Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 243 (2021) 167501

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Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron

Optics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijleo

Original research article

Goos–Hanchen-effect for near-zero-index metamaterials excited by

fractional dual fields
Kishwar Ali a , Aqeel A. Syed a , Waleed Iqbal Waseer b,a , Qaisar A. Naqvi a ,∗
a Department of Electronics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
b Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: The purpose of this paper is to examine the Goos–Hanchen-effect (GH-effect) for near-zero-
Goos–Hanchen-effect index metamaterials taking fractional dual fields as the source of excitation. Fractional dual
Near-zero-index metamaterials fields are intermediate states between the 𝑠-polarized and 𝑝-polarized fields. The behavior
Fractional curl operator
of reflection coefficient, corresponding phase, and GH-effect, for epsilon-near-zero (ENZ)/mu-
near-zero (MNZ) metamaterial is analyzed. Both lossless and lossy ENZ/MNZ metamaterial are
treated in this regard. Impact of variation of fractional parameter on the behavior of reported
quantities is noted in detail.

1. Introduction

The Goos–Hanchen-effect (GH-effect) refers to the phenomenon in classical optics that when a beam of light impinges an interface
it is briefly penetrated which leads to a lateral displacement, forward or backward across the interface, before bouncing back. Issac
Newton [1] described the lateral shift as a cause of penetration of light into the second medium under conditions of total internal
reflection. Newton’s proposal about lateral shift encouraged Fritz Goos and Hilda Hanchen to prove it through their ingenious
experiment [2], so in literature name attributed as GH-effect. However, when Newton’s conjecture was proved, Artmann [3]
established a mathematical formula known as the stationary phase method which needs only phase information to calculate the
GH-effect.
The manipulation of the GH-effect has also been extended to other areas of physics, such as quantum mechanics [4,5], surface
physics [6], nonlinear optics [7], and plasma physics [8]. Although the GH-effect was observed as much ago, in the last two
decades it has engaged much attention of the scientific community due to its significant role in the development of novel devices.
The heightening interest levels lead the research community to investigate the GH-effect across several media such as photonic
crystals [9], weakly absorbing left-handed slab [10], alias left-handed materials [11], GH-shifts of partially coherent light fields [12],
beam shifts [13,14], dielectric and orthorhombic anisotropic medium [15], GH-effect in plasmon-induced transparency [16],
hyperbolic metamaterials made of aluminum zinc oxide materials [17] and numerous other materials.
In particular, the ENZ and MNZ metamaterials has attracted more attention because they can be found in nature or fabricated
easily. Doping a semiconductor with foreign atoms enables its particles to immersed in ENZ medium act as dopants. The response can
be tuned with a single impurity, including cases such as engineering perfect magnetic conductor and epsilon & mu-near-zero media
with nonmagnetic constituents [18] . GH-effect could be enhanced or controlled using metamaterials [19]. As artificially engineered,
near-zero-index metamaterials with unusual features have revolutionized existing models. Near-zero-index metamaterials designed

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: kishwarali@ele.qau.edu.pk (K. Ali), aqeel@qau.edu.pk (A.A. Syed), waleedwaseer@gmail.com (W.I. Waseer), qaisar@qau.edu.pk
(Q.A. Naqvi).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.167501
Received 2 March 2021; Received in revised form 29 May 2021; Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 23 June 2021
0030-4026/© 2021 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
K. Ali et al. Optik 243 (2021) 167501

Fig. 1. Schematic demonstration of GH-effect upon reflection from a near-zero-index planar interface. Reflected ray of light shown by dashed line corresponds
to reflection as predicted by the geometrical optics and solid ray reflects after some lateral displacement 𝛿𝛤 .

by photonic doping provide a total reflection of electromagnetic light like metals and perfect magnetic conductors which stimulated
us to investigate the GH-effect across them. Due to the unique properties of epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) metamaterial, it has been
extensively studied to manipulate electromagnetic light. In 2012, Feng [20] demonstrated an exotic phenomenon that loss-induced
in ENZ metamaterial can bend electromagnetic power omnidirectionally towards normal. In 2013, Ramaccia et al. [21] presented
the design of a flat lens engineered by ENZ metamaterial used to plug up the aperture of a short horn antenna. Wen et al. [22]
analyzed the GH-effect in the ENZ slab. Liu et al. [23] experimentally demonstrated tunneling of electromagnetic waves through
ENZ metamaterial.
Permeability also provides a route as permittivity to meet near-zero-index metamaterials. Therefore, scientific researchers
also have concentrated on mu-near-zero (MNZ) metamaterial. MNZ material has immense practical applications such as the
efficiency of wireless power transfer system systems (WPT) could be enhanced by reducing electromagnetic field leakage using
MNZ metamaterial [24] and, novel flexible dual-frequency broadside radiating rectangular patch antennas based on complementary
planar ENZ or MNZ metamaterial [25]. In 2019, Lu et al. [26] proposed that the magnetic field of WPT might be shielded using
MNZ.
In nature, several materials i.e., clouds, rocks, and cracks on roads, etc, cannot be defined using methodical geometries, however,
these structures can be modeled through the concept of noninteger dimensions (NID). Recently, the GH-effect has been studied for
the interfaces involving NID space. Waleed et al. [27,28], illustrated the GH-effect for light reflected into NID half-space while in [29]
impacts on GH-effect are revealed for light reflected from NID half-space. Results from NID materials exhibit their significance in
electromagnetics.
Fractional calculus [30,31], a broad area of mathematics, deals with arbitrary (positive/negative, noninteger or complex
orders) of derivatives and integrals. Differentiation and integration have potential utilities and physical implications in electro-
magnetism [32–34]. The concept of fractional differentiation and integration are also known as ‘‘fractional differintegrals’’ may for
certain specific electromagnetic problems be an advantageous tool that provides optimistic results [35]. Engheta [36] has extended
the idea of fractionalization of mathematical operators to the curl operator because of its vital role in electromagnetic theory. Veliev
and Engheta [37] employed fractional curl operator for planar interface under oblique incidence and studied the characteristics of
the reported interface with respect to the fractional parameter.
The fractionalized curl operator has been used in many different electromagnetic problems such as Hussain et al. [38] utilized
fractional curl operator to study fractional chiro-waveguide, Naqvi et al. [39] has also been modeled transmission through a chiral
slab, studied waveguides containing chiral nihility metamaterial [40] and have been studied numerous scattering problems. Recently,
the GH-effect is investigated by employing fractional curl operator [41,42].
In recent, the GH-effect associated with ENZ planar interface [43] and ENZ slab [22] has been investigated for 𝑠 and 𝑝-
polarization. Present communication addresses the GH-effect for near-zero-index metamaterial taking fractional dual fields as the
source of excitation. It may be noted that analysis conducted in literature for 𝑠 and or 𝑝-polarization as special cases of our
deliberation. For this purpose, the concept of fractional curl operator is utilized to obtain the required excitation. The GH-effect
is a fundamental phenomenon that also appears in ENZ and MNZ metamaterials, and due to intriguing features of fractional dual
fields, it is necessary to manipulate the GH-effect for the reported framework, which to the best of our knowledge has not been
reported in the literature.

2. Theoretical model

Consider a planar interface of two homogeneous and isotropic media having infinite extent in the y–z plane and located at
𝑥 = 0 as shown in Fig. 1. Air with constitutive parameters 𝜖0 and 𝜇0 is optically dense medium than near-zero-index metamaterial
having controllable parameters 𝜖2 and 𝜇2 . A monochromatic linearly polarized electromagnetic light is obliquely incident upon an
interface making an angle 𝜃𝑖 with normal to the interface. In the present work, a general source of excitation is considered. The
source considered in the present work takes 𝑠, and 𝑝-polarization as two canonical cases. Throughout the manuscript, 𝑠/𝑝 are used for

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K. Ali et al. Optik 243 (2021) 167501

𝑠/𝑝-polarization. First, 𝑠 and 𝑝-polarized fields are inscribed then by applying fractional curl operator fractional dual fields (hereafter
used general fields) are written. The associated fields with 𝑠-polarization are,
( )
̂ 𝑖 𝑘𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
𝐄𝑠𝑖 = 𝑧𝑒
[ ] ( )
𝑘𝑦 𝑘
𝜂0 𝐇𝑠𝑖 = 𝑥̂ − 𝑦̂ 𝑥 𝑒𝑖 𝑘𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
𝑘0 𝑘0
( )
̂ 𝑠 𝑒𝑖 −𝑘𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
𝐄𝑠𝑟 = 𝑧𝛤
[ ] ( ) (1)
𝑘𝑦 𝑘
𝜂0 𝐇𝑠𝑟 = 𝑥̂ + 𝑦̂ 𝑥 𝛤 𝑠 𝑒𝑖 −𝑘𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
𝑘0 𝑘0
( )
̂ 𝑠 𝑒𝑖 𝑘2𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
𝐄𝑠𝑡 = 𝑧𝑇
[ ] ( )
𝑘𝑦 𝑘
𝜂2 𝐇𝑠𝑡 = 𝑥̂ − 𝑦̂ 2𝑥 𝑇 𝑠 𝑒𝑖 𝑘2𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 .
𝑛2 𝑘0 𝑛2 𝑘0
√
𝜇𝑗
where 𝜂𝑗 = 𝜖
is impedance while 𝑗 = {0, 2}, whereas 0 and 2 are used for air and near-zero-index metamaterial respectively,
𝑗
𝜔
𝑘0 = is wavenumber of air (𝜔 is angular frequency of light, and 𝑐 the speed of light in free space), 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑘0 cos 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑘0 sin 𝜃𝑖 ,
√
𝑐 √
𝑛2 = 𝜖2 𝜇2 is refractive index, and 𝑘2𝑥 = (𝑛2 𝑘0 )2 − 𝑘2𝑦 . 𝛤 𝑠 /𝑇 𝑠 are unknown coefficients of reflected/refracted fields while subscripts
𝑖, 𝑟, and 𝑡 are used for the incident, reflected, and refracted field respectively.
Now the expressions for fields of 𝑝-polarization are,
( )
𝜂0 𝐇𝑝𝑖 = 𝑧𝑒
̂ 𝑖 𝑘𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
[ ] ( )
𝑘𝑦 𝑘
𝐄𝑝𝑖 = −𝑥̂ + 𝑦̂ 𝑥 𝑒𝑖 𝑘𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
𝑘0 𝑘0
( )
̂ 𝑝 𝑒𝑖 −𝑘𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
𝜂0 𝐇𝑝𝑟 = 𝑧𝛤
[ ] ( ) (2)
𝑘𝑦 𝑘
𝐄𝑝𝑟 = −𝑥̂ − 𝑦̂ 𝑥 𝛤 𝑝 𝑒𝑖 −𝑘𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
𝑘0 𝑘0
( )
𝜂2 𝐇𝑝𝑡 = 𝑧𝑇
̂ 𝑝 𝑒𝑖 𝑘2𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
[ ] ( )
𝑘𝑦 𝑘
𝐄𝑝𝑡 = −𝑥̂ + 𝑦̂ 2𝑥 𝑇 𝑝 𝑒𝑖 𝑘2𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 .
𝑛2 𝑘0 𝑛2 𝑘0

Employing the following boundary conditions at 𝑥 = 0,

𝑛̂ × (𝐄𝑖 + 𝐄𝑟 ) = 𝑛̂ × 𝐄𝑡 ,
(3)
𝑛̂ × (𝐇𝑖 + 𝐇𝑟 ) = 𝑛̂ × 𝐇𝑡 .

reflection coefficients are obtained as follows:

√
𝜇2 cos 𝜃𝑖 − 𝑛22 − sin 𝜃𝑖2
𝑠
𝛤 = √ ,
𝜇2 cos 𝜃𝑖 + 𝑛22 − sin 𝜃𝑖2
√ (4)
𝜖2 cos 𝜃𝑖 − 𝑛22 − sin 𝜃𝑖2
𝛤𝑝 = √ .
𝜖2 cos 𝜃𝑖 + 𝑛22 − sin 𝜃𝑖2

Now the general source of excitation is obtained by utilizing the idea of fractionalization of curl operator as in [37] and above
fields as the canonical cases,
1 1
𝐄𝛼 = (∇×)𝛼 𝐄, 𝜂𝐇𝛼 = (∇×)𝛼 𝜂𝐇. (5)
(𝑖𝑘)𝛼 (𝑖𝑘)𝛼
0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 1 is fractional order of curl operator. When value of fractional parameter 𝛼 is equal to zero/one, yields original/dual fields
meanwhile, general fields are obtained at noninteger values of 𝛼.
{
𝐄 𝛼 = 0,
𝐄𝛼 = (6)
𝜂𝐇 𝛼 = 1.

and
{
𝜂𝐇 𝛼 = 0,
𝜂𝐇𝛼 = (7)
−𝐄 𝛼 = 1.

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K. Ali et al. Optik 243 (2021) 167501

Corresponding expressions for general fields [41] when 𝑠/𝑝-polarization is original case, are written in equation 8/9,
[ ] ( )
𝑘𝑦 𝜋𝛼 𝑘 𝜋𝛼 𝜋𝛼
𝐄𝑠𝑖(𝛼) = sin( )𝑥̂ − 𝑥 sin( )𝑦̂ + cos( )𝑧̂ 𝑒𝑖 𝑘𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
𝑘0 2 𝑘0 2 2
[ ] ( )
𝑘𝑦 𝜋𝛼 𝑘𝑥 𝜋𝛼 𝜋𝛼
𝑠
𝜂0 𝐇𝑖(𝛼) = cos( )𝑥̂ − cos( )𝑦̂ − sin( )𝑧̂ 𝑒𝑖 𝑘𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
𝑘0 2 𝑘0 2 2
[ ] ( )
𝑘𝑦 𝜋𝛼 𝑘 𝜋𝛼 𝜋𝛼
𝐄𝑠𝑟(𝛼) = sin( )𝑥̂ + 𝑥 sin( )𝑦̂ + cos( )𝑧̂ 𝛤𝛼𝑠 𝑒𝑖 −𝑘𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
𝑘0 2 𝑘0 2 2
[ ] ( )
(8)
𝑘𝑦 𝜋𝛼 𝑘 𝜋𝛼 𝜋𝛼
𝜂0 𝐇𝑠𝑟(𝛼) = cos( )𝑥̂ + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠( )𝑦̂ − sin( )𝑧̂ 𝛤𝛼𝑠 𝑒𝑖 −𝑘𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
𝑘0 2 𝑘0 2 2
[ ] ( )
𝑘𝑦 𝜋𝛼 𝑘 𝜋𝛼 𝜋𝛼
𝐄𝑠𝑡(𝛼) = sin( )𝑥̂ − 2𝑥 sin( )𝑦̂ + cos( )𝑧̂ 𝑇𝛼𝑠 𝑒𝑖 𝑘2𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
𝑛 2 𝑘0 2 𝑛2 𝑘0 2 2
[ ] ( )
𝑘𝑦 𝜋𝛼 𝑘2𝑥 𝜋𝛼 𝜋𝛼
𝑠
𝜂2 𝐇𝑡(𝛼) = cos( )𝑥̂ − cos( )𝑦̂ − sin( )𝑧̂ 𝑇𝛼𝑠 𝑒𝑖 𝑘2𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 .
𝑛 2 𝑘0 2 𝑛2 𝑘0 2 2
and
[ ] ( )
𝑘𝑦 𝜋𝛼 𝑘 𝜋𝛼 𝜋𝛼
𝜂0 𝐇𝑝𝑖(𝛼) = sin( )𝑥̂ − 𝑥 sin( )𝑦̂ + cos( )𝑧̂ 𝑒𝑖 𝑘𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
𝑘0 2 𝑘0 2 2
[ ] ( )
𝑘𝑦 𝜋𝛼 𝑘 𝜋𝛼 𝜋𝛼
𝐄𝑝𝑖(𝛼) = − cos( )𝑥̂ + 𝑥 cos( )𝑦̂ + sin( )𝑧̂ 𝑒𝑖 𝑘𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
𝑘0 2 𝑘0 2 2
[ ] ( )
𝑘𝑦 𝜋𝛼 𝑘𝑥 𝜋𝛼 𝜋𝛼
𝜂0 𝐇𝑝𝑟(𝛼) = sin( )𝑥̂ + sin( )𝑦̂ + cos( )𝑧̂ 𝛤𝛼𝑝 𝑒𝑖 −𝑘𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
𝑘0 2 𝑘0 2 2
[ ] ( )
(9)
𝑘𝑦 𝜋𝛼 𝑘𝑥 𝜋𝛼 𝜋𝛼
𝐄𝑝𝑟(𝛼) = − cos( )𝑥̂ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( )𝑦̂ + sin( )𝑧̂ 𝛤𝛼𝑝 𝑒𝑖 −𝑘𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
𝑘0 2 𝑘0 2 2
[ ] ( )
𝑘𝑦 𝜋𝛼 𝑘 𝜋𝛼 𝜋𝛼
𝜂2 𝐇𝑝𝑡(𝛼) = sin( )𝑥̂ − 2𝑥 sin( )𝑦̂ + cos( )𝑧̂ 𝑇𝛼𝑝 𝑒𝑖 𝑘2𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 ,
𝑛 2 𝑘0 2 𝑛2 𝑘0 2 2
[ ] ( )
𝑘𝑦 𝜋𝛼 𝑘 𝜋𝛼 𝜋𝛼
𝐄𝑝𝑡(𝛼) = − cos( )𝑥̂ + 2𝑥 cos( )𝑦̂ + sin( )𝑧̂ 𝑇𝛼𝑝 𝑒𝑖 𝑘2𝑥 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑦 .
𝑛2 𝑘0 2 𝑛2 𝑘0 2 2
In above expressions 𝛤𝛼𝑠 /𝑇𝛼𝑠 and 𝛤𝛼𝑝 /𝑇𝛼𝑝 are unknown reflection/refraction coefficients of general fields respectively when 𝑠-
polarization and 𝑝-polarization is the original case. Reflection coefficients valid for both canonical cases and all intermediate states
are written below [37]:
𝛤 𝑠 cos( 𝜋𝛼
2
) + 𝛤 𝑝 sin( 𝜋𝛼
2
)
𝛤𝛼𝑠 = ,
cos( 𝜋𝛼
2
) + sin( 𝜋𝛼
2
)
(10)
𝛤 𝑝 cos( 𝜋𝛼
2
) − 𝛤 𝑠 sin( 𝜋𝛼
2
)
𝛤𝛼𝑝 = .
cos( 𝜋𝛼
2
) − sin( 𝜋𝛼
2
)
GH-effect can be obtained by applying the stationary phase method as,

𝜆 𝑑𝜙𝛤𝛼𝑚
𝛿𝛤𝛼𝑚 = − , 𝑚 = 𝑠, 𝑝 (11)
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃𝑖
where 𝜆 is wavelength and 𝜙𝛤𝛼𝑚 = ∠𝛤𝛼𝑚 .

3. Results and discussions

In this section, the center of interest is to note the impact of variation of noninteger values of fractional parameter 𝛼 on the
behavior of reflection coefficient (|𝛤𝛼𝑚 |), corresponding phase (𝜙𝛤𝛼𝑚 ) and GH-effect (𝛿𝛤𝛼𝑚 ).

3.1. GH-effect for ENZ metamaterial

Firstly, the behavior of GH-effect is investigated by taking lossless ENZ metamaterial and depicted in Fig. 2. The critical angle
√
for ENZ metamaterial is sin 𝜃𝑐 = 𝜖2 ≈ 0. The magnitude of the coefficient, corresponding phase and GH-effect are denoted by
𝛿𝛤 𝑚
|𝛤𝛼𝑚 |, 𝜙𝛤𝛼𝑚 and 𝜆𝛼 , respectively. Plots in subfigures (a to c) take 𝑠-polarization as the original case whereas subfigures (d to f) take
𝑝-polarization as the original case. In each subfigure, solid/dashed line indicates original/dual case (corresponds to 𝛼 = 0/1). From
subfigure (b), it is noticed that after the total internal reflection the phase of original case (𝑠-polarization) is a linear function of the
𝛿𝛤 𝑠
incidence angle thus provides a constant value of the GH-effect i.e., 𝜆𝛼 ≈ 𝜋1 . For the corresponding dual case (𝑝-polarization), the
value of phase is -𝜋 showing a half-wave phase lag characteristic and results in zero value of the GH-effect as predicted by geometrical
optics. The perspective property of ENZ metamaterial to 𝑝-polarization could be viewed via Maxwell equation i.e., ∇ × 𝐇 = −𝑖𝜔𝜖2 𝐄.
As 𝜖2 ≈ 0, the Maxwell equation becomes ∇ × 𝐇 = 0 so yields |𝛤 𝑝 | = 1 with phase -𝜋. This behavior is an analogous feature to the

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K. Ali et al. Optik 243 (2021) 167501

Fig. 2. Dependence of the magnitude of reflection coefficient ((a) and (d)), phase ((b) and (e)) and, corresponding GH-effect ((c) and (f)) on the incidence
angle. Solid lines correspond to 𝛼 = 0 and dashed lines correspond to 𝛼 = 1. The relative permittivity of the ENZ metamaterial is 𝜖2 = 10−4 .

Fig. 3. Impact of noninteger values of fractional parameter 𝛼 on reflection coefficient, corresponding phase, and GH-effect. 𝑠-polarization is considered as the
original case. Plots for 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 are shown with blue solid, magenta dashed, and green dotted lines, respectively and same is followed for
𝛼 = 1 − 𝛽. The relative permittivity of ENZ metamaterial is 𝜖2 = 10−4 .

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K. Ali et al. Optik 243 (2021) 167501

Fig. 4. Impact of noninteger values of fractional parameter 𝛼 on reflection coefficient, corresponding phase, and GH-effect. 𝑝-polarization is considered as the
original case. Plots for 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 are shown with blue solid, magenta dashed, and green dotted lines, respectively and same is followed for
𝛼 = 1 − 𝛽. The relative permittivity of ENZ metamaterial is 𝜖2 = 10−4 .

reflection of 𝑠-polarized light from a perfect electric conductor (PEC) so ENZ metamaterial could be interpreted as perfect magnetic
conductor (PMC) for 𝑝-polarization. It is obvious to note from Fig. 2 that behaviors of the reflection coefficient, phase, and GH-effect
for original/dual case under 𝑚 = 𝑠 are switched to corresponding behaviors of these quantities for dual/original case under 𝑚 = 𝑝.
Our discussion for two canonical cases is validated by reproducing the results reported in [43].
The behavior shown in Fig. 3 is obtained for noninteger values of the fractional parameter considering 𝑠-polarization as the
original case that is, 𝑠-polarization at 𝛼 = 0. Subfigures (a to c) correspond to 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 whereas subfigures (d to f)
correspond to 𝛼 = 1 − 𝛽. As the value of 𝛼 varies in steps from zero to one, the behavior obtained for the original case starts
deviation so that it can follow corresponding dual case when 𝛼 ⟶ 1. It is noted from subfigures (a) and (d) that after the critical
angle behavior at 𝛼 = 𝛽, 1 − 𝛽 is exactly same. For 0.5 < 𝛼 < 1, (pseudo) Brewster angle appears and overlaps with the critical
angle. Here, in contrast to the behavior of |𝛤𝛼𝑠 |, behavior of corresponding phase is not same at 𝛼 = 𝛽 and 𝛼 = 1 − 𝛽. For noninteger
values of 𝛼, the phase is not linear but the variation of 𝛼 develops a smooth transition of phase from one canonical case to another
canonical case. At all noninteger values of 𝛼, deviation from canonical results is more prominent near small values of the incident
angle. So in this range of the incidence angles, an enlarged GH-effect is noted. But for larger values of the incidence angle, the
behavior of phase converges towards the corresponding canonical case; original case if 𝛼 < 0.5 and dual case if 𝛼 > 0.5. This is the
reason why GH-effect at large incident angles for all noninteger values of 𝛼, is always parallel to the result for the corresponding
canonical case. Near 𝛼 = 0.5, the occurrence of a large peak and its flipping is noted in the behavior of GH-effect. This behavior is
essential so that transition from one canonical case to another canonical case can happen.
In Fig. 4 behavior is investigated taking noninteger values of 𝛼 and assuming 𝑝-polarization as the original case. Subfigures (a
to c) correspond to 𝛼 = 𝛽 while subfigures (d to f) correspond to 𝛼 = 1 − 𝛽. Sub-figures (a) and (d) show that the behavior of
the coefficient is the same at 𝛼 = 𝛽, 1 − 𝛽 and this observation is consistent with Fig. 3. The behavior of the phase at 𝛼 = 𝛽, 1 − 𝛽
is different and is also consistent with the observation drawn from Fig. 3. Additionally, it is noted that for 𝛼 < 0.5, there exists
a short-range for small values of incidence angle for which behavior of phase overlaps the original case. The width of the range
decreases as the value of 𝛼 increases. In this range of incident angles, zero GH-effect is noted. Very near after the (pseudo) Brewster
angle immediate change in the value of phase from -𝜋 to 𝜋 occurs which yields a peak in the behavior of GH-effect. Furthermore, it
is noted that there exists a wide range of incidence angles where GH-effect is nearly parallel to their corresponding canonical case.
At large values of the incident angle, crossover in the behavior of GH-effect concerning the 𝛼 is noted. Similar behavior has also
been noted for 𝑠-polarization but at small values of the incident angle.

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K. Ali et al. Optik 243 (2021) 167501

Fig. 5. Dependence of the magnitude of reflection coefficient ((a) and (d)), phase ((b) and (e)) and, corresponding GH-effect ((c) and (f)) on the incidence
angle. Solid lines correspond to 𝛼 = 0 and dashed lines correspond to 𝛼 = 1. The relative permeability of MNZ metamaterial is 𝜇2 = 10−4 .

Fig. 6. Impact of noninteger values of fractional parameter 𝛼 on phase, and corresponding GH-effect. 𝑝-polarization is considered as the original case. Plots
for 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 are shown with blue solid, magenta dashed, and green dotted lines, respectively and same is followed for 𝛼 = 1 − 𝛽. The relative
permeability of MNZ metamaterial is 𝜇2 = 10−4 .

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K. Ali et al. Optik 243 (2021) 167501

Fig. 7. Impact of noninteger values of fractional parameter 𝛼 on phase, and corresponding GH-effect. 𝑠-polarization is considered as the original case. Plots for
𝛼 = 𝛽 = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 are shown with blue solid, magenta dashed, and green dotted lines, respectively and same is followed for 𝛼 = 1 − 𝛽. The relative
permeability of MNZ metamaterial is 𝜇2 = 10−4 .

3.2. GH-effect for MNZ metamaterial

In this subsection, the behavior of coefficient, phase, and GH-effect is investigated taking the lossless MNZ metamaterial. In
Fig. 5, the behavior is demonstrated for the two canonical cases. Original/dual case is indicated using the solid/dashed line. The
critical angle for this subclass of near-zero-index metamaterials is the same as for the ENZ metamaterial. But the response of MNZ
metamaterial to 𝑠∕𝑝-polarization is exactly opposite to the response of ENZ metamaterial to these polarizations. It may be noted that
there is a half-wave phase lag for 𝑠-polarization hence no GH shift takes place at the interface as predicted by the geometrical optics.
𝛿𝛤 𝑝
Meanwhile, the phase of 𝑝-polarization is linearly dependent on the incidence angle yielding a constant GH-effect i.e., 𝜆𝛼 ≈ 𝜋1 . Thus
MNZ metamaterial could be regarded as the perfect electric conductor (PEC) for 𝑠-polarized incident light.
In Figs. 6/7, the behavior of phase and corresponding GH-effect is demonstrated for noninteger values of 𝛼 taking 𝑝/𝑠-polarization
as the source for the original case. It is noticed that the behavior obtained for MNZ under 𝛼 < 0.5 is the same as behavior for ENZ
metamaterial when 𝛼 > 0.5 and vice versa. Reciprocity in behavior holds for all noninteger values of 𝛼.

3.3. Influence of losses

Now the contribution of loss parameter is added and characteristics of lossy near-zero-index metamaterials are analyzed through
the GH-effect. For the lossy case, GH-effect is obtained using the following relation,
[ ′ ]
𝜆 𝛤𝛼 𝑚
𝛿𝛤𝛼𝑚 = − 𝐼𝑚 (12)
2𝜋 𝛤𝛼𝑚

where 𝐼𝑚 represents the imaginary part and prime indicates derivative with respect to 𝜃𝑖 . Fig. 8(a)–(c) deal with GH-effect for
lossy ENZ whereas Fig. 8(d)–(f) deal for lossy MNZ geometry. Two original cases are presented in each subfigure (a) & (d). In
rest of the subfigures, impact of the variation of fractional parameter on behavior is presented assuming 𝛼 < 0.5 for (b) & (e)
and 𝛼 > 0.5 for (c) & (f). In Fig. 8(a), for 𝑠-polarization the value of GH-effect first gradually increases and for 𝑝-polarization
it passes through a negative resonance before settling to a constant value. In Fig. 8(d), opposite observation as made in 8(a) is
noted. Whereas for lossless geometries, GH-effect settles to constant value just after the critical angle or (pseudo) Brewster angle.
As the value of fractional parameter varies from zero towards 0.5, a positive resonance starts to appear/negative resonance start to
decrease for 𝑠∕𝑝-polarization in the ENZ geometry. In this geometry, when fractional parameter goes beyond 0.5, first flipping in

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K. Ali et al. Optik 243 (2021) 167501

Fig. 8. Illustration of GH-effect for canonical cases ((a), (d)) and general fields ((b), (e) when 𝛼 = 𝛽 and (c), (f) when 𝛼 = 1 − 𝛽). Solid lines correspond to
𝑠-polarization whereas dashed lines correspond to 𝑝-polarization. (a)–(c) GH-effect for lossy ENZ metamaterial while (d)–(f) GH-effect for lossy MNZ metamaterial.
Blue, magenta and green lines correspond to the values of 𝛽 = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 respectively. Relative permittivity/permeability of lossy ENZ/MNZ metamaterial
is 10−4 + 0.1𝑖. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

resonance peaks takes place then resonance in the 𝑝-polarization response disappears while decrease in resonance peak occurs for
𝑠-polarization response. On the other hand, in MNZ geometry, amplitude of gradually varying response decreases for 𝑝-polarization
while peak of negative resonance in 𝑠-polarization response increases when fractional parameter moves from zero towards 0.5.
After 0.5, first flipping in response of both polarizations takes place then resonance peak in 𝑠-polarization response decreases while
negative resonance in 𝑝-polarization response appears as value of fractional parameter increases. It is important to note that above
stated changes occurs only at small incidence angle and at the large incidence angle, GH-effect is parallel to one obtained for the
lossless geometry. In Fig. 9, similar observations are made as in the previous figure but at a larger value of the loss parameter i.e,
0.42𝑖. At this imaginary value of permittivity/permeability for lossy ENZ/MNZ metamaterial region of gradually increasing value of
GH-effect is enlarged and resonance position is shifted towards larger angle accordingly as compare to the GH-effect for value of
loss parameter 0.1𝑖.

4. Conclusion

In this work, the behavior of coefficient, phase, and GH-effect is studied at the planar interface of near-zero-index metamaterials
taking general source of excitation which takes 𝑠-polarization and 𝑝-polarization as two canonical cases. It is concluded that the
response of ENZ/MNZ metamaterial to canonical case 𝑝∕𝑠-polarization is like PMC/PEC interface. Notable deviations are deduced
in the behavior of reported quantities from canonical cases due to the variation in noninteger values of fractional parameter 𝛼. The
deviations are quite obvious, for 𝑠-polarization for smaller values of incidence angle whereas for 𝑝-polarization for larger values of
incidence angle. Moreover, enhanced GH-effect is observed around the critical angle or (pseudo) Brewster angle. Furthermore, it is
concluded that the impact of losses on the behavior of GH-effect is more prominent for small values of incidence angle.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.

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K. Ali et al. Optik 243 (2021) 167501

Fig. 9. Illustration of GH-effect for canonical cases ((a), (d)) and general fields ((b), (e) when 𝛼 = 𝛽 and (c), (f) when 𝛼 = 1 − 𝛽). Solid lines correspond to
𝑠-polarization whereas dashed lines correspond to 𝑝-polarization. (a)–(c) GH-effect for lossy ENZ metamaterial while (d)–(f) GH-effect for lossy MNZ metamaterial.
Blue, magenta and green lines correspond to the values of 𝛽 = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 respectively. Relative permittivity/permeability of lossy ENZ/MNZ metamaterial
is 10−4 + 0.42𝑖. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

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