Introductory Statistics (STA101)

Assignment – 2
Section - 3
Faculty – Vinay Vachharajani

Students’ Details
Student Name Roll No. Name of the Program

Dev Soni AU2010126 BBA(Hons)

Sakshi Mundra AU2020076 BA

Rahul Mehta AU2010293 BBA(Finance)

1
Contents
Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................... 3

Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 4

Primary Data (From Excel) Link to our Form ........................................................................... 5

Findings, Conclusion and Suggestions ...................................................................................... 5

Test Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 8

Experience of the study carried out during project: ................................................................... 9

Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ 10

2
Acknowledgement

We would like to express our hearty gratitude to our faculty, Prof. Vinay Vachharajani as
well as our TA and Ms. Ashini Kedia, who provided us the opportunity to work on this
assignment of Statistics and guided us throughout the project. We did a lot of research,
collected data, worked together, and got to learn many new things from this opportunity.

We would also like to thank our parents and friends and all the respondents who helped us in
completing this assignment by giving us their honest response and sparing important time
from there busy schedule.

3
Introduction

Currently the most talked topic discussed in any house is the effects of COVID-19 on people.
The pandemic has not only changed the lifestyle for all but also many took lives
unexpectedly. To prevent those deaths scientist did a lot of research and came up with various
treatments and cures for this virus. One of those cure/treatments includes Remdesivir;
recognized as a promising antiviral drug against a broad spectrum of RNA viruses
(Pharmacol, 2020). In this report we will be testing the hypothesis on the effectiveness of
Remdesivir by using the t test and z tests.

These two tests are statistical methods used to know if the hypothesised statement/argument
is true or not. Z-test is the statistical hypothesis used to analyse if two population means are
different from each other when the variances are known and the sample size is large (Tyagi,
2021). On the other hand, t-test measures the significant difference between two groups that
could have occurred by chance. Thus, it determines a how averages of different data sets
differ from each other when standard deviation or the variance is not known (Vaidya &
Thakur, 2021). In simple words both test measure the validity of the hypothesis but z test is
used when the population variance or standard deviation is known while it they are unknown
then t-test is used.

(Subhash, 2020)

4
Primary Data (From Excel) Link to our Form

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf-
lYLLewhRjLWoDOAaxYp3CPJMi4KhxQqRzoE2RF3KvSy2Xw/viewform?usp=sf_link

Findings, Conclusion and Suggestions

In order to test the effectiveness of Remdesivir, we created a survey to get information
regarding our hypothesis and thus test if it is right or not through z-test and t-test.

The survey’s objective was to know the responses from the people who have used
Remdesivir. We have total 259 responses out of which 203 individuals were infected by
COVID-19 and from those 185 people had used Remdesivir.

The respondents were majorly from the age range of 30-50 people which is the age where
COVID-19 infection is very prominent. Similarly we have respondents from the age of 18-30
and 50-70 out which many have been infected by the virus and have used Remdesivir as a
cure. There are a few above 70 individuals also who have responded to our survey. We
targeted people of the age above 18/20 because COVID-19 rarely affected people below this
age, thus the number of respondents aged below 18 is very less.

5
As seen in the graph above we have responses almost equally from both the genders and thus,
there is no partiality or biasness in the responses to any particular gender.

After this we asked our respondents of they have been affected by COVID-19, because if
they have not then they will not include in our target audience. The result was as seen below

Out of the 259 respondents, 78.8% (203) people had been infected by COVID-19 before.
This shows that our targeted population includes those 78.8% and thus, only those people
were asked the further question of “If they had taken any medicines during that period”. The
result is as shown below:

6
Almost all (1% people) had to take medicines while they were infected. This question was
asked to know the severity of their infection where we assumed that if they had to take
medicines then their infection might have been higher than people who did not have to take
medicines. Thus, most people had to take medicines to reduce the symptoms of the virus.

After this we asked them if they had taken Remdesivir while they were infected by COVID-
19 and this was the result:

Out of the 203 respondents 91.1% (185 people) had experienced using Remdesivir to cure the
virus. These 185 individuals are our target population who we asked about the effectiveness
of this treatment. The response on the effectiveness of this treatment was varied quite a bit
but it somewhere was normally distributed. Thus, we conducted the t-test and z-test on it.

7
Test Analysis
In the first sheet we have kept our raw data/primary data which we collected through forms
where we included fields and questions like Name, Age, Gender and Questions like were you
effected by the covid-19, did you take any medicines while being infected by COVID-19, did
you take Remdesivir or not, if yes then how effective it was (scale out of 100) and how much
did it cost to you? In the second sheet we have divided all data into 2 parts; one which
includes the people who are infected by Corona and second who aren’t infected by Corona
and then we started our tests.

First, we have done z-test with the parameter: how much did Remdesivir cost to you for that
we had hypothesis: From the population data we can say that a Remdesivir was costed around
Rs 2424 to all the people. So we have tested weather the claim is true or not by taking sample
of 69 random people from the population by random sampling method at significance level of
0.05. The data was like n=69, 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 2424 , 𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 2424 , 𝜎 = 806.37 , 𝛼 = 0.05 so we
get the answer as z=0.073153848 which comes with the acceptance region which is z<-
1.9599 or z>1.9599 and p value is 0.9416 which is also greater than our significance level
p>α so from both the points we can conclude that we cannot reject the null hypothesis.

Second test we have done is of proportion for which we our hypothesis was: From our
population survey we claimed that 8 out of 10(80%) people were infected from the corona to
test this claim, a random sample of 100 random people has been taken from the raw data by
random sampling method. Of these 100 people for that we had taken data as 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 0.8,
𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 0.8, 𝑝̂ = 0.88, 𝑝0 =0.8, 𝑞0 =0.2 so we got the answer 𝑧0 =2 which is out of the
critical value 1.96 so we can conclude that we should reject the project.

After that we have done t-test by taking random sampling and hypothesis as: From our
population survey we can conclude that 73 was the average rate of effectiveness to prove that
we have data as SE=1.9229, n=24, 𝜇 = 73, 𝑥̅ = 75.7 𝜎 = 9.6143 , 𝛼 = 0.05 and 𝐻0 : 𝜇 =
73, 𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 73 and we get the value as 𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 1.2739 Which comes within the acceptance
region and p=0.2154 which is greater than alpha p>α so we should not reject the null
hypothesis.

Thus, our z and t test resulted in not to reject the null hypothesis that is 𝐻0 and in proportion
test we can say that we should reject the 𝐻0 and should decide whether we should accept the

8
𝐻1 or not. Thus, this all the tests help in analysing weather we should reject the data or
shouldn’t reject.

Experience of the study carried out during project

We had a great experience working on this project. We learnt from each other and divided
work to have higher efficiency and finish it on time. Through this assignment we learnt about
how to perform z-test, t-test and proportion test very clearly especially as we conducted these
methods repeatedly to come to the conclusion.

Moreover, we also learnt how to make a survey questionnaire and target a particular audience
for responses. When we first started taking the survey we realised that we had one important
question missing and thus we had to add that and retake the survey. This type of experience
taught us to be more attentive and plan properly while making a questionnaire. Additionally,
we learnt how we can apply these tests in real life by selecting a theme on which we
conducted these methods. Now, we can perform any of these methods very easily which
made it very more interesting.

9
Bibliography
Pharmacol, B. J. (2020, May 15). Current pharmacological treatments for COVID‐19:
What's next? Retrieved October 28, 2021, from National Center for Biotechnology
Information: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7264618/

Subhash, M. (2020, June 18). Statistics for Analytics and Data Science: Hypothesis Testing
and Z-Test vs. T-Test. Retrieved October 29, 2021, from Analytics Vidhya:
https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2020/06/statistics-analytics-hypothesis-testing-
z-test-t-test/

Tyagi, N. (2021, March 4). What are the Differences Between Z-test and T-test? Retrieved
October 29, 2021, from Analytics Steps: https://www.analyticssteps.com/blogs/what-
are-differences-between-z-test-and-t-test

Vaidya, D., & Thakur, M. (2021). Differences Between Z-Test and T-Test. Retrieved October
29, 2021, from Wall Street Mojo: https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/z-test-vs-t-test/

10