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    Asphalt Work Specifications

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    Asphalt Work Specifications

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    26 views176 pages

    1.MS2 Combine

    Uploaded by

    Pankaj Jagtap
    Asphalt Work Specifications

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    For Asphalt Concrete and Other Hot-Mix Types a Asphalt Institute Manual Series No. 2 (MS-2) Sixth Editio SCOHLIIN NOSSO XIN Foreword ‘This manual is practical guide to asphalt mix design for engineers and others concerned wih the technicalities of constructing all types of pavement with hot mix asphalt. [talso serves as an excellent textbook for students being initslly exposed 10 asphalt mix design, ‘is sixth edition of the Mix Design Manuat includes these revisions fram previews editions: the addition of a Voids Filled with Asphalt (VFA) criterion to Marshall mix sesign; the recommendation to initially select asphalt content at four percent ait voids the redefinition of the nominal maximum aggregate size; discussions to assist the designer in making minor changes in the designed mix; mix design using reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP); and procedures used in field verification of asphalt mixtures. At the time tis sixth edition of the Mix Design Manual was released, the asphalt ‘nix design procedures being developed inthe Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) had not been finalized. Therefore, the SHRP mix design procedures have not ‘been included here. Please contact the Asphalt Insitute forthe mst recent information ‘concerning SHRP mix desiga, Asphalt Institute Lexington, Kentucky ‘The Asphalt Institute has used extrome care in the assembly of this Publication. However, the Institute can assumeno responsiblity for an error or omission in the printing of these standards. Because these standards are subject to periodic review and revision, those who use them are cautioned to obtain the latest revision. us CONTENTS List of Asphalt Institute Member Companies. List of Asphalt i tute Offices. List of Ilustrations List of Tables... Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 2 MIX DESIGN PRACTICE. Mix Type Selection Chapter3 EVALUATION OF AGGREGATE GRADATION Proportioning Determinations Chapter 4 ‘VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES OF COMPACTED PAVING MIXTURES nisin Chapter 5 MARSHALL METHOD OF MIX DESIGN A B. c D General Preparation of Test Specimens ‘st Procedure Interpretation of Test Data Chapter 6 HVEEM METHOD OF MIX DESIGN A B. © D. e r General = vn Approximate Asphalt Content by the Cenirifuge Kerosene Equivalent Method Preparation of Test Specimens. ‘Test Procedures Interpretation of Test Data . Calibration of Hveem Stabilometer Device oun Chapter? DURABILITY OF ASPHALT MIXTURES. Chapters FIELD VERIFICATION OF MIX DESIGN Appendix MIX DESIGN USING RAP TeX sn 2B 28 8 3s 33 56 6 1” p 80 89 95 101 106 109 13 123 137 ILLUSTRATIONS. Figure No. 2.1 ‘Typical surface course gradations 22 ‘Typical open-graded mixture gradations 23. ‘Typical binder and hase course gradations 24 Fuller maximum density curves on standard semi-log sang chart sn 25 Maximum density curves on Federal Highway ‘Admninistration 0.45 power gradation chart 2.6 Weighing aggregates for batch mixes. 2.7 Heating aggregate batches in oven 28 Adding asphalt to heated aggregate : 2.9 Mechanical mixer for batch mixing of asphalt and aggregate 311 Job ageregates and specification ploted on conventional aggregate grading chart 32 Job aggregates and specification plotted on 0.45 power gradation chat... 33 Trial-and-error calculations for combining two aggregates — 34 Graphical solution for proportioning two aggregates 35. Tviakand-error solution for combining three azeregates 3.6 Chart for estimating three aggregate blends. 3.7 Example of a “humped” gradation... ws 3.8 Adjusting percentages by volume to percentages by weight 39 Adjusting gradation by wasting . 310 Worksheet tor computing laboratory batch weights 4.1 Mlustrating bulk, effective, and apparent specifi eraviies st voids: and effective asphalt content in compacted asphalt paving mixture stn vs 42 Representation of volumes in a compacted aspnat spcelmen 43° Worksheet: Analysis hy weight of total mixture 44 Worksheet: Analysis by weight of aggregate SA Pedestal. hammer (mechanical) und mold used in preparing, Marshall test specimens. 52. Dewermination of mixing and compaction temperatures 53° Marshall stability and flow test, using an automatic recording device, . : 54 Suggested test report form showing test data for a ‘ypical design by the Marshall meth! 55 ‘Test property curves for hot-mix design data by the Marshall method ssn ‘An example ofthe narrow range of acceptable asphalt contents Relationship between VMA snd specification limit Effect of Marshall compactive effort on VMA, 0 31 33 34 37 40 2 “4 45 53 4 37 39 6 6s #7 n 1 s2 _ vil 6.1 Apparatus for Hvcem C.K.E, rests me BL 62 Chart for determining surface constant for fine material, Ky from C.K.E., Fiveem method of design soso 8B 63 Char for determining surface constant for coarse ‘material, Ke from coarse aggregate absorption, Hyeem method of design 85 64 Chart for combining Ky and Ke to determine surface constant for vombined aggregate, Kis, Hveem method of design... 86 65 Chart for computing ol ratio for dense-praded bituminous mixtures, Hveem method of design 66 Char for corecting bitumen requirement due increasing viscosity of asphalt, Hveem method of design 88 6.7 Mechanical kneading compactor for the preparation 7 of Hyecm test specimens o 68 Diagram of tamping foot for mechanical kneading compactors 92 69 Transfer of mix to mold : 94 6.10 Rodding mix in MOlA senna sncasinn 94 6.11 Swell test apparetus 9% 6.12 Diagrammatic sketch showing principal features ‘of Hycem stabilomeer o 7 6.13 Hveem stabilometer 98 6.14 Char for correcting sabilometer values to effective specimen height of 64mm (2.50 inches} ncn 99 6.15 Suggested test report forin showing test data for a typical mix design by the Hvcem method 102 6.16 Test propery curves for hotmix design data by the Hveem method senenineinenes OB 6.17 Procedures for selecting optimum asphalt content, Hivoem method of design 104 8.1 Relationship between reference density measurements and ir voids. 118 82 ‘Typical quality control charts during nixture production 121 AL Flow chart for reeycling hot mix design procedOr® enn 124 A2 Asphalt viscosity blending chat wn. 128 3. Asphalt viscosity blending chart (Design Example 1) ». 1 Ad Asphalt viscosity blending chart (Design Example 2) 1B TABLES Table No, 2.1 Composition of asphalt paving mixtures (ASTM 3513) 4.) Influence of ype of specific gravity on determination ‘of VMA, VFA, and air voids 42 Basie data for sample of paving mixture 5.1 Stability correlatinn ratios 5.2 Marshall mix design enteria. 53 Minimum percent voids in mineral ssa VIA) 5.4 Selecting asphalt grade. 6.1 Surface-area factors 62 Hiveem mix design criteria, 8.1 Sample quality assurance-quality control schedule Ad Formulas for proportioning materials fr recycled hot mixtures Page "1 48 6 70 n 2 us 126 xz =—i“‘“‘C™é:;2O~*;*‘S™S Introduction 101 PURPOSE AND SCOPE — The objective of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mix design isto determine the combination of asphalt coment and aggregate that will give Yong lasting performance as part of the pavement structure, Mix design involves Jaboratory procedures developed to establish the necessary proportion of materials for use in the HMA. “These procedures include determining an appropriate blend of aggregate sources to produce aproper gradation of mincral aggregate, and selecting the {ype and amount of asphalt cement to be used asthe binder for tha gradation, Well designed asphalt mixtures can be expected to serve successfully for many yeats under 4 variety of loading and environmental conditions “The mix design of hot mix asphalt s just he starting point to assure that un asphalt ‘conerete pavement layer will perform as required. Together with proper construction practice, mix design is an important step in achieving. wel-perform pavements 1g asphalt In many cases, the cause of poorly-performing pavernents has been aitributed to poor or inappropriate mix design oF to the production of a mixture different from what was designed in the laboratory. Correct mix design involves adhering to an established set of laboratory techniques and design criteria, These techniques and criteria serve as the design philosophy ofthe governing agency. They are based on scientific esearch as well as many years of expericnce in observing the performance of asphalt concrete pavements. Iiscritca] thatthe ll be followed esacily as written, Successful mix design requires understanding the basic theory behind the steps and following the intent of the writen instructions. It also includes having the proper training in laboratory techniques and effectively interpreting the results of laboratory {ests. ‘This manual was prepared with these goals in mind, It contains the latest information forthe design of hot-mix asphalt paving mixtures to meet the demands of ‘modem traffic conditions and to ensure optimal performance of asphalt concrete pavements, ‘Chapter 2 of this manual relates the application of mix design and testing to general practice. Testing references and detailed procedures are outlined tor the routine analysis of materials and paving mixtures. A numberof aggregate gradation compu tations with typical examples of soutine calculations related to mix design are included ‘in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 deseribes the asphalt mixture properties important tothe long term performance of asphalt pavement, ‘The principal features ofthis manual are the detailed presentations for twomethous of asphalt paving mix design (Marshall Method in Chapter 5 and Hvcem Method in Chapter). The test procedures foreach mix design method are described, along with ‘the corresponding guidelines and procedures for selecting the design asphalt content. Many of these calculations and guidelines ate included in the Asphalt Institute metho _ Introduetion Computer-Assisted Asphalt Mix Analysis (CAMA) computer program, The Appendix presents the addition of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) into Marshall and Tiveem mix design, ach mix design method and the corresponding test criteria anc presented without any specification requirements for materials and construction, The compaction ‘method and the level of compaction energy upproximate the degree of compaction that will exist in the pavement after several years of trafic, The design asphalt content is chosen to provide forall of the mix components (asphalt, aggregate and aie) to be in Correct proportion at this point in time, ‘The Marshall and Hveem methods of mix designure both widely used forthe design ‘of hot mix asphalt. The seleetion and use of either of these mix design methods is principally a matter of engineering preference, since each method has certain unique features and apparent advantages. Both medhods are currently being used with satisfactory results when all of the principles of proper mix alysis are observed, ‘The durability of aggregates and asphalt-agrogate compatibility can be a major ‘concer in some cases, Additional material testing topics are covered in Chapter 7 As ated earlier, laboratory mix design is just the starting point ofthe process. To ensue thatthe mix being placed in the pavement isthe same asthe mix designed and evaluated in the lab, field verification and quality control are essential, Chapter 8 describes the various facets of quality management systems for asphalt nines. 1.02 HOT MIX DEFINED — Hot mix asphalt paving materials consist of « combination of aggregates that are uniformly mixed and coated with asphalt cement To dry the aggregates and obtain sufficient fluidity of the asphalt cement for proper !mining and workability, both must be heated prior mixing giving origin tothe tern “hoe-mix.”| ‘Theaggre gates and asphalt ae combined in an asphalt mixing facility, continuously or in batch-mode. ‘These two main components are heated to proper temperature, proportioned, and mixed toproduce the desired pavingmnaterial, Aftertheplant mixing is complete, the hot-mix is transported to the paving site and spread with a paving ‘machine ina partially-compacted layerto aunitorm, smooth surface. While the paving, mixture is stil hor, it is further compacted by heavy self-propelled rollers to prodice a smooth, well-consolidated course of asphalt concrete 1.03 CLASSIFICATION OF HOT MIX ASPHALT PAVING — Asphalt paving mixes may be designed and produced from a wide range of aggregate blends, each suited to specific uses. The aggregate composition typically varies in size from coarse to fine particles. Many different compositions are specified throushout the world — the mixes designated in any given locality generally are those that have proven adequate through long-term usage and, in most ese, these gradings should be sed. Fora gencral classification of mix compositions, the Asphalt stitute recommends ‘consideration of mix designations and nominal maximum sizeof aggregate! 37.5 roma (2-1/2 in,},25.0 mm (1 in), 19.0 man (3/4), 12.5 ma (L/2in),9.5 mm G/Bin.), 4.75 ‘mm (No, 4), and 1,18 mim (No. 16), as specified in the American Society for Testing ‘and Materials (ASTM) Standard Specification D 3515 fer Hor-Mixed, Hor-Laid Ms2 _ —_3 Bituminous Paving Mistures. The grading ranges and asphalt content limits of these uniformly-graded dense mixes generally agree with overall practic but may vary from lhe practice ofa particular local area, Further discussioa of asphalt mixture gradations is presented in Article 2.03. Depending on the specific purpose of the mix, other non-uniform gradings have been used with great success, such as gap-graded and open-gruded aggregate compo- sitions, The design philosophy and construction procedures of these mixes are different because of the additional void space incorporated between the larger particles. The design procedures inthis manual should not be used for gap-graded or ‘open- graded asphalt mixtures | Crapicr 2 Mix Design Practice 2.001 GENERAL, — Asphalt paving mix design demands tention to the details outlined in standard test procedures. Primarily, this means following specific, written instructions. But it also means having proper taining in laboratory technique and the relation of min design testing to pavement field specification requirements While mix design often is treated as an isolated subject, iteanmot be separated from ‘the other related items ofthe material specifications. 1 it the purpose ofthis chapter, therefore, to cite the general objectives of mix design and presenta guide for applying the mix design principles to asphalt paving construction specifications, 2.02 OBJECTIVES OF ASPHALT PAVING MIX DESIGN —The design of asphalt paving mixes, as with other engineering materials designs, is largely a matter of selecting and proportioning materials to obtain the desired properties inthe finished ction product, The overall objective forthe design of asphalt paving mixes is to determine (within the limits ofthe project specifications) x cost-effective blend andl aradation of aggregates and asphalt that yields a mis having, (1) Sufficient asphalt to ensure a durable pavenvent. (2) Sufficient mix stabiity to satisty the demangs of traffic without distortion or displacement, @) Suffcien: voids in the total compacted mix to allow for a slight amount of ‘Gditional compaction under trafic loading and a slight amount of asphalt ‘expansion due to reruperature increases without flushing, bleeding, and loss of stability. ©) A maximum void content to limit the permeability of harmful sir and moisture Sto the mis. (3) Sufficient workability to permit efficient placement ofthe mix without segrega- tion and without sacrificing stability and performance. (6) For surtace mixes, proper aggregate teuure and hardness ta provide sufficient skid resistance in unfavorzble weather conditions, ‘The inal goal of mix designs iosclect unique design asphalt content that will achieve 4 balance among all of the desired properties. Ulimate pavement performance is related to durability, impermeability, strength, stability, stiffness, flexibility. Fatigue sesistanee, and workability. Within this context, there is no single asphalt content that Wwillmaximizeall ofthese properties. Instead a asphalt contents selected on the basis ‘of optimizing the properties necessary for the specific conditions Since the fundamental performance properties are nol directly measured ina normal ‘ix design, asphalt conten is selected on the basis of a measused parameter that best refleetsall oftheve desires. Considerable research has determined that zr vid content 's this parameter. An acceptable air voids range of tree to five percent is most often used. Within this range, four percent air voids is often coasidered the best inital _ ‘Mix Design Practice estimate for a design that balances the desired performance properties, Slight refinements are then considered in the analysis ofthe mix testing esults, Mix Type Selection 2.03 GENERAL —Dense-graded HMA mixtures ate generally divided into three ‘major categories dependent upon their specitic use: surface mixtures, binder or ‘intermediate mixtures, and base mixtures, HMA misturesare typically designed with layer thickness and availabilty of aggregates in mind. ‘The maximum size aggregate is generally largest in the base, smaller inthe binder or intermediate course, and finest in the surface course; however, this practice is not universal. Nevertheless, any ‘properly designed HMA mix can generally serve at any level inthe pavement, Surface course mixtures may become “binder” mines if subsequently overlaid, so strength Teauirements should not he compromised regardlese ofthe location of te ania wi the pavement Generally there ismo single, uniform standard set of HMA classifications used by the various public agencies. ‘Thete ae similarities with respect to mixture types, but the geographic availability of materials and different climatic design requirements have led to various identifications. Each agency usually has its own designation for ‘identifying various mixture types, While most HMA mixtures have a typical design these mines offer a wide range of performance characteristics and there is substantial overlap of mixture application ‘This article describes the various types of HMA mixtures and typical applications, One national standard that identifies HMA wecording to maximum aggregate size and ‘sradationis ASTM D 3515, Standard Specifications for Hot Mived, Hot-Laid Bitar ‘nous Paving Mixtures. The aggregate gradations givenin te various figureshave been taken from this specification, Table 2.1 presents the dense- graded mixture gradations from ASTM D3515. HMA mix types can generally be narowed down to discussions ‘of the mixture gradation (dense-graded or open-gtaded) and the maximum agategate size (Sand-asphalt up to “Targe-stone” mixes Depending on the gradation, pavement layers are confined to practical minimum ‘and maximum Tiftthicknesses, ‘Me minimum thickness forasurface mix usually varies ‘rom 2t03times the maximum aggregate size; however, the actual minimum thickness ‘of any courses that which can be demonstrated tobe lai ina single liftand compacted {othe required uniform density andsmoothness. The maximum it thicknessisusually ‘governed by the ability of the rollersto achieve the specified comipaction for that layer, Regardless ofthe mixture classification, the same degree of design, production, an construction control procedures should be used te ensure proper performance ofthe pavement, Surface Course Mixtures Surface course mixes must be desiyned tohave sufficient stability and durability 0 both carry the anticipated traffic toads and to withstand the detrioienal effects of ai, ‘ater, and temperature changes, In general, surface mixtures have a greater asphalt ‘content than binder or base miatures due tothe higher VMA requirements of smaller ‘maximum aggregate size mixtures. Maximum apgropate sizes fr surface mixes vary from 9.5 10.19 mm (3/8 10 3/4 in.) The choice of maximum aggregate size is often qsundss un nig heen a sone waumay ea pue yb ued ans Ko gn vos al pee Asses 8 pepues oa 2 oe ee bee wseasoo uw BOLeene ts med ta yoann Bdsm ond Ou ne PATI Be 9990S UENO OL bese moe 8 wm, ais Tag way a005 sonatig Tal awe has oy eee Cae Tai Po aS — cae ae aE wag sp eo, eas. siig ashy stag Sak 885 Bie s8e Se Bae obraige meeige ‘oot —cotsigs woass wage ord cease TBE ont 1g6 a tatoos cigs tat ook top a oot ‘ages Tagawa ‘ ag 018 _ stay TS CRE PUTIN VRAIS AA ~ ar og = 2 (G1sed WIS¥) sanju Gued yeydse yo uopisodwiog ~ 12 @IgeL, _Mbx Design Practice ; é 0 i 40 30 20 ‘44 In. Nom. Max. Size 3/8 In. Nom. Max. Size 10 a 20080 «8 4 8B 12 oe 1 ee bam ‘Sieve Size Raised to 0.45 Power Figure 2.1 — Typical surface course gradations Dredicated on the desired surface texture, with a smaller maximum size aggregate Drociucing a smoother, tighter surface. Figure 2.1 ilustrates typical gradation ranges (f98.Smen (3/8in,) und 19 mm (3/4 i.) nominal maximum size dense-taded mixtures, A special type of surface mixture used for reducing hydroplaning and increasing skid resistance is an open-graded ftiction course (OGFC), also knowin asa poroue ‘ction course (PFC) or popcom mix. The function ofthis miature iso provide a free raining layer that permits surface water to migrate laterally through the mixture to the edge of the pavement. The open-grated mixture also provides a skid resistant surface 8s its coarse texture provides excellent friction between the pavement and the tine OGFCs contain a relatively high asphalt content using 4 9.5 to 12 min (38 to 1/2 in.) maximum size aggregate, with few aggregate fines to produce the open-graded ture. Typically placed in 16 t0 19 mun (5/8 to 3/4 in) thicknesses, the mines are -donly to fucilitate rapid removal of surface water and not as an improvement to struetural capacity. Figure 2.2 shows the gradation range of typical 95 nm (3/8 in.) ‘open-graded friction course Binder Course Mixtures Binder mixes are often used as an intermediate layer between the surfave mixture and the underlying asphalt or granular base. Binder mixes typically have a larger ‘maximum size agereyate of 19 (0 38 mm (3/4 0 1.3 in), with « corresponding lower us 400 >, 90 70 50 ao Percent Passing 20 — 2 in. Nom. Max, Size == Bin. Nom, Max. Size ol et poi 1 1 200 s05016 8 4 awe 4 tte He Siove Size Raised to 0.45 Power Figure 2.2 ~ Typical open-graded mixture gradations. asphalt content. Binder and base mixes are offen used interchangeably in pavement ‘design and construction, Where heavy wheel loads are involved, atypical binder mix for highway consiruction can be used as a surface mix ifa coarser surface texture will not bea concern. This approach has often been used in port faciltiesusing heuvy cargo handling vehicles; in logging vards that use large log-handling vehicles: and for truck ‘unloading and industrial areas wih high percentages of heavy trucks. Largeragerezate ‘mixes (with less asphalt and sand contents) are often more resistant to the seuffing action of tight radius power steering tun. Figure 2.3 shows the gradation runge of a 25 mm (I-in,) nominal maximum size dense-praded mis. Base Course Mixtures Hot mix asphalt base mixes ean be placed direcly on the compacted subgrade or ‘over granularbasc. HMA base mixes are characterized by larger aggregate sizes that range up to 75 mm @ in.) The relative asphalt content will be ower due tthe larger ‘maximum agerepat size, which is appropriate because this mixture isnot exposed 10 climatic factors, Maximum aggregate sizes for base mintures are often established by the locally available materia. Figure 2.3 illustrates the gradation range of a 50 m (2-in,) nominal maximum size dense-graded HMA, ‘Base mixes can also be designed with an open gradation to facilitate drainage of ater that may eventually enter tbe pavement structure. A similar type open-graded Mix Design Practice Percent Passing 2 In. Nom. Max. Siz 4 In: Nom: Max. Size 200 50 6 4 seas 1 Ie 2 242 Sieve Size Raised to 0.48 Power Figure 2.3 ~ Typical binder and base course gradations. ‘mix is used as a crack-relief layer in pavement rehabilitation. Open-graded base ‘mixtures are designed to provide an interconnecting void structure, using 100 percent ‘rushed materials with maxisvum aggregate sizes of about 38 to 76 mm (1.5 to 3 i.) Positive free drainage must be incosporated inthe overall pavemnent design with these layers. Figure 2.2 shows the gradation runge of atypical 50 mm (2-in.) open-zradead ‘Sand-Asphalt Mixes ‘An appropriately graded mannfactured sand or natural sand or a combination of Dothan be used effectively ascither a base or surface mixture, The primary difference ‘between a base and surface sand. asphalt mix would be in the amount of asphalt cement ‘anc!minus 75 m (No, 200) material that may be specified, Also known in some areas asaplant-mix eal oras sheet asphalt, sand-asphaltminesdomot normally have the high stability wssociated with laruer-sized aggregate mixtures. These types of mixtusts are ‘not recommended in heavy tafficloud areas. Sand-asphult mixes produce the tightest surface texture of any HMA and with proper selection of aggregate type (hardness and shape) can also produce a highly skid "sistant mixture, An additional advantage of sand mixes is that they can be placed in thicknesses as chin as L5 mm (0.60 in.). For this reason sand mixes can he Used ws a thin leveling course prior to an HMA overlay, sand asphalt mix ean be made into Ms.2 " «sheet asphaltby the addition of relatively large amounts of mineral filler and asphalt cement, 2.04 DESIGN METHOD AND REQUIREMENTS — Ultimately, one should recognize tha the mix desiga method and design requirements form an essential part ofthe construction specifications for asphalt paving projects, The construction agency ‘or authority responsible for of the paving construction usually establishes the mix design method and design requirements. Once these items are established it then becomes the duty and responsibilty ofthe engineer to do the mix design within the framework ofall the specification requirements, ‘The Marshall and Hycem methods of mia design presented in this manual have been ‘widely used with satisfactory results. For each of these methods, citera have been ‘empirically developed by correlating the results of laboratory teats on the compacted paving mixes with the performance of the paving mixes under service conditions, In ‘each instance, however, the correlation was made within cerain limits; these limits are clearly listed for each method, IMPORTANT: For the above reasons, the design criteria for each mix design method are applicable only to the prescribed test procedure within the limits of the original correlation. Hasty or haphazard modification of ‘these design methods, test procedures or design criteria is never justi- fied. In those cases where it can be clearly shown that a modification or extension of the design method is needed, all proposed changes should ‘be fully supported with additional correlation data covering the new limits (conditions of design. All mix design procedures involve propuring a set of trial miature specimens using materials proposed for use on the project. An examination ofthe standard procedures will indicate that there ae three key components of mix design: + laboratory compaction of trial mix specimens, + stability or strength) and volumetri testing, and + unalysis of results ‘An additional step that is becoming more common is the evaluation of moisture susceptibility or the compatibility ofthe aggregate and the asphalt coment, ‘The purpose of laboratory compaction is net to produce conveniently-sized tral ‘mixture specimens. The compaction technique is intended to simulate the in-place ‘density of HMA after it has endured several years of traffie, Namerous studies have been done to compare the measured properties of cored specimens to laboratory- ‘compacted specimens of actual plant-mixed materials, Resewrehhas failed tvestablish ‘one compsction method which consistently produces the closest simulation tthe field forall of the measured properties. Four compaction methods ste currently in use 2 Mix Design Practice * impact compaction, used inthe Marshall mix design methodt + kneading compaction, used in the Hveem mix design methad + several forns of pyratory eompeetion + compaction using vibratory impact hammers Various agencies have investigated the use of gyratory compection to replace the ‘curently accepted compaction procedures, The impact and kneading. compaction procedures used inthe Marshall and Hvcem mix design methods, respectively. should ‘ot be altered unless extensive studies have becn performed to validate the alternate compaction procedure, After laboratory compaction, the specimens are tested for strength and density of void properties. Normally, five trial mixtures are compacted. The aggregate gradation remains the same foreach trial and the asphalt content is varied. To ensure satstieally significant results, a least three replicate specimens ofeach trial mixture (i.e. asphalt ‘content) should be prepared. 2.05 EVALUATION AND ADJUSTMENT OF MIX DESIGNS — When developing a specific mix design itis often necessary to make several til mixes to Find one that meets all ofthe design eriteia. Each trial mix design, thecelore, serves 48 @ guide for evaluating and adjusting the tials that follow, For preliminary or «exploratory mix designs itis advisable to stan with a blended ugeregate gradation that ‘approaches the median of the specification limits, Initial tral mixes are used 10 estublish the job-mix formula and verify that an aggregate gradation within the specification limits can be produced by the central mixing facility. This wssarance is Particularly important when there are no service records available onthe prospective aggregate sources, ‘When schedoling preliminary mix designs, it should be verified that both asphalt and aggregate materials meet the proposed specification requirements. When several Possible sources of ageregate are to be considered, it may be necessary to make 1 fhumber of tial mix designs to determine the most economical combination of Sgaregates that will full! oll of the specitication requirements, ‘The results of the preliminary mix designs sorve as a basis for making a preliminary estimate of costs ‘When the initial trial mixes fail to meet the design criteria at any selected asphalt ‘content it wil be necessary to modify or, in some cases, redesign the mix. ‘To correct ‘deficiency, the easiest way to redesign a mixtures tochange the ageregate gradation by adjusting the component percentages. Often this adjustment is enough to bring all ‘Properties within compliance. If adjusting the percentages isnot adequate to mee all ‘of the design ertera, setious consideration should be given to changing one or more material sources, For many engineering materials, the strength of the material frequently denotes ‘quality; owever, ths isnot necessarily the case for ut mis asphalt. Extremely high stability often is obtained at the expense of lowered durability, and vice versa, Therefore, in evaluating and adjusting mix designs always Keep in mind that the ‘aggregate gradation and asphalt content inthe final x design mustsirike afavorable balance hetween the siabitity and durability requirements for the use intended. us2 7 13 Moreover, the mix must be produced as a practical and economical construction operation. Grading curves are helpful in making necessary adjustments in mix designs, For «example, curves determined from the Fuller equation* represent mix conditions of ‘maximum density und minimum voids in mineral aggregate (VMA). Paving mixtures with such curves may be easily compacted, huttend topack very tightandhave ar void content that are too low. Usually, deviations from these curves wil result in higher ‘YMA and lower densities for the same compactive effort. The extent of change density and VMA depends on the amount of adjustment in fine or coarse aggregate Figure 24 illustrates series of Fuller maximur density curves plotted on acoaven- tional semiclog grading chatt. Figure 2.5 illustrates maximum density curves determined from the maximum density equation with particle sizes raised to the 0.45 power** and plotted on the Foderal Highway Administration grading char (based on asealeraising sieve epenings tothe0.45 power). Many designers find this char more convenient touse for adjusting ‘aggregate gradings. The curves on this chart, however, need not be determined from the maximum density equation, They may be obisined by drawing straight line from the origin ut the lower left of the chart o the desired maximum particle size*** st the top 100 percent passing line. Gradings that closely spproach ths szaight line wsually wsl be adjusted away from it within acceptable limits to inctease the VMA values, This allows enough asphalt to be used to obtain maximum durability without the mixture flushing. ‘These are general guidelines for adjusting theral mix, buthe sug, ‘may not necessarily apply in all cases: jonsoutlined (6) Voids Low, Stability Low-—Voids may be increased in a number of ways, Asa general approuch to obtaining higher voids in the mineral aggregate (and therefore providing sufficient void space for an adequate amount of asphalt and aie voids) the aggregate grading should be adjusted by adding move course or more fine aggregate the asphalt content is higher than normal and ibe excess isnot required to replace thatabsorbed by theaggregzte, the asphalt content may'be lowered toincrease the voids provided adequate VMA is retained. Itmust be remembered, however, that lowering ‘the asphalt content may decrease the durability of the pavement. Too much reduction in asphalt content may less to britleness, accelerated oxidation, and increased permeability. Ifthe above adjustments do not produce a stable mix, the aggregate may have 10 be changed, (O(UID/Sin whic, p= wl pce passing given ove (a sac of seve opening Dagens opening) in gration Kas ‘tFor processed aur the simi patil ie nana ef sews Led ne apcale specitcabon s two sizes per tun he fs see etain me fan 10 peer of the st Ms2 oe Federal Highway Administration 0.46 Powar Gradation Chart 6 LETH Percent Passing Figure 2.5 — Maximum density curves on Fed Administration 0.48 power grad: 16 _ Mix Design Practice usually ispossibietoimprove the stability and increase the aggregate void content ‘ofthe mix by increasing the ammount of erushed materials andor decreasing the amount ‘of material passing the 75 p m (No, 200) sieve. With some aggregates, however, the freshly-fractured faces are as smooth as the wster-worn faces and an appreciable increase instability isnot possible, Thsis generally ruc of quartz o similar rock types. By adding more manofactured sand, the void content can also he improved without sacrificing mix stability. (b) Voids Low. Stability Sazisfactory—Low void content may eventually tesult in instability duet plastic How or Mushing after the pavement hasbeen exposedio traffic for a period of time because of particle reorientation and additional compaction, Insufficient void space may also result because of the amount of asphalt required to ‘obtain high durability in finer mixes, even though stability is initnly satisfactory for the specific traffic. Degradution of a poor ageregate during mixture production ‘andfor under the action of attic may also subsequently led to instability and flushing ifthe void content ofthe mix is not sulicient. For these reasons, mixes low in voids should be adjustet hy one of the methods given in (a) above, even though the stability ‘may initially appear satisfactory. (©) Voids Satisfactory, Stability Low—Low stability when voids and aggregate srading are satisfactory may indicate some deficiencies in the aggregate. Consider ation should be given to improving the coarse aggregate panicle shape by crushing, or increasing the percentage of coarse aggregate inthe mixture, or possibly increasing the ‘Maximum aggregate size. Aggregate particles with rougher (exture and less rounded surfaces will exhibit moce stability while maintaining or increasing the void content. (G)Voids High, Stability Satisfactory High void contents ar frequently associated with mixes found to have high pesmeability. High permeability. by permiting

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