Ccience One Page Notes Bes otes Made with 0 @® @< © a Qe Pe (ce) ee(Chemical Reantions and Equations } Symbolioiepresentation of Chemical Reactions ‘Should follow the law of Conservation of mass/energy bieareanging atoms) GaleH OhewIaalFeaCHON ~ Number of reactants= Number of products 2 How to identify a Chemical reaction? @ {-Change in state Ex-The combustion of candle wax 2-Change in colour Ex-Reaction B/w tron Nail & CuSo4 is Ld By Change in Colour 3-Evolution of gas Ex - Reaction Between Zinc Granules & Sulphuric Acid eB Padhai Ak Mazza 4-Change in temperature Ex-Reaotion of Quicklime With Water 5-Formation of PPT (precipitate) Ex-Reaotion of SulphuricAcid &Barium Chloride ¥-Combination reaction 3-Dieplacement Reaotion’s 5-Reduotion and oxidation Redox Reaction’s This is a type of chemical This ig a type of chemical reaction in which ‘Oxidation> Elemewt<—~ o, reaction in ubich i ontiore more reactive mont duplac aaa reactive Ni calmer combine to form A -— Reduction Element ~. 9, Ma REED - Ca & - 2Mg+0252Mgo 2 @ = Redox + 2H2+0222H20 ee Oxidation+ Reduction 2Decomposiion Reaction @B 4-Double Displacement Reactions 25 + > ey = CO emis ai This type of chemical reaetions are These are those type of chemical reactions Zno-Oxidising agent st oppostoeTeombinatonreaations ——_inuich grcupof atom are dplaced by C-Radhata pet jn which a compound break into. “each other ‘lements A B+CO—>AD+ CB Full Chapter Lecture- ¢ https://youtube/ (PNA e Ts Pee —sUght GOSRKbECCOM ‘Thermal Docomposion Heat) Photochemical Decomposition (Light) r > | Sica ae uacxas Cacos) 2 5 Ca0es) © COa Cg? © ange co cues 5 Ragen + cee Cee caine” cig tan sty choude DUPE Sat caomne @ 2AgBnes ust > argo + Orie Berson” sgn BnowMNe Ca: ren - # PbCWOd, > APbO + UNO, +Og Lead Wernate Lead Onde Arnogen Oxygen CecoleuntessD —EYetowd “Denise AHO) _Stubivty 5 amcp + Oe Water Decempsnton yan enn 2-Electrolytic Decomposition (By electricity ) andes tetris anacs + cla ce Sane eioad, Deepen case qed, “ChiomAgases and J We classify chemicale according to their chemical and physioal propertioe And we get our three chemical substances 1 4 -'* "s¢0¢ 3-Salts a Indicators tis chenical substance which telus whether the given rmirsnenmanennns Wms ath8a® compounds avid or base? (CESARE Mey © Phenolphthalein = ~Sour Taste Those acids which dissociate -HCL as used mainly in ms ~Turn blue litmus red completely into fons ex-Hol industries like cleaning boilers -Reaat with metals to give H2Gas ~Gives H+ ions in solution a) -Nitrio acid is used for making -React With Metal Carbonates to Conducts electricity hoe guide which dissociates fertiar give salt and Co2. gas 4 ~Sulphuric acid ie use in cell car , 7 Corrociveinnature partially in lone ex-CH3COOH Battery #2 React with Bases/Metal Oxides to Give Salt &Water jitter Taste Those acids which dissooiate — -NaOH is used to make - “Turn red litmus blue gompletely into lons ex-NaOH 0aps paper industry andin -Reacte With Acid To Form Salt & “Gives OH- ions in solution textile Water (Neutralisation) ~Slippery to touch Those avids which dissociates ~eaiouiee Sea" Reacts thmetale/ Non Metal Turn Phenolphthalein sol partially in lone exNH4OH -MGIOH)2.is Used as.an_ Oxide to Form Salts pink Antacid ‘Bleaching Powd Washing Soda’ ( aie %NaC03.I0H20 For bleaching cotton and 1 H2.-> Fuels, Making of Ammonia for linen in textile industries fertizers Asan Agent 2)Ci2.-water treatment, Pesticides, For Disinfecting drinking cleaning of swimming pool water 3)NaOH-soaps,Deteryents,De- Remove Addicity of stomach Usedin Glass, soap and paper lr " 6 tala, P a cused in Manufacturing of b For Manufacturing reasing metals, Paper -used in making bread and cakes fluffy Noroform (CHCIS) . Used asa clesning Agent in chloroform GHisaale) Usedin soda-acki fire extinguith A aseae and to Remove Hardness of water Rees ent re § Gypen asin of Pons —— sadn Hospi fr seing Fractured bore in Righ positon Popiasedin making deeorative tems edn Frepeooing material For Sealing Ar. Tght Gape(AWetal’s & Non Metals _ Elements have been classified into Metals, Nonmetals and metallods~ Metal Non Metal lc)? > [norte > [Es Soi atom Temp — = metal at room + Can be Solid,L,6 ame aa a - Hard, Tough High Density temperature + Non-Malleable,Ductile, Room Temp + High Melting/Boiing Point. Sodium and potassium softlow — Sonorous,Lustrous Diamond=Hard - Good conductors HeatElectric melting,boiling point + Low Density Graphite=Good - Lustrous(Shiny),Sonorous(soundMeroury is poor conductor of. Door Conductor(@ ) Conductor producing) Malleable(SheetI@® HeatElectricity * Soft gainsUia DvotielWired gM einn With Oxygen Aluminium(amphoterie oxide) Metal +O2=MetalOxide (Basie) Aluminium +Acid/Base=Galt+H2. Non-Metal +O2=MetalOxide (acidic) ‘With Water Nitric Acid | With Water Motal +H20=Motal Hydroxide Motal+Nirio Acid Salt-Hlatit — NonMetal ++H20= no Reaction Metal+Acid/Baco=alt+ Hydrogen Motal+ Acido Reaction (250m Metals are eleotropositive they have fendenoy to lose. Pest | Ma2-> Sodium ‘elections Eq-Nat ‘Reactwe ig ned Calcium jon-metals are electronegative they have tendency to Mognesium Itis a series of metals ‘Pico Antuen gain electrons eg Cl- avcording to their gy... 20>? Zine Reactivity FeooLnon hy Phe dead iN " v =< Recclue| Hae Mencuny Nadl e ho ae” Metals and non-metals leads to the formation of ioniccompounds that possess charge species these (+-vel&(-ve) hold together {onic compounds are solids and hand due to the strong attracting force between the positive and negative ions These compounds are generally brittle and break into places on application of Pressure 2 lonic compounds have high melting and bolling points —— 3 They are soluble in water but insoluble in solvents like Kerosene, Petrol ete Be mee Ea ite of ) 4 lonie Compounds conduct electricity in a solution and does not conduct in solid state / Ores. that are mined out from the earth contains large Amounts of impurities including soil, sand, ete. These are known as Gangue which must be remove in ora to Get the Pure metal Extracting Metals mide Retna of taie>> Eee Que [e open 510)-20, (9) — nano 280,40) 20861430310) He aro 6) +380,%0) A Fh a Heat ca Hg0 () ES oH (+0, (8) 20CO; —“*—» 290 (5)+ C03 (2) Heat 2CUs$ (8) +303 (g) —“* 200,09) +250, (2) Bre les rom Resting hy eoaing Hen hn ger fn) : Heat corti rere tals OR Atl ond Nora 2€0,0 + Cv,8 > 6eu (5) +80, (@) PRET: Gop ba en cishac dc apn ka pattnoase of Carbon with atomiaii66 there are elestronsin cutermost shell due to which earbon i termed asteravalent & ‘So the 2 Possibilities for carbon to attain Nobel Gas electron config ‘Due to this carbon forms covalent Tee) Formed by sharing of we soft Low mein aude int Ty. CHlcropen of Carbon) -The hardest naturally oourting| substance is Diamond Compound Compounds formed by the SS —andin cutting things tke Glace linking of carbon by single bond mat te more (e-Nor the nusleus | 2) Loote 4 estrone - And form o4+satione But thicbe dificult due to euemmnats -Requrment of Large energy to lose yet from the outermost shell TO a= Soft/Slippery to touch Newiy Discovered Allotrope ofwhich have *Itig used in making jewellery (Good Gonductor‘of ee 12 (five) membered Rings < Hydrocarbon », Compounds formed by the linking of All compounds having hydrogen and 7 carbon by DoublesTriple bond “#7 20 (six) membered Rings carbon are called hydrocarbon The General frmula for akanes oan be ten a “3: Alkynes | heen = 12.3.4 (QEBNGTED “The Genera Fanatonal | ProfciR-1/ Prefix © Suffix — [iam ey Tey alkanes canbe, formula for Fete Tes 2 = alee eava.act alkynes ean be ae Root lord rs ntl conoid se Noir Terr a = wo eteetral | —y ea fem | | Homologous ) a4 Hagen | Dapndng pn |opmrenane os Seriog. fete! = co = Trp _! Ares Caton compound ‘Alachl chore Ethanol — Ot same functional Group * Bat — >) Chemical properties of Aig al ea ¥-gy |} Tram Nee caren Gorrounds andar by2H2 Arekroon Kate [aoe =, = Te [ewteioset ead enaongse Fa |-Combustion 2-Oxidation =e PI AlltheAlotrope forms of carbon burnin Corben Compounds ate Rady oxided Ox the presence of oxygen to Release Cement Won Carbon Dioxide along with heat and light De) S-Adton Reston "4 Sabettuton Reaton -golourless, pungent odour -Reaats with ethanol to give ester -Use for making vinegar, pickles, and Ester 1n clothes in hard water \ Weyer clan es. ~Soluble in water -Use in aleoholie drinks am) Dirt io ce in nature and hence ie ‘not elanerlis ek sp tinsel water, Detergents are cleansing agents possessing anmarium or Geterger) sulphonate sale of long chain carboxylic anida that are used "See. ossessing anmeriym or suphonate elt of hat ate used fo dean clothes in hard water Hard user i the water containing caium and magnesium carbonates. Sap ate ale sharehy making & difiel fo clean the ru . => “To removes these dirt we offen use soaps ‘that containg sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxyl acide In soap the iric-end is hycrophilo and hence dliggolves in water. *Carbon dioxide should be + Water ‘ Peal Eton UID se oF ngoaren - Secret salva ich contain « — are pores on the leaves of plants that CTR common salivary amyl help in the exchange of Gases in plants paceage fr food ir Lier "Thay are mostly found on the underside of the Cor fo Sous Hie Vir bees in le ‘Each stomata is Guarded By Guard cells, which Control the opening and closing of stomata by the movement of water CRB churning of — A Gast fet eee tint Gite of complete Callbl Stores & Releases bile digestion of food Jace Sporetpancreati hich cont ERIS ne nici Large intestine. ‘rypsi, pace and amgase Absorption of water and L minerals — exit point of faeses a : : Acrobig in the presence ln simple organisms by diffusion " as of gent, Example amoeba NAY 7 ‘An-Aerobi in absence of oxygen during vigourous physical exerciselin muséle cells) } " Seoreta intestinal iceHuman Respiratory ystem Za Opening treagh wich or Enfere/Loave The Body Nasal chamber Fier and warm air senge Smell Pharynx Membrane that separate 1) dares 2) ros (3) Daapinan EMER when we Breathin thie involve bree erred 'Dupram mover dun ard e's fatared Daprammoves up and Gets 2 Rib Cage expands This alleauee Air Preseure nade lunge to 2 tt CageContracte ‘auecact This all cause Air Pressure inside lungs to lnorease and air moves inside the linge and aie moves from incide to utside the lungs Xulem carries Vine carries _Bronchioles and salt fromroots food from leaves Terinal of bronchi Serie eis a toleaves to other parts L - By Translocation Alea Site of gaseous exchange _Lymph-contains mainly ymphooytes hich fic jinst infection. aris deny bod fom wtih gy ee A na Semtonnettin ‘White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells €) Contain Kaomoglbin and frangport oxygen S Destroy pathogens “The Double Circulator Syston or Bardieo cycle "4 sln human Body, blood circulates through | the heart twioe “It Goes through the heart During pulmonary circulation and eeoond time during systemic Circulation , “Hence Itis called Double Ciroulation aria gaunt fromthe ngs the of eto essymiiet fetengeenpattte ie tare rein nd ron hen RY lt errand as fem po That oer sebrnelat ry -Resees eat tod apes om fareg tenga Pang tok ne pacar Honda he oy rot sr Artery = Vein wv “Carries blood away fromheart — Carries blood towards the heart “Blood flows under high pressure “Blood flows under low pressure “Has thick elastic wall Has thin inelastio wall “Does not have valves. “Has valves to prevent backflow of “Carries oxygenated blood except » Carries deoxygenated blood exe pulmonary artery. pulmonary vein.The process of removal of Mainly nitrogenous waste from our bodyie called exeretion The exoretory organ is kidney Each kidney has about {millon nephrons. <= Funetional unit of Kidney Seer Seleotive absorption Tubular seereation Renal Vein Baan Shaed iran of Blood | Chest nf uses) Rona buon eran, cro Fem Diath under high-preseure | "Seog" MM | addtional N Waste” toxic waste come Fermaton of wine and form fina urine te ay leo redaen Roos urine frm arate fst pf gailerios ‘Stores urine temporally aE Spl ld dog wih seetipniad Cole primary urine 8B Padhai Ale Mazza " fore. Long tbe uh Cer & oop renierllacp of Henly) aa ee se iabsiuy Process the primary urine and forme final vine aeusl os ore fide tn case of kidney failure, due to infections or injury, artificial kidney ic used Artificial Kidney ie a device that remove nitrogenous waste from our body by dialysis oordination in Plants y 1 movements due to turgor changes which does not involve growth]- ‘Thigmonastic [Movement in response to touch) ormonal Control {Diantional qrowtmaoements of plant parts in response to stimulus like light, water, chemicals, a gravity, oo] Example: Drooping y of leaves of Groyth Promating ) Spr vant parts in response tolight) __touch-me-not ~Auxin loverent of plant parts in responce to gravity] Photonastie= [Diurnal variations’ in [Celllongation, differentiation, regulate pla position of leaves and flowers during growth movements) [Movements of plant parts in response to water) day and night, + =Gibberelline [Stem elongation, induce parthenocarpy, [Movement of plant parts in response to stimulates ing) chemicals) as «=> Cytokinins) Mervous ayetem and are the two eysteme [Promote cel division, delay cenescence, play a maj control and coordination promote opening of stomata) > Ethylene . [Growth and ripening of fruits, breaking of Padhai Ale Mazza dormancy in seeds and bude} —— * The funetion of nervous eystem isto co-ordinate the tutes of our body Groypth inhibit 4 Thenervous system helps all other system of our body to work together * The Human nervous system receives information from the surroundin, ere process interprets and then responds according| romotes senescence of leaves, dormancy in Seeds And Buds jurnan Nervous Systele. i —— ‘Dendrites: They Are the Site Which Receives Impulses. Neuron R Same. Receives Impulse From Dendrites : eat */Axon=> Conducts impulse away From Cell Body LL yoin Seat laston + Synapse ie a point of contact between axon terminals of one neuron neti with dendrites of another neuron separated by a minute gap. + The terminals of axon have swollen ends which contain a chemical Relay Neuron? called akind of neurotransmitter. They Connect Sensory They Carry nerve impulse & Motor Neurons Carry Impulse From Receptors fo CNS From CNS To Effector y 1 ' ‘ Brain Spinel cord Somatic ‘Autonomic Conner rere nd roe finan orem ens oe” bey Voluntary-Conscious Response i ' {nvoluntary-Automatio Sympathetic “Brain is the highest coordinating centre in the body *The Brains located inside the skull of our body and the Response &, “Kea aoe” lieetrn Eee sien Ign of he inal ord Bre ia Boy Bete Brain ie surrounded by three membranes called meninges whichhelp fo protect the brain The simplest form ofresponcein the nervous system is Reflex Action ‘The space between the membrane is filed with a fluid acalecaohin’ ich we pesform Bfomatinal called Cerebrospinal fluid to which help in protecting the SE ap pe ae Ge pertorm Satomatioaly brain from mechanical shock The Brain is divided into three Regions Thinking “The Fore Brain: - Consiste mainly of oerebrunt~ Reasoning 2:The Mid Brain (S’The Hind Brain: - consists of pons, cerebellum and medulla Hormones » Hormones are chemical Substances seorated in Very Reflex are ~The pathway taken by nerve impulse in a Reflex ‘small amount by specialized tissue in the body called ican éallad & Rati are Endoorine Glands, &the Endocrine System ¥—=2__., Hypothalamu Hormones are the Chemical substances which eo- as “S3- Pineal gland Pituitary gland ordinate the activities of living organism and also their oe growth Be Fadthal Ale Mazza ‘Thyroid gland —Aib) Glands) 23 tres Exocrine Glands: - Gland which secretes it product Brought to You By into duct or tube called exoorine gland imac, Te rarcees Endocrine Glands: -Gland which secretes it product e i directly nto blood stream called Endoorme Glands 72— ovary Testis,How Do Organisms Reproduce |— Spore formation [Reproduction occurs by formation of spores. Examples - Mucor, Rhizopus} Flower is the Main Reproductive Fiesic When an organiom gpl into two or more individuals by mitotic divisions) [The body ofthe organiom divides into emaler fragments and each fragment grow info new individuals. Example ~ Spirogyra Bir ry Divici arent oll into tuo identical daughter info ceveral small daughter cellsJExamples ~ Binary fsion in amooba, paramenium Multiple Division DOivcion of Parent Cel ino Several Dauchiers It is Done in Unfevcurable Condions Examples ~ Fisionn plasmodium malarial parasite Tranefr of Polen Grain Feetisationy [The abity of an organiem fo regenerate it loet or injured part of the body, From Anthor of the Gtamen Fusion of male and Female Example - Regoneration in Planar] To Stigma of Carpel Camotos fo Form Zugote Production of new individuale from outgrowth of the parent. Example - Budding in => Cross Pollination Hydra) SelfPolinaton Tae ad Traneferof Dole Graine from (70m one Mower fo Pncther Aaiter of Same Fler to stigma Fue" of Another flower of Same Plant | Prostate Gland (Prostate Gland: Seoreates miky Aud that helpein eperme mobility Penis Sei UeBIWIeE> Produce Visoous fluid which help in sperm Urethra mobiltyin female ‘Cotiper land ceoretes mucous to lubricate female Passage [ - oo 8B Padhai Ak Mazza suvrnece Uae Defrens _> The liquid mixture from the ejaculatory duct joins the Urethra and Gets eaculated 30OMillion S Sperms gaculated only 200-300 survive to Reach egg & Only One succeed to fertilize it Ti I ~ ifertilisation Do not ocour endometrium breaks which Results in blee pofligan Fergal, >| VVatinaProvese of bleedin ie knoun as Menstraton andlaste for 2-0 Daye ‘eproductive System, € fst monsral cyl called Menarche CR years) Thelatis known as Menopause ta Coop ete rot > f) Prevent entry of Sperms Into Female Genital tract ex Condom Diaphragm ‘Chemicals Like vaginal Pills Pre-ejaculation Withdrawl Tubectomy-Fallopian tube, Fertilisation in Fallopian Tube Vanesa VesDetenes® (Reroute Spers{-Heredity Refers to the passing off trate through genes from Generation to next inheritance ie the transmission of information from one Generation of individuals OR cell to the next Gregor Johann Mendelis considered as “Father of Genetics." He had formulated the Laws of Inheritance by performi hybridisation experiments on Pisum sativum - Garden pea plant. They Are The Characters Transmitted from one Generation To Another \. Rules For Inheritance (Mendel Contribution | Mendel Cross-Pollnated tall pea axa plants with dwarf pea Plants + #3 a Ye ; : x te - # Mendel found that the (st fal generation (F Generations consists of al tal plate In if the seoond half ofthe experiment he sel-polinated the Fall Plants (F2 Generation) + He found that in F2 Generation 75% plante were tall and 2.5% were short een ™ ~ oe Mendel’s conclusion ais 0 FlGeneration Display only one of the Parental tract ‘2 )Hidden tract in Games wo : _ FiGeneration Reappeared DB 2RBSKR i = unchanged in F2 Generation aoe ee en 34 types of plant were Fl generation © © © © _2 © obtain in F2 Generation ove Eaehallele Retains its Distinct identity even though they Remain together in an it separate only During Gameta FormationEcosystem | Organisms which break down the ——___— Artificial) dead remains and waste products Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors: are called Decomposere ExFungi sy | gen Danone iain E a = . |_@e stances int Calin PaEnemion sa) (Consurs) (Desnesede” Sled ttaaes Founded and operated by ; nature without pee ON an «= Forest Desert grassland Secondary ' ~ Food chain is a series of organisms where all the Organisms as a source of food The series of Organisms take part at various biotie levels to form a food chain Marine freshwater aes i The flow of Energy takes Place from one component of the chain to another Following 10 % Law lo,000 1000 too v— Bio-magnification » Bio-magnification ie the process in which maximum awe ‘concentration of chemicals Get Accumulated in the body of = organisms of fourth trophic level - Food web ) » ; Deple nat one ) layer The network of food chains where all the chai ontkolfodehane ie ala chne > fa Ozone is a molecule formed by 3 Atoms of Oxygen At higher levels of Atmosphere it shields the surface of the Earth from ultraviolet Radation of the Sun which is highly dangerous to organisms as it can cause skin cancer ex-chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) which cause deplection of ozone are naturally interconnected E ach Organism is Generally eaten by two or more kinds OR Organisms which are Again eaten by several other organisms Electricityis a controllable form of energy whieh we can use to un avariety of electrical equipment ike fan, bulb, tv eto Electrical appliances: Convert the electricity directly into heat light or motion whereas. Eleotronio appliances: - These have mioro chips that take electricity and convert it into eB Padhat Ak Mazza endless uceful things like dieplay pioture on tv play songe on radio (Current & Electricity, The region or space around charge object where the force can be experienoed (urg eitat aor gerrert ) ‘Electric charges which are in motion The Rate of Flow of electrio Current sDireconofeurrentis opposie othe {faretedintArenater direction of flow of electrons. Current T= @- ~> Change N > sadeeeElectric. Aotantial and potenti erence )) The Ohm's Law States that At Constant Ohm’s Law temperature. The current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across It’s ends, Electrie potential is the work done per unit charge in bringing the charge from © to any point VA ET C deg Sne? a Rernng Syed ® against eleotrostatio force 7 We TL C doy Snek a Ruwming Seed 43 Potential Difference is also defined as work, Vat done io move a unit charge from one point to ( another = > Resstanet he niga: Sasee MESIRG] (X> Rosters) V= WB gounit: Voltage (volt) Peony set > V=TR ‘Resistance: property of conduotor to resist flow of charge through it. ts Slunit is Ohm(t) = | R= = ‘Glariable Resistance? 4 an ‘A cheosta ora Variable resistance lea devoe or a component which allows changing => Para) of resistance in a cirout keeping the Voltage same When two on more resistors are The reciprocal of the combined resistances of connected in series The combined ano of resistance connected in parallel is resistance of any no of resistances equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the Resistance of a conductor depends on connected in Series is equal to the Sum of individual resistances On the Length of the wire ms 2 Area of Cross Section of wire Individual resistances —vnvvw—Vimnvin nr 3. On Nature of material of wire Ro An ‘Conn, aL Rat = sik pCa = Gactant oF my pmpomtonalty Pape — B= Ri+Ra#Ra ‘fone appianoe stops working does nt affect cher appliances 1 Every applanae has i's oun suitsh % Each pplanceina Crout get same velage Hating E foot Of Current 20verallresietance ie reduced hen an electric current is passed through a high resistance wire, like nichrome wire, the resistance wire becomes very hot and produces heat Disadvantages of Series ciret in domestic wiring @ (n series Cirouit if one electrical appliance stops working, then all other appliances also stop working / Fou Joc law of @ We cannot turn on and off electrical appliances. reating separately because they have only one switch a ln Series Ciroui, the appliances do nat get the same _Theheat produced in a wire is Directly proportional to “ ve Square ofthe current (2) Voltage as of power supply line because voltages (nn e MP rn a) Eas & shinedlig alt (B)rimeferubioheurenispaesel ty to a ©The appliances get less voltage and hence does not WaT? RT beset pee work properly : ‘ ‘ i , 5) Incleotri bulbs for produsing ight. 25in the series connection of electrical appliances the Electric. Power) ils ea poi habe niga v Practical Applications overall resistances ofthe circuit inereases much due tlc aplance. to which the current from the power supplyis low. — Rate at which electrical energy ic dieeipated ‘coneumed in a Circuttis called Electric ower Padhai Ak MazzaAn Electrie Flowing in A Wire "rs Magnetic Field Aug : + A substance which attracts small pieces of Magnetic field, iron, steel niokel eto, and points in North. The space eurrounding a magnet in South direction when suspended freely. hich magneto foroe i exerted. + Magnets come in various shapes and sizes ¢ ha both magnitude and diretion. depending on their use. +The direction of magnetic field at a + One of the most common magnets is bar point is the direction of the resultant magnet uhichis along, reotangular bar of forge acting on a hypothetical north uniform oross-seetion. pole placed at that point. Field Due To A arrying Conduct - The magnetic field lines around a straight e ourve ghes the deoton of mgnetior UOutside the magnet, they are directed from ‘thenorth pole towards the eouth pole whereas inside the magnet they are directed from the south pole towards the north pole. 2) They never intersect each other. 3) They are crowded near the. magnet where magnetic field is strong and are less crowded (near the centre) wi magnetic field is weak. poles of re the Se ) ‘The magneto feld produced by a current carrying ‘The magneto fli produced by ourrent carrying solenoid ie very much similar to the magnetic field sandecor carrying sutra are concentric circles tire lop at cere is rp ba er nena whose centres lie on the wire. {eselypropeinalcthcuren srg The stenath of magneto fed . Hee strength of magnetic field Depends + In this case, the magnitude of magnetio field is: eer (DNumber of turns of wine nthe solenoid » Directly proportional to the eurrent passing in the ‘2 ewerslyproportonal tothe Radue of Creuar 2 The strenath of current wire, top » Inversely proportional tothe distance of that point from the wire. tion (Right Hand Thumb Rule) leming Left Hand %, Thumb Rule Left hand Rule mainly used to find the Direction of Force of a magnetic field irect Current & Alternating Current . The current produced if flows in Only One Direction is called Direct current irect Cunnent is written in short from as DC Ha) Ba metallic body There are 3 types of wires in domestic circuits: Earth Wire, we @Nature of sore material used If the Current Reverses its Direction after equal Interval of time lt is called Alternating current 5OHz in India short form AC Advantage-Can Be Transmitted To Long Distances. Wire, Neutral Wire. “(Ua Wite - Generally Green in colour usually connected to metal plate placed inthe Earth near the house ae a safety measure to Ground Gadgete that have a © | 2 wete= Positive wire Generally Red in colour - Negative wire Generally black in colour The potential Difference (OR Voltage) supplied in our country ie 220vWc The return of light into the same medium after striking a surface is called reflection. . + The incident ray, the releoted ray and the normal allliein the same plane. . The angle of reflection is always equal to the angle of incidence. = When the reflecting curface ie emeoot, the parallel rays oF light fang onit ae reflected in one direction The ie caled regular rection, Uhen te reflecting surface ie reuph the paral aus of light fling on it are reflected in clfferort directions. This ie called ireqular reflection. A plane mirrors a thin, flat and smooth sheet of glass having a shining coating of silver metal on one side. + [tig represented by a straight line having a number of short, oblique lines on one side. ‘Characteristics + The image formed s virtual and erect. + The image is ofthe same size as the object. + The image is at the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror. + The image formed is laterally inverted. ‘Uses. + These are used to see ourselves, ir Mirror Formula & Magnification Mirror Formula making periscope: ight as a form of Energy that Enables us to See things =, : + The change in direction of light when it passes from one medium to ancther obliquely, is called refraction of light. + The refraction of light is due to the change in the speed of light on going from one medium to an + The inoident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence, allle in the came plane. + The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is constant for a given pair of media. Hote ports 5 & + A medium in which the speed of light is more is known as optically rarer medium. = A medium in which the speed of light is less, is known as optically denser medium. - When a ray of light goes from a rarer medium to a denser medium, it bends towards the normal and when it goes from denser to rarer medium, it bends away from the normal. + The refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium {is equal to the ratio of speed of light in medium { to the spe light in medium 2. Speed of ight im Spend: oF light in Ah The mirror Whose Reflecting Surface is obtained C Absolute. ReFnachue mdex : Refrachve mde of from a spheres called Spherical Mirro a-medium with respect to Vacuum) A spherioal mirror in which the reflection of light takes place at the concave +A spherical mirror in which the surface (or bent-in surface). reflection of light takes place at the E ‘convex eurface (or bulging-out surface). Magnification Produced by a spherical {> mitror gives the relative extent fo which Magnification theimage ofan objet magnified uith respect to the object size - The distance of the object from its pole is called the Object distance (u) A. 4 ZL =_L -Thedistance of the Image fromits pole is called the image distance (V) V4 __ F - The distance of the principal foous from the pole ie called the foval length (f) ‘m= heaght of rmage Chi) heght of Olyect Ch) OR m= bt = Correoted by using spectacles Eyeball hae become too emall yopia_> containing concave lenses nT 9 aint of a myopic eye N ty ) Hyparmetropic ee (6) Myopic Eye ou if= ) = () Comecton for Myopic Eye — ‘@eometimes a person may suffer from both near sightedness and far sightedness © Such people use bifocal lences which consists of conoave on the upper portion and convex on the lower portion ‘@Concave Support distinct Vision and convex. supports near Vision eae Ale Mazza(mage formation by Convex Mir mage formation by Concave Mi me Of | Pasion oftage | Sie of mage | Nate oftnage |] Poston of | Postion of — | gi og Titaga. | Mere bot Object tage tage fiohly atinfity aF iii point real & verted at behind | iahly Sou at infinity aie dimiviched, | virual & erect emirer | point sized beyond © botuoan F and © | dimirched | ral & iwerod ae ae seme sie ral ievered botwean P and et uae E behind the | diminished | virtual 2 enact between O.and F | beyond enlarged real & inverted | | infinity and D tern a at infty highly elarged | real & irwerted = between F and P | behind the miro | elarged vital eet Sigh convention > These are used as rear-view . 7 mirrors in vehicles and shop Uses: ‘seourity mirrors etc. These are used as shaving Convex Lens ail mirrors, reflectors in torches, eri doctor's head-mirrors eto. ‘ Concave Lens patent | pestonet | pings Yroteet || pstinefaer | poster eine | sertie | retreat inge object image image, afinltay afl print zed viral & erect atinfnty | at F2 pointed | ral tarde FS mY veuoan Ferd ©. did vit et boyond 2F| “en F28 | einshed | ral inverted Uses at2F1 at 2F2 same sce | real invertod | These lenses are used in spectacles to correct the defect Qu men FI& | boyerd 22 | enlarged roal& inerted | oF vision, wide-angle spy hole = doors eto ‘a convention for at atinfrity | ighly enlarged | rel Be inverted pherical lenses, botwoen Fl & | Behind the ¢ eden a bet enlarged Virtual & erect co, | Uses: Pada Ak nase e These are used in making microscopes, telescopes, slide projectors, magnifying glaes eto. Lens formula & Magnification. Masnification- Ratio of the height of the image and the height ofthe object Represented bylim) y= heat of rmage Ch) © dee forma 8 guny = aa heoght oF Obyect Ch3 v= mage distance OR m= b= & [Ne Sign Shows that mage is Erect € Virtual Mes object dilanee Fe fecal length » ve Sign Shows that” mage is muented € RealRefraction through a Triangular Prisim, PE Incident ray Zi -Angle of incidence EF -Refracted ray ‘r-Angle of refraction FS - Emergent ray Ze- Angle of emergence ‘A-Angle ofthe prism 2D -Angle of deviation © Sunlight OR white light is made of 7 colours asin (VIBGYOR] Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, yellow, orange Red) © When white light is passed through a prism we can seeit spit into the components that itis made of aThis is called spectrum Redlight has the maximum wavelength that's why itis used as a Danger sign because lt can be seen from long Distances. Violet has the shortest wavelength and Result it seatter fast and due to this phenomenon Sky Get's his colour Coment See “Magnification $= > 4 Lene Formula m= height of nage Ch!) feght oF ober Cd “Mirror Formula ee eer a+n- Pre v , ‘m= height of nage Ch') height oF Olyect Ch) - Rainbow is a natural spectrum that usually appears after Rainfall + The sunlight Gete diepersed by tiny droplets of water in the atmosphere which Act lke small prisms Twinkling of © Early suncet and GDelaljed sunrise ew ie _ SP amoreers ‘Why does the Sky appear clear blue? © The at mons doef res have sins enc thn be ule ofl i. Atmospheric Refraction ihe came reagon that the eun ig goon about 2 minutes before actual sunrise and ie geen for about 2 minutes after sunset. © Such porte seat gt of shodorucalenzhe bie mere itil an lege ameeral el) @ When sath passe cus the imospin hau end ofthe spect ic soatted mar Be Padhot Ale Mazza © This etre cur eye and hare we os esky so bn [ee @: tale Mes CR m= be oe bw