r | | 4 WHOOPMALMOHA OCHOBA 3A TOTPEBE TIAHMPADA CAOBPARAJA Vndopmanuona ocHopa mpesicranma CKyT NoyatTaka Koj je norpeGan 3a KBasMTeTHY aHanu3y MU OUleHY ctawa TpaHcnoprHor cuctema. adopmaynouy ocHoBy 4HHe TpH rpyte Mogataka (Jovanovié 1990; Jovié 1996): ¢ Hesapucum nokasareru (nogani 0 comMo-eKOHOMCKUM KapakTepu- CTMKaMa CraHOBHUIITBa H HaMeHH HOBprMHa), Tlogaun o caoGpahajnom mu TpancnoptHom cucTemy (mogauH oO cao- Opahajuoj undpacrpykrypu) H Togaun 0 KapakTepucTukama KpeTama. Ao nogataka Koj anne mAhopmanMony ocHoBy Morylie je nohu mpexo CTpyaHHX ciyKOH 4HjH je OCHOBHH JOMeH pala y Be3H Ca KOHKPeTHHM ToNalH- Ma, 1H 1 MCTpaxkuBarem Ha Tepeny. Miopmaiuje o kapaktepucTHKama Tpan- cHoprHor cucTema Kao H ocTamM NoTpeOHH MopallM Ce He pate cHcTeMaTCKH H AOBOIHO eTabHO, Tako Ta ce y NOCTyNKy WaHHpata caoOpahiaja jabsa norpe- 6a 3a opranmsoBa%em moce6uux caoGpahajuux ucrpaxnpawa. Ox KBannrera IpHKyubeHHX MoyataKa Kojn penpesertTyjy noctojehe crame sasucuhe Kwan Ter HesoKynHor caoGpahajHor pentessa opMocHo Mpoueca pasKoja (miazupasa) ‘Tpakicnopraor cucrema. Behuna mpeTxonHo HapemeHHX MomaTaka Mopa Ce HAKOH MIpHKyTUbawa oxatTHo o6payurn na Gu Mors 7a Mocmy7%Ke KAO HEOpMalMoHa OCHOBA y IIa- Hupaty caobpahaja. Cen loxalu NpukyneeHH Ha HMBOY paxTHaHTHX Mpocrop- HMX jeMMHNa ce y arperaTHOM MpucTymy croze Ha HUBO caoGpahajHux 30Ha, UNTO je LeTabHO ObjambeHO y TeKCTY KOjH cuenH. 41 Huson npukynama nofataka y nuianupary caoGpahaja TIpaxyrsarse OcHOBHHX nosataka o nocrojehem cramy i aras3a cra- ma (a 06aBe3HO HM MporHo3sa TpaHcropTHux MoTpeba y cknaqy ca aHanH30M) ce4.] Husou npuxynnara nodamaxa y nianuparsy caobpahaja Moxke OGaBHTHE Ha HUBOY MarbHx mpoctopanx jenmHuna, Hero urro je Hecurca- Ho nlompysje. Bpemexom cy Meroe aramnse enomympasle On arperarkHx Koj ce upumenyjy Ha TepuTopyjama nenux rpaona 0 exarperaTHEX 3a HeTPARUBAre onpehewuix mpobaema ca sebum HusooM npenusHocTn (Banister 2002). Ta6era 3. Hueou npuryniarea nodamaxa sa nompebe nranuparea caobpahaja eee Hajara jenumma nocmarpara (oGw4n0 1-10 oco6a) Tlomenmr xpyron ney craame upoctopre jenmue, weh ce bopympa- iy 38 norpete cnposohema nonca cravosmmrsa, Tlonmeny KpyroBn Ce hopsmipajy npema 6pojy xomahunctana y saniicHocTH of KapakTepa |nacemsa, w-t0 3a: | Kape Bpoj zomahmncrana ceoexo paurmprand npasbijeno wacene SSS ceooko a6njexo-nevmopeo nacene a “c20ex0 yatopenio n sOnjeno-yuiopeno WaGeRe 100 HpHTPAICKO Haceme u nlepucbepujckH enoBH Tpan- 100 Toncun — | cx macema — — a Tpazicka nacema hy Oncrynama o7 napenenux Kpurepujyma Mory ce TomepucatH 3a 20% | YkOuKO To Hamaxy yonown Ha Tepery. 360r HesnaTHOF ,,BIMIKA JOMaA- huicrana nommesie xpyrose ue rpeGa neysmme yeuTmaatu. Beha ox- crynara cy JosnoseHa y OKBUPY Tpay[cKUX Haceyba y crysajy srpane 34 KONCKTHBHO Cranoname, ONHOCHO Srpase ca Bue ys1a3a. 3rpana Kao rpabesumiexa yemma c jenna ynav0M Hor BIE yrasa y onmtreM emy- vajy TpeGa 2a upumaya jeanom nommeHom Kpyry. Onako dbopmupast 110- THCHH KPYT MOKE Na ONCTYMM ON NperxomHO AedHHMcaHe ropHe rpa- nue 07 120 xomahmicrana, Crarnetirncn xpyr je najaara crama npoctopna jena (se Mewaiy ce of nomuca 10 nomica). Mpexa crarnerH4KHx KpyroBa oGpasyje ce Y OKBHpy Hacema (Hacemenor wecTa), ONHOCHO y OKBHPY KaTacrapcKe omutmme. Ceaxa npomerta teprToprije Giu10 Koje npoctopue jemmHNNte BUILEY xHjepapxnjcKor HHBOA Haake aaMHsy M cMpoROheRe NpoMeHe Cratucriuxn |10 Hapoa craruernaKor kpyra, J[eo6a craTHcTHKor Kpyra BIH ce ca- xpyr MO Kalla HaCTaHY 3aKOHcKH, OHOCHO MCTOLOMOMIKE PAsIO3K, a KOPHTO- Barbe Tpawitla CraTHcTHMIKHx KPYFoBA BPI Ce Kaya TO 3axTeRa (pakTH- “‘IKO Crame Ha Tepeny. Jenan craTMcTHUKH Kpyr Moxke capxKaTH jewaH WIM_guiie TonmesMx xpyrona. pu aepuHUcamy MecHHX sajenmmuna ‘uuja Tpaauna Hye eNom crarHeTHUKor Kpyra, TpaHUlly AeuEMIY 10- [uc xpyropn. |Hajmama npocropua jewammua nocmerpasa y arperariow upuoryny MaHHpaiba caoOpahaja. HesasucH moKazaTeysM M KapakTepncTaKe Cao6pahajua | Kperarsa cranonuuKa ccremarnsyjy ce Ha HMBoy cao6pahajiHx 30H 1 3on1a Y 10) hops ce Kopuete y nocrymKy armpama cao6pahaja. Jenna cao6pahajia 34a oGyxpata jenai WM BUMIe CTATHCTHIKHX KpyroBa (uajuemthe 500 — 1500 aomahnuctapa)4 Hugbopmayuor: icnosa sa nompebe naanuparea cao6pahaja an Tloponuua’ | nomahicreo | Cao6pahajznt AMCTpHKT Haceme Karacrapexa omnia Mecua sajennma Hajataisa jenna nocmarparsa (o6u4sH0 1-10 ocoGa) Tpeacranma oxyn sume cao6pahajrmx 3ona. Yxpyrsanarse caoGpahaj- Hx 30H y caoGpahiajre AMCTpHKTe BpunK ce PAN rroGaTAHjHX HANH 3a (Ha cpemmeM MpocTopHoM HHBOY), Mpoeca OMTHMHBALHje H Apyre noctynke y mponecy ruanmpara caobpahaja. Hacesse je autponoreorpapexa neva Koja Hwa cBoj atap u noceGan wasup (6e3 oGampa Ha Gpoj Kyha); Moxe Gut y cacrasy camo jemne omumrane; y jenioj OMMTHHH Ba MMH BITITe Haceyba We MOY HMATHE He~ at nasup. Haou, crarye m rpanie arapa Hacesba-HacemeHor Mecra, onpebyje ce saxon Penry6anike, om0cHo ayTOHOMHe ToKpajutne. oGyxnara, no npasiury, slompysje jenHor HacesbeHOr MecTa, a aKo TO Hloce- Git pasrost saxrenajy, 3a Ba WK RHE HacesBeHAX MecTa MoxKe ce OGpa~ gonaTH jem KaracTapcKa OTmITHHa 11TH ce 3a NOApyYe jenHor HacesbeHOr MecTa Moxe o6pasonaTH Bie KaTacrapcKHx onmrnva. Hasus, craryc, pane 1 mpomene KaTacrapcKe omurTHe, ompeljyiy ce 3aKoHOM. je mpocropna jenmmma Kojy o6pasyje jemmuna xoxanHe camoynpase (onnrruna/rpaz) pan 3agoBomersa HoTpeGa H HETepeca TOKAAHOT cra~ Honnuurrna. Hams, rparme 1 mpomene ontpebyje caojuM axritwa jeu- Hua oKasme camoynpane. Mecta sajeniuna morke oGyxnaTatH jes1HO WIM BIIME Hacesa, a HCTO TAKO, Ha Tloupysjy jenHor Hacesba MOK ce [opssonara mine Mec sjentn, Onmrnna Jje mpocropaa jeamuuma y xojoj ce ocrsapyje aoKamia camoympana. Te- puropija onmTuNe mpexicrasma mpuponHy H reorpadcKy wemMTy, exo- HOMCKH HOBeSAH MpocTOp, Koji Hlocesyje pasbujeny wupacrpyktypy # narpaheny Komyamxannjy Mehy Hacess1Ma, ca CemMILTEM OTHE Kao rpasuraniommn enrpom. Hasne, cratyc, rpauniie OMUTAHE 1X TpoMe- _|ne ompebyiy ce sakonom PenyOsmKe, omHocHo cratyrom Ppasa. Tpaa je mpocropua jeaumuna yrepheria 3aKoH0M MpemcTassba CKOHOMCKH, aMHHMCTpaTHBHY, TeorpadcKH H KYsTYpHM WeHTap uMper Noapysja; Tepwropuja Koja Aedunnue rpax npencranma MpupoxHy reorpabexy HemHHY, exOHOMCKH TloBesaH MpOCTOP KojH MIocenyje Harpaljeny KOMy- | mxauiiy wehy sacesenum wecraa ca centmrreMt rpavla Xa0 rpaBHTa- | quoum uentpom. Ppagosu Mory cpojHM craryrom OcHoBaTH rpaicKe jomurrie, Kon aesarperatnor mpuctyna, nopoauua (gomahmncrs0) Wu cam myT- nuk (Nojemmian) Mory mpeyctansarn OcHOBHOT HocHoHa HmopMamurja. Arpe- TATHH MpHCTYN TloxpasyMena TIpuctyt y murauMpary caoSpabaja y Ko ce noHa- lame IYTHHKa nlocMarpa Ha HuBoy caoOpaliajne soHe. Y oBoM mpucrymy can IpHKyTIeHH COMMO-eKOHOMCKH TIOsLaIUK cy cyMHpaHH Tj. arperHpaHH Ha HMBOy '9 Yayserno, uacema Beorpag u Hu cy nioce6ue mpoctopre jeqmmune Koje ce npoctupy Ha ‘TepaTopyju sm mle TPAICKHX OMIIITHB H Kao TaxBa cy onpeberia ostroBapajyhunt MpaBHHM aKTHMA.R : 4.1 Husou npuxynioarea nodamaka y nnanuparsy cao6pahaja cao6pahajue sone. Y sapncnoctu of BeNH4HHe H MpocTopHe OOyxBaTHOCTH no- cMarpane arperarue jexuanue, maopManuje ce Mory mpuxynaTH Ha pasm4an- HM HBOUMa (TaGena 3) (Jovanovié 1990; Jovié 1996; Republitki zavod za statistiku 2010; Dordevié 2009). Tpanuue sehux jexunmua rpeGa na Gyay dbopmupane TaKo na ce yBeK Teo 6poj Marux jermuuua canpkn y Behoj jenmAHUn (Hnp. 4e0 6poj caoGpahaj- HX 30Ka SHH caoOpahajun aucTpukt). Jlehunacawe osux jenunmia sabucuhe y BesMKOj MepH Of MpoctopHor HMBOAa Ha KoMe ce MOry JOOMTH Noy3qaHH Tosa- ua. TIpe nogene, yraphyjy ce xpwrepujymn xoju ce Gaaupajy Ha ysuny y pacrio- TOKUBE TOLATKe NO HojeqMAEM MpocTopHHM jemMAHTaMa w MoryhHOCTH yKuIa- Makba Pa3IM4IMTHX CHCTeMa MoseNe Kao ITO Cy: OMMUTH CTaTHCTHUKH, eBHACHIH- ja rpahana u Bosna, enexrponucrpuOyunja, ocuryparba, niomumujcKka u upyre, Koje ce Kopucre y manMpamy cao6pahaja. Kon rpagosa noce6xo tpeOa BoauTH payna 0 rpanuiama noctojeher yxer u mmper nospy4ja, rpannu omumtuHe, TpaHuu mporesama Oyayher rpana, Koju Moxke H3ahn w3 nocrojehux rparuna. Y npumenn arperarnor mpucryna y mianupary caoSpahaja ocropna mpocropxa jenna nocmarpama 3a ananusy KapakteprictuKa Kperatsa je cao- 6pahajnia 30na. Y anroputmy mpouenype tianupama cao6pahaja (Cana 15) jeaua on OCHOBHHX craBkH ce OAHOCH Ha (bopMHpake 30HCKOr cHCreMa. LeoKyNHO O;t- py4je Koje je npemMer mianuparba jem ce Ha Mame MpocropHe jemMHMIe, OHO- cHo cao6pahajne 20ne. Cre nmopmannje ce rpynumy wa HaBoy cao6pahajxe 30He 4UjH CKYM MpeseTapsba 30HCKH CucTeM. DOpMMparbeM 30HCKOF CHCTEMA T10- jeanocrapsyje ce sysname omoca w3Mehy npocropHor pasmemtraja axrusyo- CTH H cao6pahaja Koju Hactaje Kao nocsequla noTpeba 3a TpaHCMOpTOM. Wi manac ce y nanepexoj npaxci mupom csera najyemhe kopucra arpe- TaTHH TIPHCTYT, Majla ce ca pasBojeM payyHapcKe TexHUKe H HHhopMaHoHHX Texnostornja oceha 1 BesMKkH HanpesaK y 7esarperarnom Momenmpamy. Ca npak- ‘THUHe CTpatle, cMarpa ce a cy noyaM AoOHjeHH arperarHHM LIpHcTynOM, y Be hun coysajena, 10Bos.HO AOOpu 3a HoTpeGe cTpatemmor rIaNMpama caoopaha- ja (Huang 2003). Us tor pasmora he ce y oksupy one Kisure ronopura mpe cpera o arpe- raTHoM mpuctyny ma je 3aTo noTpedo ynosnaTH ce H HaGHHOM dopmupama 30HCKor cHeTeMa. 42 Kpurepnjymu 3a dopmupatse 30ncKor cucrema Cwaxa cao6pahajna sona saysuma onpeherm npocrop, uma jedunncane rpaHnue, a penpescutyje jy WeHTpomy ca cBojum uqeHTHp>HKaNMOHHM 6pojem. Kaga je pe 0 cao6pahajuom cuctemy ca BenuKHM Opojem 30Ha mpertopyKa je na Ronesbunawe Spojeva sonama Syne Sasmpano na AOTHYHOM pemocneny (HM.4 Huopmayuona ocuoea 2a nompeGe nnanuparoa cao6pahaja B yachaparse 6poja sone on uenTpa ka riepudbepyjH). Tentpouyn penpesenryjy Wentap akTuBHocTH 30He. YMecTo peaHHx noueraKa 1 Kpajewa Kpetarba Koja ce Besyjy 3a ampecy, MecTo 3amocmera, KOR KpeTaH KOMeplMjaiHH CauprxKaj H CIMYHO, WeHTpoOuAM UpercTaBsbajy H3BOpHe H HWJbHE TAYKE CBUX Kpevakha HACTAIMX WIM MIPHBYYCHHX y KOHKpeTHy 30HY (cBa kKpetakba NOWEby 1 3aBpUaBajy ce y UeHTpoHy 30Ke). Jledunucano je HeKoH- KO THIOBa MO3HI[MOHMpalba eHTpOHa: Y reOMeTpHjCKH UeHTap 30He (NOsHHHja 1, Canka 16), noKannja najpcher Komepunjantor capxaja (no3munja 2), y Te- 2KMILTE 3OHE NIPeMa TYCTHHM HacesPeHOCTH MH y TeKULITe 30He NpeMa rycTHHH jomahnuctasa (nosmuuja 3) (Chang et al. 2002). Yrunaj xnanuterHor nosuiuo- HMpaiba WeHTponsa, KojH Huje GasHpaH HCK/bY4HBO Ha FeOMeTPHIH, pacTe ca Be- SIMIHHOM 30H¢. Cauxa 16, Hosuyuonuparse yeumpouda Llenrpona je KoneKTopuma nosesaH ca ynuaHom mpexom. KoneKropu ykasyjy wa peasna Mecra Ha Koja ce cao6pahaj Kojm renepame (num npmpsias) cao6pahajua ona ykyuyje Ha caobpahajny mpexcy (Cm«a 17), Konextop mo- oke a Gye H peatHa caoOpahajnnua, ann ce venthe mocTaByba Kao XHMOTeTHYKA Besa H3Mehy HeHTpora H HBopa Ha caoOpahajoj Mpexu. Konexrope Ou rpe6a- NO MOCTaBHTH Tako Ja He ceKy MpuposHe (HNp. peka) WAM BeMITaaKe (Hp. %eme- 3uuta) Gapujepe. Cruxa 17. Pasnecumu nernnu nosuyuonuparsa konexmopa74 4.2 Kpumepujynu sa hops yatbe 30ucKOe CucmeMa Lenrponan u Konexropu rpabw4Kn mpeqctassbenn Kao Tanke H mHMEHje ce KopHcte 3a MouesMpakbe TpaxcHOprHHX cHcTeMa lo HauMHY (opmupawa Mo- jlena ynorpe6om rpadona he 6uri Brure pew y nornapmy Koje ce 6a KOAUpA- IbEM YoITIHe MpexKOM. Tlonesnmame Konexropa y packpennuy 3Ha4H ja Ta packpermma mpen- crapma peamry Tauky mpuctyna Kperama on WIM Ka cao6pahajHoj 30mm, mT0 oOudHO Huje crysaj, na TpeOa u3GeraBaTH Taj HAIMA BesHBarba 30HA 3a cAOGpa- hajuy Mpexy. Besupare WeHTponsa jeHHM KOHeKTOpoM 3a yaHuHY Mpexky MO- 2Ke U3A3BATH BENHKH OOUM caoGpahaja Ha TojeAMHMM jeoMHMaMa yaH4He Mpe- ake. Kana je pea 0 Kpetamuma Koja ce pearusyjy Rosia jaBHor npeBosa, Ko- HeKTOp MOxe Ja ce Be3yje Ha TadKe cTajammta jaBHor rpaycKor npeBosa WM Ha TaUKe Koje cy y yruIajHoj 30HH crajarmurra. Kopexnuja nosoxKaja nenTponma 1H KoHeKTopa MOxe OuTH HOTpebia H CIIPOBOAH ce Ha OCHOBY pesyuTaTa MosesIH- para cao6pahajnor orrrepehewa Y dopmupamy souckor cucrema ocHOBHM KpHTepujymu Koje TpeOa Hc- nowToBaTH ogHoce ce Ha (Martinez et al. 2006; Jovanovié 1990; Jovié 1996; NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program 2012; Ortuzar & Willumsen 2011): Xomorenocr caapaxaja caoSpahajne sone (omHocn ce Ha noMuHanTHy HAMeHY 30HE OJHOCHO COMMO-CKOHOMCKE KapakTepHCTHKe craHOBHUKa 30H). Bone no canpxajy Tpe6a na Gyay nperexHo Hamemene jenuoj axruBHocru, na ako Mory GHTH ,4HCTO pase, CraMGcHe, peKpeaTHBHe, UTI. aH YeCTO TO Huje Moryhe (HapounTo y HeHTpaTHHM rpaycKUM 3oHaMa) Ha HocToje H T3B. MeIOBH- te 30H (Camxa 18), Hapasno, Beoma je TeMko AedHHucaTH 30He TAKO Ja y OT- nynoca 6ymy xomorene no canpxkajy, Beh ce TH 3oHe Besyje 3a JoMMHaHTHe cagpxaje (ba6puke, npenyseha nim cknanumrra — pamua 30na; Kyhe, srpage uw conmrepu — soe cramGenor Tima). ¥ nompyajuma rpana koja cy Hamemena cra- HOBaKLY, KpHTepujyM XoMoreHocTH ce ocTBapyje MpeKO ryCTHHE HacesbeHOcTH. Y noapysjuma rpaia Koja cy namemena pamy, Kputepujym xomorenocTH More Ha Oye rycTuna payjHHx Mecta H ci. 2 -wowepuvjanwa 30va 3 powpoarwena aoHa “4 ewosura sora Cnuxa 18. Bpeme sona y oduocy na npemesicnu cadporcaj4 Haxpopmenquona ocnoea 3a nompeGe nnaruparea caobpahaja 15 Xomorenocr 30Ha no nUTAHYy Gpoja craHOBHMKA, COLIMO-CKOHOMCKUX Ka- PpakrepucTuka H HaMeHe 3eMUbMIUTA HapouHTo je BaxkHa y nocrynky mpoueHe Spoja Kperawa Koje renepuure cBaka 30Ha. Koy 30Ha MemoBHTor Kapaktepa, 11e- SIMcxogMO je onpexenHTH npeosnahyjyhu cagpxKaj, mp Yemy Kao KpuTepHjyM MOTY Ala TocmyxKe ONHOC 3arlocmeHMX H Gpoja cTaHOBHMKa. Tlourronamem Kputepujyma xomoreriocta 3oHe To canpaajy ce oMoTy- haza nopelhere 3oHa HcTor THMa 10 KONMUHHM reHepHcaHHX KpeTama. Uncto cramOeHe 30He HIP. y pasiM4HTHM jenOBMMa rpaya Helie renepucaTH ucTe KO- JWdHHe Kpetama. YcrocraBibawe OBHX OHOCA MOxe Ja Gye KOpHCHO Tp mpo- TeHH HacTajasa Kperata MiaHUpaHUX 3oHa CIMGHOT caup»xaja. Tlomrrosase npupognux u BemTauKHX Sapujepa. 3a rpanume 30Ha y3nmajy ce Gapujepe (mpupomHe WIM BemTayKe) Koja MpemcTaByajy jaky mpo- cTopry mpenpexy Kpetamy. Tog mpupoaHum Gapujepama mompa3zymepajy ce HMp. peka, pevHH KAHAN, 3A7MB, TOK Ce TIO BemTTAYKHM GapHjepama nompasyme- najy 2KenesHH4Ka Ipyra, rpaylckM ayTo-IyT, rpancKa Marucrpama. 3one ce (pop- Mupajy Taxo a He 6yay mpecexene, onHocHo nomeseHe Gapujepama Koje oTexKa- Bajy Kperarba usmeby jenona sone (Cama 19). Cruxa 19. 3one y oduocy na npupodne u aeumauke zpanuye Tipucrynaanocr y oqnocy Ha ocnosny Mpeay cao6pahajunua (1j. rpanuye 30Ha cy yoOusajeno caoSpahajnmue). [Ipyre, ayro-nyrene, Marucrpait- He ye cMatpamo 6apujepama npu Kperamy mTo je oOyxBahero nperxonHHM Kputepujymom. Ca apyre crpane, cao6pahajnuya oGes6ehyjy mpuctynasoct axrupnoctuma y mpocropy. Crora ce Kao rpanuye cao6pahajimx 30Ha yauMajy caoGpahajunue Tako na ce o6e36ehyje upucrynaanoct 30He. KomnaruGusnocr rpanma caoGpahajanx 30Ha ca nomMTHTKHM, af MHHHICTpaTHBHUM WIM cTaTHCTHYXHM 308aMa oMoryhasa jemHoctapnHje TipHOaBsbakbe COMMO-CKOHOMCKUX TogaTaka W3 pa3IMIHTHX H3BOpa HM MoryhHocT16 : 4.2 Kpumepujynu 3a @opauparee soncKoe cucmena WUXOBOY npwiarobasatba Ha HBO caoOpaliajHe 3oHe. LIupoxa rpyria commo- eKOHOMCKUX MomaTaKa NpeycTassa yuasHe BEMMMUHE 3a TuIAHUpare CaoSpahaja. Yurap Hv3 noKasaTema Koju cy cactaBHu neo HEMopManHOHe OcHORE, KAO LITO cy nogaun o Gpojy cranoBnuKa, Gpojy Homahunctasa, pagHHx Mecta, 3amocse- HX H OCTamO, IpHKytUbajy ce y OKBApY penOBHHX craTHeTHIKHX anamnsa. Kaya je 30HCKH cHCTeM npusarohen craTucrH4Ko] NOgeAH (HeKOAHKO cTaTHCTHAKUX Kpyropa HHH jenny caoSpahajny sony) 10 CouMO-eKOHOMCKHX NOwaTaKa 10 ca- obpahajuum 3onama zoma3H ce CyMUpawem noyataka craracruuKHx KpyroBa. Tourrozame osor kpHTepujyma omoryhana saKkiue HpHKyTbakbe TogaraKa. Tlomronane cucrema caoOpahajuux 3ona 13 mperxoguux maanep- cnx mpouerypa. C o63upom na je mpouesype manupara caoGpahaja Ha uerom noapysjy nonasmajy waxon onpehexor Bpemena van y cxyaajy norpeSe, Kao ocHoBa 30HcKor cHCTeMa ce y3HMa HlocTojehH cHcTeM CaoSpahajHHx 30H (yKO- Anko nioctojn). Kopumhemem 3oncKor cuctema 13 TpeTxomHMx maanepeKnx mpontenypa omoryhana ce m niopehere pasHnx rpyna riomaraka y pasmmauran BpeMerickmm mpecenuma. Y oKBHpy OROT KpHTepHiyma, Kao MocmemHTA parnoja HaMeHe TOBpIIMHA Moxe Aolim 10 TOTpeGe 3a opMHpameM HOBHX 30na METH yeurmanamem noctojehux. YxomHko mpeTxoaHo Hje cponoljena nmanepcKa Mportenypa, 30ncKH cHicTem ce bopMupa Ha OcHORY ocTasHx KpHTepHjy Ma. Ysumawe y o63up 6yayhe wamene nospmmma. [onan o namenn 10- BPUIMHa, KOje cy IuaHMpaHe Kpos BaleceT HAM TpuyeceT romMHa, Hanase ce y oxsupy Tenepasnor ypoanncruyxor mana nompyyja. Kako 6 ce umbeBn H3 oGnactm caobpahaja naxme yexnanuan ca uyseeBHMa noctanmsenum y Peaepan- HOM ypOaHHCTHYKOM MaKy, NOXKebHO je MPHIMKOM ogee Houpyyja Ha 30He yserH y o63up rianuparte Hamexe nospumna. Cnmuaa soruKka ce npumenyje H YKOMNKO ce pacnonaxe undopManujama o rIaHUpaHM caoSpahajHuM Kopi0- PuMa, OAHOCHO nocTojehu 30HCKH CHCTeM TpeGa NocTABHTH TaKO Ja Gynyhu KO- pHop He ceve Beh npencTaBya rpanuty 30Ha. Y cayuajy Kaya uspaya caopa- hajue cryanje nperxoau uspayua Penepasnor ypOanucrwaKor mutara (He 3Ha ce noysaaHo Gyayha namena noppiimna), 30H1cKM CHCTeM ce (bopMHpa TomITORaHeM OcTasIMX HaBejeHHX KpuTepHjyMa. Komnakran 1 KoHpekcaH o6smx 30He. Jledbunucatem oGmuKa 30He KojM MenyHaba YCNOB KOMMaKTHOCTH H KOABeKcHOCTH. TpeGa H3GeraBaTH (op- MHparse 30Ha W3ityaKeHOr OGmMKa jep y TOM cuy4ajy HocTojn BepoBaTHOha 3a T1o- jaBoM myragKnx yHyrap3oHcKax Kperata (Cama 20). [Ipo6sem yryrap30HcKnx Kperarsa y arperarHoM npucryny je mTo ce TakBa Kpetata Koja HMajy 13BOp 1 ULB Y HCTO] 30HM y TpaHCHOPTHHM MogemMMa He MOry MpHKasaTH Ha MpexKu, OMHOCHO Kao fa He HocToje y cmMuciy caoOpahaja Koju ce nojaByje Ha caoGpa- hajnnuama. YkonuKo 64 4eTHpH 30He Koje cy MpHKazane Ha cHHUH 20 Gune cBe y OKBupy jemne 3oHe, Kpetatha H3Mehy oOjekata Ha cam On Gua KiacHuKo- Bala Kao YHYTap30HCKa,4 Hupopmayuona ochosa sa nompebe naanuparsa cao6pahaja 71 Chua 20. Hpumepu o6nuxosarea sona Bone He Mopajy GuTH npuOmwKHO neTAX BemMMUHA. FoxKesHO je sa Gy- ay cmuunie y eMHciTy BpeMeHa TIyTOBarba KOs 30H, 11a je Mpertopyka opmupa- ‘TH TIOBPLIMACKH Makbe 30He Y eOBHMa rpayla ca TIpHCyTHUM caodpahajHmM 3a- rylieHuMa, a nemo Behe 3one y enoBHMa rpaya Ges saryutema. 3Haajum re- HepaTopn KpeTatsa, kao u1ro cy daxysrrerH, aepozpoMn,, ome, YKOKO je TO oryhe tpeGa na Gyay sace6ue sone, jep cy norpeOun crenm>u4HM Honan Ka- Ko 61 ce Yrapausa Kpetarba Koja y wuMa Hactajy wu GuBajy mpusysena. Ha TIpHMep, 3a 30He acpog”poma NoTpeOHH cy NosauH © Gpojy neToBa, Gpojy 3ano- CaeHHX, 3a SomMATe Hogan o Gpojy sanocnemmx, Opojy Gommuxux Kpeneta, 3a cbaxysrrere u yHusepsurere 0 Gpojy 3arocieHux u Gpojy crymenara. uexcnGusmocr 3ouckor cucrema, 3oucKu cuctem Mopa Guru inex- cuOusiaH cHcTeM mpocropHHx jenMHMila Koj Ce BeOMAa TaKO Moxe MOmHHKOBA- ‘TH Y pasnH4unte XHjepapxHjcKke HHBOe, MOYER OF Tpasa y NeMHH, mpeKo MecHHX sajenHma W HWKe, DaeKcHOusHOcT 30HCKOT cHcTeMa OMOTyhawa 7a ce y 3aBH- cHOCTH om MOTpeGe H HHBOA YeTaHOCTH 30He Mory MperpynucarTH. IIprsmKoM Tperpynucapatba 30Ha BaKHO je BONNTH payyHa 1a YKONHKO ce 3OHCKH CHCTeM yeutisana, jenna 30Ha Mopa OuTH nosemena Ha neo 6poj MaKUX 30H. YKOMHKO ce mocrojeh 30HcKH cucrem ykpymmbaga Heo Gpoj noctojehux 3ona sain jenny HoBy 30Hy. Y mpakcu je seoma Teuiko y NOTTYHOCTH HicHyHUTH CRE HaBeeHe KpHTe- pijyme. Ha mpumep, kaga je peu 0 xomoreHtocTH Sore 0 cayprKajy, oBaj KpuTe- pry je nocra same wcrromrrorarn kama je ped 0 Mau 3onaMa 3a pasimKy on 30HCKOr cucTeMa ca 30Hama BehNix NospmiuHa. Ontumanar 6poj caoSpahajuux sora He nocTojH HaKo cy MocTojane cy- rectuje o orrumanHom 6pojy. ¥ npomtocra je semaxn Gpoj caoGpahajuux sona orexazao npouteaypy o6pare nomataka, Mehytum, passojem payynapeKe TexHo- uorHje onaj mpo6sem je mpesazuifen u y TOM cMmicny He TrocToje orpaHHuera. Behu 6poj 30Ha 4 cutHnju soricKH cuctem oGe36ehyje Behy npeuusHocT H OMO- ryhana kpenparse peamnuje cauke cao6pahajnor orrrepehersa. Ip Tome je neo- MiXoman KBanTeTan y3opak y oxBupy caoGpahajuux ucrpaxupara wa HMBOy cBaKe 30H, ITO y MpakcH Moxe a NpentcTaBsba HPOGIEM.8 __ 4.2 Kpumepujyauu 3a bopmuparve souckoz cuemena Bpoj 30a y nompysiy y KoM ce BpHnT HcTpaxnBame sapHcH On Tora Ja au ce pal np. ynpapmame caoGpahajem (saxresa mpocTopHo maise caoGpahaj- ne 30He) WIM HeKa crpateluka npouesypa wrasUpama caospahaja Koja ce pa ca HOBPINHHCKH nanteKo BehuM caodpahajuum 3onama. Ha npumep, 3a noTpeGe Tuianmparsa cao6pahaja y Jlounony, novetan 6poj ona je Guo 1000, a HaKoHt He- KOSMKO Kopaka Ykpymtbanarsa NoMMIO ce NO 6poja on 50 caoGpahajrmx sona. Bpoj sora y pasar rrarepexiM npomemypama 3a nojenuHe rparose wat je y napenuoj Ta6emm (TaGesa 4) Tabena 4. Bpoj 30a y nojedunum caobpahajnun cmydujana’ Erexor) | Para | ai om Jlongon (2006) ae 1000 — Mosrpean (2008) 34 (eee Sinac (200! : 0,7 i 560 ‘Cauerjaro (2009) : 35 700 | “Baunmarron (2008) _ 65 __2200 a6 (2010) eee ; oa Cue} (2006) 3,6 2690 Bpoj 3ona y npaxcn, y omuocy Ha 6poj crarosunka mpwnrito Bapupa ITO roROpH a 6poj 30Ha 3aBHCH Oy IpHpOse Monlena (KpaTKOPOSHO HIM AYTO- pouHo crpareniko mararpare) H pacrlonorkHRHX TloMaTaKa. Beuwanna 3one Huje y Bes caMo ca HeHOM reoMeTpujom Beh ce mpBeH- crsexo omHocH Ha 6poj craHoBHHKa caobpahajue soHe. 3a Mamba Hacesa npenio- pyyyje ce aa ce 30ne Kpehy usmehy 1200 1 3000 cranonnuxa (Cambridge Systematics 2007). Bewuuna gone fie 3aBucHTH 0 HUBoa atanuse, Mare 30He 3a jleTabHHje avanuse m Behe 3a TuIaHMpare Ha HMBOy rannHx caoGpahajenna. Beansuna 30Ha Mowe ja JOCTHTHE H AeceTHHe XWbaya CraHOBAHKA aH je TO yoOutiajeno 3a HanHOHaHe M pernonamHe 30HCKE cHCTeMe, Y mmocrpanoj stureparypx ecto ce Mory nahin npentopyke 0 Gpojy soma y omuocy Ha neaauny rpama. Hexa uckyersa 13 Dpanuycke wara cy y HapesHoj ‘a6ean (TaGena 5). Tabena 5. Bpoj cao6pahajuux sona y odnocy na seusuny epada (ucxyemea us @panuyycxux apadoeay! Bpoj caoGpahajnux sora 20 30 | 40 | 50 Bpoj crasosuuKa 50000 100000. 200000 400000 20 Vswop: (Jovanovié 1990) 21 Yisnop: (Jovanovié 1990)4 Hxcbopmayuona ocuosa sa nompebe naanuparoa cao6pahaja : 129 Osa uckycrsa cy cneuupusia u Mory ce KOpucTHTH camo Kao opHjeH- tmp. ¥ enyuajy rpayova y Cp6uju, 6poj 30ua je Guo suarno Behu Hero wr mpe- nopysyjy HHoctparta ucxycrsa. To je mponsauit0 u3 cnemmHHHHX 3axTeRA KOjH cy ce mojaBsHBas NpWIHKOM usydaBaHa OBUX rpanoBa (TaGesta 6) Tabena 6. Bpoj caobpahajaux zona y nexum epadoeuma y Cp6uju y odnocy Ha eeaununy epada* Tpaa (roma eryanje) Bpoj cranosunxa | Bpoj caoGpahajnnx sona “Speman (1973) 70950 _ Tlanuewo (1976) 66400 40 “Jaronuna (1977) 27600 19 Kparyjesan (1977) 77700 6 Yaax (1978) 45500 oe CyGorma (1979) 87000 61 Tloncapenant (1980) | 45000 30° Boon Can (1980) [187950 87 ‘Aparthenonant (2003)* | 35227 2B T. Mutzanonan (2003)* 24399 38 Tontona (2003)* 7265 25 Beorpan (2007, 2015)* | oxo 1350000 | 345 Tlecxowany (2010)* 71159 100 | *qoqarmm nosann Kareape 3a nuaumparbe perynncarse cao6pahaja Kou TpaHcnoprHux Moyea Ha HUBOY pkaBe WIM peruje, JOrHKa arpe- THpaba noyataka je BeOMa CIM4Ha TpaHcHOprHuM MogeluMa rpayosa. Ha ap- JKABHOM HHBOY, 30He Ce NeHHHUTY Ha HUBOY pernje, OKpyra WIM ommTrnHa. Ba- oOKHO je uctahn Ja je nojexquHe HaBeyeHe KpHTepHjyMe y TOM cuy4ajy BeoMa Te- imko HcnomrosaTH. Ha mpumep, kpuTepHjym XoMoreHOcTH 30He y OBOM ciysajy TemKko Moxe OuTH HeHOMTOBAH. Takohe, ca HopacToM BenMaHHE 30H HOCTOjH Moryhwocr nojane AuseMe OKO JedpHHHcaba ToKalMje HeHTpoHma 30He (Chang et al. 2002). Ono mo je 3ajennmaKo 6e3 o63Hpa 0 KOM HUBOY OGyxBaTHocTH TpaH- CHoprHux Mojtena jecTe 7a je y CMHCTy KBaMTeTa O4eKMBAHHX pe3ysTaTa HeoT- XOJ(HO pacrionaraTH KBAIHTeETHHM Ga3aMa NONaTaka 0 CONHO-eKOHOMCKHM Kapak- ‘TepHCTHKAMa CRaKe O7 30Ha KAO MO KapakTepHcTAKaMa Mehy30HCKUX KpeTatba. 2 Visnop: (Jovanovié 1990; Jovié 1996)80 ___4,3 Hesaeucnu noxasamesu 43 Hesapucnn noxasatemu TIppa rpynia nomaraka KojM uMHe nAbopManHoHy ocHoBy 3a noTpeGe rmanuparsa caobpatiaja cy 138. ean CHM" HOKAsATeIbH H cacTOje ce OF COLHO- eKOHOMCKHX TloaTaKa (Koje THHE jeMorpaipeKe H EKOHOMCKE KapakrepHCTHKe Toupy'ija) H MoxaTaka 0 NPOCTOPHIEM 1k MPHBPEGNM KapaKTepHCTHKANA (HHaMerta noppummna). Tunmsan nowauit 3a cBaky caoGpahajuy sony cy (Jovié 1996; Jovano- 1990; NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program 2012): © Jlemorpabexn nonane © Gpoj cranopnmKa, © Gpoj toMahunicrana. ¢ ExkoHomcku nojauH © Gpoj sanocneHHx (lo 30HH CraroBatba H 30H pata), © ererien MoropHsannje, © noxoak no joMahuncray, © JOXOMAK 110 3atOcHeHOM. © Tongan o Hamexm nospummHa © Hawena u nETensirer Kopmmuherba 3eMsbuIIITa (ryCTHHe aKTHBHOCTH), © MOBpmIMHe payor Ipocropa, © mpomer y TproBinH, © o6uM pobuor pata, H cx. Y wapemtiom reKery he yrapiiom GuTH pei © HasHHy MpHKyHbAKA He- 3aBHCHHX ogaTaKa. Tlemorpadexs noxauit Bpoj cranosnuxa n jjoMahunictaa ce MOxe YTBPAHTH Ha OcHORY HomHca cTaHoBHHka (H3BOpHH MaTepHjamH Tonwca najy nomaTkKe Ha HMBoy MoncHuxX KpyroBa) YKOKO ce IlaHepCKa MpOHeMypa Paz ABE LO TPH TOMHHe HaKOH 10- nuca. AKO To Hnje cnysaj, nloganm ce Mopajy axypupaTu, Hajyemhe y3 romoh nogaraka 1oOnjenmx 13 KoMyHannHx cay2on. Hajnoysiannju usBop moxaTaKa 2a a@kypupame HHopmanuja o Opojy Lomahurcrawa jecy cnucKoBH ex1eKTPOAH- crpuéynuje win cnmune opranmsaniije Koja Bpmm Mecesny Hanmary cBojux yenyra, 11a camuM THM Tloceltyjy TawHe aupece cBHX joMahuHcTapa. Ha ocHoBy Tux cimeKoBa yraphyje ce Opoj Aomalimacrana y cBaKoj 30H. Komynamne cayax6e Kao urro je Virbocras, noceayiy nonarke o Gpojy wnaHoBa cpakor fomahuncrsa, LITO Moke TlocmYRHTH 3a aakypuparse TloslaTaKa o Opojy CTaHOBHMKA H3 HoTIHca Tlopea nofaraxa o Gpojy craxopnuKa m 6pojy AoMahunctapa aHaKajim Mory 6TH H TomanH 0 Gpojy cranopHHKa KojH MpHnanajy pasmranTHM rpynama Kao IITO CY MensHOWepH, YICHHIM, CTyAeHTH H Ap. H CBH Ce Mopajy MPHKYTHTH Ha HMBoy caoGpahajne sou.| 4 Hubopenuona ocuosa sa nompebe nxani Exkonomekn nogauH niparoa caobpahaja 81 Bpoj sanocstenux Ho Mecty, oAHOCHO 30HH pasta, Moryhe je yrBpaHTE Hs TepHOAMIHUX CTATHCTHUKUX H3BeUITAja PaNHHX opraHuaUnja WIH aHKETOM y paniu oprammanujama, 10x ce Gpoj sanocuenux no Mecry craHoparsa Hajenthe yraphyje y oxsnpy caopahiajrmx nietpaxunatsa (ankera y AomahmacrBy). Bpoj sartocnenmx ro Mecry paya npeseTansa Gpoj oHMX Koj Ha 10Ca0 omase y onpeheay sony, re um je 1ouMpato paxHo MecTo, 10K Gpoj sanocite- HUX 110 MecTy CTaHopama Mpeycrassba Gpoj craHoBHUKa oupeleHe 3OHe KOjH uMajy cratye 3anocaenor sua, Ge3 o63Hpa Y Kojoj 3ouM ce HaaSH EHXOBO par- HO MecTO. Bpoj sanocnenux no 30m paga He Mopa GUTH HeTH Kao H Gpoj panuux Mecra Te 30He, jep ce Opoj pasHHX Mecta O/HOCH HIP. Ha Gpoj KanueapujcKux CTosOBa HM NPOHSBOAKUX MaLMHa, LOK ce Gpoj 2anocneHUX TIO 30HM pana On- Hocu Ha Gpoj ocoGa Koju ty paqHy uudpacrpyktypy KopHerH. Bpoj sanocuenux To 30HH pana Huje Her Kao Opoj paywiux Mecta y 3oHaMA y KOjHMAa MocTOjH pay y pune omen Tlosai 0 creneny MoTopHsauiiije, oHOCHO allpecaMa KOpHCHHKa BOSH- a, noGujajy ce y onrosapajyhum cnyx6ama Munncrapcrra yHyTpaulsHx 10- copa, a axypnpajy ce Kpos cao6pahajira HeTparkusatba. Tloaunt 0 noxorky aoMahmacraza Mory ce AOGHTH 43 3anOma 3a CraTH- CTHKy MAIN APYTHX HHCTHTYUHja MHja je TO HazTeKHOCT, ANH Ce OBH TIONANH TIpO- Bepanajy Kpos cao6pahajiia ucrpaxxueama (artkera y Jomahnncray). Hosanu o namenn nonpusnita Mnopmanuje o Hamer u unrensurety Kopumihera seMseuurra ce s10- Gujajy 3 oxrosapajyhux penyOnmkux, ypOanucTHHKUX HTH OnMTrHACKUX ciy- 2x6u (ump. PenyGauuKu reogercKu sano, Caty2KOa 2a KaTACTap HeMOKperHocTH Ha HHIBOY rpajia, Tj. ommmTHHe). To cy Hajuemhe xaprorpadcKn H raGenapHH npH- Kasi, KOjHt ce IpHTIpeMajy Ha HHBOY caoGpahajaux 30H, a jaHIac cy LOCTYMHH Y BINT caTeMUTOKHX W JMTHTAMHAx OpTooto (jMTHTaHA TonorpaipeKa TIOALIO- Tra) CHHMaKa Tlogant 0 HameHH nospuma uw Kopmutiewa 3eMzsMUNTA ONHOCE ce _Ha OYBKUMOHATHY NloRery TO aKTHBHOCTHMA Ha HHTeHsHTeT KopHUthera TOBp- uma, Opn noaann o6yxnarajy: © Bpoj paix mecra rio sonama paz, © Hnrensnrer kopumhera 3emzpamta (rmp. poj crakona, HHAeKC H3- rpaljenocrn), © Tlospmmne panuior npoctopa ro sjeaTHocTHMa, © Tospmmue mxoncxux mpoctopa 1 © Tospmme npoctopa criemmjanne Hamene.82 4.3 Hesaeucnu nokasamesou Jlaniac rotopo cu 3Hauajsmju rpanosy y Cp6uju umajy nonarke 0 1anse- Hm nospma y oxsupy 6a3a TIC nosaraxa, Tpema Saxony 0 ruiarmparky 1 13- Tpasient cen ruiaHoBH ce Mopajy paauta y TMC-y w 6urH AocTyMHM y OKBUpy Ap- 2kaBHOT perucrpa mlaHoBa PenryGnmKor TeogercKor saBoya u PenyOmuuKe aren- wuje 3a mpocropHo miannpare. Tomanu ce Mory qoGurH u3 peOBHUX cTaTH- CTHAKHX HCTpAKHBarba WIM He3aBHCHHM CHUMAIBeM Ha TepeHy. Bpoj Hesasucumx noKasaresba Koja he ce npuxynsbara 3asucuhe on Mo- TyhHoctH ga ce 10 HogataKa Zohe, a ¢ Apyre crpave, on Moryhwoctm fa ce TH Tosa H HCKOpUcTe Y Hape HUM KopauuMa TuIaHepcKor nocrynKa (HMp. dbop- Mupaibe Moslesa 3aBHCHOCTH H3Mely COUMO-CKOHOMCKHX KapakTepHcTHKa H Kpe- ‘rarsa), Dopmupaie Moslena Kojm Ce Aasbe TEMIKO MOTY KOPHCTHTH IIpeACTaBsEa HerroTpeGan nocao. 44 Tloqanu 0 caoGpahajHom m TpancnopTHoM cucremMy (caodpahajxoj unpactpyKtypH) Ipyry rpyny anne noganm 0 caoGpabajuom 1 rpancriopriom cncvemy ontocHo cao6pahajsioj unppacrpyktypu. To cy nomaL 0 TeXHHYKHM 1 eKCILIO- aTaLMOHHM KapakrepHcTHKaMa CBHX TpaHCHIOpTHHX HOcHCTeMa, Ha TIpuMep: © Tlozauu 0 yaranoj 1 nyTHoj Mpexu (Karacrap), © Tlonanm o Kapaxtepnctuxama janHor npenosa nYyTHHKa, © Tlonanm o repmenrauma, Tlonana o napxupamy, © Tlogaus 0 kapaxrepuermia yruiaja Wa KMBOTAY cpewHHy 1 © Tloganu 0 noKasaressuma GesGeaHOCTH 1 cx. Y napeanom texcry he yraasnom 6TH pesu o Hany MpHkyTbara n0- jlaraka 0 caobpahajHom 1 TparicoprHoM cucTeMy. Tlonann o nytHoj # yanraHoj Mpexkn ce Mory qo6nTH 13 CuryxxGe 3a KaTa~ crap. Yxomxo Kavactap Huje opwmpart (miro je waHac perkoct), OHA ce mOAa- 1M MIpHKymubajy HcTpaxkuBaweM Ha TepeHy WIM M3 UPYTHX AOCTYNHHX H3BOpa Kao IITO cy HIIp, 6a3e Movaraka ypOaHNCTH4KNX 3aBONa HaIM CHMIEHX HHCTHTY- uja. Tloxana 0 pesHoM 4 MoMopcKoM cao6pahajy, 2kevesHH4KOM H Ba3ytyLIHOM Hpenosy, MOTY ce OGHTH OM NpeBosHUKa HIM O;\roBapajyhux HACTHTYLUjA. Togan o jasom mpenosy Mory ce 2oOHTH on HEICTUTyLIUja Koje ce Gaze opranmsannjom 1 ympasmarem cHctemoM jabHor npenosa (cay>KGe np Onur HI Wan cHyxGe y oKBHpy Cexpetapyjata 3a caoSpahaj, ump. y Beorpaay ,./pas-OT —————|-|-xx 4 Ungpopmaryuona ocuoea 3a nompeGe naanupatea caobpahaja__ 83 cka ynpapa rpana Beorpana — Cexperapujar 3a jasim npesos") aan onrosapajy- hux crpysnmx cayxx6n mpenosumKa. Y Beorpany Cexperaprijar 9a jasnm mpesos pactonaxke cBHM TOmaNHMa 0 cHCTeMy jaBHOr TipeBoza (TeXHMKUM H eKCTIIOa- ‘TalMOHHM KapakrepucTHKaMa). Togarke 0 napxupamy najseuhe je norpeOno ucrpaxura Ha repeny. Tlosanu 0 Gpojy napxuur mecta, Tuny napkupawa (napKunr raparka, oTBOpeHO TapKnpamnmre, napkupare Ha YawIHOM pouty), 30HaMa HanslaTe MapKupara, ‘rapucptio ceTemy wry. Moryhe je 2oOuTH om anp. [apxmur cepsiica WIA cH ax6u np Orman nm y oxenpy Cexperapujata 3a caodpahaj anja je nanre- 2RHOCT NapKMparbe, MpH Yemy ce TH MOAN OHOCe Ha Spoj napkmT ecta 3a janny ynorpeby. Hopes tora, nanmexre cayxOe Mory pacnionarana ToxanuMa 0 Gpojy wapxunr mecta y 30HaMa KoneKTHBHOF craHoBara, OK Hajsenhe He pac- nonaky HoganuMa 0 Spojy napkHHT MecTa y MHAMBHAYaTHHM Taparkama, ABOpH- IOTHMa, 30HaMa MaUBHAYaNHOT craHoBaHa H cANGHO. MehytuM, mpaby camicy 0 YouOBMMa TapKupaa H CBM JOKANHjaMa Koje Cy THIANCKM HM HerMaNcKH Ha- Memene 3a napkuparse, moryhe je no6uTH jenuHo veTpaxuBamem Ha Tepeny. 45 Kapaxrepucruxe TpancnopTHHX 3axTeBa (KpeTaka) Tpeby rpyny nogaraka mpenctanmajy muopmauuje o kapakrepucraKa- Ma KpeTaia 3a nlompyyje HerpaxHBana WT 3a cBaKy om caoGpahajHux 30na Tlonarke 0 Kapakrepuctuxama Kpetara je Moryhe 7o6urH jemuHo omrowapajy- hum cao6pahajun ucrpaxupanuma, O Tome Koja cao6pahajra netpaxusara ce KopHCTe 3a IpHKYMBare OBUX MORATAKA, BHM per Gube y mornaBsEy .,Ca0- 6pahajia nerpaxnpana™. Kperarsa y manepcKom emuciy yedunmure cxyn caeyehux Kapakrepu- crmra: © Bpoj wperarsa (konmKo?) © Bpeme peamusannie (wana?) © Jloxanunja nonacka (onaxne?) © Umna noxannja (xyna?) © Has xperama (auve?) © Capxa kperana (samo?) Osu noxasaremn npenctansbajy ocHos 3a nedmancame GasHHx BeaTTH- Ha Koje ce Kopucre 3a norpeGe manmparsa caoSpahiaja, a To cy KapakTepHCTAKe KpeTatba OHOCHO KapakTepHeTHKe TpacHoprHMx 3axTeRa, | | | j84 4.5 Kapaxepucmuxe mpancnopmaus saxm 26a (pemarea) Kperama usu tpancnopri 3axtepit ce Mory sle)MAuCaTH y3 TOMOh ce- jehux noKasatesua ogHocHo KapakrepuctaKa (Jovanovic 1990; Jovié 1996): © O6um Kperarsa, © Koedunnjent moSuanocts, © Pacrionena Kperaiba npema Bpemeny 2arloaisata Kperaska (spemencKa pacrionena xperaiba) pactiosienia KpeTama mpema Tpajarsy Kperarba, © Pacnoyena xperama no HawHma (BHaoBHa pacnonena, 1). pacrione- sia 110 BULOBIMa KpeTarBa), © Pacnoyena kperara m0 capxama, © Pacnosena Kperara y mpoctopy, 1). usmehy mpocropaux jexmanna (mpoctopria pacnionienta kperama) 1 © Pacrioesa xperara mo Mpexkn cao6pahajauua. O6um Kperama npencrassa yxynax Gpoj Kperama Koji ce o6aBH y TO- ky nana wa ompehesom roppyyjy. OSum Kperatba ce oHOCH Ha soKasIHa KpeTa- iba CTAHOBAMKa Noupyyja AIH Hi Ha H3BOPHO LHIHa K TpaHsuTHa KpeTaEsA. MoGuamocr ce y aurepatypu yoOusajeno o”NocH Ha wea TepMHHa: Mo- ryhwoor na ce o6aBsa Kpetame u a Mepy o6uMa KpeTaiba (TO je y CTBapH KO- ecbunmijert MoGumoctH). Y nmarepcKom cMucay KoeHNEjeHT MoGHAHOCTH ce KOpHCTH 3a KBanTHbuKOBaHe OGUMa KpeTaHa cTaNOBHHKA Ha Tompy4jy werpa- xxuBaa, Koedunujenr MoGunHOCTH MpescTaByba KONMAHHK YKyTHOT OOUMA 10- KaHHX KpeTatbha H yKynHor Opoja craHoBHHKa Ha NocMaTpaHOM Mogpyyjy 4 y TOM CMHCIY mpencTapssa mpocevatt 6poj Kperara No CTaHOBAHIKy Ha AaH Ha 110- cMarpariom noapy4jy. Pacniogena Kperata mpema spemeny mpeyictapsa 6poj Kperarba Koja cTaHOBHHUM NOApy4ja HCTpaAKuBawa sanody y CBaKOM oO 24 yaca TOKOM jaHa, omHOCHO MpencTabEa pacnogesy yKyMHUX KpeTama (OOMMa KpeTatba) Ha cate Kayla cy sariovera y ToKy aria. C o63mpom na BehHHa sartocneHHX HMA McTO HTH camano pag BpeMme, a y cmmmaHo BpeMe oyyiaze H Bpahajy ce ca nocmta, H a ce aHavajaH ysie0 ApyrHx oBpxa Kpetama (Hp. os1azaK y mKomy) OGaBsba y jyTap- FHM YaCOBMMA, 3AXTEBH 3a KPeTAHeM CY KOHMEHTPHCAHH y T3B. jyTAPEHEM Ht T0- TOUHEBHOM BPMIHOM caTy. 3aryuiersa Koja ce japsbajy y BPIIHHM TepHogHMa npemctapsbajy mpo6sem y nemmcom Gpojy rpaicKwx cpenmna. Pacnosena Kpera- ya TIpewa Bpemeny najsemhe ce npukasyje aMHMjcKHM qujarpamoM HTH XHCTO- Tpamon 1 mprKasyje Gpoj Kperama sanouerHx TOKOM cBaKOr cata y TOKY jaHta. 3a npumep je npukasana pactioyena ykyMHMX Kperaisa mpema Bpemeny, y Beo- rpaay 2015. rogune (Cauxa 21). Ha x-ocn cy cata ToKom jana (00-24), noK je Ha y-OcH, y oBOM ciysajy, nato porlenTyanHo ysemhe Gpoja Kperama sanoue- ‘THX TOKOM CBAKOF cata Y YXYUHMM JJHeBHUM KpeTarsuMa.4 Hndpopmanyuona ocnoea 3a nompeGe nnauparva cao6pahaja 85 (4 ses : Se oon L | 209 | apo | 23M 9 08 ° 3 0 = 2 Cauxa 21. Bpemencra pacnodena ykymuux xpemaroa, Beoepad 2015. Tloper pacnoyene kpetata mpema BpeMeny sanlodumatba, Kao Kaparcre- pucTHKa Kperama Moxe ce uctahu u pacttonena kperama mpema Tpajamy, Ko- ja Taxohe uma spemericxy Komnonerry, ai y oMHemY Tpajama Kperarsa Of H3BO- pa 40 musa (Cama 22). 31 9045 san. 14%, 16 20:30 mn 34% Cuxa 22. Tpajaree xpemarwa — Beoepad 2015.4 Pachofena kpeTama 10 HAIHHUMA (BUOBHA pacroyema) MpezcTaBBa pactiogemy yKyNHHX HHeBHHX KpeTaa Ha KpeTama OOaBJbeHa pa3aH4YUTHM Ha- 4UHUMa, Tj. BUOBMMA KpeTama. Pactiogesa KpeTaiba 10 HasHAy More 6uTH NpHka3zaHa H 3a ChelMMGHe HepHoye TOKOM Jaa (BpIIHe H BaHBpIIHe cate) 2 Taspop: (Jovié et al. 2015) 4 wspop: (Jovié et al. 2015)86 4.5 Kapaxepucmuke mpancnopmnux saxmesa (xpemaroa) kao H 3a pasiM4nTe MpocropHe jetHHNUe (3oHe WIM KopHmope). Pactosena Kpe- ‘Taba lo HaYHHHMa je y byHKUMjH BeNMYMHE rpana M pasBjeHocTH Tpancnopr- nor cHctema. Ca mopacrom rpajla, KaKo y normeny Opoja craHoBHuka TaKo 1 mpocTopHo, pacte (mpoeuryamHo) y4ewihe MoTOpH30BaHHX HayHHa KpeTawa 1 cmamyje ce ysemhe nemoTopu30BaHHx. Pacnonena mo HayuHy Kperarba ce HajjenHocTasHuje mpeacrassea Kpy- axHum rpaduxonom (Cumxa 23). Ha rpaduxy ce ory ounrarn nocrojehn Ha- “uM KpeTaia y Tpay W HUXOBO NpoulenTyamno yaeuihe y ykymHHM KpeTarbuMa, Byo-nparpan 3.4% Tpaueaj Tponej6ye 1.5% Tae TAcny tk fe 0.3% 65% Tkenestiua Byc-wehyrpan 0.2% 18,7% Treuravorse 03% 1.0% 24.1% Cauxa 23. Pacnodena ykynnux xpemaiea no nayunuma, Beozpad 2015.°6 Pacnogesa Kperaiba 10 capxama mpeqctanma pacnioneny yxynHMx AMeBHHX Kpetarba Y OAHOCY Ha NpHMapHe MoTHRe (CRPXe) KpeTara (OnnAAK Ha TOCaO, OMTAAK y LIKOHY, pazonowa, pexpeannja, nosparak xyhn wna). Pactioye- la Kperatba 110 CapXaMa Moxke Ce MIpukasaTH H 3a crleuMbmsHe nepHone y TOKY nana (spine 1 BaHBpUMe) Kao i 3a pagmMMTe MpoctopHe jenuaue. Hajsemhe ce NpesICTaBIba KPY:KHUM TpahHKOHOM H Ha HapemHO} caMMH MpHKasasa je pac- niosiena Kpetarba 10 cepxama y Beorpany 2015. ronune (Canka 24), Ox ykymHor Opoja kperama 76,6% ce oOaBH ca npuMapHum cepxaMa (oBparax Kyhu, omTa- 3aK Y IKON W omaxaK Ha Mocao). Mpeocrasa Kperarsa, 1}. 23,4% oGaBu ce ca cBpXaMa TproBHHa, pasonoya, pexpeaunja 1 octao. Cppxa kperarba Koja je Haj- aacTylubennja Ha HeRHOM HMBOy jecre cBpxa HoBparak Kyhu. ® eur. Pie Chart 26 vasnop: (Jovié et al. 2015)| I 4 Hubopmayuona ocnosa 3a nompebe naanuparva cao6pahaja 87 Ocrano Poxpeawia 6.1% Mogparak xy Tproauma 45.8% 7.7% CoyxBona. 43% ‘Onnasak y uKony 8.9% Cmuxa 24. Pacnodena yrynnux kpemarsa no cepxama, Beoepad 2015.7” Pacnogena Kpetatba y mpocropy mperctasma HHTeHINTeTe KpeTarba uMeby naposa 30H (H3BOpHUX 1 UVZbHHX) Ha Mogpysijy HeTpaxusama y TOKY wala HIM Y TOKY HeKor KapaxrepHCTHMIHOT BPeMeHCKOF MepHoyta, Kao ITO je BP- MIRH Cat, ONHOCHO TIpecTasssa paclonemy YkYMHUX KpeTarba (OGuMa KpeTara) waMehy 30H!a HaRopa H 30Ha Hub. IIpocropHa pactioziena Kperaia npuKasyje ce y aTpHaHoM oGaHKy, TaKosBaHoM H-IT (HsBop-nsb) Marpanom. H-L warpana je knanparHa MarpHta, OHOCHO MIMa OHOAHKO BPCTA Hi KOSIOHA KOSIHKO HMA ca0- Gpahajumx sona Ha noxpysjy uerpaxupaia. Bpcre Marpaue mpencrapmajy sone n3Bopa Kperarsa, a KOJIOHe MaTpune 30He uMba KpeTara, Tosa V-I Marpuue npenctanmajy BpenHocTa Gpoja kperara Koja ce oane usmehy cRaKor mapa 30- na (w3 sone ,i” y 3ouy ,j”). Ha rmapuoj anjaronan W-Il marpuue Hanase ce BpemHocTH yHYTapsoncKa Kperarba, Tj. KpeTasba Koja ce OGaBsbajy y OxBUpY cBa- Ke 071 30a. CyMe Gpoja kpetara no pexosuMa npeneranmajy mponyKnHjy cBaKe om 30na (P; — 6poj Kperarsa saro4eTHX 13 30He , i), OK cyMe Opoja xperara 10 kosonaMa nperctapsbajy arpaxuujy cBaKe om 3ona (A; — Gpoj Kperara Koje 30Ha i" mpupyse) (TaGena 7). Y Vell marprmana ce Mory ykpmrrarH cRe KapakTepHcTHKe Kperatba, nrro sHaqH na ce open H-L| MarpHule YKYTHHX WHEBHUX KpeTara MOxe (POpMH- pari BemMKH Opoj pasnnanTHx MarpHua, om Kojux jenHa More GuTHC Hp. MaTpH- Wa Kperamba Koja ce oGanmajy y BPIIMOM caTy, MYTHUYKHM ayTOMOGHsIOM, ca CBPXOM O/j1agak Ha T0Ca0. 27 Visnop: (Jovié et al. 2015)a FF 88 4.5 Kapaxepucmuxe mpancnopmuus saxmesa (kpematea) Tabena 7. Jeodunensuonaana H-1{ mampuya Kpemaroa T ibn z 1 2 cs j a n yy Set 1 [tm | Te Tie Pi | yale aes Ton Pe | Hssop Ty Te Tu Th Tay Tao AL | As A x | Pacnogeaa kperama no mpeatu caoGpahiajuuna mpescranssa pactrone- AY TpaHcrOprHUX saxreva TIO YuKTIHO] MpexU uju je PesyaTaT NpoTOK BosTIA yun nyTHHKa (Hajsemthe vspaxene y Opojy Bosua um myTuMKa Ha cat) (Comica 25), Heonxonan estementH 3a pacrioneny caoSpahaja wa mpexk Cy: © Tpaxicopran 3axreBu: mpeierapmeH MarpuliomM Kperarsa usMeby napopa soa (3a pasuuunre BpeMencKe mireppane, capxe WIM HaHHe xperarba), © Yinrmna pera ca cBojiiM HSHIKHM H eXCILTOaTALMOHHM KapaKTepH- cTHkaMa 4 © Meron pactrozene cao6pahaja 110 mpexku (HNp. Mero cne HIM HHIITA, Koj nogpasymesa a ce cap caoGpahaj usweby napa soHa onreperH na najkpahy crasy y oocy Ha y:kKHHY HIM BpeMe NyTOBAKbA Hp.) Cruxa 25. Pacnodena cao6pahaja no mpesicu (npumep)