.497
497. Teehankee, supra note 379 (emphasis supplied).
82.2. There is no need to indicate that the emphasis was sustained

from the original text, if such was the case.
V. FOOTNOTE REFERENCES
83. Footnote References
83.1. Every sentence or clause requiring any of the three functions of

citation (i.e., attribution, authority, or research) must be
accompanied by a citation, using footnote references at the very
instance when the need for it arises.
83.2. Thus, footnote references need not always be placed at the end
of sentences.
83.3. The footnote reference must be placed after a comma (,) or a

period (.) when such comma or period is used to indicate a
break or signify the end of a sentence, except if the integrity of
the quoted material will be prejudiced by doing so.
83.4. On the contrary, footnote references must be placed at the end

of a word immediately preceding a hyphen (-) or
an em dash (—).
83.4.1. There must be a space between the footnote reference

and the hyphen or em dash following it.
After all, politics is a social activity through which people make,

preserve, and amend the general rules under which they live.1
As such, politics necessitates dialogue, not monologue2 —
which is why Hannah Arendt, to a certain extent, defined
political power as people “acting in concert”3 towards some V. FOOTNOTE REFERENCES
measure of political efficacy.4
83.5. Footnote references should also be placed outside of quotation

marks and brackets, but not parentheses.
83.6. If a footnote itself contains an assertion requiring support, a

citation to the relevant authority should appear directly after the
assertion. Refer to Part I, Section G of this Guide for proper
understanding of explanatory footnotes.
83.7. If authorities are subsequently cited using supra, the supra note
numbers (i.e., each properly referring to the footnote number of
the initial citation) must be kept accurate, even after the
addition of intervening footnotes in the work.
83.7.1. If you are using Microsoft Word, use the

Cross-reference feature to create supra note numbers
by going to “References,” clicking “Cross-reference,”
choosing “Footnote” under the “Reference type”
dropdown menu, and selecting the footnote number of
the initial citation of the authority intended to be cited.
83.7.2. To update all supra note numbers after having added

intervening footnotes in the work, press Ctrl + A
in Windows (or Cmd + A in Mac) within the footnote
section of the document to select all footnotes therein
and then click F9 in Windows (or Fn + F9 in Mac).
83.8. When a case is mentioned for the first time in the body and
is found in the middle of a sentence or a clause, the case must
be followed by a footnote reference which provides for the initial
case citation without any pinpoint citation. Another footnote
reference is placed at the end of the sentence or clause if the
text requires a citation (i.e., using Id. with the pinpoint citation).
In Department of Education, Culture and Sports v. San Diego,498

Justice Isagani Cruz stressed that “[w]e cannot have a society of
square pegs in round holes, of dentists who should never have
left the farm[,] and engineers who should have studied
banking[,] and teachers who could be better as merchants.”499 V. FOOTNOTE REFERENCES
498. Department of Education, Culture and Sports v. San
Diego, G.R. No. 89572, 180 SCRA 533 (1989).
499. Id. at 539.
83.8.1. However, if the said case is mentioned for the first time
in the body but is found at the end of a sentence or
clause, only one footnote reference (i.e., containing the
initial case citation with the pertinent pinpoint citation)
placed at the end of such sentence or clause is
sufficient.
W. PUNCTUATIONS
84. Periods
84.1. Periods (.) are used to end declarative sentences and indirect
questions.
85. Commas & Semicolons
85.1. In a series of three or more elements, separate the elements by

commas (,).
85.1.1. If the elements in a series are long and complex, or

involve internal punctuation or internal conjunctions,
separate them by semicolons (;).
85.2. While commas are used to connect dependent clauses to

independent clauses, semicolons (;) are used to connect closely
related independent clauses.
85.3. When a conjunction joins the last two elements in a series,

a serial comma, otherwise known as an Oxford comma, or
a semicolon, when proper, is placed before the conjunction
(e.g., Math, English, and Physics).
86. Colons
86.1. A colon (:) is used to introduce a list or an illustrative quotation,

amplification, or appositive.
W. PUNCTUATIONS
87. Hyphens
87.1. Use a hyphen (-) to:
87.1.1. connect continuing or inclusive numbers, such as

dates, times, and reference numbers;
87.1.2. separate numbers that are not inclusive, such as

telephone numbers and social security numbers; or
87.1.3. separate the elements of a compound word that is

ordinarily hyphenated in a dictionary or other
authoritative source, such as a wordbook.
87.2. There should be no space before or after the hyphen.
88. Em Dashes
88.1. Use an em dash (—) to:
88.1.1. denote a sudden break in thought that causes an

abrupt change in sentence structure; or
88.1.2. set apart an element added to give emphasis or

explanation by expanding a phrase occurring in the
main clause.
88.2. Em dashes should be preceded and followed by a space.
88.3. To avoid confusion, do not use more than a single em dash or,
in the proper case, a pair of em dashes in any given sentence.
89. Ellipses
89.1. An ellipsis is a group of three consecutive dots with a space on

both sides of the ellipsis, but no spaces in between the three
dots (“ … ”).
89.2. Indicate the omission of words within a quoted passage by

replacing the omitted text with an ellipsis (see Rule 81).
W. PUNCTUATIONS
89.3. The general rule is that a quotation may end with a punctuation
mark even if some words in the original text are thereby omitted
(see Rule 78.2).
89.4. To indicate the omission of words at the end of a quoted

sentence, replace the omitted text with an ellipsis followed by
the final punctuation of the sentence (e.g., “ ... .”).
89.5. Indicate the omission of a complete sentence within a quoted

text by replacing the omitted text with an ellipsis between the
final punctuation of the preceding quoted sentence and the first
word of the following sentence (e.g., “. ...”). This may be used
in a single, continuous quotation or in a block quotation.
Article XIII, Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution provides that

“[t]he State shall protect the rights of subsistence fishermen,
especially of local communities, to the preferential use of the
communal marine and fishing resources, both inland and
offshore. ... Fishworkers shall receive a just share from their
labor in the utilization of marine and fishing resources.”
89.6. If the omitted passage consists of one or more complete

paragraphs, then the ellipsis must appear alone in the center of
a new line (see Rule 79.4).
89.7. An ellipsis should not begin a quotation.
90. Brackets
90.1. Where only one letter, word, or punctuation mark is removed

from a quoted text, use empty square brackets (“[ ]”) instead of
an ellipsis. There must be a space between the brackets.
90.2. When the first letter in a quoted sentence must be changed

from lower to upper case or vice versa, enclose it in square
brackets. Refer to Rule 98 on Capitalization for further guidance.
90.3. Substitution of letters or words, insertion of any material, and

W. PUNCTUATIONS
conversion of letter case in a quoted text should be enclosed in

square brackets.
90.4. Significant mistakes in the original, if maintained and

uncorrected, should be followed by “[sic]” but otherwise left as
it is in the original.
91. Parentheses
91.1. Parentheses, like em dashes, may be used to set apart an

amplifying, explanatory, or digressive thought. However,
parentheses are more informal.
91.2. Parentheses are also used to introduce abbreviations

(see Rule 99).
91.3. When parentheses are used to enclose an independent

sentence, the appropriate punctuation must be placed inside
the parentheses, in addition to the period at the end of
the footnote.
500. PHIL. CONST. art. XI, § 1 (“Public office is a public trust.

Public officers and employees must at all times be
accountable to the people, serve them with utmost
responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with
patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives.”).
W. PUNCTUATIONS
X. NUMBERS
92. Numerals
92.1. The numbers zero to nine (0-9) are spelled out.
92.2. The first word of any sentence must always be spelled out.
Thus, any number that begins a sentence must be spelled out.
92.3. If a number includes decimal numbers, do not spell it out.
92.4. If a number in a series includes decimal numbers, numerals

should be used uniformly for the whole series.
92.5. When percentages or peso or other currency amounts are

referred to, use numerals accompanied by the appropriate
symbol (e.g., %, P, $) (see Rule 95).
92.5.1. As an exception, when the amounts are within the

range of zero to nine (0-9), then the whole amount
must be spelled out, including the words “percent,”
“pesos,” or “dollars.”
92.6. Numerals must always be used when referring to sections or

subdivisions of statutes or other legal documents.
93. Ordinals
93.1. Ordinal numbers used in the body or text as well as in the

citation references must not be indicated by superscripts
(e.g., 1st, 14th, 27th, 145th, 1951st).
X. NUMBERS
93.2. In the body or text, including explanatory footnotes and

parentheticals, use “2nd” or “3rd” for figures representing
ordinal numbers that end in two or three (e.g., 42nd, 43rd).
Note, however, that spelling out ordinals in the body or text
is advisable.
93.3. In citation references (i.e., based on the citation forms

prescribed in Rules 1 to 77 of this Guide), however, use “2d” or
“3d” (e.g., 42d, 43d), not “2nd” or “3rd.”
Y. SYMBOLS
94. Section & Paragraph Symbols
94.1. Spell out the words “Section” or “Paragraph” when they are
contained in the body or text.
94.2. In citation references in the footnote text, use the respective

symbol forms of “Section” or “Paragraph” (i.e., §, ¶, and para.).
94.2.1. Refer to Part I, Section D of this Guide as to the

proper usage of the written abbreviation of
“Paragraph” (para.) in citation references, instead of
the paragraph symbol (¶).
94.2.2. For Windows users, the section symbol or silcrow (“§”)

is inserted by clicking Alt + 0167 (or Option + 6 in
Mac) while the paragraph symbol or pilcrow (“¶”) is
inserted by clicking Alt + 0182 (or Option + 7 in Mac).
95. Percentage & Currency Symbols
95.1. The percentage, peso, or dollar symbols are used when the
numbers accompanying them are in numeral form. Otherwise,
spell them out. They should be spelled out when the numbers
are spelled out. Likewise, when these symbols begin a sentence,
they should be spelled out.
95.2. Do not insert a space between the percentage (%), peso (P),
and dollar ($) symbols and the corresponding number or
amount (e.g., 10%, P10,000, $100,000).
Y. SYMBOLS
95.2.1. Indicate the peso sign in Microsoft Word by using the

double strikethrough function.
Z. OTHER RULES
96. Author Names
96.1. When a work written by one author is cited for the first time,
sufficiently indicate the author’s name in the citation reference.
96.1.1. If the author is a natural person, cite using the author’s

given name followed by the surname.
96.1.2. If the author is an institution, cite using the

institutional author’s official or registered name.
96.1.3. If the author does not have any given name, cite the
name by which the author is known to the public.
96.2. For subsequent citations of a work written by one author,

indicate the last name of the author or the full institutional
name, as the case may be.
96.3. If a cited work is written by two authors, the initial citation

reference must list the authors’ full names in the order in which
they appear on the title page of the work, separated by an
ampersand (&). In subsequent citations using supra, only their
last names are indicated, with an ampersand (&) in between.
96.4. If a cited work is written by three or more authors, the initial

citation reference should indicate the first listed author’s full
name followed by a comma and “et al.” In subsequent citations
using supra, only the last name of the first listed author is
indicated, along with a comma and “et al.”
Z. OTHER RULES
97. Dates
97.1. Dates in the body or text are written with the day first, followed
by the month, spelled in its entirety, and the year
(e.g., 10 December 1948).
97.2. Dates found in citation references in the footnote text begin

with the month, as abbreviated in Annex B, followed by the day
and the year (e.g., Dec. 10, 1948).
98. Capitalization
98.1. Quotations embedded in the text of a piece may begin with an

uppercase or lowercase letter, depending on the context.
98.1.1. A quotation used as an essential syntactic part of a

sentence should begin with a lowercase letter.
98.1.2. In most cases, the Rule above means that a quotation

introduced by “that” will not be capitalized, while one
introduced as a free-standing sentence will be.
Justice Caguioa stated that “[t]he Bill of Rights should never be

sacrificed on the altar of convenience. Otherwise, the
malevolent mantle of the rule of men dislodges the rule of law.”
Justice Caguioa stated, “The Bill of Rights should never be
sacrificed on the altar of convenience. Otherwise, the
malevolent mantle of the rule of men dislodges the rule of law.”
Justice Caguioa reiterated the value of constitutional rights in
Sapla — “The Bill of Rights should never be sacrificed on the
altar of convenience. Otherwise, the malevolent mantle of the
rule of men dislodges the rule of law.”
98.2. The words Article, Essay, Comment, Note, Work, Study, Thesis,
or Paper should be capitalized when referring to the written
work itself.
98.2.1. When referring to a specific part, section, or chapter of

a written work, capitalize Part, Section, or Chapter. Z. OTHER RULES
98.3. Words in a heading or title are capitalized, including the first

word and the word immediately following a colon (e.g., Holmes’
Ideological Influence: An Examination).
98.3.1. Articles, coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions in

a heading or title should not be capitalized when they
consist of four or fewer letters, unless they are used as
the first word of the heading or title, or when they
immediately follow a colon (e.g., Discipline, Liberty,
and the Limits of Police Power: Introducing Alternative
Confinement as a Unified Framework to Explain
“Hospital and House Arrests,” as well as Temporary

Releases from Jail or Prison, and Providing Mechanisms
Against Its Abuse).
98.4. Capitalize nouns referring to people or groups (e.g., the

Administrator, the Board) only when they identify specific
persons, officials, groups, or government offices.
98.5. Similarly, capitalize such phrases as “the Act,” “the Code,”

“the Executive,” “the Senate,” “the Congress,” “the Petition,”
and so forth only when the reference is unambiguously
identified.
98.6. The phrases “the Court” and “the Constitution” should be

capitalized only when referring to the Philippine Supreme Court
and the current Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.
98.7. Names of parts of a constitution or statute may be capitalized

when used as proper nouns, as in “First Amendment,”
“Article III,” or “Section 8 (e).”
99. Abbreviation
99.1. Abbreviations are shortened forms of words. Acronyms are

abbreviations formed by using the first letter of each word to
form a pronounceable word (e.g., ASEAN, NASA, laser, scuba).
Initialisms are abbreviations read as a series of letters
(e.g., DNA, IQ, PBA, RSVP, URL).
99.2. Abbreviations should be used only if they are easily recognized,

and then sparingly.
Z. OTHER RULES
99.2.1. Parentheses are used to introduce abbreviations.
99.3. In the body or text, periods are generally omitted in

abbreviations (e.g., UN, ICJ).
99.4. In the footnotes, for citation references requiring abbreviations,

periods are used in conformity with Rules 1 to 77 of this Guide
(e.g., U.N., I.C.J.), and with reference to the Lists of
Abbreviations found in the Annexes of this Guide.
100. Italicization
100.1. Italicize words and phrases to indicate emphasis.
100.2. In the body or text, the case title is always italicized. Use the
full case title when the case is mentioned for the first time in the
body or text (e.g., Cruz v. Santos), and use the short case title
when the case is subsequently mentioned therein (e.g., Cruz).
100.3. Italicize non-English words and phrases (e.g., kalikasan), except

if they have been incorporated into common English
(e.g., vis-à-vis).
100.4. Latin words and phrases are generally italicized (e.g., duces
tecum, ejusdem generis, habeas corpus, ignorantia legis
neminem excusat, pro hac vice, res gestae, sub judice), unless
they are considered to be of common usage and are widely
used in legal writing (e.g., ad hoc, alma mater, certiorari,
de jure, mens rea, obiter dictum, prima facie).
100.5. Letters representing hypothetical parties, places, or things are

also italicized for distinction.
Z. OTHER RULES
112
ANNEXES: LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS
A. SELECTED GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS

Afghanistan Afg. Chad Chad
Africa Afr. Chile Chile
Albania Alb. China, People’s China
Algeria Alg. Republic of
Andorra Andorra Colombia Colom.
Angola Angl. Comoros Comoros
Anguilla Anguilla Congo, Democratic Dem. Rep. Congo
Antarctica Antarctica Republic of the
Antigua & Barbuda Ant. & Barb. Congo, Republic of Congo
Argentina Arg. Costa Rica Costa Rica
Armenia Arm. Côte d’Ivoire Côte d’Ivoire
Asia Asia Croatia Croat.
Australia Austl. Cuba Cuba
Austria Austria Cyprus Cyprus
Azerbajian Azer. Czech Republic Czech
Bahamas Bah. Denmark Den.
Bahrain Bahr. Djibouti Djib.
Bangladesh Bangl. Dominica Dominica
Barbados Barb. Dominican Republic Dom. Rep.
Belarus Belr. Ecuador Ecuador
Belgium Belg. Egypt Egypt
Belize Belize El Salvador El Sal.
Benin Benin England Eng.
Bermuda Berm. Equatorial Guinea Eq. Guinea
Bhutan Bhutan Eritrea Eri.
Bolivia Bol. Estonia Est.
Bosnia & Bosn. & Herz. Ethiopia Eth.
Herzegovina Europe Eur.
Botswana Bots. Falkland Islands Falkland Is.
Brazil Braz. Fiji Fiji
Brunei Brunei Finland Fin.
Bulgaria Bulg. France Fr.
Burkina Faso Burk. Faso Gabon Gabon
Burundi Burundi Gambia Gam.
Cambodia Cambodia Georgia Geor.
Cameroon Cameroon Germany Ger.
Canada Can. Ghana Ghana
Cape Verde Cape Verde Gibraltar Gib.
Cayman Islands Cayman Is. Great Britain Gr. Brit.
Central African Cent. Afr. Rep. Greece Greece
GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS
ANNEX A. SELECTED
Republic Greenland Green.

annexes 113
Grenada Gren. Mauritania Mauritania

Guadeloupe Guad. Mauritius Mauritius
Guatemala Guat. Mexico Mex.
Guinea Guinea Micronesia Micr.
Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau Moldova Mold.
Guyana Guy. Monaco Monaco
Haiti Haiti Mongolia Mong.
Honduras Hond. Montenegro Montenegro
Hong Kong H.K. Montserrat Montserrat
Hungary Hung. Morocco Morocco
Iceland Ice. Mozambique Mozam.
India India Myanmar Myan.
Indonesia Indon. Namibia Namib.
Iran Iran Nauru Nauru
Iraq Iraq Nepal Nepal
Ireland Ir. Netherlands Neth.
Israel Isr. New Zealand N.Z.
Italy It. Nicaragua Nicar.
Jamaica Jam. Niger Niger
Japan Japan Nigeria Nigeria
Jordan Jordan North America N. Am.
Kazakhstan Kaz. Northern Ireland N. Ir.
Kenya Kenya Norway Nor.
Kiribati Kiribati Oman Oman
Korea, North N. Kor. Pakistan Pak.
Korea, South S. Kor. Palau Palau
Kosovo Kos. Panama Pan.
Kuwait Kuwait Papua New Guinea Papua N.G.
Kyrgyzstan Kyrg. Paraguay Para.
Laos Laos Peru Peru
Latvia Lat. Philippines Phil.
Lebanon Leb. Pitcairn Island Pitcairn Is.
Lesotho Lesotho Poland Pol.
Liberia Liber. Portugal Port.
Libya Libya Qatar Qatar
Liechtenstein Liech. Réunion Réunion
Lithuania Lith. Romania Rom.
Luxembourg Lux. Russia Russ.
Macau Mac. Rwanda Rwanda
Macedonia Maced. Saint Helena St. Helena
Madagascar Madag. Saint Kitts & Nevis St. Kitts & Nevis
Malawi Malawi Saint Lucia St. Lucia
Malaysia Malay. Saint Vincent & the St. Vincent
Maldives Maldives Grenadines
Mali Mali Samoa Samoa
GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS
Malta Malta San Marino San Marino

ANNEX A. SELECTED
Marshall Islands Marsh. Is. São Tomé and São Tomé &
Martinique Mart. Príncipe Príncipe
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Togo Togo

Scotland Scot. Tonga Tonga
Senegal Sen. Trinidad & Tobago Trin. & Tobago
Serbia Serb. Tunisia Tunis.
Seychelles Sey. Turkey Turk.
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Turkmenistan Turkm.
Singapore Sing. Turks & Caicos Turks & Caicos Is.
Slovakia Slovk. Islands
Slovenia Slovn. Tuvalu Tuvalu
Solomon Islands Solom. Is. Uganda Uganda
Somalia Som. Ukraine Ukr.
South Africa S. Afr. United Arab U.A.E.
South America S. Am. Emirates
Spain Spain United Kingdom U.K.
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka United States of U.S.
Sudan Sudan America
Suriname Surin. Uruguay Uru.
Swaziland Swaz. Uzbekistan Uzb.
Sweden Swed. Vanuatu Vanuatu
Switzerland Switz. Vatican City Vatican
Syria Syria Venezuela Venez.
Taiwan Taiwan Vietnam Viet.
Tajikistan Taj. Virgin Islands, Virgin Is.
Tanzania Tanz. British
Thailand Thai. Wales Wales
Timor-Leste (East Timor-Leste Yemen Yemen
Timor) Zambia Zam.
Zimbabwe Zim.
B. MONTHS
January Jan.
February Feb.
March Mar.
April Apr.
May May
June June
July July
August Aug.
September Sept.
October Oct.
November Nov.
December Dec.
ANNEX B. MONTHS
annexes 115
C. GOVERNMENT ISSUANCES
Administrative Circular Admin. Circ.
Administrative Matter A.M.
Administrative Order A.O.
Circular Circ.
Committee Comm.
Committee Report Comm. Rep.
Committee Resolution Comm. Res.
Concurrent Resolution Concur. Res.
Department Dept.
Department Advisory Dept. Advisory
Department Circular Dept. Circ.
Department Order D.O.
Executive Order E.O.
General Circular Gen. Circ.
General Order G.O.
House Record H. Rec.
House Resolution H. Res.
Joint Resolution Jt. Res.
Letters of Instruction LOI
Memorand[-um, -a] Memo.
Memorandum Circular Memo. Circ.
Number[-s] No. / Nos.
Presidential Proclamation P.P.
Proclamation Proc.
Regulation Reg.
Report Rep.
Resolution Res.
Resolution of Both Houses R.B.H.
Revenue Audit Memorandum Circular RAMC
Revenue Bulletin Rev. Bull.
Revenue Delegation Authority Order RDAO
Revenue Memorandum Circular RMC
Revenue Memorandum Order RMO
Revenue Memorandum Ruling RMR
Revenue Operations Order ROO
Revenue Regulations RR
Revenue Special Order RSO
Senate Record S. Rec.
Senate Resolution S. Res.
Special Order Spec. Order
Transcript of Stenographic Notes T.S.N.
Value-Added Tax Ruling VAT Ruling
ANNEX C. GOVERNMENT
ISSUANCES
D. SUBDIVISIONS
Amendment amend.
Annotation annot.
Appendi[-x, -ces] app. / apps.
Article[-s] art. / arts.
Book bk.
Canon canon
Chapter ch.
Clause cl.
Comment[-ary] cmt.
Example ex.
Explanatory Note explan. n.
Figure[-s] fig. / figs.
Footnote[-s] n. / nn.
Form form
Introduction intro.
Number[-s] no. / nos.
Paragraph[-s]
if numbered in the source ¶ / ¶¶
if otherwise para. / paras.
Part pt.
Preamble pmbl.
Principle princ.
Rationale ratio.
Rule[-s] rule / rules
Section[-s] § / §§
Series, Serial ser.
Subdivision subdiv.
Subsection subsec.
Supplement supp.
Table[-s] tbl. / tbls.
Title tit.
Volume vol.
Whereas Clause whereas cl.
ANNEX D. SUBDIVISIONS
annexes 117
E. SELECTED PHILIPPINE CODES

Administrative Code of 1987 ADMIN. CODE
Agricultural Land Reform Code AGRARIAN CODE
Child and Youth Welfare Code CHILD & YOUTH WELFARE CODE
Civil Code CIVIL CODE
Coconut Industry Code COCONUT INDUS. CODE
Code of Commerce COM. CODE
Cooperative Code COOP. CODE
Family Code FAMILY CODE
Fire Code FIRE CODE
Flag and Heraldic Code FLAG & HERALDIC CODE
Insurance Code INS. CODE
Intellectual Property Code INTELL. PROP. CODE
Labor Code LABOR CODE
Land Transportation and Traffic Code TRANSP. & TRAFFIC CODE
Local Government Code LOCAL GOV’T CODE
Meat Inspection Code MEAT INSP. CODE
Muslim Code of Personal Laws MUSLIM CODE
National Building Code NAT’L BLDG. CODE
National Code of Marketing Breastmilk MILK CODE
Substitutes, Breastmilk Supplements
and Related Products
National Internal Revenue Code NAT’L INTERNAL REVENUE CODE
Omnibus Election Code OMN. ELECTION CODE
Omnibus Investments Code OMN. INVESTMENTS CODE
Philippine Environment Code ENVIRON. CODE
Philippine Fisheries Code FISHERIES CODE
Pre-Need Code of the Philippines PRE-NEED CODE
Revised Corporation Code REV. CORP. CODE
Revised Forestry Code REV. FORESTRY CODE
Revised Penal Code REV. PENAL CODE
Sanitation Code SANITATION CODE
Securities Regulation Code SEC. REG. CODE
State Auditing Code ST. AUDIT CODE
Tariff and Customs Code TARIFF & CUSTOMS CODE
Water Code WATER CODE
ANNEX E. SELECTED
PHILIPPINE CODES
F. FOREIGN PERIODICALS
ABA Journal of Labor & Employment A.B.A. J. LAB. & EMP. L.
Law
Adelaide Law Review ADEL. L. REV.
Administrative Law Review ADMIN. L. REV.
African-American Law & Policy Report AFR.-AM. L. & POL’Y REP.
Air Force Law Review A.F. L. REV.
Akron Intellectual Property Journal AKRON INTELL. PROP. J.
Akron Law Review AKRON L. REV.
Akron Tax Journal AKRON TAX J.
Alabama Law Review ALA. L. REV.
Alaska Law Review ALASKA L. REV.
Albany Government Law Review ALB. GOV’T L. REV.
Albany Law Journal of Science & ALB. L.J. SCI. & TECH.
Technology
Albany Law Review ALB. L. REV.
American Bankruptcy Institute Law AM. BANKR. INST. L. REV.
Review
American Bankruptcy Law Journal AM. BANKR. L.J.
American Bar Association Journal A.B.A. J.
American Bar Foundation Research AM. BAR. FOUND. RESEARCH J.
Journal
American Criminal Law Review AM. CRIM. L. REV.
American Indian Law Review AM. INDIAN L. REV.
American Journal of Comparative Law AM. J. COMP. L.
American Journal of Criminal Law AM. J. CRIM. L.
American Journal of International Law AM. J. INT’L L.
American Journal of Jurisprudence AM. J. JURIS.
American Journal of Law & Medicine AM. J.L. & MED.
American Journal of Legal History AM. J. LEGAL HIST.
American Journal of Tax Policy AM. J. TAX POL’Y
American Journal of Trial Advocacy AM. J. TRIAL ADVOC.
American Review of International AM. REV. INT’L ARB.
Arbitration
American University International Law AM. U. INT’L L. REV.
Review
American University Journal of AM. U. J. GENDER SOC. POL’Y & L.
Gender, Social Policy & the Law
American University Law Review AM. U. L. REV.
Animal Law ANIMAL L.
Annals of Health Law ANNALS HEALTH L.
Annual Review of Banking and ANN. REV. BANKING & FIN. L.
Financial Law
Annual Survey of American Law ANN. SURV. AM. L.
Annual Survey of International & ANN. SURV. INT’L & COMP. L.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
Comparative Law
PERIODICALS
Antioch Law Journal ANTIOCH L.J.

annexes 119
Antitrust Law Journal ANTITRUST L.J.

Appalachian Journal of Law APPALACHIAN J.L.
Arizona Journal of International and ARIZ. J. INT’L & COMP. L.
Comparative Law
Arizona Law Review ARIZ. L. REV.
Arizona State Law Journal ARIZ. ST. L.J.
Arkansas Law Review ARK. L. REV.
Army Lawyer ARMY LAW.
Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental ASIA PAC. J. ENVTL. L.
Law
Asian American Law Journal ASIAN AM. L.J.
Atomic Energy Law Journal ATOMIC ENERGY L.J.
Auckland University Law Review AUCK. U. L. REV.
Australian Journal of Asian Law AUSTL. J. ASIAN L.
Australian Law Journal AUSTL. L.J.
Ave Maria Law Review AVE MARIA L. REV.
Banking Law Journal BANKING L.J.
Barry Law Review BARRY L. REV.
Baylor Law Review BAYLOR L. REV.
Berkeley Business Law Journal BERKELEY BUS. L.J.
Berkeley Journal of African-American BERKELEY J. AFR.-AM. L. & POL’Y
Law & Policy
Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law BERKELEY J. CRIM. L.
Berkeley Journal of Employment and BERKELEY J. EMP. & LAB. L.
Labor Law
Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & BERKELEY J. GENDER L. & JUST.
Justice
Berkeley Journal of International Law BERKELEY J. INT’L L.
Berkeley La Raza Law Journal BERKELEY LA RAZA L.J.
Berkeley Technology Law Journal BERKELEY TECH. L.J.
Black Law Journal BLACK L.J.
Boston College Environmental Affairs B.C. ENVTL. AFF. L. REV.
Law Review
Boston College Industrial and B.C. INDUS. & COM. L. REV.
Commercial Law Review
Boston College International and B.C. INT’L & COMP. L. REV.
Comparative Law Review
Boston College Law Review B.C. L. REV.
Boston College Third World Law B.C. THIRD WORLD L.J.
Journal
Boston University International Law B.U. INT’L L.J.
Journal
Boston University Journal of Science & B.U. J. SCI. & TECH. L.
Technology Law
Boston University Law Review B.U. L. REV.
Boston University Public Interest Law B.U. PUB. INT. L.J.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
Journal
PERIODICALS
Bracton Law Journal BRACTON L.J.

Brandeis Law Journal BRANDEIS L.J.

Brigham Young University Education BYU EDUC. & L.J.
and Law Journal
Brigham Young University Law Review BYU L. REV.
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, BROOK. J. CORP. FIN. & COM. L.
Financial & Commercial Law
Brooklyn Journal of International Law BROOK. J. INT’L L.
Brooklyn Law Review BROOK. L. REV.
Buffalo Criminal Law Review BUFF. CRIM. L. REV.
Buffalo Environmental Law Journal BUFF. ENVTL. L.J.
Buffalo Human Rights Law Review BUFF. HUM. RTS. L. REV.
Buffalo Intellectual Property Law BUFF. INTELL. PROP. L.J.
Journal
Buffalo Journal of Gender, Law & BUFF. J. GENDER L. & SOC. POL’Y
Social Policy
Buffalo Law Review BUFF. L. REV.
Buffalo Public Interest Law Journal BUFF. PUB. INTEREST L.J.
Buffalo Women’s Law Journal BUFF. WOMEN’S L.J.
Business Lawyer BUS. LAW.
BYU Journal of Public Law BYU J. PUB. L.
California Law Review CAL. L. REV.
California Western International Law CAL. W. INT’L L.J.
Journal
California Western Law Review CAL. W. L. REV.
Cambridge Law Journal CAMB. L.J.
Campbell Law Review CAMPBELL L. REV.
Canada-United States Law Journal CAN.-U.S. L.J.
Capital Defense Journal CAP. DEF. J.
Capital University Law Review CAP. U. L. REV.
Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law CARDOZO ARTS & ENT. L.J.
Journal
Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution CARDOZO J. CONFLICT RESOL.
Cardozo Journal of International and CARDOZO J. INT’L & COMP. L.
Comparative Law
Cardozo Journal of Law & Gender CARDOZO J.L. & GENDER
Cardozo Law Review CARDOZO L. REV.
Cardozo Public Law, Policy & Ethics CARDOZO PUB. L. POL’Y & ETHICS J.
Journal
Case & Comment CASE & COMMENT
Case Western Reserve Journal of CASE W. RES. J. INT’L L.
International Law
Case Western Reserve Law Review CASE W. RES. L. REV.
Catholic Lawyer CATH. LAW.
Catholic University Law Review CATH. U. L. REV.
Chapman Journal of Criminal Justice CHAPMAN J. CRIM. JUST.
Chapman Law Review CHAPMAN L. REV.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
Charleston Law Review CHARLESTON L. REV.

PERIODICALS
Charlotte Law Review CHARLOTTE L. REV.

annexes 121
Chicago Journal of International Law CHI. J. INT’L L.

Chicago-Kent Journal of Intellectual CHI.-KENT J. INTELL. PROP.
Property
Chicago-Kent Law Review CHI.-KENT. L. REV.
Chicana/o-Latina/o Law Review CHICANA/O-LATINA/O L. REV.
Cleveland State Law Review CLEV. ST. L. REV.
Clinical Law Review CLINICAL L. REV.
Colorado Journal of International COLO. J. INT’L ENVTL. L. & POL’Y
Environmental Law and Policy
Colorado Lawyer COLO. LAW.
Columbia Business Law Review COLUM. BUS. L. REV.
Columbia Human Rights Law Review COLUM. HUM. RTS. L. REV.
Columbia Journal of Asian Law COLUM. J. ASIAN L.
Columbia Journal of East European COLUM. J. E. EUR. L.
Law
Columbia Journal of Environmental COLUM. J. ENVTL. L.
Law
Columbia Journal of European Law COLUM. J. EUR. L.
Columbia Journal of Gender and Law COLUM. J. GENDER & L.
Columbia Journal of Law and Social COLUM. J.L. & SOC. PROBS.
Problems
Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts COLUM. J.L. & ARTS
Columbia Journal of Transnational Law COLUM. J. TRANSNAT’L L.
Columbia Law Review COLUM. L. REV.
CommLaw Conspectus: Journal of COMMLAW CONSPECTUS
Communications Law and Policy
Common Market Law Review COMMON MKT. L. REV.
Comparative Labor Law & Policy COMP. LAB. L. & POL’Y J.
Journal
Computer Law Review and COMPUTER L. REV. & TECH. L.J.
Technology Law Journal
Conflict Resolution Quarterly CONFLICT RESOL. Q.
Connecticut Insurance Law Journal CONN. INS. L.J.
Connecticut Journal of International CONN. J. INT’L L.
Law
Connecticut Law Review CONN. L. REV.
Connecticut Public Interest Law CONN. PUB. INT. L.J.
Journal
Constitutional Commentary CONST. COMMENT.
Conveyance & Property Lawyer CONV. & PROP. LAW.
Cooley Law Review COOLEY L. REV.
Cornell International Law Journal CORNELL INT’L L.J.
Cornell Journal of Law and Public CORNELL J.L. & PUB. POL’Y
Policy
Cornell Law Review CORNELL L. REV.
Creighton Law Review CREIGHTON L. REV.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
Criminal Justice Journal CRIM. JUST. J.

PERIODICALS
Criminal Law Forum CRIM. L. FORUM

Criminal Law Journal CRIM. L.J.

Criminal Law Quarterly CRIM. L.Q.
Criminal Law Review CRIM. L. REV.
Cumberland Law Review CUMB. L. REV.
Dalhousie Law Journal DALHOUSIE L.J.
Delaware Journal of Corporate Law DEL. J. CORP. L.
Denning Law Review DENNING L. REV.
Denver Journal of International Law DENV. J. INTL’L L. & POL’Y
and Policy
Denver University Law Review DENV. U. L. REV.
DePaul Business & Commercial Law DEPAUL BUS. & COM. L.J.
Journal
DePaul Journal for Social Justice DEPAUL J. FOR SOC. JUST.
DePaul Journal of Art, Technology & DEPAUL J. ART, TECH. & INTELL. PROP. L.
Intellectual Property Law
DePaul Journal of Health Care Law DEPAUL J. HEALTH CARE L.
DePaul Law Review DEPAUL L. REV.
Dickinson Journal of Environmental DICK. J. ENVTL. L. & POL’Y
Law & Policy
Dickinson Law Review DICK. L. REV.
Drake Law Review DRAKE L. REV.
Duke Environmental Law & Policy DUKE ENVTL. L. & POL’Y F.
Forum
Duke Forum for Law & Social Change DUKE F. FOR L. & SOC. CHANGE
Duke Journal of Comparative & DUKE J. COMP. & INT’L L.
International Law
Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & DUKE J. CONST. L. & PUB. POL’Y
Public Policy
Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy DUKE J. GENDER L. & POL’Y
Duke Law Journal DUKE L.J.
Duquesne Business Law Journal DUQ. BUS. L.J.
Duquesne Law Review DUQ. L. REV.
Ecology Law Quarterly ECOLOGY L.Q.
Elder Law Journal ELDER L.J.
Elon Law Review ELON L. REV.
Emory Bankruptcy Developments EMORY BANKR. DEV. J.
Journal
Emory International Law Review EMORY INT’L L. REV.
Emory Law Journal EMORY L.J.
Employee Rights and Employment EM. RTS. & EMP. POL’Y J.
Policy Journal
Energy Law Journal ENERGY L.J.
Entrepreneurial Business Law Journal ENTREPRENEURIAL BUS. L.J.
Environmental & Energy Law & Policy ENVTL. & ENERGY L. & POL’Y J.
Journal
Environmental Law ENVTL. L.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
Environmental Law Reporter News & ENVTL. L. REP. NEWS & ANALYSIS
PERIODICALS
Analysis
annexes 123
Environmental Lawyer ENVTL. LAW.

Environs ENVIRONS
European Journal of International Law EUR. J. INT’L L.
Family Law Quarterly FAM. L.Q.
Federal Communications Law Journal FED. COMM. L.J.
First Amendment Law Review FIRST AMEND. L. REV.
FIU Law Review FIU L. REV.
Florida A&M University Law Review FLA. A&M U. L. REV.
Florida Coastal Law Journal FLA. COASTAL L.J.
Florida Coastal Law Review FLA. COASTAL L. REV.
Florida Entertainment, Art & Sport Law FLA. ENT. ART & SPORT L.J.
Journal
Florida Entertainment Law Review FLA. ENT. L. REV.
Florida Journal of International Law FLA. J. INT’L L.
Florida Law Review FLA. L. REV.
Florida State University Business Law FLA. ST. U. BUS. L. REV.
Review
Florida State University Law Review FLA. ST. U. L. REV.
Florida Tax Review FLA. TAX REV.
Food Drug Cosmetic Law Journal FOOD DRUG COSM. L.J.
Fordham Environmental Law Review FORDHAM ENVTL. L. REV.
Fordham Intellectual Property, Media FORDHAM INTELL. PROP. MEDIA & ENT.
& Entertainment Law Journal L.J.
Fordham International Law Journal FORDHAM INT’L L.J.
Fordham Law Review FORDHAM L. REV.
Fordham Urban Law Journal FORDHAM URB. L.J.
Freedom Center Journal FREEDOM CENTER J.
George Mason Law Review GEO. MASON L. REV.
George Mason University Civil Rights GEO. MASON U. CIV. RTS. L.J.
Law Journal
George Mason University Law Review GEO. MASON L. REV.
George Washington International Law GEO. WASH. INT’L L. REV.
Review
George Washington Journal of Energy GEO. WASH. J. ENERGY & ENVTL. L.
and Environmental Law
George Washington Law Review GEO. WASH. L. REV.
Georgetown Immigration Law Journal GEO. IMMIGR. L.J.
Georgetown International GEO. INT’L ENVTL. L. REV.
Environmental Law Review
Georgetown Journal of Gender and GEO. J. GENDER & L.
the Law
Georgetown Journal of International GEO. J. INT’L L.
Law
Georgetown Journal of Law & Public GEO. J.L. & PUB. POL’Y
Policy
Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics GEO. J. LEGAL ETHICS
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law & GEO. J. ON POVERTY L. & POL’Y

PERIODICALS
Policy
Georgetown Law Journal GEO. L.J.

Georgetown Law Journal Annual GEO. L.J. ANN. REV. CRIM. PROC.
Review of Criminal Procedure
Georgia Journal of International and GA. J. INT’L & COMP. L.
Comparative Law
Georgia Law Review GA. L. REV.
Georgia State University Law Review GA. ST. U. L. REV.
Glendale Law Review GLENDALE L. REV.
Golden Gate University Environmental GOLDEN GATE U. ENVTL. L.J.
Law Journal
Golden Gate University Law Review GOLDEN GATE U. L. REV.
Gonzaga Law Review GONZ. L. REV.
Graven Images: A Journal of Culture, GRAVEN IMAGES
Law, and the Sacred
Great Plains Natural Resources Journal GREAT PLAINS NAT. RESOURCES J.
Hamline Journal of Public Law and HAMLINE J. PUB. L. & POL’Y
Policy
Hamline Law Review HAMLINE L. REV.
Harvard BlackLetter Law Journal HARV. BLACKLETTER L.J.
Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV.
Review
Harvard Environmental Law Review HARV. ENVTL. L. REV.
Harvard Human Rights Journal HARV. HUM. RTS. J.
Harvard International Law Journal HARV. INT’L L.J.
Harvard Journal of Law & Gender HARV. J.L. & GENDER
Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy HARV. J.L. & PUB. POL’Y
Harvard Journal of Law & Technology HARV. J.L. & TECH.
Harvard Journal on Legislation HARV. J. ON LEGIS.
Harvard Journal on Racial & Ethnic HARV. J. ON RACIAL & ETHNIC JUST.
Justice
Harvard Latino Law Review HARV. LATINO L. REV.
Harvard Law & Policy Review HARV. L. & POL’Y REV.
Harvard Law Review HARV. L. REV.
Harvard Negotiation Law Review HARV. NEGOT. L. REV.
Harvard Women’s Law Journal HARV. WOMEN’S L.J.
Hastings Business Law Journal HASTINGS BUS. L.J.
Hastings Communications and HASTINGS COMM. & ENT. L.J.
Entertainment Law Journal
(Comm/Ent)
Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly HASTINGS CONST. L.Q.
Hastings International and HASTINGS INT’L & COMP. L. REV.
Hastings Law Journal HASTINGS L.J.
Hastings Race and Poverty Law HASTINGS RACE & POVERTY L.J.
Journal
Hastings Science & Technology Law HASTINGS SCI. & TECH. L.J.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
Journal
PERIODICALS
annexes 125
Hastings West-Northwest Journal of HASTINGS W.-NW. J. ENVTL. L. & POL’Y

Environmental Law & Policy
Hastings Women’s Law Journal HASTINGS WOMEN’S L.J.
Health Matrix HEALTH MATRIX
Heckerling Institute on Estate Planning HECKERLING INST. EST. PLAN.
Hofstra Labor & Employment Law HOFSTRA LAB. & EMP. L.J.
Journal
Hofstra Law & Policy Symposium HOFSTRA L. & POL’Y SYMP.
Hofstra Law Review HOFSTRA L. REV.
Houston Journal of Health Law & HOUS. J. HEALTH L. & POL’Y
Policy
Houston Journal of International Law HOUS. J. INT’L L.
Houston Law Review HOUS. L. REV.
Howard Law Journal HOW. L.J.
Howard Scroll: The Social Justice HOW. SCROLL
Review
Human Rights & Globalization Law HUM. RTS. & GLOBALIZATION L. REV.
Review
Human Rights Quarterly HUM. RTS. Q.
I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for I/S
the Information Society
Idaho Law Review IDAHO L. REV.
IDEA: The Intellectual Property Law IDEA
Review
IIC: International Review of IIC: INT’L REV. INTELL. PROP. &
Intellectual Property and COMPETITION L.
Competition Law
IIC: Journal of Intellectual Property IIC
and Competition Law
Illinois Bar Journal ILL. BAR J.
ILSA Journal of International and ILSA J. INT’L & COMP. L.
Comparative Law
Indiana Health Law Review IND. HEALTH L. REV.
Indiana International & Comparative IND. INT’L & COMP. L. REV.
Law Review
Indiana Journal of Global Legal IND. J. GLOBAL LEGAL STUD.
Studies
Indiana Law Journal IND. L.J.
Indiana Law Review IND. L. REV.
Indigenous Peoples’ Journal of Law, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ J.L. CULTURE &
Culture & Resistance RESIST.
Institute on Federal Taxation INST. FED. TAX.
Institute on Securities Regulation INST. SEC. REG. INT’L & COMP. L.Q.
International and Comparative Law
Quarterly
Intercultural Human Rights Law INTERCULTURAL HUM. RTS. L. REV.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
Review
PERIODICALS
Intellectual Property Law Bulletin INTELL. PROP. L. BULL.

International and Comparative Law INT’L & COMP. L.Q.

Quarterly
International Environmental Affairs INT’L ENVTL. AFF.
International Journal for the Semiotics INT’L J. FOR SEMIOTICS L.
of Law
International Journal of Law and INT’L J.L. & PSYCHIATRY
Psychiatry
International Journal of the Legal INT’L J. LEGAL PROF.
Profession
International Law Review INT’L L. REV.
International Lawyer INT’L LAW.
International Review of Law and INT’L REV. L. & ECON.
Economics
International Tax & Business Lawyer INT’L TAX & BUS. LAW.
Iowa Law Review IOWA L. REV.
JAG Journal JAG J.
John Marshall Journal of Computer & J. MARSHALL J. COMPUTER & INFO. L.
Information Law
John Marshall Law Review J. MARSHALL L. REV.
John Marshall Review of Intellectual J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L.
Property Law
Journal of Affordable Housing & J. AFFORDABLE HOUSING & COMMUN.
Community Development Law DEV. L.
Journal of Air Law and Commerce J. AIR L. & COM.
Journal of Animal Law and Ethics J. ANIMAL L. & ETHICS
Journal of Appellate Practice and J. APP. PRAC. & PROCESS
Process
Journal of Business & Securities Law J. BUS. & SEC. L.
Journal of Business & Technology Law J. BUS. & TECH. L.
Journal of Business Law J. BUS. L.
Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship J. BUS. ENTREPRENEURSHIP & L.
& the Law
Journal of Catholic Legal Studies J. CATH. LEGAL STUD.
Journal of Civil Rights and Economic J. CIV. RTS. & ECON. DEV.
Development
Journal of College and University Law J.C. & U.L.
Journal of Contemporary Health Law & J. CONTEMP. HEALTH L. & POL’Y
Policy
Journal of Contemporary Law J. CONTEMP. L.
Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues J. CONTEMP. LEGAL ISSUES
Journal of Corporate Taxation J. CORP. TAX.
Journal of Corporation Law J. CORP. L.
Journal of Criminal Law and J. CRIM. L. & CRIMINOLOGY
Criminology
Journal of Dispute Resolution J. DISP. RESOL.
Journal of East European Law J. E. EUR. L.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
Journal of Empirical Legal Studies J. EMPIRICAL LEGAL STUD.

PERIODICALS
Journal of Energy Law and Policy J. ENERGY L. & POL’Y

annexes 127
Journal of Environmental Law and J. ENVTL. L. & LITIG.

Litigation
Journal of Eurasian Law J. EURASIAN L.
Journal of Family Law J. FAM. L.
Journal of Food Law & Policy J. FOOD L. & POL’Y
Journal of Gender, Race and Justice J. GENDER RACE & JUST.
Journal of Hate Studies J. HATE STUD.
Journal of Health & Biomedical Law J. HEALTH & BIOMED. L.
Journal of Health Care Law & Policy J. HEALTH CARE L. & POL’Y
Journal of Intellectual Property J. INTELL. PROP.
Journal of Intellectual Property Law J. INTELL. PROP. L.
Journal of International Aging, Law & J. INT’L AGING L. & POL’Y
Policy
Journal of International Business & J. INT’L BUS. & L.
Law
Journal of International Economic Law J. INT’L ECON. L.
Journal of International Legal Studies J. INT’L LEGAL STUD.
Journal of International Media & J. INT’L MEDIA & ENT. L.
Entertainment Law
Journal of Land, Resources, & J. LAND RESOURCES & ENVTL. L.
Environmental Law
Journal of Land Use and J. LAND USE & ENVTL. L.
Environmental Law
Journal of Law and Commerce J.L. & COM.
Journal of Law and Economics J.L. & ECON.
Journal of Law & Education J.L. & EDUC.
Journal of Law and Family Studies J.L. & FAM. STUD.
Journal of Law and Policy J.L. & POL’Y
Journal of Law and Politics J.L. & POL.
Journal of Law and Religion J.L. & RELIG.
Journal of Law & Social Challenges J.L. & SOC. CHALLENGES
Journal of Law and Social Change J.L. & SOC. CHANGE
Journal of Law, Economics, & J.L. ECON. & ORG.
Organization
Journal of Law, Economics and Policy J.L. ECON. & POL’Y
Journal of Law in Society J.L. SOC’Y
Journal of Law, Philosophy and J.L. PHIL. & CULTURE
Culture
Journal of Legal Analysis J. LEGAL ANALYSIS
Journal of Legal Education J. LEGAL EDUC.
Journal of Legal History J. LEGAL HIST.
Journal of Legal Studies J. LEGAL STUD.
Journal of Legislation J. LEGIS.
Journal of Maritime Law and J. MAR. L. & COM.
Commerce
Journal of Medicine and Law J. MED. & L.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
Journal of National Security Law J. NAT’L SEC. L.

PERIODICALS
Journal of National Security Law & J. NAT’L SEC. L. & POL’Y

Policy
Journal of Natural Resources & J. NAT. RESOURCES & ENVTL. L.
Environmental Law
Journal of Pharmacy & Law J. PHARMACY & L.
Journal of Products Liability J. PROD. LIAB.
Journal of Race, Gender, and Poverty J. RACE, GENDER & POVERTY
Journal of Southern Legal History J. S. LEGAL HIST.
Journal of Space Law J. SPACE L.
Journal of Supreme Court History J. SUP. CT. HIST.
Journal of Taxation J. TAX.
Journal of Technology Law & Policy J. TECH. L. & POL’Y
Journal of the Association of Legal J. ASS’N LEGAL WRITING DIRECTORS
Writing Directors
Journal of the Copyright Society of the J. COPYRIGHT SOC’Y U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Journal of the Institute for the Study J. INST. FOR STUDY LEGAL ETHICS
of Legal Ethics
Journal of the Legal Profession J. LEGAL PROF.
Journal of the National Association of J. NAT’L ASS’N ADMIN. L. JUDICIARY
Administrative Law Judiciary
Journal of the Philosophy of History J. PHIL. HIST.
Journal of the Suffolk Academy of Law J. SUFFOLK ACAD. L.
Journal of Transnational Law & Policy J. TRANSNAT’L L. & POL’Y
Journal on Telecommunications & J. TELECOMM. & HIGH TECH. L.
High Technology Law
Juridical Review JURID. REV.
Jurimetrics Journal JURIMET. J.
Justice System Journal JUST. SYS. J.
Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy KAN. J.L. & PUB. POL’Y
Kentucky Journal of Equine, KY. J. EQUINE AGRI. & NAT. RESOURCES
Agriculture, and Natural Resources L.
Law
Kentucky Law Journal KY. L.J.
La Raza Law Journal LA RAZA L.J.
Labor Law Journal LAB. L.J.
Labor Lawyer LAB. LAW.
Land and Water Law Review LAND & WATER L. REV.
Law and Business Review of the LAW & BUS. REV. AM.
Americas
Law and Contemporary Problems LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS.
Law and Critique LAW & CRITIQUE
Law and History Review LAW & HIST. REV.
Law and Human Behavior LAW & HUM. BEHAV.
Law and Inequality LAW & INEQ.
Law and Literature LAW & LIT.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
Law and Policy LAW & POL’Y

PERIODICALS
annexes 129
Law and Policy in International LAW & POL’Y INT’L BUS.

Business
Law and Psychology Review LAW & PSYCHOL. REV.
Law and Sexuality LAW & SEXUALITY
Law and Social Inquiry: Journal of the LAW & SOC. INQUIRY
American Bar Foundation
Law and Society Review LAW & SOC’Y REV.
Law in Japan LAW IN JAPAN
Law Library Journal LAW LIB. J.
Law Text Culture LAW TEXT CULTURE
Legal Reference Services Quarterly LEGAL REF. SERV. Q.
Legal Studies Forum LEGAL STUD. F.
Legal Writing: The Journal of the LEGAL WRITING
Legal Writing Institute
Lewis & Clark Law Review LEWIS & CLARK L. REV.
Liberty, Life and Family LIBERTY, LIFE & FAM.
Liberty University Law Review LIBERTY U. L. REV.
Lincoln Law Review LINCOLN L. REV.
Louisiana Law Review LA. L. REV.
Loyola Consumer Law Review LOY. CONSUMER L. REV.
Loyola Journal of Public Interest Law LOY. J. PUB. INT. L.
Loyola Law & Technology Annual LOY. L. & TECH. ANNUAL
Loyola Law Review LOY. L. REV.
Loyola Maritime Law Journal LOY. MAR. L.J.
Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment LOY. L.A. ENT. L. REV.
Law Review
Loyola of Los Angeles International LOY. L.A. INT’L & COMP. L. REV.
and Comparative Law Review
Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review LOY. L.A. L. REV.
Loyola University Chicago LOY. U. CHI. INT’L L. REV.
International Law Review
Loyola University Chicago Law Journal LOY. U. CHI. L.J.
Loyola University New Orleans LOY. U. N.O. INTELL. PROP. & HIGH
Intellectual Property & High TECH. J.
Technology Journal
Maine Law Review ME. L. REV.
Manitoba Law Journal MANITOBA L.J.
Marquette Elder’s Advisor MARQ. ELDER’S ADVISOR
Marquette Intellectual Property Law MARQ. INTELL. PROP. L. REV.
Review
Marquette Law Review MARQ. L. REV.
Marquette Sports Law Review MARQ. SPORTS L. REV.
Maryland Journal of International Law MD. J. INT’L L.
Maryland Journal of International Law MD. J. INT’L L. & TRADE
and Trade
Maryland Law Review MD. L. REV.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
McGeorge Law Review MCGEORGE L. REV.

PERIODICALS
Massachusetts Law Review MASS. L. REV.

Media Law & Policy MEDIA L. & POL’Y

McGill Law Journal MCGILL L.J.
Mediation Quarterly MEDIATION Q.
Melbourne University Law Review MELB. U.L. REV.
Memphis State University Law Review MEMPHIS ST. U.L. REV.
Mercer Law Review MERCER L. REV.
Michigan Journal of Gender & Law MICH. J. GENDER & L.
Michigan Journal of International Law MICH. J. INT’L L.
Michigan Journal of Race & Law MICH. J. RACE & L.
Michigan Law Review MICH. L. REV.
Michigan State Journal of International MICH. ST. J. INT’L L.
Law
Michigan State Law Review MICH. ST. L. REV.
Michigan State University-DCL Journal MICH. ST. U.-DCL J. INT’L L.
of International Law
Michigan State University Journal of MICH. ST. U. J. MED. & L.
Medicine and Law
Michigan Telecommunications and MICH. TELECOMM. & TECH. L. REV.
Technology Law Review
Military Law Review MIL. L. REV.
Minnesota Intellectual Property MINN. INTELL. PROP. REV.
Review
Minnesota Journal of International MINN. J. INT’L L.
Law
Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & MINN. J. L. SCI. & TECH.
Technology
Minnesota Law Review MINN. L. REV.
Mississippi College Law Review MISS. C. L. REV.
Mississippi Law Journal MISS. L.J.
Missouri Environmental Law and Policy MO. ENVTL. L. & POL’Y REV.
Review
Missouri Law Review MO. L. REV.
Modern Law Review MOD. L. REV.
Monash University Law Review MONASH U.L. REV.
Montana Law Review MONT. L. REV.
MSL Law Review MSL L. REV.
National Black Law Journal NAT’L BLACK L.J.
Natural Resources Journal NAT. RESOURCES J.
Nebraska Law Review NEB. L. REV.
Negotiation Journal NEGOTIATION J.
Nevada Law Journal NEV. L.J.
New Criminal Law Review NEW CRIM. L. REV.
New England Journal on Criminal and NEW ENG. J. ON CRIM. & CIV.
Civil Confinement CONFINEMENT
New England Journal of International NEW ENG. J. INT’L & COMP. L.
and Comparative Law
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
New England Law Review NEW ENG. L. REV.

PERIODICALS
New Law Journal NEW L.J.

annexes 131
New Mexico Law Review N.M. L. REV.

New York City Law Review N.Y. CITY L. REV.
New York Law School Journal of N.Y.L. SCH. J. HUM. RTS.
Human Rights
New York Law School Journal of N.Y.L. SCH. J. INT’L & COMP. L.
International and Comparative Law
New York Law School Law Review N.Y.L. SCH. L. REV.
New York University Annual Survey of N.Y.U. ANN. SURV. AM. L.
American Law
New York University Environmental N.Y.U. ENVTL. L.J.
Law Journal
New York University Journal of N.Y.U. J. INT’L L. & POL.
International Law and Politics
New York University Journal of Law & N.Y.U. J. L. & BUS.
Business
New York University Journal of N.Y.U. J. LEGIS. & PUB. POL’Y
Legislation and Public Policy
New York University Law Review N.Y.U. L. REV.
New York University Review of Law & N.Y.U. REV. L. & SOC. CHANGE
Social Change
NEXUS: Chapman’s Journal of Law & NEXUS
Policy
North Carolina Banking Institute N.C. BANK. INST.
North Carolina Central Law Review N.C. CENT. L. REV.
North Carolina Journal of International N.C. J. INT’L L. & COM. REG.
Law and Commercial Regulation
North Carolina Journal of Law & N.C. J.L. & TECH.
Technology
North Carolina Law Review N.C. L. REV.
North Dakota Law Review N.D. L. REV.
Northern Illinois University Law N. ILL. U. L. REV.
Review
Northern Kentucky Law Review N. KY. L. REV.
Northwestern Journal of International NW. J. INT’L L. & BUS.
Law & Business
Northwestern University Law Review NW. U. L. REV.
Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & NOTRE DAME J.L. ETHICS & PUB. POL’Y
Public Policy
Notre Dame Law Review NOTRE DAME L. REV.
Nova Law Review NOVA L. REV.
NU Forum NU FORUM
NYU Journal of Law & Liberty NYU J.L. & LIBERTY
Ocean and Coastal Law Journal OCEAN & COASTAL L.J.
Ocean Development and International OCEAN DEV. & INT’L L.
Law
Ohio Northern University Law Review OHIO N.U. L. REV.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law OHIO ST. J. CRIM. L.

PERIODICALS
Ohio State Journal on Dispute OHIO ST. J. ON DISP. RESOL.

Resolution
Ohio State Law Journal OHIO ST. L.J.
Oklahoma City University Law Review OKLA. CITY U. L. REV.
Oklahoma Law Review OKLA. L. REV.
Oregon Law Review OR. L. REV.
Oregon Review of International Law OR. REV. INT’L L.
Osgoode Hall Law Journal OSGOODE HALL L.J.
Otago Law Review OTAGO L. REV.
Ottawa Law Review OTTAWA L. REV.
Oxford Journal of Legal Studies OXFORD J. LEGAL STUD.
Pace Environmental Law Review PACE ENVTL. L. REV.
Pace International Law Review PACE INT’L L. REV.
Pace Law Review PACE L. REV.
Pacific Law Journal PAC. L.J.
Pacific McGeorge Global Business & PAC. MCGEORGE GLOBAL BUS. & DEV. L.J.
Development Law Journal
Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal PAC. RIM L. & POL’Y J.
Penn State Environmental Law Review PENN ST. ENVTL. L. REV.
Penn State International Law Review PENN ST. INT’L L. REV.
Penn State Law Review PENN ST. L. REV.
Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law PEPP. DISP. RESOL. L.J.
Journal
Pepperdine Law Review PEPP. L. REV.
Perspectives: Teaching Legal Research PERSPECTIVES
and Writing
Phoenix Law Review PHOENIX L. REV.
Pierce Law Review PIERCE L. REV.
Pittsburgh Journal of Environmental PITT. J. ENVTL. & PUB. HEALTH L.
and Public Health Law
Pittsburgh Tax Review PITT. TAX REV.
Potomac Law Review POTOMAC L. REV.
Practical Lawyer PRAC. LAW.
Probate Law Journal PROB. L.J.
Professional Lawyer PROF. LAW.
Psychology, Public Policy, and Law PSYCHOL. PUB. POL’Y & L.
Public Contract Law Journal PUB. CONT. L.J.
Public Land & Resources Law Review PUB. LAND & RESOURCES L. REV.
QLR QLR
Quinnipiac Health Law QUINNIPIAC HEALTH L.
Quinnipiac Law Review QUINNIPIAC L. REV.
Quinnipiac Probate Law Journal QUINNIPIAC PROB. L.J.
Real Property, Probate and Trust REAL PROP. PROB. & TR. J.
Journal
Real Property, Trust and Estate Law REAL PROP. TR. & EST. L.J.
Journal
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
Regent Journal of International Law REGENT J. INT’L L.

PERIODICALS
Regent Journal of Law & Public Policy REGENT J.L. & PUB. POL’Y
annexes 133
Regent University Law Review REGENT U. L. REV.

Research in Law and Economics RESEARCH IN L. & ECON.
Review of Banking and Financial Law REV. BANKING & FIN. L.
Review of Disability Studies: An REV. DISABILITY STUD.
International Journal
Review of Litigation REV. LITIG.
Richmond Journal of Global Law and RICH. J. GLOBAL L. & BUS.
Business
Roger Williams University Law Review ROGER WILLLIAMS U. L. REV.
Rutgers Computer and Technology RUTGERS COMPUTER & TECH. L.J.
Law Journal
Rutgers Law Journal RUTGERS L.J.
Rutgers Law Review RUTGERS L. REV.
Rutgers Race and the Law Review RUTGERS RACE & L. REV.
Saint Louis University Journal of ST. LOUIS U. J. HEALTH L. & POL’Y
Health Law & Policy
Saint Louis University Law Journal ST. LOUIS U. L.J.
Saint Louis University Public Law ST. LOUIS U. PUB. L. REV.
Review
Saint Louis-Warsaw Transatlantic Law ST. LOUIS-WARSAW TRANSATLANTIC L.J.
Journal
San Diego International Law Journal SAN DIEGO INT’L L.J.
San Diego Journal of Climate & Energy SAN DIEGO J. CLIMATE & ENERGY L.
Law
San Diego Law Review SAN DIEGO L. REV.
San Fernando Valley Law Review SAN FERNANDO V. L. REV.
Santa Clara Computer and High SANTA CLARA COMPUTER & HIGH TECH.
Technology Law Journal L.J.
Santa Clara Journal of International SANTA CLARA J. INT’L L.
Law
Santa Clara Law Review SANTA CLARA L. REV.
Scholar: St. Mary’s Law Review on SCHOLAR
Minority Issues
Scribes Journal of Legal Writing SCRIBES J. LEGAL WRITING
Seattle Journal for Social Justice SEATTLE J. FOR SOC. JUST.
Seattle University Law Review SEATTLE U. L. REV.
Securities Regulation Law Journal SEC. REG. L.J.
Seton Hall Circuit Review SETON HALL CIR. REV.
Seton Hall Constitutional Law Journal SETON HALL CONST. L.J.
Seton Hall Journal of Sports and SETON HALL J. SPORTS & ENT. L.
Entertainment Law
Seton Hall Law Review SETON HALL L. REV.
Seton Hall Legislative Journal SETON HALL LEGIS. J.
SMU Law Review SMU L. REV.
SMU Science and Technology Law SMU SCI. & TECH. L. REV.
Review
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
South Carolina Environmental Law S.C. ENVTL. L.J.

PERIODICALS
Journal
South Carolina Journal of International S.C. J. INT’L L. & BUS.

Law and Business
South Carolina Law Review S.C. L. REV.
South Dakota Law Review S.D. L. REV.
South Texas Law Review S. TEX. L. REV.
Southeastern Environmental Law SOUTHEASTERN ENVTL. L.J.
Journal
Southern California Interdisciplinary S. CAL. INTERDISC. L.J.
Law Journal
Southern California Law Review S. CAL. L. REV.
Southern California Review of Law and S. CAL. REV. L. & SOC. JUST.
Social Justice
Southern California Review of Law and S. CAL. REV. L. & WOMEN’S STUD.
Women’s Studies
Southern Illinois University Law S. ILL. U. L.J.
Journal
Southern New England Roundtable S. NEW ENG. ROUNDTABLE SYMP. L.J.
Symposium Law Journal
Southern University Law Review S.U. L. REV.
Southwestern Journal of International SW. J. INT’L L.
Law
Southwestern Journal of Law and SW. J.L. & TRADE AMERICAS
Trade in the Americas
Southwestern Law Review SW. L. REV.
Southwestern University Law Review SW. U. L. REV.
Sports Lawyers Journal SPORTS LAW. J.
St. John’s Journal of Legal ST. JOHN’S J. LEGAL COMMENT.
Commentary
St. John’s Law Review ST. JOHN’S L. REV.
St. Mary’s Law Journal ST. MARY’S L.J.
St. Thomas Law Review ST. THOMAS L. REV.
Stanford Environmental Law Journal STAN. ENVTL. L.J.
Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil STAN. J. C.R. & C.L.
Liberties
Stanford Journal of International Law STAN. J. INT’L L.
Stanford Journal of Law, Business & STAN. J.L. BUS. & FIN.
Finance
Stanford Law & Policy Review STAN. L. & POL’Y REV.
Stanford Law Review STAN. L. REV.
Stetson Law Review STETSON L. REV.
Suffolk Journal of Trial & Appellate SUFFOLK J. TRIAL & APP. ADVOC.
Advocacy
Suffolk Transnational Law Review SUFFOLK TRANSNAT’L L. REV.
Suffolk University Law Review SUFFOLK U.L. REV.
Supreme Court Economic Review SUP. CT. ECON. REV.
Supreme Court Review SUP. CT. REV.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
Sydney Law Review SYDNEY L. REV.

PERIODICALS
annexes 135
Syracuse Journal of International Law SYRACUSE J. INT’L L. & COM.

and Commerce
Syracuse Law Review SYRACUSE L. REV.
Syracuse Science & Technology Law SYRACUSE SCI. & TECH. L. REP.
Reporter
Tax Adviser TAX ADVISER
Tax Law Review TAX L. REV.
Tax Lawyer TAX LAW.
Temple International and Comparative TEMP. INT’L & COMP. L.J.
Law Journal
Temple Journal of Science, TEMP. J. SCI. TECH. & ENVTL. L.
Technology & Environmental Law
Temple Law Review TEMP. L. REV.
Temple Political & Civil Rights Law TEMP. POL. & CIV. RTS. L. REV.
Review
Tennessee Journal of Law & Policy TENN. J.L. & POL’Y
Tennessee Law Review TENN. L. REV.
Texas A&M Law Review TEX. A&M L. REV.
Texas Hispanic Journal of Law & Policy TEX. HISP. J.L. & POL’Y
Texas Intellectual Property Law TEX. INTELL. PROP. L.J.
Journal
Texas International Law Journal TEX. INT’L L.J.
Texas Journal on Civil Liberties & Civil TEX. J. C.L. & C.R.
Rights
Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy TEX. J. OIL GAS & ENERGY L.
Law
Texas Journal of Women and the Law TEX. J. WOMEN & L.
Texas Law Review TEX. L. REV.
Texas Review of Entertainment & TEX. REV. ENT. & SPORTS L.
Sports Law
Texas Review of Law & Politics TEX. REV. L. & POL.
Texas Tech Journal of Texas TEX. TECH J. TEX. ADMIN. L.
Administrative Law
Texas Tech Law Review TEX. TECH L. REV.
Texas Wesleyan Law Review TEX. WESLEYAN L. REV.
Thomas Jefferson Law Review T. JEFFERSON L. REV.
Thomas M. Cooley Journal of Practical T.M. COOLEY J. PRAC. & CLIN. L.
and Clinical Law
Thomas M. Cooley Law Review T.M. COOLEY L. REV.
Thurgood Marshall Law Review T. MARSHALL L. REV.
Tort Trial & Insurance Practice Law TORT TRIAL & INS. PRAC. L.J.
Journal
Touro International Law Review TOURO INT’L L. REV.
Touro Law Review TOURO L. REV.
Transactions: The Tennessee Journal TRANSACTIONS
of Business Law
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
Transnational Law & Contemporary TRANSNAT’L L. & CONTEMP. PROBS.

PERIODICALS
Problems
Transportation Law Journal TRANSP. L.J.

Trial Lawyers Quarterly TRIAL LAW. Q.
Tulane Environmental Law Journal TUL. ENVTL. L.J.
Tulane European and Civil Law Forum TUL. EUR. & CIV. L.F.
Tulane Journal of International and TUL. J. INT’L & COMP. L.
Comparative Law
Tulane Journal of Law & Sexuality TUL. J.L. & SEXUALITY
Tulane Journal of Technology and TUL. J. TECH. & INTELL. PROP.
Intellectual Property
Tulane Law Review TUL. L. REV.
Tulane Maritime Law Journal TUL. MAR. L.J.
Tulsa Journal of Comparative and TULSA J. COMP. & INT’L L.
International Law
Tulsa Law Review TULSA L. REV.
UC Davis Business Law Journal U.C. DAVIS BUS. L.J.
UC Davis Journal of International Law U.C. DAVIS J. INT’L L. & POL’Y
and Policy
UC Davis Journal of Juvenile Law & U.C. DAVIS J. JUV. L. & POL’Y
Policy
UC Davis Law Review U.C. DAVIS L. REV.
UCLA Asian Pacific American Law UCLA ASIAN PAC. AM. L.J.
Journal
UCLA Entertainment Law Review UCLA ENT. L. REV.
UCLA Journal of Environmental Law & UCLA J. ENVTL. L. AND POL’Y
Policy
UCLA Journal of International Law and UCLA J. INT’L L. & FOREIGN AFF.
Foreign Affairs
UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near UCLA J. ISLAMIC & NEAR E.L.
Eastern Law
UCLA Law Review UCLA L. REV.
UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal UCLA PAC. BASIN L.J.
UCLA Women’s Law Journal UCLA WOMEN’S L.J.
UMKC Law Review UMKC L. REV.
Uniform Commercial Code Law Journal UCC L.J.
United States-Mexico Law Journal U.S.-MEX. L.J.
University of Arkansas at Little Rock U. ARK. LITTLE ROCK L. REV.
Law Review
University of Baltimore Intellectual U. BALT. INTELL. PROP. L.J.
Property Law Journal
University of Baltimore Journal of U. BALT. J. ENVTL. L.
Environmental Law
University of Baltimore Law Forum U. BALT. L.F.
University of Baltimore Law Review U. BALT. L. REV.
University of Bridgeport Law Review U. BRIDGEPORT L. REV.
University of Chicago Law Review U. CHI. L. REV.
University of Chicago Law School U. CHI. L. SCH. ROUNDTABLE
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
Roundtable
PERIODICALS
University of Chicago Legal Forum U. CHI. LEGAL F.

annexes 137
University of Cincinnati Law Review U. CIN. L. REV.

University of Colorado Law Review U. COLO. L. REV.
University of Dayton Law Review U. DAYTON L. REV.
University of Denver Water Law U. DENV. WATER L. REV.
Review
University of Detroit Mercy Law U. DET. MERCY L. REV.
Review
University of Florida Journal of Law U. FLA. J.L. & PUB. POL’Y
and Public Policy
University of Hawaii Law Review U. HAW. L. REV.
University of Illinois Journal of Law, U. ILL. J.L. TECH. & POL’Y
Technology & Policy
University of Illinois Law Review U. ILL. L. REV.
University of Kansas Law Review U. KAN. L. REV.
University of Maryland Law Journal of U. MD. L.J. RACE RELIG. GENDER & CLASS
Race, Religion, Gender and Class
University of Memphis Law Review U. MEM. L. REV.
University of Miami Business Law U. MIAMI BUS. L. REV.
Review
University of Miami Entertainment & U. MIAMI ENT. & SPORTS L. REV.
Sports Law Review
University of Miami Inter-American U. MIAMI INTER-AM. L. REV.
Law Review
University of Miami International and U. MIAMI INT’L & COMP. L. REV.
University of Miami Law Review U. MIAMI L. REV.
University of Michigan Journal of Law U. MICH. J.L. REFORM
Reform
University of New Hampshire Law U.N.H. L. REV.
Review
University of Pennsylvania Journal of U. PA. J. CONST. L.
Constitutional Law
University of Pennsylvania Journal of U. PA. J. BUS. L.
Business Law
University of Pennsylvania Journal of U. PA. J. INT’L ECON. L.
International Economic Law
University of Pennsylvania Journal of U. PA. J. INT’L L.
International Law
University of Pennsylvania Journal of U. PA. J.L. & SOC. CHANGE
Law and Social Change
University of Pennsylvania Law Review U. PA. L. REV.
University of Pittsburgh Law Review U. PITT. L. REV.
University of Puget Sound Law Review U. PUGET SOUND L. REV.
University of Richmond Law Review U. RICH. L. REV.
University of San Francisco Journal of U.S.F. J.L. & SOC. CHALLENGES
Law & Social Challenges
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
University of San Francisco Law U.S.F. L. REV.

PERIODICALS
Review
University of San Francisco Maritime U.S.F. MAR. L.J.

Law Journal
University of St. Thomas Journal of U. ST. THOMAS J.L. & PUB. POL’Y
Law & Public Policy
University of St. Thomas Law Journal U. ST. THOMAS L.J.
University of the District of Columbia U.D.C. L. REV.
Law Review
University of Toledo Law Review U. TOL. L. REV.
University of Toronto Faculty of Law U. TORONTO FAC. L. REV.
Review
University of Toronto Law Journal U. TORONTO L.J.
University of West Los Angeles Law U. W. L.A. L. REV.
Review
UNLV Gaming Law Journal UNLV GAMING L.J.
Urban Lawyer URB. LAW.
Utah Law Review UTAH L. REV.
Valparaiso University Law Review VAL. U. L. REV.
Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & VAND. J. ENT. & TECH. L.
Technology Law
Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational VAND. J. TRANSNAT’L L.
Law
Vanderbilt Law Review VAND. L. REV.
Vermont Journal of Environmental Law VT. J. ENVTL. L.
Vermont Law Review VT. L. REV.
Villanova Environmental Law Journal VILL. ENVTL. L.J.
Villanova Journal of Law and VILL. J.L. & INVESTMENT MGMT.
Investment Management
Villanova Law Review VILL. L. REV.
Villanova Sports & Entertainment Law VILL. SPORTS & ENT. L.J.
Journal
Virginia Environmental Law Journal VA. ENVTL. L.J.
Virginia Journal of International Law VA. J. INT’L L.
Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the VA. J. SOC. POL’Y & L.
Law
Virginia Journal of Sports and the Law VA. J. SPORTS & L.
Virginia Law & Business Review VA. L. & BUS. REV.
Virginia Law Review VA. L. REV.
Virginia Sports and Entertainment Law VA. SPORTS & ENT. L.J.
Journal
Virginia Tax Review VA. TAX REV.
Wake Forest Law Review WAKE FOREST L. REV.
Washburn Law Journal WASHBURN L.J.
Washington and Lee Journal of Civil WASH. & LEE. J. C.R. & SOC. JUST.
Rights and Social Justice
Washington and Lee Law Review WASH. & LEE L. REV.
Washington Journal of Law, WASH. J.L. TECH. & ARTS
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
Technology & Arts

PERIODICALS
Washington Law Review WASH. L. REV.

annexes 139
Washington University Global Studies WASH. U. GLOBAL STUD. L. REV.

Law Review
Washington University Journal of Law WASH. U. J.L. & POL’Y
& Policy
Washington University Jurisprudence WASH. U. JUR. REV.
Review
Washington University Law Quarterly WASH. U. L.Q.
Washington University Law Review WASH. U. L. REV.
Wayne Law Review WAYNE L. REV.
West Virginia Law Review W. VA. L. REV.
Western Legal History W. LEGAL HIST.
Western New England Law Review W. NEW ENG. L. REV.
Western State University Law Review W. ST. U. L. REV.
Whittier Journal of Child and Family WHITTIER J. CHILD & FAM. ADVOC.
Advocacy
Whittier Law Review WHITTIER L. REV.
Widener Law Journal WIDENER L.J.
Widener Law Review WIDENER L. REV.
Willamette Journal of International WILLAMETTE J. INT’L L. & DISP. RESOL.
Law and Dispute Resolution
Willamette Law Review WILLAMETTE L. REV.
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J.
William & Mary Business Law Review WM. & MARY BUS. L. REV.
William & Mary Environmental Law WM. & MARY ENVTL. L. & POL’Y REV.
and Policy Review
William & Mary Journal of Women and WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L.
the Law
William & Mary Law Review WM. & MARY L. REV.
William & Mary Policy Review WM. & MARY POL’Y REV.
William Mitchell Law Review WM. MITCHELL L. REV.
Wisconsin International Law Journal WIS. INT’L L.J.
Wisconsin Journal of Law, Gender & WIS. J.L. GENDER & SOC.
Society
Wisconsin Law Review WIS. L. REV.
Wisconsin Women’s Law Journal WIS. WOMEN’S L.J.
Women’s Rights Law Reporter WOMEN’S RTS. L. REP.
Wyoming Law Review WYOMING L. REV.
Yale Human Rights & Development YALE HUM. RTS. & DEV. L.J.
Law Journal
Yale Journal of Health, Policy, Law, YALE J. HEALTH POL’Y L. & ETHICS
and Ethics
Yale Journal of International Law YALE J. INT’L L.
Yale Journal of Law and Feminism YALE J.L. & FEMINISM
Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities YALE J.L. & HUMAN.
Yale Journal on Regulation YALE J. ON REG.
Yale Law & Policy Review YALE L. & POL’Y REV.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
Yale Law Journal YALE L.J.

PERIODICALS
G. SELECTED TERMS & PERIODICALS

Academ[-ic, -y] ACAD.
Account[-ant, -ants, -ing,- ancy] ACCT.
Administrat[-ive, -or, -ion] ADMIN.
Adamson Law Journal ADAMSON L.J.
Agricultur[-e, -al] AGRIC.
and &
Annual ANN.
Arbitrat[-ion, -ors] ARB.
Ateneo Law Journal ATENEO L.J.
Ateneo Graduate School of Business AGSB J. BUS. MGMT. &
Journal of Business Management ENTREPRENEURSHIP
and Entrepreneurship
The Atlantic ATLANTIC
Baguio Colleges Foundation Law B.C.F. L.J.
Journal
Bedan Law Review BEDAN L. REV.
Bulletin BULL.
Business BUS.
BusinessWorld BUSINESSWORLD
BusinessMirror BUSINESSMIRROR
Chicago Tribune CHI. TRIB.
Chronicle CHRON.
Civil CIV.
Commerc[-e, -ial] COM.
Commission on Audit Journal C.O.A. J.
Court Systems Journal CT. SYSTEMS J.
Comparative COMP.
Congressional CONG.
Constitution[-al] CONST.
Contemporary CONTEMP.
Corporat[-e, -ion] CORP.
Criminal CRIM.
Development[-s] DEV.
Digest DIG.
Econom[-ic, ics, -y] ECON.
The Economist ECONOMIST
Environment ENV’T
Environmental ENVTL.
Far Eastern Law Review FAR EAST L. REV.
Filipino Lawyer FILIPINO LAW.
Financial FIN.
Financial Times FIN. TIMES
ANNEX G. SELECTED TERMS
for FOR
Forum F.
& PERIODICALS
Foundation Law Review FOUNDATION L. REV.

General GEN.
annexes 141
Government GOV’T
The Guardian GUARDIAN
Harvard Business Review HARV. BUS. REV.
Histor[-ical, -y] HIST.
Immigration IMMIGR.
Insurance INS.
Integrated Bar of the Philippines IBP J.
Journal
Intellectual INTELL.
International INT’L
Journal J.
Labor LAB.
Labor Review LAB. REV.
Law (first word) LAW
Law L.
Lawyer[-s, -s’, -‘s] LAW.
The Lawyers Review LAW. REV.
Legal LEGAL
Los Angeles Times L.A. TIMES
Lyceum of the Philippines Law Review LY. PHIL. L. REV.
Magazine MAG.
The Manila Bulletin MANILA BULL.
Manila Standard MANILA STAND.
The Manila Times MANILA TIMES
Mindanao Law Journal MINDANAO L.J.
M.L.Q. University Law Quarterly M.L.Q. U. L.Q.
National NAT’L
The New York Times N.Y. TIMES
Newsbreak NEWSBREAK
Newsletter NEWSL.
Newsweek NEWSWEEK
on ON
Office OFF.
Organization ORG.
Philippine Daily Inquirer PHIL. DAILY INQ.
Philippine Law Gazette PHIL. L. GAZ.
Philippine Law Journal PHIL. L.J.
Philippine Studies PHIL. STUD.
The Philippine Star PHIL. STAR
Philippine Yearbook of International PHIL. Y.B. INT’L LAW
Law
PHILJA Judicial Journal PHILJA JUD. J.
Policy POL’Y
Property PROP.
Public PUB.
Quarterly Q.
Research RES.
& PERIODICALS
Review REV.
Rights RTS.
San Beda Law Journal SAN BEDA L.J.
Siliman Law Journal SILIMAN L.J.
San Francisco Chronicle S.F. CHRON.
South China Morning Post S. CHINA MORNING POST
The Straits Times STRAITS TIMES
Tax TAX
The Telegraph TELEGRAPH
Time TIME
Tribune TRIB.
University of San Carlos Law Review U.S.C. L. REV.
University of Santo Tomas Law Review U.S.T. L. REV.
University of the East Law Journal U.E. L.J.
University of Manila Law Gazette U.M. L. GAZ.
The Wall Street Journal WALL ST. J.
The Washington Post WASH. POST

& PERIODICALS

Ateneo Law Journal Legal Citation Guide 4th Editition

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Legal

Ateneo Law Journal

JOHN STEPHEN B. PANGILINAN

ATTY. JACINTO D. JIMENEZ ATTY. LEE BENJAMIN Z. LERMA

Citation is undeniably a tedious task; nevertheless, it remains

May this Guide continue the Journal’s enduring mission of promoting

Paolo Miguel S. Consignado

Recent developments in law and media, however, have rendered the

Foremost among the changes introduced is a reduction of the Citation

Then as now, each citation was thoroughly deliberated upon by the

As legal sources and materials transform into electronic and online

Oscar Carlo F. Cajucom Vicente Carlos S. Lo

This Citation Primer is the product of hours of deliberation and

Bernard Joseph B. Malibiran

Floralie M. Pamfilo Joy Stephanie C. Tajan

An Overview of Citation ....................................................... 1

I. FUNDAMENTALS OF LEGAL CITATION

A. Use of Citations ............................................................. 2

B. Order of Authorities ....................................................... 2

D. Pinpoint Citations & Subdivision Symbols ......................... 8

E. Short Citation Forms .................................................... 11

F. Levels of Parenthetical Citations.................................... 19

G. Explanatory Footnotes & Parentheticals ......................... 21

II. PRIMARY AUTHORITIES

C. Local & Foreign Cases .................................................. 29

D. Legislative Materials ..................................................... 39

E. Executive Materials ...................................................... 43

F. Judicial Issuances ........................................................ 47

H. Rules of Procedure ...................................................... 50

III. SECONDARY AUTHORITIES

I. Books & Other Non-Periodic Materials ........................... 54

J. Journals & Periodical Articles ........................................ 60

K. Internet Sources .......................................................... 63

N. Speeches & Addresses ................................................. 73

O. Films & Broadcasts ...................................................... 75

IV. INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS

P. Founding Documents ................................................... 76

R. International Law Cases ............................................... 81

S. Resolutions & Decisions ............................................... 90

T. Reports & Other International Materials......................... 92

V. GENERAL RULES OF USAGE

V. Footnote References .................................................. 100

X. Numbers ................................................................... 106

Y. Symbols .................................................................... 107

Z. Other Rules ............................................................... 108

A. Selected Geographical Terms...................................... 112

The table of contents of this free digital version may be conveniently

Citation is particularly essential in the legal profession because legal

Accordingly, citation serves at least three purposes. First, it provides

To achieve these purposes, this Guide emphasizes accurate pinpoint

This Guide, however, is not meant to be rigid and inflexible,

ABOUT THIS GUIDE

I. FUNDAMENTALS OF LEGAL CITATION

A.1. A citation refers to the sentence or clause immediately

A.2. A citation is intended to:

A.2.1. attribute non-original ideas;

A.2.2. provide authorities relevant to the discussion; or

A.2.3. offer sources for further study or research.

B.2. Authorities for support must be given first before those in

1. JOAQUIN G. BERNAS, S.J., THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF

B.3. Support or opposition may be direct, indirect, or analogous. Cite

2. 4 ARTURO M. TOLENTINO, COMMENTARIES AND

2019) & Richard Michael Fischl, Ideology and Argument

B.4. Support or opposition may also be given by authorities in their