WINSEM2022-23 BECE301P LO VL2022230502551 2022-12-07 Reference-Material-I

BECE101P DIGITAL SIGNAL
PROCESING LABORATORY
WINTER-2022
BECE301P_WINTER_2022-23
13-12-2022 Dr S KALAIVANI 1
FACULTY PROFILE
Dr.S.KALAIVANI, B.E.,M.E.,Ph.D.,
Professor,
Department of Communication Engineering,
School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE),
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore.
Mail ID: Kalaivani.s@vit.ac.in

Mobile: 7904147611,
WhatsApp: 9994958857
Cabin: Technology Tower Annex 102 B
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
TASK 1
TASK 2
TASK 3
TASK 4
TASK 5
MID LAB FAT (TASK 6)
INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB
WINTER_ 2023
MATLAB
The name MATLAB stands for;
MATrix LABoratory.
• MATLAB is a powerful, general-purpose
system or environment for doing
mathematics, scientific and engineering
calculations.
Contd.,
• MATLAB is a "High-Performance
Numeric Computation and Visualization
Software" package
• MATLAB is an interactive system whose
basic data is a matrix that does not
require dimensioning
• MATLAB has a number of add-on
software modules, called toolbox , that
perform more specialized computations
MATAB INTRODUCTION
In Windows systems
MATLAB is started
by double-clicking
the mouse on the
appropriate icon.
Matlab Screen
Command Window
 type commands
Current Directory
 View folders and m-files
Workspace
 View program variables
 Double click on a variable
to see it in the Array Editor
Command History
 view past commands
 save a whole session
using diary
MATLAB Screen
• Desktop Menus
• File Menu
– New
• Create new MATLAB
program file (m-file)
– Open existing m-file
– Import data
– Set Path
– Open recent m-files
MATLAB Screen
Edit Menu
 Copy, cut, paste
 Find and replace
phrases
 Clear command
history, workspace
Desktop Menu
 Change
appearance of
desktop
 Select windows to
display BECE301P_WINTER_2022-23
Use of M-File
Click to create
a new M-File
• Extension “.m”
• A text file containing script or function or program to run
Use of M-File
Save file as Denem430.m
If you include “;” at the

end of each statement,
result will not be shown
immediately
Starting MATLAB
MATLAB displays >> prompt when
ready for a command
 Will have no >> prompt when processing
commands
 Newer versions also say “Ready” or “Busy”
in lower left corner of GUI
 Can use arrow keys to work through
command history and modify commands
Interactive Commands
Enter commands at >> prompt
Variable ‘x’ automatically allocated

 MATLAB does not require declaration of
variables
 Nice, but can BECE301P_WINTER_2022-23
get you in trouble so be careful
MATLAB is case sensitive
 Variable ‘ans’ will take
value of result of command
if no equal sign specified
 Holds most recent result
only
 Semicolon at end of line
will suppress output, it is
not required like in C
 Useful in script files and
debugging
Format of output
 Defaults to 4 decimal places
 Can change using format statement
 format long changes output to 15
decimal places
Operators (arithmetic)
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
^ power
‘ complex conjugate transpose
Order of Operations
• Parentheses
• Exponentiation
• Multiplication and division have equal
precedence
• Addition and subtraction have equal
precedence
• Evaluation occurs from left to right
Logical Operators
Variables
MATLAB is case sensitive
 X is not equal to x
Variable names must start
with a letter
 You’ll get an error if this
doesn’t happen
 After that, can be any
combination of letters,
numbers and underscores
 No special characters though
Variables
Variable types
 Numeric
 Logical
 Character and string
 Cell and Structure
 Function handle
Variables
Don’t name your variables the same as
functions
 min, max, sqrt, cos, sin, tan, mean,
median, etc
 Funny things happen when you do this
MATLAB reserved words don’t work
either
 i, j, eps, nargin, end, pi, date, etc
 i, j are reserved as complex numbers
initially
13-12-2022
Dr S KALAIVANI 22
Array, Matrix
a vector x = [1 2 5 1]
x =
1 2 5 1
a matrix A = [1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2 -1]
A =
1 2 3
5 1 4
3 2 -1
transpose y = x’
y =
1
2
5
1
Long Array, Matrix
=1:10
t
t =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
T=1:2:10
T = 1 3 5 7 9
k =2:-0.5:-1
k =
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1
B = [1:4; 5:8]
x =
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
Generating Vectors from
functions
zeros(M,N) MxN matrix of zeros x = zeros(1,3)
x =
0 0 0
ones(M,N) MxN matrix of ones x = ones(1,3)

x =
1 1 1
rand(M,N) MxN matrix of

uniformly distributed random
x = rand(1,3)
numbers on (0,1) x =
0.9501 0.2311 0.6068
Matrix Index
The matrix indices begin from 1 (not 0 (as in C))
The matrix indices must be positive integer
Given: A(8)=?
A(3,2)=?
A(2,:)=?
Concatenation of Matrices
x = [1 2], y = [4 5], z=[ 0 0]
A = [ x y]
1 2 4 5
B = [x ; y]
1 2
4 5
Matrix Operations
A*B A.*B
ans = ans = Find

3 10 6 1. X=A+B,
22 27 45
55 66 102 20 10 48 2. Y=A-B,
88 105 159 21 48 81 3. Z=A*B,
13-12-2022
Dr S KALAIVANI
4. T=A’ 28
Matrices Operations
Given A and B:
Addition Subtraction Product Transpose
Operators (Element by
Element)
.* - element-by-element multiplication
./ - element-by-element division
.^ - element-by-element power
Plots in MATLAB
MATLAB has remarkable graphics
capacities:
2-D and 3-D plots,
Line plotting,
3-D surface plot,
Splash screen plot,
Plot of complex functions and ...
EXAMPLE OF A 2-D PLOT Legend
Plot title
Light Intensity as a Function of Distance
1200
Theory
y axis Experiment
label 1000
Text
Tick-mark
800
INTENSITY (lux)
Comparison between theory and experiment.
600
400
Data symbol
200
0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
DISTANCE (cm)
x axis Tick-mark label
label BECE301P_WINTER_2022-23
TWO-DIMENSIONAL plot() COMMAND
The basic 2-D plot command is:
plot(x,y)
where x is a vector (one dimensional array), and y is a vector.
Both vectors must have the same number of elements.
 The plot command creates a single curve with the x values on

the abscissa (horizontal axis) and the y values on the ordinate
(vertical axis).
 The curve is made from segments of lines that connect the

points that are defined by the x and y coordinates of the
elements in the two vectors.
PLOT OF GIVEN DATA
Given data:
x 1 2 3 5 7 7.5 8 10
y 2 6.5 7 7 5.5 4 6 8
A plot can be created by the commands shown below. This can be done
in the Command Window, or by writing and then running a script file.
>> x=[1 2 3 5 7 7.5 8 10];

>> y=[2 6.5 7 7 5.5 4 6 8];
>> plot(x,y)
Once the plot command is executed, the Figure Window opens with the
following plot.
PLOT OF GIVEN DATA
LINE SPECIFIERS IN THE plot() COMMAND
Line specifiers can be added in the plot command to:

 Specify the style of the line.
 Specify the color of the line.
 Specify the type of the markers (if markers are desired).
plot(x,y,’line specifiers’)
plot(x,y,‘line specifiers’)
Line Specifier Line Specifier Marker Specifier

Style Color Type
Solid - red r plus sign +

dotted : green g circle o
dashed -- blue b asterisk *
dash-dot -. Cyan c point .
magenta m square s
yellow y diamond d
black k
EXAMPLES:
plot(x,y) A solid blue line connects the points with no markers.
plot(x,y,’r’) A solid red line connects the points with no markers.
plot(x,y,’--y’) A yellow dashed line connects the points.

plot(x,y,’*’) The points are marked with * (no line between the
points.)
plot(x,y,’g:d’) A green dotted line connects the points which are
marked with diamond markers.
PLOT OF GIVEN DATA USING LINE
SPECIFIERS IN THE plot()
COMMAND
Year 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Sales (M) 127 130 136 145 158 178 211
>> year = [1988:1:1994];

>> sales = [127, 130, 136, 145, 158, 178, 211];
>> plot(year,sales,'--r*')
Line Specifiers:
dashed red line and
asterisk markers.
PLOT OF GIVEN DATA USING LINE
SPECIFIERS IN THE plot()
COMMAND
Dashed red line and

asterisk markers.
CREATING A PLOT OF A FUNCTION
Consider:
y  3.50.5 x cos(6 x) for  2  x  4

A script file for plotting the function is:
% A script file that creates a plot of

% the function: 3.5^(-0.5x)*cos(6x)
x = [-2:0.01:4]; Creating a vector with spacing of 0.01.
y = 3.5.^(-0.5*x).*cos(6*x);
plot(x,y) Calculating a value of y
for each x.
Once the plot command is executed, the Figure Window opens with the
following plot.
A PLOT OF A FUNCTION
0.5 x
y  3.5 cos(6 x) for  2  x  4
CREATING A PLOT OF A FUNCTION
If the vector x is created with large spacing, the graph is not accurate.
Below is the previous plot with spacing of 0.3.
x = [-2:0.3:4];
y = 3.5.^(-0.5*x).*cos(6*x);
plot(x,y)
THE fplot COMMAND
The fplot command can be used to plot a function
with the form: y = f(x)
fplot(‘function’,limits)
 The function is typed in as a string.
 The limits is a vector with the domain of x, and optionally with limits
of the y axis:
[xmin,xmax] or [xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax]
 Line specifiers can be added.
PLOT OF A FUNCTION WITH THE fplot() COMMAND
A plot of: y  x 2  4 sin( 2 x)  1 for  3  x  3
>> fplot('x^2 + 4 * sin(2*x) - 1', [-3 3])
PLOTTING MULTIPLE GRAPHS IN THE SAME PLOT
Plotting two (or more) graphs in one plot:
1. Using the plot command.

2. Using the hold on, hold off commands.
USING THE plot() COMMAND TO PLOT
MULTIPLE GRAPHS IN THE SAME PLOT
plot(x,y,u,v,t,h)
Plots three graphs in the same plot:
y versus x, v versus u, and h versus t.
 By default, MATLAB makes the curves in different colors.

 Additional curves can be added.
 The curves can have a specific style by adding specifiers after
each pair, for example:
plot(x,y,’-b’,u,v,’—r’,t,h,’g:’)
Plot of the function, y  3x 3  26 x  10 and its first and second

derivatives, for  2  x  4 , all in the same plot.
x = [-2:0.01:4]; vector x with the domain of the function.

y = 3*x.^3-26*x+6; Vector y with the function value at each x.
2 x  4
yd = 9*x.^2-26;
Vector yd with values of the first derivative.
ydd = 18*x;
Vector ydd with values of the second derivative.
2 x  4
plot(x,y,'-b',x,yd,'--r',x,ydd,':k')
Create three graphs, y vs. x (solid blue line), yd

vs. x (dashed red line), and ydd vs. x (dotted
black line) in the same figure.
120
100
80
60
40
20
-20
-40
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
USING THE hold on, hold off, COMMANDS
TO PLOT MULTIPLE GRAPHS IN THE SAME PLOT
hold on Holds the current plot and all axis properties so that
subsequent plot commands add to the existing plot.
hold off Returns to the default mode whereby plot commands

erase the previous plots and reset all axis properties
before drawing new plots.
This method is useful when all the information (vectors) used for the
plotting is not available a the same time.
USING THE hold on, hold off, COMMANDS
TO PLOT MULTIPLE GRAPHS IN THE SAME PLOT
Plot of the function, y  3x 3  26 x  10and its first and second
derivatives, for
 2  x  4 all in the same plot.
x = [-2:0.01:4];
y = 3*x.^3-26*x+6;
yd = 9*x.^2-26;
ydd = 18*x;
plot(x,y,'-b')
First graph is created.
hold on
plot(x,yd,'--r')
plot(x,ydd,':k') Two more graphs are created.
hold off
120
100
80
60
40
20
-20
-40
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
FORMATTING PLOTS
A plot can be formatted to have a required appearance.
With formatting you can:
 Add title to the plot.

 Add labels to axes.
 Change range of the axes.
 Add legend.
 Add text blocks.
 Add grid.
FORMATTING COMMANDS
title(‘string’)
Adds the string as a title at the top of the plot.
xlabel(‘string’)
Adds the string as a label to the x-axis.
ylabel(‘string’)
Adds the string as a label to the y-axis.
axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax])

Sets the minimum and maximum limits of the x- and y-axes.
FORMATTING A PLOT IN THE FIGURE WINDOW
Once a figure window is open, the figure can be formatted interactively.

Use the insert menu to
Use Figure, Axes, Click here to start the plot

and Current edit mode.
Object-Properties
in the Edit menu
Experiment 1
Generate the following Signals;
i. 𝑦(𝑡) = 2 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2 ∗ 𝑝𝑖 ∗ 500 ∗ 𝑡) + 3 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2 ∗ 𝑝𝑖 ∗ 1000 ∗ 𝑡).
ii. 𝑥1[𝑛] = 𝑢[𝑛] − 𝑢[𝑛 − 4]
iii. 𝑥2[𝑛] = 𝛿[𝑛] + 2𝛿[𝑛 − 1] + 4 𝛿[𝑛 − 2] − 6 𝛿[𝑛 − 3]
iv. 𝑥3[𝑛] = 𝑟[𝑛 − 2]
v. 𝑥4[𝑛] = 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 4𝐻𝑧, 𝑑𝑢𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 50%
vi. 𝑥5[𝑛] =
𝑆𝑎𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 3𝐻𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
vii. Write a program to plot the given

signal
Code
clc
clear all
close all
% GENERATION OF SINE WAVE%
t=0:0.05e-3:5e-3;
A=2*sin(2*pi*500*t)+3*sin(2*pi*1000*t);
figure, subplot(2,2,1),plot(t,A);grid on
title('SINE WAVE');
xlabel('----->t');
ylabel('Amplitude');
%Generation of u[n]-u[n-4]%
n=-10:1:10;
Y=[zeros(1,10),ones(1,4),zeros(1,7)];
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n,Y),grid on
title('u[n]-u[n-4]');
xlabel('----->n');
% Generation of Unit impulse shifted
and scaled sequence%
y1=[zeros(1,10),ones(1,1),2*ones(1,1)
,4*ones(1,1),-6*ones(1,1),zeros(1,7)]
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(n,y1);grid on
title('Impulse');
xlabel('----->n');
%Generation of Shifted Ramp Sequence%
t=[-10:10];
y2=zeros(size(n));
t2=t-2;
y2(t>=3)=t2(t>=3)
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(t,y2);grid on
title('r[n-2]');
xlabel('----->n');

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BECE101P DIGITAL SIGNAL

Mail ID: Kalaivani.s@vit.ac.in

Cabin: Technology Tower Annex 102 B

If you include “;” at the

Variable ‘x’ automatically allocated

ones(M,N) MxN matrix of ones x = ones(1,3)

rand(M,N) MxN matrix of

ans = ans = Find

Addition Subtraction Product Transpose

Comparison between theory and experiment.

The basic 2-D plot command is:

 The plot command creates a single curve with the x values on

 The curve is made from segments of lines that connect the

>> x=[1 2 3 5 7 7.5 8 10];

Line specifiers can be added in the plot command to:

Line Specifier Line Specifier Marker Specifier

Solid - red r plus sign +

plot(x,y,’r’) A solid red line connects the points with no markers.

plot(x,y,’--y’) A yellow dashed line connects the points.

Sales (M) 127 130 136 145 158 178 211

>> year = [1988:1:1994];

Dashed red line and

y  3.50.5 x cos(6 x) for  2  x  4

% A script file that creates a plot of

 The function is typed in as a string.

A plot of: y  x 2  4 sin( 2 x)  1 for  3  x  3

>> fplot('x^2 + 4 * sin(2*x) - 1', [-3 3])

Plotting two (or more) graphs in one plot:

1. Using the plot command.

Plots three graphs in the same plot:

y versus x, v versus u, and h versus t.

 By default, MATLAB makes the curves in different colors.

Plot of the function, y  3x 3  26 x  10 and its first and second

x = [-2:0.01:4]; vector x with the domain of the function.

Create three graphs, y vs. x (solid blue line), yd

hold off Returns to the default mode whereby plot commands

A plot can be formatted to have a required appearance.

With formatting you can:

 Add title to the plot.

axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax])

Once a figure window is open, the figure can be formatted interactively.

Use Figure, Axes, Click here to start the plot

vii. Write a program to plot the given

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