Neets Module eS MODULE 15 ~ PRINCIPLES OF SYNCHROS, SERVOS, AND GYROS CHAPTER I ‘Synchros ‘> Used primarily for the rapid and accurate transmission of data ‘They are also used as ‘Synchros ‘control devices in servo systems, ‘© Consists of two or more synchros interconnected electrically | ‘Synchros Systems ‘= Systems that use torque synchros to ‘move light loads, such as dials and Torque Synchro Systems pointers. © Systems that use control synchros to ‘control servo systems. ‘The servo system, in ‘conjunction with the control synchro system, is used to move heavy loads such as gun directors, radar antennas, and missile launchers, Control Synchro Sytems ‘> Synchros that conform to specifications that are uniform throughout the ‘Armed Services. ‘> Synchros designed to meet Navy, rather than service- wide, specifications. Composed of either a single coi of wire wound on a laminated core or a {group of coils woun Military Standard Synchros Prestandard Navy Synchros ‘Synchro Rotor ——— Page 15-1Neets Module slots in a laminated core. Has a single coil of wire ‘wound on a laminated core, shaped like a ‘dumbbell or the letter mae Salient-Pole Rotor May be wound continuously with a single length of wire or may have a group of coils connected in series Drum or Wound Rotor simply a measure of how much load a machine can tum. in torque synchros, only ‘small loads are tumed; therefore, only a small ‘amount of torque is required Torque ‘A cylindrical structure of slotted lamination on which three Y- connected coils are ‘wound with their axes 120° apart, ‘Synchro Stator Converts the angular Position of its rotor (mechanical input) into an electrical output signs Synchro Transmitter Vary with different equipment. Synchros are designed for use on either a 115-volt or a 26-volt power source ‘Synchro Operating Voltages and Frequencies Forms the basis for understanding all synchro operations Electromagnetic Theory Result of the combined effects of three stator fields spaced 120° apart Resultant Magnetic Field Convert the electrical data supplied to its stator from the transmitter, back to a mechanical angular _position through the ‘Synchro Torque Receiver Page 15-2Neets Module movement of its rotor ‘Transmitters the position where the rotor and the $2 stator Zero-Degree Position winding are parallel, ‘> Converts a mechanical input, which is the e angular position of the ‘Synchro Transmitter rotor, into an electrical outpitt signal ‘Occurs in a single synchro stator coil each ie oe resem Maximum Induced Stator Voltage magnetic coupling between the rotor and the stator col. Method used in synchro receivers to prevent the rotor from oscillating or spinning. There are two types of damping methods - ELECTRICAL and MECHANICAL. Consists of a torque transmitter (TX) electrically connected to orale Gynctre Syste a torque receiver (TR). ~The term given to the positions of the rotors of a synchro transmitter and a synchro receiver when both rotors are on 0° or displaced from 0° by the same angle. Correspondence ‘+ Defined as the angle through which a transmitter rotor is mechanically turned. This term has the Signal same meaning as “transmitter’s mechanical input." ‘= Consists either of a TX, a TDX, (torque differential transmitter), and a TR; or two TXs. and one TOR (torque differential receiver) Torque Differential Synchro System a Page 15-3,Neets Module Has one electrical ‘input to the stator and ‘one mechanical input to the rotor. * IS electrically dential to the TOX. > Performs subtraction when the system contains standard synchro connections. © Performs subtraction when the system contains standard synchro connect * Contain control ssynchros and are used to contro large ‘amounts of power with a high degree of accuracy. © Are of three different types: the control transmitter (CX), the control transformer Control Sychros (CT), and the contro! differential transmitter (COX. + Asynchro device that compares two signals, the electrical signal applied to its stator, Control Transformer and the mechanical signal applied to its rotor >The name given to the electrical output of a Error Signal cr + Aunit containing three delta-connected ‘Synchro Capacitor capacitors + Is simply the number of times a synchro transmitter rotor must ‘Speed of Data Transmission turn to transmit a full range of values. * Simply the number of times a synchro transmitter rotor must tum to transmit a full ‘Torque Differential Transmitter (TDX) Receiver (TDR) ‘TX-TDR-TR System ‘TX-TOR-TX Systems Control Synchro System ‘Multispeed Synchro Systems ———— Page 15-4Neets Module —————T range of values. Consists of a fine and a coarse receiver enclosed in a common housing ‘+ Alow voltage used in multispeed synchro systems that contain Stickoff Voltage CTs to prevent false synchronizations. = The reference point for alignment of all synchro Electrical Zero units. Double Receiver © Various and depend upon the facilities and tools available, and how ‘Synchro Zeroing Method the synchros are ‘connected in the system © The most accurate and requires a precision voltmeter. This method has two major steps-the Voltmeter Zeroing Method coarse or approximate setting and the fine setting ‘> Can be used only if the aoa eles veto Electrical-Lock Zeroing Method are free to tum and the leads are accessible * Potentially less accurate than the voitmeter or ‘Synchro-Tester Zeroing Method electric lock methods. © Are signal lights used to aid ‘maintenance Personnel in locating synchro trouble quickly = The — locating or diagnosing of synchro malfunctions or Trouble indicators breakdown by means of Synchro oubleshootna systematic checking or analysis CHAPTER 2 Servos, : > Uses a weak control signal to move large ‘Servo Systems loads to a desired —_—[ Page 15-5Neets Module position with great accuracy ‘* Usually requires an operator to control the speed and direction of movernent of the ‘output. ‘Open-Loop Control System © Has an automatic feedback system that informs the input that the desired movernent has taken place. Closed-Loo Control System ‘= Normally made up of electromechanical parts, and consists of a synchro-control system, servo amplifier, Servo motor, and some form of feedback. Basic Servo System © Has the goal of controling the position of the load Position Servo ~ _Isbased on the same principle of error-signal {generation as the Position servo, except that the VELOCITY of the output is sensed rather than position of the load. Velocity Servo ‘+ Is similar to the velocity and position servos except that the acceleration of the load is being sensed rather than the position or velocity Acceleration Servo ‘= Aservo characteristic defined as the time between the input of the signal and the actual ‘movement of the load. = AN. system will not be subject to ‘oscillations but takes an excessive amount of Ovendenped time to reach __synchronization > An system provides instant Underdamped response to an error Page 15-6Neets Module ST ‘signal but results in the load oscillating about the point of synchronism Used to stabilize a system-to minimize or iminate the problem of ‘overshoot. Damping Defined as a method of damping that “anticipates” the amount of overshoot. Error-Rate Damping “The range of frequencies to which the system is able to respond in moving the load x Frequency Response frequencies that represent valid servo signals. ‘Accept only the range of Bandwidth One of the simplest position sensor devices and is generally used because ofits small size, high accuracy, and output, which can be either ac or dc. Potentiometer Voltage divider that functions as a position ‘sensor and produces the error voltage that is fed to the servo amplifier Balanced Potentiometer ‘or more inputs and a feedback error voltage. Can be used as error detectors in servo systems to add algebraically two ‘Summing Networks ‘A magnetic error detector that can be used in systems limited by large angular movements. E-Transformer “Two E-ransformers placed at right angles to each other. Crossed-E Transformer Used as a magnetic error detector, can rotate through unlimited angles Control Transformer The heart of the feedback loop Rate Generator _ input error signal for Used to change a de error signal into an ac Modulators —_S— Page 15-7Neets Module ‘servo amplifiers. Convert ac error signals to dc error signals. Used in an ac or de servo system must have a flat gain, minimum phase shift, ow output impedance, and low noise tevel Demodulators Servo Amplifier Used in servo systems that move light loads Servo Motors ‘Can control heavy loads, and are widely used in servo systems DC Servo Motors ‘Are used when power from a conventional ‘servo amplifier is too small to drive large servo motors (either ac or de). Magnetic Ampliiers ~ Combines several closed and/or open servo loops together to control a common load. Gyros CHAPTER 3 Muli-Loop Servo System Gyro," meaning revolution, and “skopien,” meaning to view. Any rapidly spinning object—a top, a wheel, an airplane propeller, or a spinning projectile Gyroscope ‘© The tendency of a spinning wheel (rotor) to remain in a fixed position in space. Rigidity “The property of a gyro that ‘causes it to tit in a direction perpendicular to the direction of any outside force Precession ‘The Rotor, the inner Gimbal, the Outer Gimbal, and the Base. ‘Components of a Universally Mounted Gyro Page 15-8Neets Module The weight, shape, and speed of rotation of the rotor. Factors That Affect Rigidity Is always 90° from the direction of the applied force. Direction of Precession Must be capable of sensing the difference between the present rotor position and the desired rotor position, and must apply forces that will cause the gyro to precess toward the desired position. Gyro Erection System ‘Specially mounted sb they are free to precess in only one direction; they are used to Rate Gyros measure angular rates. * A device used to detect and ae measure any acceleration along peceene | a particular axis, | © The effed of the Earths rotation | _-_ APPARENT DRIFT, APPARENT ‘on a gyro PRECESSION, or APPARENT ROTATION. + Consists of a mass suspended from a calibrated leaf spring in a E-Transformer Accelerometer manner similar to a pendulum. CHAPTER 4 Related Devices * Are used in systems where ‘transfer of information is Ic Synchros desired. Uses a rotary switch to transfer angular data (information) Step-Transmission System (Step-By-Step between remote locations. sy u = Physically similar to synchros and are used to perform Resolvers mathematical computations. T Page 15-9