For Smes: Accountant

Machine Translated by Google
ACCOUNTING FOR MSMEs
ACCOUNTANT
FOR SMEs
i
ii
ACCOUNTANT
FOR MSMEs
iii
iv
FOREWORD
Praise and thanks to the writer, he ascends before God
Subhanallahu W a Ta'ala because of the blessings and mercy
His, making accounting textbooks for SMEs can be

completed. This textbook is used as a reference for University
Accounting students
Muhammadiyah Ponorogo in the MSME Accounting course.
This textbook contains accounting standards used for
MSMEs, and also tries to provide an overview of the
recording and financial reporting systems that can be carried
out and implemented by MSMEs.
There are still many wishes of the author that have

not been conveyed in this textbook, in some examples and
exercises it still feels shallow and is still far from perfection.
But all these shortcomings, God willing, will be perf ected
again in the next edition. Finally, the author does not forget
to thank the various parties who have helped the author in
compiling this textbook. Given the imperfection of this
textbook, the author would also be grateful for various inputs
and criticisms for the perfection of this textbook in the future.
1
LIST OF CONTENTS
• Preface • Table of 1
Contents 2
• CHAPTER I 3
• BAB II 9
• CHAPTER III 27
• CHAPTER IV 33
• B.B.V 37
• CHAPTER VI 43
• BAB VII 47
• BAB VIII 51
• CHAPTER IX 57
• CHAPTER X 63
• CHAPTER XI 69
2
CHAPTER I
COMMUNITY BUSINESS
SMALL AND MEDIUM
(UMKM)
3
A. DEFINITION OF SMEs
The term MSME refers to business activities

established by the community, both in the form of individual
businesses and business entities. In the Indonesian
economy, MSME is a business group that has the largest
number and has proven to be resilient to various shocks
from the economic crisis. The Central Bureau of Statistics
(BPS) provides a definition of MSMEs based on the quantity
of labour. Small businesses are business entities that have
a workforce of 5 to 19 people, while medium businesses
are business entities that have a workforce of 20 to 99
people.
According to Law Number 20 of 2008,
MSMEs are businesses that have the following criteria:
1. Micro Enterprises, namely productive businesses owned by

individuals or business entities owned by individuals that meet
the following criteria:
ÿ Have a maximum net worth of IDR 50,000,000

(fifty million rupiah) excluding land and buildings
for business premises.
ÿ Have a maximum annual sales of IDR
300,000,000 (three hundred million rupiah).
2. Small Enterprises, namely independent productive

economic enterprises carried out by individuals or
business entities that are not subsidiaries or not
branches of companies that are owned, controlled or
become part of. right away
4
or indirectly from medium or large businesses that

meet the following criteria:
ÿ Have a net worth of more than IDR 50,000,000
(fifty million rupiah) up to a maximum of IDR
500,000,000 (five hundred million rupiah)
excluding land and buildings for business
premises; or
ÿ Have annual sales proceeds of more than Rp.
300,000,000.- (three hundred million rupiahs)
up to a maximum of Rp. 2,500,000,000.- (two
billion five hundred million rupiahs).
3. Medium Enterprises, namely productive economic
enterprises that stand alone, carried out by individuals
or business entities that are not subsidiaries or
branches of companies that are owned, controlled,
or become part, either directly or indirectly, of small
businesses or large businesses that fulfill criteria: ÿ
Having a net worth of more than Rp. 500,000,000.-
(five hundred million rupiahs) up to a maximum of
Rp. 10,000,000,000.- (ten billion rupiahs)
excluding land and buildings for business
premises; or ÿ Have annual sales proceeds of
more than Rp. 2,500,000,000.- (two billion five
hundred million rupiahs) up to a maximum of Rp.
50,000,000,000.- (fifty billion rupiahs).
From the definition above, MSME can be seen from

various aspects, both in terms of the number of workers
5
owned, the wealth owned by business actors, as well as from sales/

turnover of MSMEs.
B. THE DIFFERENCES OF MSMEs AND LARGE COMPANIES
Based on the understanding of MSMEs above, we can find out

the difference with large companies.
These differences can be seen from several aspects:
1. Asset
Assets owned by MSMEs according to Law no. 20 of 2008

the maximum is only IDR 10,000,000,000, while large
companies have assets of more than IDR 10,000,000,000.
2. Turnover
Turnover obtained by MSMEs according to Law no. 20 of

2008 a maximum of IDR 50,000,000,000, while above that it
is in the category of large companies.
3. Number of employees
In terms of the number of employees, referring to the definition
put forward by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) it states
that MSMEs have a maximum of 99 employees. If there are
more than 99 employees, it is included in the large company
category.
In addition, the difference between MSMEs and large companies

can be seen from several things as follows:
6
MSMEs Large companies
Managed/led by the Managed/led by a professional
owner himself manager
The organizational Clear organizational structure,
structure is simple, there job specialization
are multiple positions

Difficulty for More capital gains
easy
get additional business capital
(access to financial institutions
is quite difficult)
Have not implemented Has implemented an adequate
an adequate accounting accounting system

system
In MSMEs, the management/leadership is usually carried out by

the owners themselves so that the problem of multiple positions cannot be
avoided. The owner also acts as the main manager of the business as well
as a production manager, as a financial manager, as well as a marketing
manager. This makes business management in MSMEs also not optimal.
Because the ability of people can not master many things at the same time.
In contrast to large companies where the capital owner is

separated from the business manager. Because the owner of capital does
not necessarily have control over the management system of a business,
so that in large companies each section/department is separate and there
is a manager who manages it
7
responsible for its management. The employees employed in

each section are also in accordance with their respective areas
of expertise, so that business management can be maximized.
The next difference is in the ability to obtain venture

capital, the MSMEs, which are mostly managed by individuals,
often experience difficulties in obtaining capital. A person's
ability to obtain capital is certainly different from a large
company consisting of a group of investors (in companies in
the form of a Limited Liability Company (PT)). In addition,
MSMEs also often experience difficulties in accessing capital
in banking institutions, because banks require financial reports
in their credit applications, but most MSMEs have not been
able to fulfill this. This is related to the lack of an accounting
system implemented by MSMEs, in contrast to large companies
that have implemented an adequate accounting system.
TASK
Students are asked to visit businesses that fall into the

MSME category around their respective residences and
then record the name of the business, type of business,
and business profile. Each task is presented in front of the
class!
8
BAB II
ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
ENTITY FINANCE
NO ACCOUNTABILITY
PUBLIC (CASE STAGE)
9
A. UNDERSTANDING SAK ETAP
SAK ETAP is a financial accounting standard for Entities Without

Public Accountability (ETAP). ETAP is an entity that has no significant
public accountability, and issues general purpose financial statements for
external users. SAK ETAP refers to IFRS for Small Medium Enterprises. In
SAK ETAP this is simpler because it is a simplified PSAK so that there are
choices for more standard alternatives, simplification of recognition and
measurement, and reducing disclosure. However, this SAK ETAP is a
standard that stands alone as a whole (stand alone).
An entity is said to have accountability
publicly significant if the entity has filed a registration statement, or is in the

process of submitting a registration statement, to the capital market
authority or other regulator for the purpose of issuing securities in the
capital market; or entities holding assets in a fiduciary capacity for large
groups of people, such as banks, insurance entities, brokers and/or
securities dealers, pension funds, mutual funds and investment banks. If
an entity with significant public accountability, it must use IFRS -based
PSAK. However, you can also use SAK ETAP if there is a regulation that
permits the use of SAK ETAP.
With the existence of SAK ETAP, it is hoped that small and

medium business actors will be able to prepare their own financial reports.
So that it can be audited and entitled to get an audit opinion so that it can
be used as a reference
10
to obtain funds or additional business capital from financial

institutions (banks) that can be used for business
development. In SAK ETAP the presentation is simpler
compared to PSAK-IFRS so that it is easier to implement,
but still provides reliable information in the presentation of
financial statements.
SAK-ETAP is effective as of 1 January 2011 but

early application as of 1 January 2010 is permitted.
Entities whose financial statements comply with SAK ETAP
are required to make an explicit and unreserved statement
for this compliance in the notes to the financial statements.
Financial reports that have been made may not state that
they comply with SAK ETAP unless they comply with all
the requirements contained in SAK ETAP. This is related
to the reference that the auditor will use when conducting
an audit. If a company uses SAK ETAP, then the auditor
who will conduct an audit at the company will also refer to
SAK ETAP.
11
B. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PSAK AND SAK ETAP
The following is a comparison between PSAK and

SACK STAGE
Element No PSAK SACK STAGE
1 Presentation Position report Equal to

Financial statements PSAK, except
Finance information
Information
presented in
presented in the
statement of
balance sheet,
financial position
which eliminates
Asset differentiation
pos:
smooth and not
smooth and liable Financial assets
short term and long Investment

term property
Current assets measured at fair

value (ED PSAK 1)
Short term liabilities
Biological
• Information presented assets measured at
in the statement of cost and fair value
financial position
or in the notes to (PSAK ED 1)
the financial statements
Long term
flowering obligation
(Term changes in
PSAK ED 1: Balance Sheet
Assets and
be Report
tax obligations
12
Financial Position, deferred

Liability (liability)
Non-controlling
becomes a liability)
interest
2 Reports Comprehensive Not the same

Profit and loss income statement with PSAK
using
Information
the term
presented in the
comprehensive
Profit and Loss report
income statement,
Comprehensive
Profit and loss during SACK STAGE

the period use the term
Other income statement.
comprehensive
income during the period
Information
presented in the
statement of
comprehensive
income or the notes to
the financial statements
3 Serving Same with

Change PSAK, except
Equity for some matters
related to other
comprehensive
income.
13
4 Top Notes Notes to financial Same with

Report statements PSAK, except
Finance Structure disclosure of
capital.
Disclosure of
Accounting policies
Estimation source
uncertainty
Capital (ED PSAK 1)
Another disclosure
5 Reports Activity cash flow Equal to

Cash flow operation: direct PSAK except:
and indirect methods

Activity cash flow
Activity cash flow operation: indirect
investment method
Activity cash flow Currency cash flow
funding foreign currency, not

regulated.
Foreign currency cash
flow
Interest and dividend

cash flows, income
tax, non-cash
transactions
6 Requirements Unregulated
Consolidated for presentation of

financial statemceonntssolidated financial statements
14
and separate Special purpose entity
• Consolidation procedures
• Separate financial
statements
• Combined financial
statements
7 Policies PSAK 25 (Profit or SAK ETAP already
accounting, Net Loss for estimation, one step

and Current period, errors forward in
Fundamental Error, comparison
and Change PSAK (none
Accounting Policy) “error
fundamental” and
• Net profit or loss
“extraordinary
for period
profit or loss”).
walk
• Fundamental errors
• Policy changes
Accountancy
• Selection and
application of accounting
policies
• Consistency and
changes in accounting
policies
• Estimation changes
accountancy
15
• Mistakes.
• Extraordinary post
• Profit or loss from

normal activity
• Unfinished operations
• Changes in estimates
Accountancy
• Application of a
Accounting standards
finance
• Policy changes
Another accounting
8 Instruments• Scope: assets PSAK 50 (1998).

Finances and obligations
Financial basis
• Financial instruments
base:
• Classified at fair value

through profit or loss,
held-to-maturity,
available-for-sale,
loans and loans
• Impairment
16
using the
incurred loss concept
• Derecognition
• Hedging and derivatives
• Scope: investment
in securities
certain
• Classification of trades,
held to maturity, dan
available for sale.
9 Inventory • Measurement of Equal to

inventory PSAK
• Inventory costs
• Purchase costs
• Conversion fee
• Other expenses
• The cost of providing

services
• Cost measurement
techniques
• Cost formula
• Net realizable value
• Recognition as an
expense
• Disclosure
17
10 Investments • Scope: associates equity method
in
associated • Accounting method
companies
method • Cost and entity
child • Equity method
• The fair value model (ED
PSAK 15)
• Scope: associates and
child entity
• Accounting method
• Associated entity:
cost method
• Subsidiaries:
11 Investments • Jointly controlled on Equal to

company operatioansss,oacsia
setetsd, eanntdity operations PSAK except
method
and entities • Accounting only uses
Methods of accounting
child the cost method.
• Consolidation method
proportional
• Equity method
• The fair value model (ED

PSAK 12:
PBA/PBO/PBE)
12 Property Accounting method Method

accounting: models
18
Investment fair value models cost
cost models
13 Fixed Assets • Using a Equal to

PSAK except:
componentization ap
•pNrooach
• Measurement using a
using the cost model or
revaluation model componentization approach.
• Revaluation
• Measurement of permitted if
acquisition costs done
based on
• Subsequent
Rules
recognition of
Government. Matter
expenses
it refers to
• Depreciation PSAK 16 (1994)
• No need for review • No need for residual
value, depreciation value ra
envidew
usm
efeutlhlo d,
ife
at the end of each reportinrgep
siedruioed., but if
indicated
just change
14 Assets No • General principles for Equal to

Form recognition PSAK, except
for assets not
• Initial recognition,
form obtained
measurement
from
19
furthermore business
combination.
• Amortization over time
useful life or 10
year
Impairment
• Use method Purchases are
not regulated
• Goodwill dimaortisasi
5 years or 20 years
with management
justification
15 Rent • Set up an agreement

which contain
rent
• Classification
is principles based
• Lessee's financial
statements and
• Not arranging an
agreement that
contains rent
(ISAK)
Lessor Lease Classification:

IFRS combination
for SMEs and
SFAS 13
20
Lessee
and lessor
financial statements
use
PSAK 30 (1990):
Lease Accounting
for business
• Estimated liability Equal to

PSAK
• Contingent
Liability
• Contingent assets
16 Equity • Explanation Equal to

PSAK, except:
• Equity accounting
for businesses
not PT Reorganization
• Equity accounting Revaluation

for businesses difference
in the form of PT
• Reorganization
• Differential appraisal
return
17 Income • Sales of goods Same with

PSAK.
• Sales of services
• Construction contracts
• Interest, dividends and

royalties
21
• Attachments to revenue
recognition cases
(PSAK ED 23)
18 Costs • Cost components Direct

Loan loan loan fees are
• Recognition and
charged
capitalization of
borrowing costs
19 Decline • Decrease in value Equal to

Asset Value preparations PSAK, except:
• Impairment of non
preparations • Scope covering all
• Decrease in value types of assets.
goodwill
• Does not regulate
goodwill
impairment
• There are extras
impairment for
loans granted
and receivables
using
PSAK
31:Accounting Per
bank paragraphs
16 and 17.
22
20 Rewards • Short-term employee Equal to

Work benefits PSAK, except
for
• Post-employment benefits,
definite
for defined benefits of
benefits of using
using PUC
PUC and if
• Other long-term it can't, use
benefits that method
Simplified termination
severance pay
21 Taxes • Using
Penghasilan deferred tax concept
• Current tax
recognition and measurement
• Recognition and
measurement of
deferred taxes
• Using tax pay able

concept
• There is no recognition and

measurement of deferred
tax
22 Currency •Recording currency Equal to

Reporting and reporting PSAK Currency
Reporting
• Functional currency
• Determination of opening balance

Currency
• Functional comparative presentation
23
• Currency changes Reporting of

recording and reporting eye transactions
foreign currency in
the functional
currency
• Eye changes
functional money
(Basically the same)
23 Events • Necessary events Equal to

after PSAK
end of adjustment period e
reporting • Events that do not
require
adjustment
24 Disclosure • The meaning of the party Equal to

and the party thatstpheecpiaalrrte
yla
thtiaotnhsahsipa PSAK 7
relationship • Special disclosure
25 Activities • Accounting Unregulated

Special cooperative
• Oil and gas accounting
• Accounting
general mining
• Accounting
24
securities company
• Mutual fund accounting
• Banking accounting
and insurance
26 Terms • Retrospectively or
Transition prospectively (if
impracticable) applied
regularly
prospective
catchup (dampak ke
balance laba)
• Movement from and to

SAK ETAP
27 Date Is effective
Effective for financial
statements
beginning January
1, 2011, early
application January
1
2010
25
26
CHAPTER III
ACCOUNTANCY
FOR MSMEs
27
A. DEFINITION OF ACCOUNTING
The definition of accounting can be seen from 2 (two) points

of view, namely:
1. Functions and Uses
Accounting is a service activity whose function is to provide

quantitative information regarding economic units, especially
those of a financial nature, which are useful in decision
making.
2. Activity Process
Accounting is the art of recording, classifying and

summarizing transactions that are at least partially financial
in nature by interpreting the results.
B. THE ACCOUNTING CYCLE
Proof Books Neraca

Journal
Transaction Big Balance
Journal
Adjustment
Report Journal
Finance Closing
28
Based on the picture above, we can describe that the accounting

cycle is as follows:
a. Recording of data into source documents or

proof of transaction.
b. Journalizing, namely analyzing and recording transactions in a

journal (diary)
c. Posting to the Ledger is transferring debits and credits from the

journal to the ledger accounts.
d. Preparation of a trial balance, namely preparing a trial balance to

check the balance of the general ledger.
e. Prepare adjusting journal entries and enter the amount in the trial
balance.
f. Making closing verses, namely journalizing and transferring closing

verses.
g. Preparation of Financial Statements namely profit and loss

statements, reports on changes in capital and balance sheets.
C. BASIC ACCOUNTING EQUATIONS
ACTIVE = DEBT + MODAL
Assets = property owned by the company which is an economic resource.
Example: cash, receivables, buildings, etc.

Debt = liabilities that become the burden of the company.
Example: credit purchase debt Capital =
owner's rights or claims on company assets Example: paid-up capital by
the owner.
29
D. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
1. Transactions Affecting Assets

a. Purchase of assets/assets in cash
Example = a food manufacturing company buys a
vehicle for IDR 300,000,000 in cash
Analysis = the transaction will affect assets,

namely the company's cash decreases by IDR
300,000,000 and vehicles increase by IDR
300,000,000
b. Purchase of assets or assets on credit
Example = a printing service company buys a

printing machine for IDR 70,000,000 on credit.
Analysis = the transaction will affect assets, namely

equipment increases by Rp. 70,000,000.00 and
debt increases by Rp. 70,000,000.-.
c. Sales of assets or assets in cash

Example = a food company sells its vehicle for IDR
150,000,000 in cash.

the company's cash increases by IDR 150,000,000
and the company's vehicles decrease by IDR
150,000,000.
30
d. Sales of assets or assets on credit

Example = a beverage company sells a vehicle for
IDR 200,000,000 on credit.
vehicles reduced by IDR 200,000,000 and company
receivables increased by IDR 200,000,000
2. Transactions Affecting Debt

a. Purchase of assets or assets on credit
Example = a company buys a machine on credit for

IDR 250,000,000
Analysis = the transaction will affect debt, namely
the company's debt increases by IDR 250,000,000
and equipment increases by IDR 250,000,000.-.
b. Debt payment
Example = a company pays a debt of IDR 10,000,000
Analysis = the transaction affects debt, namely the

company's debt decreases by Rp. 10,000,000 and
cash decreases by Rp. 10,000,000.-.
31
3. Transactions Affecting Capital
a. Addition of owner's investment
Example = Mr. Ahmad made a deposit of IDR

100,000,000 into the company's cash as additional
capital.
Analysis = the transaction will be
affects capital, namely the company's capital
increases by Rp. 100,000,000.- and the company's
cash increases by Rp. 100,000,000.-.
b. Reduction of owner investment
Example = Mr. Anwar withdraws company money for

personal needs of IDR 20,000,000
Analysis = the transaction will affect capital, namely the

company's capital is reduced by IDR 20,000,000 and
cash is reduced by IDR 20,000,000.-.
EXERCISE 1
Analyze the transactions that you have recorded from the

SMEs that you have observed!
32
CHAPTER IV
ACCOUNTS/ESTIMATES
33
A. DEFINITIONS OF ACCOUNTS/ESTIMATES
An account or estimate is a medium for classifying and

recording the addition and subtraction of each element of the
financial statements.
The simplest form of account or estimate is a “T” form of
account or estimate, where the left side is a debit and the right
side is a credit. The basis of record for debits and credits is the
accounting equation with the addition of costs and revenues.
The approximate shape of the "T" is as follows:

D K
B. REGISTRATION RULES
• Debt
Is to enter a number of numbers on the debit side.

Debit does not always mean add.
• Crediting
Is to enter a number of numbers on the credit side.

Crediting does not always mean reducing.
34
C. NORMAL BALANCE
The normal balance for each account or estimate is as follows:
Balance
Estimation Add Reduce
Normal
Active He must He must Credit
Debt Credit Credit He must
Modal Credit Credit He must
Income Credit Credit He must
Burden He must He must Credit
EXERCISE 2
Analyze the transactions of the SMEs that you observe and what
estimates are affected?
(Referring to the debit and credit system as in the example below)
1. Must : ………………………………………………………………
Credit: ………………………………………………………………
2. Must : ………………………………………………………………
Credit: ………………………………………………………………
3. And so on..
35
D. GROUPS OF ACCOUNTS/ESTIMATES
There are 2 (two) groups of accounts or estimates in

accounting, namely real or permanent accounts and nominal or
temporary accounts.
1. Real or Permanent Account
The accounts contained in the balance sheet are assets,

liabilities and capital. This account states the position of
financial balances on the balance sheet.
2. Nominal or Temporary Accounts
These are the accounts included in the profit and loss

calculation, namely revenue accounts and expense
accounts. The accounts at the end of the accounting period
must be closed so that the balance is zero at the beginning
of the accounting period.
EXERCISE 3
Based on the data obtained from observations on MSMEs, group

each account or estimate into a real account group and a nominal
account group!
36
B.B.V
JOURNAL
37
A. DEFINITIONS
A journal is a systematic and chronological record of

financial transactions based on transaction evidence by specifying
the account to be debited or credited with the respective amount
and also including the reference.
B. FUNCTION
A journal for a company has the following functions:
1. Function Analysis
That is to determine the accounts that are debited and the

estimates that are credited and the amount of each.
2. Recording Function
Namely to record financial transactions in the debit and credit

columns as well as the necessary information.
3. Historical Function
Namely to record company activities chronologically.
38
C. SHAPE
The form of the journal is as follows:

Matter:…..........
date Account & Debit Reference Credit

Information
EXAMPLE
1. On January 1, 2015 Mr. Tony deposited IDR 500,000,000 into

the company as capital deposit.
Account &
date Ref He must Credit
Information
01-01- What 500.000.000
2015
Capital, Sir
-
500.000.000
Tony
(capital deposit
Tuan Tony)
39
2. On January 5, 2015 the company bought a car for Rp.

150,000,000, - and cash.
date Account & Ref He must Credit
Information
05-01- Vehicle 150.000.000
2015
What -
150.000.000
(vehicle
purchase)
3. On January 6, 2015, he bought a copier for Rp.

50,000,000 on credit.
Information
06-01- Equipment 50.000.000
2015
Debt
-
50.000.000
(Purchase of
copier)
4. On January 15, 2015 telephone charges were paid in the

amount of Rp.1,000,000.-
Information
15-01- Phone load 1.000.000
2015
What -
1.000.000
(pay the phone bill)
40
5. On January 18, 2015 received income from photocopying

services in the amount of IDR 8,000,000.-.
date Account & Description Ref He must Credit
18-01- What 8.000.000
2015
Income
-
8.000.000
(receipt of income
photocopy)
6. On January 26, 2015 insurance was paid in the amount of

IDR 750,000.
20-01- Insurance Expense 750.000
2015
What -
750.000
(pay insurance expense)
7. On January 27, 2015 the company has completed a

photocopying service of Rp. 5,000,000, - but the money
has not been received
27-01- accounts receivable

5.000.000
2015
Income
-
5.000.000
(receipt of income
photocopy)
41
EXERCISE 4
Make a journal for the transactions that you get from the
observations on SMEs!
42
BAB VI
LEDGER
43
A. DEFINITIONS
Ledger is a book that contains all the accounts (group of

accounts) contained in the financial statements. This book records the
changes that occur in each account and at the end of the period the
balances of these accounts will appear. Every transaction that has been
recorded in the journal will be posted or transferred to the general ledger
periodically.
B. SHAPE
The simple ledger form is the T shape, as follows:
Ledger ……….. Ledger……....
He must Credit He must Credit
The general ledger form T, which is quite complete, is as follows:
44
The reference section refers to recording in a journal, namely the

journal page at the time the transaction is recorded.
The posting process refers to recording a debit or credit in

the journal, that is, if a certain estimate is recorded in the journal on
the debit side, then the ledger estimate for the same estimate must
also be recorded on the debit side.
C. EXAMPLE
Based on the journal example in CHAPTER III, it can be posted to

the general ledger as follows:
D What KD Modal K
01-Jan 500,000,000 05-Jan 150.000.000 01-Jan 500.000.000
18-Jan 8,000,000 15-Jan 20-Jan 1.000.000
750.000
508.000.000 151.750.000
balance 356.000.000 balance 500.000.000
D Vehicles KD Phone Expense K

05-Jan 150,000,000 15-Jan 1.000.000
balance 150.000.000 balance 1.000.000
D Equipment KD Income K
06-Jan 50,000,000 18-Jan 8.000.000
21-Jan 5.000.000
balance 50.000.000 Balance 13.000.000
D Debt KD Insurance Expense K

06-Jan 50.000.000 20-Jan 750.000
balance 50.000.000 balance 750.000
D Receivables K
21-Jan 5,000,000
balance 5.000.000
45
After all of them have been posted, each estimate can

calculate its balance in the same way as the example above
above.
EXERCISE 5
Based on the transactions you have journaled, post them

in the ledger as follows:
D What K D Debt K
D ac c ounts r ec ei vabl e
K D Modal K
D Equipment K D Income K
D Vehicle K D Phone Expense K
D Equipment K D Payroll Expense K
46
BAB VIII
TRIAL BALANCE
47
A. DEFINITIONS
Trial balance is a list that contains a collection of all accounts or

estimates contained in the general ledger. To prepare a trial balance, the
balance for each account must first be determined. A trial balance is
usually prepared at the end of the period or it can be prepared at any time
to ensure a balance in the general ledger.
B. FUNCTION
A trial balance is prepared to ensure that
the general ledger is mathematically accurate in the sense that the sum of
the debit balances always equals the credit balances.
C. SHAPE
TRIAL BALANCE
Account name No. He must Credit

Account
48
The balance for each account is arranged sequentially from the Balance Sheet
account and the Profit and Loss account as follows:
a) Active Launch
b) Fixed Assets
c) Other Assets
d) Current Debt
e) Non-Current Debt
f) Equity
g) Operating Income
h) Non-Operating Income
i) Operating Expenses
j) Non-Operating Expenses
49
D. EXAMPLE
Based on the ledger example in the previous chapter, the trial

balance can be compiled as follows:
TRIAL BALANCE
Account name No. Akun He must Credit
What 356.250.000 -
accounts receivable
5.000.000 -
Vehicle 150.000.000 -
Equipment 50.000.000
Debt
-
50.000.000
Modal -
500.000.000
Income
-
13.000.000
Phone Expense 1.000.000 -
Insurance Expense 750.000 -
Balance 563.000.000 563.000.000
EXERCISE 6
Based on the ledger that has been made, prepare the trial
balance!
50
BAB VIII
LISTING OF EXPENSES
AND INCOME
51
A. RECORDING OF PAYMENT OF PAID EXPENSES

IN ADVANCE
Companies sometimes pay a fee that has not yet been incurred,
which is commonly called a "prepaid fee". For example, on October 1,
2015, the company pays the rent for the building for the next one year of
Rp. 12,000,000.-. At the time it is paid, not all of the benefits of the payment
have been felt by the company. There are two approaches to recording
payments, namely the "asset approach" and the "expense approach".
With these payments, the company's money is reduced so that according

to both approaches, the "Cash" account is credited for IDR 12,000,000. -.
The difference in the two approaches lies in the debited account.
1. Property Approach
The asset account namely “Prepaid Rent” is debited.
2015
Oct 1 Rent Paid Up Front

-
12.000.000
What 12.000.000
Furthermore, up to December 31, 2015, the company has only

used the space for 3 months, so the rent for 3 months (Rp 3,000,000) must
be recorded in the "Rent Expenses" account to be reported in the
52
Income statement. For this reason, adjusting journal entries are made as follows:
2015
Dec 31 Rent Expenses

-
3000.000
Rent Paid at 3000.000

face
2. Load Approach
The expense or expense account namely “Rent Expenses or Expenses” is

debited.
Information
2015
Oct 1 Rent Charge -

12.000.000
What 12.000.000
Furthermore, until December 31, 2015, the company has only used the
space for 3 months, so the 3 month rental (Rp 3,000,000) must be recorded in the
"Rent Expenses" account to be reported in the income statement. For this reason,
adjusting journal entries are made as follows:
53
Information
2015
Dec 31 Rent Paid at

-
9.000.000
face
9.000.000
Rent Expense
B. RECORDING OF INCOME RECEIVED IN ADVANCE
Service companies such as tour & travel may one day

receive money from the price of tour & travel packages which
at that time had not yet departed. The amount of money
received will later become income after the passenger departs
for the destination according to the agreement. In accounting,
the receipt of money whose services have not been provided
to the paying party is called "Unearned Revenue". There are 2
ways of recording "Unearned Income", namely: Debt Approach
and Income Approach. For example, for the following
discussion, a tour & travel company on December 1, 2015 sells
tour & travel tickets with a total price of Rp. 150,000,000.-. As
of December 31, 2015 the ticket price for passengers who have
departed is IDR 90,000,000.
1. The Debt Approach
The journal made is to debit the cash account and

credit the unearned income account. The journal entry to
record ticket sales on December 1, 2015 is:
54
Account Date & Description Ref He must Credit
2015
Dec 1 Who -
150.000.000
Income 150.000.00
Ticket Accepted 0
In advance
Furthermore, on December 31, because the tour &

travel has departed passengers with a value of Rp.
90,000,000, - the company will recognize ticket revenue of
Rp. 90,000,000.-.
This amount will be reported in the income statement.
Meanwhile, the ticket price of Rp. 60,000,000 has not yet
been dispatched, so it is still in the status of "Unearned
Revenue" and this amount will be reported in the balance
sheet. For that, the journal made is:
2015
Of 1 Ticket Revenue
-
90.000.000
Accepted Upfront
Income 90.000.000
Tickets
55
2. Income Approach
With this approach, on December 1

2015 and December 31, 2015 are:
Information
2015
Dec 1 Who -
150.000.000
Income 150.000.000
Tickets
Ticket revenue
-
60.000.000
Income 60.000.000
Ticket Accepted
In advance
56
Chapter IX
JOURNAL
ADJUSTMENTS
57
A. DEFINITIONS
Adjusting journals are journals made to adjust account balances

to actual balances up to an accounting period, or to separate income and
expenses from one period to another.
B. ACCOUNT THAT MUST BE CUSTOMIZED
The account balance that needs to be adjusted is:
1. Depreciation/depreciation of fixed assets
All fixed assets except land owned by the company must be

depreciated or depreciated. There are several methods for depreciating
fixed assets, one of which is the straight-line method.
Example:
A car worth IDR 90,000,000 has an estimated economic life of 10 years, if

it is depreciated using the straight-line method, the depreciation expense
per year is:
90,000,000 = IDR 9,000,000 per year

10
The journal entry to record the depreciation expense is:
31-12- Depreciation expense 9.000.000
15
Accumulated vehicle 9.000.000
depreciation
(to record vehicle depreciation)
58
Charges paid in advance

Example:
The company pays insurance in the amount of IDR 9,000,000

for a period of 3 years, namely 2015 to 2017. The initial
listing assumption is the expense approach.
The adjusting entry is as follows:
31-12- Prepaid insurance 9.000.000
2015
-
9.000.000
Insurance Expense
2. Accrued expenses
Example:
A company pays an employee salary at the beginning of each

month in the amount of IDR 2,000,000 (salary paid in advance).
31-12- Payroll Expense 2.000.000
2015
Salary debt
-
2.000.000
3. Income received in advance

Example:
On December 31, 2015 a hotel received payment from hotel

guests of IDR 10,000,000 for 5 days.
59
31-12- Income 10.000.000

2015
Income received
-
10.000.000
in advance
4. Revenue Receivables
Example:
On December 31, 2015 a hotel has not received a room

rental payment of IDR 2,000,000 because the payment
was only made at check out.
31-12- Revenue Receivables 2.000.000

2015
Income
-
2.000.000
60
EXERCISE 7
Make adjusting journals based on the following data:
1. Equipment used this year amounted to Rp. 500,000.- 2.

Employee salaries that must be paid by the company
amounted to Rp. 1,000,000.- 3. The company has completed
work on photocopying services of Rp. 750,000,- but has
not received payment.
4. On January 2, 2002 the company paid the rent for the

office building for 2 years in the amount of IDR 10,000,000
(assumption: the initial recording uses the expense
approach).
EXERCISE 8
Make an adjusting journal based on the data you get from

the observations on MSMEs!
61
62
CHAPTER X
WORK SHEET
63
A. DEFINITIONS
Worksheets are columnar worksheets to make it easier

to make adjustments and prepare financial reports. The work
sheet is prepared by moving the trial balance data and adjusting
entries.
B. SHAPE
The following is a 10 (ten) column work sheet.
WORK SHEET
64
C. EXAMPLE
Based on the trial balance example in CHAPTER V and the

adjusting journal example in CHAPTER VI, a work sheet can be
prepared as follows:
WORK SHEET
(In Thousands)
Neraca
Neraca Balance
Estimation Adjustment Loss-Profit Balance Sheet
Balance After
Adjustment
DKDKD KDKDK
What 356 356 356
.250 .250 .250
Account 5 5 5
receivable .000 .000 .000

Vehicle 150 150 150
.000 .000 .000
Equipment 50 50 50
.000 .000 .000
Trade 50 50 50
payable .000 .000 .000
Modal 500 500 500
.000 .000 .000
Income 13 600 500 12 12.

.000 .900 900
Phone 1 1 1.
load .000 .000 000

Burden 750 500 250 250
insurance
563 563
.000 .000
9.00
Depreciation 9 .000 9 .000 0
expense Ak. dept. 9.000

9 .000 9 .000
Insurance 500 500 500
65
don't care
Salary burden 2.00
2 .000 2 .000 0
Salary debt 2.000

2 .000 2 .000
Dimk received 600 600 600

income
Revenue 500 500 500
receivables
12 12 574 574 12 12 650
.250 .250 .500 .500 .250 .900
Two 650
12 12 562 562
.900 .900 .250 .250
66
EXERCISE 9
Prepare adjusting entries for the following transactions:
1. The company has paid the rent for the office building
for the past 3 years in the amount of Rp. 12,000,000.-
2. The company has completed the work
car repairs worth Rp. 10,000,000, - but the money
has not been received.
3. Insurance that has matured is Rp. 1,000,000.-
from Rp. 2,000,000.- 4. The company still has
to pay employee salaries of Rp. 750,000.- 5. Remaining
equipment is Rp. 500,000.- 6. Vehicle depreciation
expense Rp
1.000.000,-
Based on the following trial balance data and the adjusting
entries above, make a work balance!
67
68
CHAPTER XI
REPORT
FINANCE
69
A. PURPOSE
The purpose of the preparation of financial reports is to

provide information regarding the financial position, performance and
changes in the financial position of a company that is useful for making
decisions about its use. Financial reports are also used as a tool to
account for the financial resources used and generated by the
company.
B. FINANCIAL REPORTS
The company's financial statements consist of:
1. Profit and Loss Report
Namely reports on revenues, expenses, and profit or loss of a

company in a period
certain.
2. Capital Change Report
That is a report that presents changes in capital due to additions

and subtractions from profits or losses and owner transactions.
3. Neraca
That is a report that describes the financial position of a company

which includes assets, liabilities, and equity at a certain time.
70
C. EXAMPLE
Based on the example of the balance sheet in the previous

chapter, the financial statements can be prepared as follows:
TUAN TONY
INCOME STATEMENT
for the period ended December 31, 2015
Income IDR 12,900,000
Expenses:
- Phone load IDR 1,000,000

- Insurance expense IDR 250,000
- Depreciation expense IDR 9,000,000
- Salary burden IDR 2,000,000 (+)
MR TONY IDR
12,250,000 (-)
CAPITAL CHANGES REPORT
By December 31, 2015

Two
Modal 1 JaRp 650.000 nuari IDR 500,000,000
2015 Laba IDR 650,000 (+)
Capital, December 31, 2015 IDR 500,650,000
71
TUAN TONY
NERACA
By December 31, 2015
72
EXERCISE 10
Based on the data below, prepare a Profit and Loss Report

for PT AMANAH for the period January 1 2015 to December
31 2015.
1. Office Supplies Expense ……… Rp. 75.000,-
2. Advertising expenses ……………………………… Rp. 350.000,-
3. The salary burden of officers ………………….. Rp. 4,000,000,-
4. Office rental expense ………………….. Rp. 500.000,-
5. Insurance expenses ……………………….. Rp. 200.000,-
6. Income……………………………… Rp. 7.500.000,-
7. Telephone charges……………………………… Rp. 125.000,-
8. Electricity and water expenses …………………… Rp. 100.000,-
9. Machine depreciation expense……………… Rp. 300.000,-
10. Car depreciation expense …………… Rp. 200.000,-
11. Interest income ……………………… Rp. 250.000,-
12. Interest burden ……………………………… Rp. 200.000,-
EXERCISE 11
Based on the data you get from the observations, compile

the income statement!
73
STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY OR CAPITAL
EXERCISE 12
Using the profit and loss report data above, the composition
of PT AMANAH's capital change report as of December 31,
2015 with the assumption that January 1, 2015 capital is IDR
1,200,000 and the owner takes IDR 300,000.
EXERCISE 13
Based on the data you get from the observations, prepare a

report on changes in equity!
74
EXERCISE 14
Based on the data below and the report on changes in

capital in exercise 13, prepare a balance sheet for PT
AMANAH as of December 31, 2015!
What ……………………………………………… Rp. 400.000,-
Current liabilities ……………………………………… Rp. 350.000,-
Tax debt ……………………………………… Rp. 50.000,-
Prepaid insurance………………… Rp. 130.000,-
Equipment ………………………………………… Rp. 1.500.000,-
Vehicle ………………………………………… Rp. 1.200.000,-
Accumulated equipment depreciation ………… Rp. 300.000,-
Receivables ……………………………………………………… Rp. 460.000,-
Accumulated depreciation of vehicles ……… Rp. 200.000,-
Accrued rent …………… Rp. 200.000,-
Office supplies …………………………… Rp. 160.000,-
75
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A., Erhans and Junaedi Yusuf. 2000. Accounting Based on

Indonesian Accounting Principles. Jakarta: Ercontara
Rajawali.
Ariefiansyah, Ryan and Miyogi Margi Utami. 2013.

Making Financial Reports Easy. Jakarta: Smart World.
Darsono and Ashari. 2005. Understanding Practical Guidelines
Financial statements. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset.
Horne, Van, James C., Dan John M. Wachowicz Jr. 2002.

Financial Management Principles. Jakarta: Salemba
Empat.
Indonesian Accountants Association. 2009. Accounting Standards
Financial Entities Without Public Accountability.

Jakarta. Financial Accounting Standards Board.
Kieso, Donald. E. 2002. Intermediate Financial Accounting.

Jakarta: Erlangga.
Martani, Dwi. 2011. SAK-ETAP. Jakarta: University of

Indonesia.
Munawir, S. 2002. Financial Information Analysis.

Yogyakarta: Liberty.
Muljono, Djoko. 2012. Effect of Taxation on

Application of Financial Accounting Standards for
Entities Without Public Accountability. Yogyakarta:
Andi Offset.
76
Nayla, Akifa, P. 2014. Complete Accounting for SMEs and

Franchising. Jakarta: Like.
Warsono, Dr. Sony, Endra M. Sagoro, M. Arsyadi Ridha, Arif

Darmawan. 2010. MSME Accounting Turns Out to be
Easy to Understand and Practice. Yogyakarta: Asgard
Chapter.
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Machine Translated by Google

ACCOUNTING FOR MSMEs

ACCOUNTING FOR MSMEs

ACCOUNTING FOR MSMEs

ACCOUNTING FOR MSMEs

ACCOUNTING FOR MSMEs

His, making accounting textbooks for SMEs can be

There are still many wishes of the author that have

ACCOUNTING FOR MSMEs

ACCOUNTING FOR MSMEs

ACCOUNTING FOR MSMEs

The term MSME refers to business activities

1. Micro Enterprises, namely productive businesses owned by

ÿ Have a maximum net worth of IDR 50,000,000

2. Small Enterprises, namely independent productive

ACCOUNTING FOR MSMEs

or indirectly from medium or large businesses that

From the definition above, MSME can be seen from

ACCOUNTING FOR MSMEs

owned, the wealth owned by business actors, as well as from sales/

B. THE DIFFERENCES OF MSMEs AND LARGE COMPANIES

Based on the understanding of MSMEs above, we can find out

Assets owned by MSMEs according to Law no. 20 of 2008

Turnover obtained by MSMEs according to Law no. 20 of

In addition, the difference between MSMEs and large companies

ACCOUNTING FOR MSMEs

MSMEs Large companies

Managed/led by the Managed/led by a professional

owner himself manager

The organizational Clear organizational structure,

structure is simple, there job specialization

are multiple positions

Have not implemented Has implemented an adequate

an adequate accounting accounting system

In MSMEs, the management/leadership is usually carried out by

In contrast to large companies where the capital owner is

ACCOUNTING FOR MSMEs

responsible for its management. The employees employed in

The next difference is in the ability to obtain venture

Students are asked to visit businesses that fall into the

ACCOUNTING FOR MSMEs

ACCOUNTING FOR MSMEs

A. UNDERSTANDING SAK ETAP

SAK ETAP is a financial accounting standard for Entities Without

An entity is said to have accountability

publicly significant if the entity has filed a registration statement, or is in the

With the existence of SAK ETAP, it is hoped that small and

ACCOUNTING FOR MSMEs

to obtain funds or additional business capital from financial

SAK-ETAP is effective as of 1 January 2011 but

ACCOUNTING FOR MSMEs

B. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PSAK AND SAK ETAP

The following is a comparison between PSAK and

Element No PSAK SACK STAGE

1 Presentation Position report Equal to

short term and long Investment

Current assets measured at fair

ACCOUNTING FOR MSMEs

Financial Position, deferred

2 Reports Comprehensive Not the same

Profit and loss during SACK STAGE

3 Serving Same with