A.T Convergence and Continuity in Topological Spaces 167 A.7.8 Equivalent Norms Now we consider the equivalence of convergence criteria and topologies for the specific case of normed spaces, Definition A.53. Suppose that X is a normed linear space with respect to anorm || [ja and also with respect to another norm [| ly. Then we say that these norms are equivalent if there exist constants Ci, C2 > 0 such that WFEX, Cillflle < Mills < C2llflle- (a4) We write || - lle J llp to denote that ||- ja and || - lp aze equivalent norms. ‘Theorem A.64. Let - [le and] [lp be two norms on a vector space X. ‘Then the following statements are equivalent. (2) la ond fly are eguivatent norms & ley give Q secs () [la ond |= lp induce the same topologies on X. (6) lJ-lle and Illy define the same convergence eriterion. That is, if {tn }uen is a sequence in X and x € X, then lim Jir—2nla=0 45 lim [2 —2nlls Proof. (a) = (6). This is immediate from the definition of equivalent norms. (©) = (b). ‘This follows from Exercise A.48. (b) = (@). Assume that statement (b) holds. Let. B&() and BY(2) denote the open balls of radius r centered at 2 € X with respect to ||: [la and | bs respectively. Since B2(0) is open with respect to | lla, statement (b) implies that BG(0) is open with respect to [|-llp-‘Therefore, since 0 € Bf(0), there must exist some r > 0 such that BP(0) < B3(0). Now choose any x € X and any € > 0. Then (r=2) = € BY0) C BY), Rearranging, this implies (7 — e) lla < [lt |». Since this is true for every ¢, wwe conclude that r zs < [fx A symmetric argument, interchanging the roles of the two norms, shows that there exists an-s > 0 such that j[xllp <3 |zlle for every x € X. Hence the two norms are equivalent. Given any finite-dimensional vector space X, we can define many norms ‘on X, analogous to the £” norms defined in Section A.4. open cots.168 A Metrics, Norms, Inner Products, Topology Exercise A.55. Let B = {r1,...,ta} be any basis for a finite-dimensional vector space X, and let ¢ = Tis. cx(z)-e denote the unique expansion of # © X with respect to this basis (the vector [2] = (ci(),..., a(t) is called the coordinate vector of x with respect to the basis B). Show that (Sie) ere Vell = 9 Seat max[ee(2)|, p= ‘are norms on X, and that X is complete with respect to each of these norms Note that |[z|p is simply the £ norm of the coordinate vector {ely Although wo will not prove it, the following is an important fact regarding norms on finite-dimensional spaces, Theorom A.56. If X is a finite-dimaensional vector space, then any two norms on X are equivalent. In particular, if |[-| is any norm on X and Ills #8 any one of the norms constructed in Exercise A.55, then l}-| = [lp Prolller Chen Bot all & Oe arms vo Byereie ASE ore eguivalan€. (Cne o direst pret)