This statement suggests that science and narratives (stories or accounts of events) often

contradict each other. According to the standards of science, many narratives are found to be
false or fictional. However, when science tries to discover the truth beyond just practical
regularities, it must follow its own rules and justify its methods. In other words, science has its
own rigorous standards for determining what is true and what is not, and it must adhere to these
standards even when they conflict with popular narratives or beliefs.

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The statement means that there is often a conflict between scientific knowledge and
traditional narratives or stories that people have believed for a long time. When
measured against scientific standards, many of these narratives turn out to be untrue
or based on superstitions.

However, when science goes beyond just discovering useful patterns and tries to
uncover the truth, it must also justify its own methods and rules. This leads to the
development of a branch of philosophy that specifically deals with the justification
and legitimacy of scientific knowledge.

In other words, science produces not only factual knowledge but also a philosophical
discourse that explains and justifies its own status as a reliable source of knowledge.

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This is a definition given by the French philosopher Jean-François Lyotard in his book
"The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge". In this definition,
"postmodern" refers to a cultural and intellectual movement that emerged in the late
20th century.

Lyotard argues that "metanarratives" are grand, overarching stories or theories that
attempt to provide a universal explanation of the world and human history, such as
Marxism, Freudian psychoanalysis, or Christianity. According to Lyotard,
postmodernism is characterized by an "incredulity" or skepticism towards such
metanarratives.

In other words, postmodernism rejects the idea that there is a single, objective truth
or explanation for everything, and instead emphasizes the diversity of perspectives
and experiences. Postmodernism also tends to emphasize the importance of
language and discourse in shaping our understanding of reality, and is critical of
attempts to impose one particular worldview on society as a whole

Luther's ideas struck a fundamental blow to the primacy of the Catholic Church. He was
excommunicated by the pope and rejected by the Holy Roman emperor Charles V, but he had
captured the imagination of many in Catholic Europe.

Modernity can be broadly defined as a cultural and intellectual movement that emerged during the
17th and 18th centuries in Europe and which marked a shift towards rationality, individualism, and
secularism. As such, it is often seen as a reaction against the traditional authority of the Church,
which had dominated European societies for centuries.

One of the main ways in which modernity reacted against the Church was through the development
of science and reason. The Church had long held a monopoly on knowledge and education, and its
This statement suggests that science and narratives (stories or accounts of events) often
contradict each other. According to the standards of science, many narratives are found to be
false or fictional. However, when science tries to discover the truth beyond just practical
regularities, it must follow its own rules and justify its methods. In other words, science has its
own rigorous standards for determining what is true and what is not, and it must adhere to these
standards even when they conflict with popular narratives or beliefs.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The statement means that there is often a conflict between scientific knowledge and
traditional narratives or stories that people have believed for a long time. When
measured against scientific standards, many of these narratives turn out to be untrue
or based on superstitions.

However, when science goes beyond just discovering useful patterns and tries to
uncover the truth, it must also justify its own methods and rules. This leads to the
development of a branch of philosophy that specifically deals with the justification
and legitimacy of scientific knowledge.

In other words, science produces not only factual knowledge but also a philosophical
discourse that explains and justifies its own status as a reliable source of knowledge.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This is a definition given by the French philosopher Jean-François Lyotard in his book
"The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge". In this definition,
"postmodern" refers to a cultural and intellectual movement that emerged in the late
20th century.

Lyotard argues that "metanarratives" are grand, overarching stories or theories that
attempt to provide a universal explanation of the world and human history, such as
Marxism, Freudian psychoanalysis, or Christianity. According to Lyotard,
postmodernism is characterized by an "incredulity" or skepticism towards such
metanarratives.

In other words, postmodernism rejects the idea that there is a single, objective truth
or explanation for everything, and instead emphasizes the diversity of perspectives
and experiences. Postmodernism also tends to emphasize the importance of
language and discourse in shaping our understanding of reality, and is critical of
attempts to impose one particular worldview on society as a whole

teachings were often seen as the ultimate authority on truth. However, the rise of empirical science
challenged these ideas, and many of the discoveries made during the Scientific Revolution
contradicted Church teachings. This led to a growing skepticism towards the Church's claims of
infallibility and a shift towards a more secular understanding of the world.

Another way in which modernity reacted against the Church was through the development of
political and social ideologies that challenged traditional hierarchies and institutions. Enlightenment
philosophers such as Voltaire and Rousseau argued for the importance of individual freedom,
democracy, and human rights, ideas that were often at odds with the Church's emphasis on
obedience, hierarchy, and tradition.
This statement suggests that science and narratives (stories or accounts of events) often
contradict each other. According to the standards of science, many narratives are found to be
false or fictional. However, when science tries to discover the truth beyond just practical
regularities, it must follow its own rules and justify its methods. In other words, science has its
own rigorous standards for determining what is true and what is not, and it must adhere to these
standards even when they conflict with popular narratives or beliefs.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The statement means that there is often a conflict between scientific knowledge and
traditional narratives or stories that people have believed for a long time. When
measured against scientific standards, many of these narratives turn out to be untrue
or based on superstitions.

However, when science goes beyond just discovering useful patterns and tries to
uncover the truth, it must also justify its own methods and rules. This leads to the
development of a branch of philosophy that specifically deals with the justification
and legitimacy of scientific knowledge.

In other words, science produces not only factual knowledge but also a philosophical
discourse that explains and justifies its own status as a reliable source of knowledge.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This is a definition given by the French philosopher Jean-François Lyotard in his book
"The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge". In this definition,
"postmodern" refers to a cultural and intellectual movement that emerged in the late
20th century.

Lyotard argues that "metanarratives" are grand, overarching stories or theories that
attempt to provide a universal explanation of the world and human history, such as
Marxism, Freudian psychoanalysis, or Christianity. According to Lyotard,
postmodernism is characterized by an "incredulity" or skepticism towards such
metanarratives.

In other words, postmodernism rejects the idea that there is a single, objective truth
or explanation for everything, and instead emphasizes the diversity of perspectives
and experiences. Postmodernism also tends to emphasize the importance of
language and discourse in shaping our understanding of reality, and is critical of
attempts to impose one particular worldview on society as a whole

Overall, the reaction of modernity against the Church was complex and multifaceted, involving a
range of social, cultural, and intellectual developments that challenged the Church's traditional
authority and paved the way for a more secular and rational understanding of the world