COLLEAGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATICS

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

FUNDAMENTALS OF DATABASE SYSTEM ASSIGNMENT
PREPARED BY: ZELALEM MATHEWOS
ID NO: 0867/02
SUBMITED TO: INSTRUCTOR ENDALEW
DATE: 08-03-2003 E.C

DATA
-Raw facts and figures such as orders and payments which
are processed into information.
-Any collection of basic fact which is simply gathers from the
environment.
-Can exist in variety form as number text, an apiece of paper
as bits and bytes stored in
Electronic memory or as fact stored in persons.
-The term data refers to qualitative or quantitative attributes
of variables.
-That issued to decision making.
-Is distinct piece of information usually matched in especial
way
-Is plural Latin word Datum which means to give.
-Is input of data processing.
-Is the lowest level in series

INFORMATION
-Is supersized data or processed data.
-Is data that have been processing using the data processing
function
-Is the output of data processing
-I n order to be information, it should include the following
facts;
a) Should be new for recipient (recover).
b) It should change the stock and mind structure.

DATA BASE
-The word database is about managing and instructing the
collection of data held on computers.
-It is a self describing and collection of integrated records.
-A collection of persistent data that can be stored and
interrelated.
 -It contains in addition to the users source data, adscription
of its own structure. This description is called data dictionary.
It means in this sense data base is similar to library.
-Collection of integrated records; database includes indexes
that are used to represent relationship among the data and
also improve the performance of database application.

DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

-is asset of computer programs that controls the creation,
maintenance,and the use of a data base. it allows
organizations to place control of database development in
the hands of database administration(DBAS) and other
specialists.
-ADBMS is system software package that helps the use of
integrated collection of data records and files known as a
database.
-Is collection of component that supports data acquisition,
dissemination, maintenance, retrieval and formatting?
-Collection of inter related data and set of programs that are
used to access it.
-Is facilitating the process of defining, maintain constructing,
sharing database among variety users.
 -It allows organization to place control of database
development in the hands of database administrators and
other specialists.
-The important function provided by the database
management system include protecting the database and
maintaining it over alone period of time.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF

DATA BASE MODELS
A- NETWORK MODEL
Advantages
Simple and easy to design.
-Ability to handle one-to-many, many-to-many relationship.
-Easy of data access.
-Data integrity
-Data independency
-Provide very efficient”high-speed”retrieval
-Network model is able to model complex relationships and
represents semantics of add/delete on the relationships.
-Can handle most situations for modeling using record types
and relationship types.
-language is navigational; uses constructs like FIND, FIND
member, FIND owner, FIND NEXT within set, GET etc.
-Programmers can do optimal navigation through the
database.
-Provide very efficient”High-speed” retrieval simplicity.

Disadvantages
-Navigation and procedural nature of processing.
-Database contains a complex array of pointers that thread
though asset of records.
-Little scope for automated “query optimization”.
-If the power goes down you lose your work.
-System complexity
-Lack of structural independency.
Can change made to the data base structure require the
application programs to be modified before they can access
data?

B-HIERARCHICAL MODEL
Advantages
-Simple to construct and operate.
-Corresponds to a number of natures of hierarchical
organized domains.
E.g. organization (“org”) chart
-Language is simple.
-Data security.
-Efficiency
-Easy to add and delete record.
-Use constructs like GET, GET UNIQUE, GET NEXT, and GET
NEXT WITHIN Parenthetic.

Disadvantages
-Navigational and procedural nature of processing.
-Database is visualized a liner arrangement of records.
-Lack of structural independency.
-Data base management problem.
-Implement complexity.
-Little scope for “query optimization”.

C- RELATIONAL MODEL
Advantages
-Data independence
-Simplicity
-Set processing
- Sound theoretical back ground.
-Great search capability.
-Easy to data retroviral.
-Data integrity.
-Flexibility
-Normalization
-you use tables to create the relation. Inside the tables are
primary and alternative keys.

Disadvantages
-Restriction on data types
-Complexity
-Delete can violets only referential integrity.
-The disadvantage size from limitation of language.
-You can lose information if the keys overlap in the requests
made by the creator sometimes this is true and sometimes is
not.

D- OBJECT ORIENTED MODEL

Advantages
-For data storage brings powerful advantages to applications
that use complex object models.
-Have high concurrency requirements, and large data sets.
-Provides clear modular structure for programs which makes
it good for defining.
-Makes it easily to maintain and modify existing code as new
objects can be created with small differences to existing
ones.
-Object can be maintained separately ruling tasting of fixing
problem easy
-Provides good framework for code libraries.

Disadvantages
-Unfamiliarity (causing an added training cost for developer).
-Inability to work with existing system (a major benefit of c+
+).
-Data and operations are separated.
-No data abstraction or information hiding.
-Not responsible to changes in problem space.
-In adequate for concurrent problems.

E- DEDUCTIVE DATA MODEL

Advantages
-The language are non-determines
-Rule bodies are executed strictly from left to right.
 -All literally in condition can be partially specified.
-In rule bodies condition can be specified which serve to
purpose of controlling computation and constructing
unification.
-The language are procedural call barred Top-down
computational model as opposed to other language which
use bottom-up model.
-Rule bodies are executed strictly from left-high.
-In rule bodies condition can be specified which serve to
purpose or controlling computational and constructing
unification.
-The language is non-determinants.
-All literals in condition can be partially specified.

Disadvantages
-The extreme model not only complex-object model
providing set and table construction but data model with
structural object-orientation.
-There is distinction between objects and attribute values
each object.
-Each object has identity independent of its attribute values.

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