◼ Eukaryotes ◼ Organelles

◼ Free living ▪ 1 or 2 nuclei

◼ Single celled ▪ Mitochondria
◼ Cell membrane ▪ Food vacuoles
▪ Endoplasmic
reticulum

▪ Ectoplasm ▪ Small mouth or Cell mouth

▪ Outer layer of cytoplasm
▪ Endoplasm
▪ Inner layer of ectoplasm
▪ Cytosome
▪ Used to ingest solid pieces of
food
▪ Ex
▪ Entamoeba histolytica
▪ can ingest human red blood cells
into their cytoplasm

▪ Resting, dormant stage ▪ Motile form

▪ Exposed to new environments ▪ After ingestion
▪ Secrete a protective coat
▪ Shrink into a round armored
form
1.Mastigophora
2.Sarcodina
3.Ciliophora
4.Sporozoa
▪ Motile: Pseudopods ◼ Trophozoite ◼ Precyst form
▪ Eats ▪ 2 nuclei
▪ Disease: Amoebiasis
▪ Bacteria ▪ Chromotoid
▪ Most infections: ▪ Protozoa bodies
▪ Intestinal cells
▪ Asymptomatic ▪ RBC
▪ Homosexual men

◼ Chromotoid ◼ CYSTS-
Bodies contaminated water
◼ Form trophozoites
▪ made up of
crystalline in the small
ribosomes intestine

▪ “Sausage shaped”
▪ “Cigar shaped”

▪ Giardiasis
▪ AKA: Beaver Fever
▪ inhabits the duodenum

▪ Interferes with fat absoprtion

▪ Foul smelling diarrhea
Metronidazole (Flagyl®)
“GET BC” ▪ Greasy, frothy diarrhea
▪ Cryptosporidiosis ▪ Immunocompetent:
▪ SEVERE, INTRACTABLE ▪ self limiting
DIARRHEA ▪ Immunocompromised:

▪ several times a day lasting about ▪ Life threatening

two weeks

◼ BRUSH BORDER ▪ LARGEST parasitic

of mucosal
epithelial cells of protozoans found in the
the GIT intestine
◼ surface villi of the
lower small ▪ Balantidiasis
intestine ▪ Transmission:
▪ Contaminated food

▪ Pig feces
▪ Trichomoniasis
▪ female vagina and male urethra
▪ Females: Symptomatic
▪ Males: Asymptomatic

▪ ingestion of cysts or cat feces

▪ Affects:

▪ Immunocompromised
▪ Pregnant women
▪ Treatment:

▪ Sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine

 ▪ T -Toxoplasmosis
▪ O-Other: parvovirus B19, Listeria
▪ R-Rubella (German measles)
▪ C- Cytomegalovirus (CMV
▪ He- Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster,
Hepatitis B, C, E
TORCHES ▪ E- Enterovirus
▪ S- syphilis

▪ Malaria
▪ Toxoplasmosis
▪ Trypanosomiasis
▪ Leishmaniasis

▪ Plasmodium malariae ▪ Acute infectious disease of

▪ P. vivax the blood
▪ P. ovale ▪ invade RBCs
▪ P. falciparum ▪ The infected RBCs rupture
 ▪ P. vivax , P. ovale, P. malariae ▪ Fever
▪ Milder form of disease ▪ Chills
▪ Invade young OR old cells but not
▪ Sweat
both
▪ Anemia
▪ P. falciparum
▪ Most dangerous
▪ Invade cells of all ages

▪ Benign Tertian Malaria

▪ RBC lyse after 48 hours
▪ Blood smears

▪ Presence of Schüffner dots

◼ fine, round, uniform r ▪ Ovale Malaria

ed or red-yellow dots
◼ Romanowsky stains ▪ RBC lyse after 48 hours
▪ Blood smears

▪ Presence of Schüffner dots

▪ dormant forms in the liver ▪ Quartan malaria
▪ Can grow years later
▪ relapsing malaria ▪ bursts loose every 72 hours
▪ Produced by: ▪ causes regular 3-day cycle of
▪ P. vivax
▪ P. ovale
s/s
▪ Blood donation:
▪ asked if you have ever had malaria
when you donate blood

▪ Malignant Tertian Malaria ◼ single-

membrane-
▪ bursts red cells more limited structures
irregularly, ◼ cytoplasm of
infected
between 36-48 hours erythrocytes
▪ Blood smears

▪ Maurer’s clefts
▪ Chloroquine ▪ Chloroquine resistant
▪ P. malariae 1. Quinine
▪ P. vivax 2. Artemether
▪ P. ovale 3. Pyrimethamine/Sulfadoxine
▪ P. falciparum
4. Mefloquine
▪ Primaquine

▪ Babesia microti ◼ Maltese cross

▪ Ixodes tick
▪ Reservoirs: small mammals
and deer
▪ infects RBCs - ultimately
causing
RBC lysis

▪ Starts with skin ulcer

▪ Fever, h/a
▪ Drowsiness, behavioural
changes
▪ Types:

▪ AMERICAN
▪ AFRICAN (2) – West and East
▪ 2 types
▪ West African Sleeping
Sickness
▪ Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
▪ East African Sleeping Sickness
▪ Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

▪ The bite of the Tsetse ▪ AKA: Chagas disease

fly ▪ Trypanosoma cruzi
▪ invades the CNS ▪ Reduviid Bug

▪ inflammation of the: ▪ Kissing bug

▪ brain ▪ insect feces contaminating the
▪spinal cord
conjunctiva or a break in the
skin

▪ Three clinical types of ▪ Natural reservoir : wild

leishmaniasis: rodents, dogs, and humans
▪ Cutaneous ▪ Vector: Phlebotomus fly
▪ Mucocutaneous
▪ Visceral
 ◼ “Oriental sore” ▪ AKA: Espundia
◼ Leishmania
tropica ▪ CA:
◼ ulcerating single ▪ Leishmania viannia brasiliensis
or multiple skin
▪ mucosal-dermal junctions of the
sores
NOSE AND MOUTH
▪ Multiple lesions

▪ AKA: “kala-azar”
▪ Leishmania donovani
▪ initially infects macrophages,

▪ Symptoms include
intermittent fevers and weight
loss.