174A Metrics, Norms, Inner Produets, Topology A.10 Complete Sequences In this section we define complote soquences of vectors in normed spaces. In, finite dimensions, these are simply spanning sets. However, in infinite dimen- sions there is a subtle, but important, distinction between a complete set and, a spanning set. Definition A.71 (Span). Let A be & subset of a normed linear space X ‘The finite linear span of A, denoted span(), Is the set of all finite linear combinations of elements of A: span(4) = {Seu n>0, fed,acech fai We also refer to the finite linear span of A as the Jinite span, the linear span, or simply the span of A In particular, if A is a countable soquence, say A= (Fx}uens then Slasfe:n>0, an € e} somttidien = { Example A.72. Let en = (dmn)men = (0,.--40,1,0,0,...) denote the se- quence which has a 1 in the nth component and zeros elsewhere, Then span(E) = span({en}nex) = coo Tn particular, the finite span of {e,}ucw is not for any p. Definition A.73 (Closed Span). Let A be a subset of @ normed linear space X. The closed finite span of A, denoted Span), is the elosure of the set of all finite linear combinations of elements of A: span(A) — span(A) = {z © X:3yq € span(A) such that y+ 2} We also refor to the closed finite span of A as the closed linear span or the closed span of A. Beware; The dofinition of the closed span does NOT imply that santa) = {Soufes fee dau ec} 00}. ‘That i, an olomont f lies in the closed span if there exist an, € € such that Voetafsf sno In contrast, to sey that f = D2, auf means that Vowhe+f asm oo. (As) me In particular, in order for equation (A.5) to hold, the scalars ox must be independent of n. This condition is related to the definition of Schauder bases, which we will consider in more detail in Seotion 72, after development of the Hahn-Banach Theorem. ‘A complete subset is one whase closed span is the entire space. Definition A.74 (Complete Sequence). If X is Banach space then & subset, A CX is complete in X if span(A) is dense in X, ic., ff 3pami(A) = X. ‘There are many other terminologies in use for complete sequences, 6.6. they are also called total or fundamental sequences. Schauder bases are examples of complete sequences. Definition A.75 (Schauder Basis). A sequence F = {f,}uen in a Banach space X is 8 Schauder basis for X if wo ean write every j € X a6 f= Voarlf) fe (As) a for a unique choice of scalars ax(/), where the series converges in the norm of X. Tn particular, gv = fh; axe(f) fe belongs to span({fr}een) for each N, and gyy — f.as N — co, so every belongs to the closed span of F = {fi}xew: “Thus every Schauder basis is a complete sequence. Exercise A.76. Let én = (Sma)men = (O,---10,1,0,0)..-} de as in Exam- ple A.72. Show that if 1 < p < 00, then {éa}nex is a Schauder basis for £”, and hence is complete in &. Show that {en }new isnot a Schauder hasis for &®, but instead is a Schauder Dosis for the proper closed subspace co,176 A Metrics, Norms, Inner Products, Topology We refer to & = {en}nen as the standard basis for £° (p finite) or co (p=). While every Schaucler basis is complete, the converse fails in general. We will next give an example of a complete sequence {fi}uen Which does not hhave the property that every vector f can be written in the form given in equation (A.6). For this example we will need the following very useful the- orem on approximation by polynomials (which we prove in Chapter 1, see ‘Theorem 1.86). We define the space Cla,b] = (F: [0,8] +€ + f is continuous}, (An) which is a Banach space under the uniform norm, ‘Theorem A.77 (Weierstrass Approximation Theorem). If f € C[a,b] and e > 0, then there exists a polynomial p such that If —Pllo = sup If¢ eclat) Plz) < ¢. Exercise A.78. Use the Weierstrass Approximation Theorem to show that the set of monomials {2*}%2, is compote in Cla, ). However, show that there exist functions f € Cla,8} which cannot be written as f(z) = De-oaxs* with convergence of the series in the uniform norm. We will explore the distinctions between bases and complete sets in more detail in Section 77. Additional Problems ‘A.22, Let X be 9 Bansch space. Show that if there exists a countable subset Ufn}nen in X that is complete, then X is separable.