BRAHMDEVDADA MANE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELATI, SOLAPUR

Unit 1: Introduction of Machine learning

Syllabus
Understanding Machine Learning: What Is Machine Learning? Leveraging the Power of
Machine Learning, The Roles of Statistics and Data Mining with Machine Learning, Putting
Machine Learning in Context, Types of machine Learning, Applications of Machine
Learning. Applying Machine Learning: Getting Started with a Strategy, Applying Machine
Learning to Business Needs, Understanding Machine Learning Techniques, Tying Machine
Learning Methods to Outcomes.
1. What is machine learning?
Definition: - “Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that seeks to build
computer systems that can learn from data without human intervention”.
These powerful techniques rely on the creation of sophisticated analytical models that are
“trained” to recognize patterns within a specific dataset before being unleashed to apply these
patterns to more and more data, steadily improving performance without further guidance.
For example, machine learning is making increasingly accurate image recognition
algorithms possible. Human programmers provide a relatively small set of images that are
labeled as “cars” or “not cars,” for instance, and then expose the algorithms to vastly larger
numbers of images to learn from. While the iterative algorithms typically used in machine
learning aren‟t new, the power of today‟s computing systems have enabled this method of
data analysis to become more effective more rapidly than ever.
2. Leveraging the power of Machine Learning:
Machine Learning (ML) has given a whole new meaning to data. It has, in all true
sense, completely transformed the way we look at data and information. Even a minute detail
can be very important for a business, and this is what this technology has made us realize. It
has also become the foundation of various other new technologies and is supporting them to
grow – Artificial Intelligence and Chatbots are the perfect examples.
Machine learning is mainly used in business analytics
types of business analytics such as descriptive analytics, predictive analytics and perspective
analytics
Descriptive analytics
⚫ Descriptive analytics is a commonly used form of data analysis whereby historical data
is collected, organized and then presented in a way that is easily understood
⚫ Descriptive analytics is focused only on what has already happened in a business and,
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unlike other methods of analysis

⚫ it is not used to draw inferences or predictions from its findings.
⚫ the most simplistic form of data analytics
⚫ descriptive analytics uses simple math’s and statistical tools, such as arithmetic,
averages and per cent changes, rather than the complex calculations necessary for
predictive and prescriptive analytics
⚫ Visual tools such as line graphs and pie and bar charts are used to present findings

How does descriptive analytics work?

Data aggregation is the process of collecting and organizing data to create manageable
data sets. These data sets are then used in the data mining phase where patterns, trends and
meaning are identified and then presented in an understandable way
Advantages
⚫ descriptive analytics relies only on historical data and simple calculations
⚫ this methodology can easily be applied in day-to-day operations, and its application
doesn’t necessarily require an extensive knowledge of analytics
Disadvantages
it doesn’t look beyond the surface of the data – this is where predictive and prescriptive
analytics come into play.
Applications
⚫ Summarizing past events such as sales and operations data or marketing campaigns
⚫ Social media usage and engagement data such as Instagram or Facebook likes
⚫ Reporting general trends
⚫ Colleting survey results

Predictive analytics
⚫ Its focuses on predicting and understanding what could happen in the future.
⚫ Analyzing past data patterns and trends by looking at historical data and customer
insights can predict what might happen
⚫ Predictive analytics is based on probabilities. Using a variety of techniques – such as
data mining, statistical modelling and machine learning algorithms (classification,
regression and clustering techniques)
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⚫ Predictive analytics attempts to forecast possible future outcomes and the likelihood of
those events.
⚫ To make predictions, machine learning algorithms, for example, take existing data and
attempt to fill in the missing data with the best possible guesses

Advantage
⚫ Since predictive analysis is based on probabilities, it can never be completely accurate
– but it can act as a vital tool to forecast possible future events and inform effective
business strategy for the future. Predictive analytics can also improve many areas of a
business, including:
⚫ Efficiency, which could include inventory forecasting
⚫ Customer service, which can help a company gain a better understanding of who their
customers are and what they want in order to tailor recommendations
⚫ Fraud detection and prevention, which can help companies identify patterns and
changes
Risk reduction, which, in the finance industry, might mean improved candidate
screening

Disadvantage
⚫ This method of analysis relies on the existence of historical data, usually large amounts
of it
Applications
⚫ E-commerce – predicting customer preferences and recommending products to
customers based on past purchases and search history
⚫ Sales – predicting the likelihood that customers will purchase another product or leave
the store
⚫ Human resources – detecting if employees are thinking of quitting and then
persuading them to stay
⚫ IT security – identifying possible security breaches that require further investigation
⚫ Healthcare – predicting staff and resource needs
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Prescriptive analytics
prescriptive analytics tells you what should be done.
This is the most advanced stage in the business analysis process and the one that calls
businesses to action, helping executives, managers and operational employees make the
best possible decisions based on the data available to them.
Advantages
⚫ Prescriptive analytics, when used effectively, provides invaluable insights in order to
make the best possible, data-based decisions to optimize business performance.
Disadvantages
⚫ as with predictive analytics, this methodology requires large amounts of data to
produce useful results, which isn’t always available.
machine learning algorithms, on which this analysis often relies, cannot always account
for all external variables. On the flip side, the use of machine learning dramatically
reduces the possibility of human error
Applications
⚫ Oil and manufacturing – tracking fluctuating prices
⚫ Manufacturing – improving equipment management, maintenance, price modelling,
production and storage
⚫ Healthcare – improving patient care and healthcare administration by evaluating
things such as rates of readmission and the cost-effectiveness of procedures
⚫ Insurance – assessing risk in regard to pricing and premium information for clients
Pharmaceutical research – identifying the best testing and patient groups for clinical
trials
3. The Roles of Statistics and Data Mining with Machine Learning:
Statistics: -
it is the science of analyzing the data.
Classical or conventional statistics is inferential in nature, meaning it’s used to reach conclusions
about the data (various parameters).
Statistical modeling is focused primarily on making inferences and understanding the
characteristics of the variables.
Machine learning models leverage statistical algorithms and apply them to predict analytics.
In a statistical model, a hypothesis is a testable way to confirm the validity of the specific
algorithm
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Data mining: -
it is based on the principles of statistics
It is the process of exploring and analyzing large amounts of data to discover patterns in that
data.
Algorithms are used to find relationships and patterns in the data, then this information about the
patterns is used to make forecasts and predictions.
Data mining is used to solve a range of business problems, such as fraud detection, market
basket analysis, and customer churn analysis.
Traditionally, organizations use data mining tools on large volumes of structured data, such as
customer relationship management databases or aircraft parts inventories.
The goal of data mining is to explain and understand the data.
Data mining is not intended to make predictions or back up hypotheses.
Generally, the goal of the data mining is to extract data from a larger data set for the purposes of
classification or prediction.
data mining is intended to show patterns that can be used by humans. In contrast, machine
learning automates the process of identifying patterns that are used to make predictions

4. Putting Machine Learning in Context:

Figure :- machine learning context

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Reasoning
Reasoning: Machine reasoning allows a system to make inferences based on data. In essence,
reasoning helps fill in the blanks when there is incomplete data. Machine reasoning helps make
sense of connected data.
For example, if a system has enough data and is asked “What is a safe internal temperature for
eating a drumstick?” the system would be capable of telling you that the answer is 165 degrees.
The logic chain would be as follows: A drumstick that is eaten (as opposed to a part of a musical
instrument) refers to a chicken leg, a chicken leg contains dark chicken meat, dark chicken meat
needs to be cooked at 165 degrees, therefore the answer is 165 degrees

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP is the ability to train computers to understand both
written text and human speech. NLP techniques are needed to capture the meaning of
unstructured text from documents or communication from the user. Therefore, NLP is the
primary way that systems can interpret text and spoken language.
NLP is also one of the fundamental technologies that allows non-technical people to interact
with advanced technologies. For example, rather than needing to code, NLP can help users ask a
system questions about complex data sets. Unlike structured database information that relies on
schemas to add context and meaning to the data, unstructured information must be parsed and
tagged to find the meaning of the text. Tools required for NLP include categorization,
ontologies, tapping, catalogs, dictionaries, and language models
Planning: -
Planning: Automated planning is the ability for an intelligent system to act autonomously and
flexibly to construct a sequence of actions to reach a final goal. Rather than a pre-programmed
decision-making process that goes from A to B to C to reach a final output, automated planning
is complex and requires a system to adapt based on the context surrounding the given challenge
Deep Learning: -
Deep learning — complex neural networks — are designed to emulate how the human brain
works so computers can be trained to deal with abstractions and problems that are poorly
defined. The average five-year-old child can easily recognize the difference between his
teacher’s face and the face of the crossing guard. In contrast, the computer has to do a lot of
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work to figure out who is who. Neural networks and deep learning are often used in image
recognition, speech, and computer vision applications

5. Types of machine Learning

Supervised(Predictive) Learning-the goal is to learn a mapping from inputs x to

outputs y, given a labeled set of input-output pairs D = {(xi, yi)} N
Where i=1 to N
Here D is called the training set, and N is the number of training examples.

How it works

Figure: - flow of supervised learning

⚫ Suppose we have a dataset of different types of shapes which includes square,

rectangle, triangle, and Polygon. Now the first step is that we need to train the model
for each shape.
⚫ If the given shape has four sides, and all the sides are equal, then it will be labelled as
a Square.
⚫ If the given shape has three sides, then it will be labelled as a triangle.
⚫ If the given shape has six equal sides then it will be labelled as hexagon.
⚫ Now, after training, we test our model using the test set, and the task of the model is to
identify the shape.
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⚫ The machine is already trained on all types of shapes, and when it finds a new shape,
it classifies the shape on the bases of a number of sides, and predicts the output.
Example of supervised Learning
• you get bunch of photos with information what is on them and you train a model to
recognize new photos
• predicting stock market price
• an email is spam or not
• predicting house/property price
• a patient has disease or not
• Face detection and recognition
• Image classification and handwriting recognition
• Predict the age of a viewer watching a given video on YouTube.
• Predict the temperature at any location inside a building using weather data, time,
door
Supervised learning algorithms
⚫ Linear regression.
⚫ Logistic regression.
⚫ Decision tree.
⚫ SVM algorithm.
⚫ Naive Bayes algorithm.
⚫ KNN algorithm.
⚫ K-means.
Random forest algorithm

Advantages of Supervised learning:

⚫ With the help of supervised learning, the model can predict the output on the basis of
prior experiences.
⚫ In supervised learning, we can have an exact idea about the classes of objects.
⚫ Supervised learning model helps us to solve various real-world problems such as fraud
detection, spam filtering, etc.
Unsupervised(Descriptive) Learning
Unsupervised(Descriptive) Learning- the goal is to find “interesting patterns” in the data.
This is sometimes called knowledge discovery. D ={xi}N where =1, and This is a much less
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well-defined problem, since we are not told what kinds of patterns to look for, and there is
no obvious error metric to us your mother says “that’s a dog”, but that’s very little
information.
Example:-
customers by purchasing behavior

Why use unsupervised learning

⚫ Unsupervised learning is helpful for finding useful insights from the data.
⚫ Unsupervised learning is much similar as a human learns to think by their own
experiences, which makes it closer to the real AI.
⚫ Unsupervised learning works on unlabeled and uncategorized data which make
unsupervised learning more important.
⚫ In real-world, we do not always have input data with the corresponding output so to
solve such cases, we need unsupervised learning.

Working of unsupervised learning

Figure: - flow of unsupervised learning

Here, we have taken an unlabeled input data, which means it is not categorized and
corresponding outputs are also not given. Now, this unlabeled input data is fed to the
machine learning model in order to train it. Firstly, it will interpret the raw data to find the
hidden patterns from the data and then will apply suitable algorithms such as k-means
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clustering, Decision tree, etc.

Once it applies the suitable algorithm, the algorithm divides the data objects into groups
according to the similarities and difference between the objects
Unsupervised Learning algorithm
⚫ Hierarchal clustering
⚫ Anomaly detection
⚫ Neural Networks
⚫ Principle Component Analysis
Advantages
⚫ Unsupervised learning is used for more complex tasks as compared to supervised
learning because, in unsupervised learning, we don't have labeled input data.
⚫ Unsupervised learning is preferable as it is easy to get unlabeled data in comparison to
labeled data.
Disadvantages
⚫ Unsupervised learning is intrinsically more difficult than supervised learning as it does
not have corresponding output.
The result of the unsupervised learning algorithm might be less accurate as input data is
not labeled, and algorithms do not know the exact output in advance

Semi supervised Learning

⚫ Semi-Supervised learning is a type of Machine Learning algorithm that represents the
intermediate ground between Supervised and Unsupervised learning algorithms
It uses the combination of labeled and unlabeled datasets during the training period.

Working of semi supervised learning

⚫ Firstly, it trains the model with less amount of training data similar to the supervised
learning models. The training continues until the model gives accurate results.
⚫ The algorithms use the unlabeled dataset with pseudo labels in the next step, and now
the result may not be accurate.
⚫ Now, the labels from labeled training data and pseudo labels data are linked together.
⚫ The input data in labeled training data and unlabeled training data are also linked.
⚫ In the end, again train the model with the new combined input as did in the first step.
It will reduce errors and improve the accuracy of the model.
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Figure: - flow of semi supervised learning

Applications of Semi-Supervised Learning

⚫ Speech Analysis- It is the most classic example of semi-supervised learning
applications. Since, labeling the audio data is the most impossible task that requires
many human resources, this problem can be naturally overcome with the help of
applying SSL in a Semi-supervised learning model.
⚫ Web content classification- However, this is very critical and impossible to label each
page on the internet because it needs mode human intervention. Still, this problem can
be reduced through Semi-Supervised learning algorithms. Further, Google also uses
semi-supervised learning algorithms to rank a webpage for a given query
⚫ Protein sequence classification- DNA strands are larger, they require active human
intervention. So, the rise of the Semi-supervised model has been proximate in this
field.
⚫ Text document classifier- As we know, it would be very unfeasible to find a large
amount of labeled text data, so semi-supervised learning is an ideal model to
overcome this
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Advantages
⚫ It is easy to understand.
⚫ It reduces the amount of annotated data used.
⚫ It is a stable algorithm.
⚫ It is simple.
⚫ It has high efficiency
Disadvantages
⚫ Iteration results are not stable.
⚫ It is not applicable to network-level data.
⚫ It has low accuracy.
Reinforcement Learning
⚫ Reinforcement learning is a type of machine learning method where an intelligent
agent (computer program) interacts with the environment and learns to act within that.
⚫ It is a core part of Artificial Intelligence and all AI agent works on the concept of
reinforcement learning.
⚫ Reinforcement Learning is a feedback-based Machine learning technique in which an
agent learns to behave in an environment by performing the actions and seeing the
results of actions. For each good action, the agent gets positive feedback, and for each
bad action, the agent gets negative feedback or penalty.
Working of Reinforcement Learning
Suppose there is an AI agent present within a maze environment, and his goal is to find the
diamond. The agent interacts with the environment by performing some actions, and based
on those actions, the state of the agent gets changed, and it also receives a reward or penalty
as feedback

Figure :- Reinforcement learning

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⚫ Agent(): An entity that can perceive/explore the environment and act upon it.
⚫ Environment(): A situation in which an agent is present or surrounded by. In RL, we
assume the stochastic environment, which means it is random in nature.
⚫ Action(): Actions are the moves taken by an agent within the environment.
⚫ State(): State is a situation returned by the environment after each action taken by the
agent.
⚫ Reward(): A feedback returned to the agent from the environment to evaluate the
action of the agent.
⚫ Policy(): Policy is a strategy applied by the agent for the next action based on the
current state.
⚫ Value(): It is expected long-term retuned with the discount factor and opposite to the
short-term reward.

Advantages
⚫ Reinforcement Learning is used to solve complex problems that cannot be solved by
conventional techniques.
⚫ This technique is preferred to achieve long-term results which are very difficult to
achieve.
⚫ This learning model is very similar to the learning of human beings. Hence, it is close
to achieving perfection
Disadvantages
⚫ Too much reinforcement learning can lead to an overload of states which can diminish
the results.
⚫ This algorithm is not preferable for solving simple problems.
⚫ This algorithm needs a lot of data and a lot of computation.
⚫ The curse of dimensionality limits reinforcement learning for real physical systems.
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6. Application of Machine Learning

Fig. 1. Applications of Machine Learning.

1. Image Recognition
Image recognition is one of the most common applications of machine learning. It is used
to identify objects, persons, places, digital images, etc. The popular use case of image
recognition and face detection is, Automatic friend tagging suggestion: Facebook provides
usa feature of auto friend tagging suggestion. Whenever we upload a photo with our
Facebook friends, then we automatically get a tagging suggestion with name, and the
technology behind this is machine learning's face detection and recognition algorithm.
2. Speech Recognition
While using Google, we get an option of "Search by voice," it comes under speech
recognition, and it's a popular application of machine learning.
Speech recognition is a process of converting voice instructions into text, and it is also
known as "Speech to text", or "Computer speech recognition." At present, machine learning
algorithms are widely used by various applications of speech recognition. Google assistant,
Siri, Cortana, and Alexa are using speech recognition technology to follow the voice
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instructions.
3. Traffic prediction:
If we want to visit a new place, we take help of Google Maps, which shows us the correct
path with the shortest route and predicts the traffic conditions.
It predicts the traffic conditions such as whether traffic is cleared, slow-moving, or heavily
congested with the help of two ways:

a. Real Time location of the vehicle form Google Map app and sensors
b. Average time has taken on past days at the same time.
Everyone who is using Google Map is helping this app to make it better. It takes information
from the user and sends back to its database to improve the performance.
4. Product recommendations:
Machine learning is widely used by various e-commerce and entertainment companies
such as Amazon, Netflix, etc., for product recommendation to the user. Whenever we search
for some product on Amazon, then we started getting an advertisement for the same product
while internet surfing on the same browser and this is because of machine learning.
Google understands the user interest using various machine learning algorithms and
suggests the product as per customer interest.
As similar, when we use Netflix, we find some recommendations for entertainment series,
movies, etc., and this is also done with the help of machine learning.
5. Self-driving cars:
One of the most exciting applications of machine learning is self-driving cars. Machine
learning plays a significant role in self-driving cars. Tesla, the most popular car
manufacturing company is working on self-driving car. It is using unsupervised learning
method to train the car models to detect people and objects while driving.

6. Email Spam and Malware Filtering:

Whenever we receive a new email, it is filtered automatically as important, normal, and
spam. We always receive an important mail in our inbox with the important symbol and spam
emails in our spam box, and the technology behind this is Machine learning. Below are some
spam filters used by Gmail:
a. Content Filter
b. Header filter
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c. General blacklists filter

d. Rules-based filters
e. Permission filters
Some machine learning algorithms such as Multi-Layer Perceptron, Decision tree, and Naïve
Bayes classifier are used for email spam filtering and malware detection.
7. Virtual Personal Assistant:
We have various virtual personal assistants such as Google assistant, Alexa, Cortana, Siri.
As the name suggests, they help us in finding the information using our voice instruction.
These assistants can help us in various ways just by our voice instructions such as Play music,
call someone, Open an email, Scheduling an appointment, etc.
These virtual assistants use machine learning algorithms as an important part.These
assistant record our voice instructions, send it over the server on a cloud, and decode it using
ML algorithms and act accordingly.
8. Online Fraud Detection:
Machine learning is making our online transaction safe and secure by detecting fraud
transaction. Whenever we perform some online transaction, there may be various ways thata
fraudulent transaction can take place such as fake accounts, fake ids, and steal money in the
middle of a transaction. So to detect this, Feed Forward Neural network helps us by checking
whether it is a genuine transaction or a fraud transaction.
For each genuine transaction, the output is converted into some hash values, and these
values become the input for the next round. For each genuine transaction, there is a specific
pattern which gets change for the fraud transaction hence, it detects it and makes our online
transactions more secure.
9. Stock Market trading:
Machine learning is widely used in stock market trading. In the stock market, there is
always a risk of up and downs in shares, so for this machine learning's long short term
memory neural network is used for the prediction of stock market trends.
10. Medical Diagnosis:
In medical science, machine learning is used for diseases diagnoses. With this, medical
technology is growing very fast and able to build 3D models that can predict the exact
position of lesions in the brain. It helps in finding brain tumors and other brain-related
diseases easily.
11. Automatic Language Translation:
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Nowadays, if we visit a new place and we are not aware of the language then it is not a
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problem at all, as for this also machine learning helps us by converting the text into our
known languages. Google's GNMT (Google Neural Machine Translation) provide this
feature, which is a Neural Machine Learning that translates the text into our familiar
language, and it called as automatic translation.
The technology behind the automatic translation is a sequence to sequence learning
algorithm, which is used with image recognition and translates the text from one language to
another language.
7. Getting Started with a Strategy
Before you can define the strategy, you have to understand the problem that you’re trying to
solve. As businesses go through major strategy transitions, certain challenges present themselves.
What is the status of existing business and existing customer engagement? What does the future
hold for what customers will buy and expect from you in the future? The obvious answer is to ask
customers if they are happy and what they will purchase in the future. While this is a sound
starting point, it is not enough. Customers that are happy one minute become unhappy when
something transformational comes along. If you do traditional Business Intelligence (BI) analysis,
you will have a good sense of where your business has been in the past but not where it is going
in the future.
Using machine learning to remove biases from strategy
Typically, strategic planning and strategy exercises begin by gaining insights into customer
satisfaction and future requirements. Where is the market headed? What are the competitive
threats that could impact the company? But this is not enough. Even the best strategy consultants
can’t anticipate the sudden emergence of new discoveries or new trends.
More data makes planning more accurate
What difference could machine learning make in business strategy? Take the example of a
business that executes a traditional data analysis of customer satisfaction. In analyzing the data, it
becomes clear that some anomalies in the data exist. Because of the data set being used, the
analyst throws out the data that doesn’t conform, assuming that this data is not accurate.
However, if more data did exist, it may become clear that those anomalies that were assumed to
be errors are actually an indication of a change in customer buying patterns or customer
satisfaction.
As more data is added into a model, trained, and analyzed with the most appropriate machine
learning algorithms, it becomes increasingly clear that there are changes that will directly impact
the future of the business
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8. Applying Machine Learning to Business Needs

Machine learning offers potential value to companies trying to leverage big data and helps them
better understand the subtle changes in behavior, preferences, or customer satisfaction
Understanding why customers are leaving
Understanding how to prevent customers from leaving is more important than ever. We are in an
era where emerging companies are offering new innovative business models.
For example, mobile phone service providers used to demand a two-year contract, which was
extended each time the service changed. As the competitive landscape shifted, companies found
that they had to get rid of the contracts. This change was beneficial to customers but resulted in a
huge spike in customer churn. Without the protection of customer contracts, mobile companies
are turning to new approaches to keep customers
Recognizing who has committed a crime
Police departments have a difficult task when tracking criminals. Increasingly, there are more and
more cameras in neighborhoods that help identify unlawful activity. But who has committed the
act? While a picture may be worth a thousand words, without someone to identify the bad actor, it
isn’t easy to solve crimes. One of the ways law enforcement is trying to leverage image data is
through the use of machine learning
Preventing accidents from happening
Many industries rely on sophisticated preventive maintenance approaches to ensure that processes
and systems are safe and operate as expected. Industries such as manufacturing, oil and gas, and
utilities succeed or fail based on their ability to prevent accidents. While it is common to have a
maintenance schedule, that is often not enough. For example, there may be environmental
conditions that impact the operations of a machine or system. For example, there may be a failure
of a heating or air conditioning system. There could be a dramatic shift in weather conditions that
could impact machinery.
9. Tying Machine Learning Methods to Outcomes:
 Machine learning techniques have the potential to reshape entire markets and business
strategies.
 For example, machine learning techniques are being used to transform the automobile
industry with self-driving cars
 . Machine learning algorithms and models are revolutionizing the way an x-ray image
is analyzed.
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 Machine learning can provide proactive ways of anticipated security vulnerabilities

that can be repaired before damage is done. There are hundreds of different solutions
that can be created that rely on machine learning techniques that can transform whole
industries.