Matlab Basics

MATLAB BASICS
S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 1

B BASICS_MARCH 2023
How to install MATLAB
• Follow this YouTube link
https://youtu.be/kymKy2w_tJs
MATLAB TUTOR: Mr. PATEL

BHAVIK MAHESHKUMAR
Email: bpatel@iitg.ac.in
M: 9725200781

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•MATLAB MATrix LABoratory
Developed by Math Works Inc
Display Window
•Command Window
•Graphics Window
•Edit Window

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Starting and quitting MATLAB
To start click on MATLAB icon
To quit either write quit or exit

>>quit
>>exit
•Change of directory
>>Pwd % Show present directory
>>cd %for changing directory
% Also you may change to the required
directory from the command window
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Use of semicolon
If a semicolon (;) is typed at the end of a
command the output of the command is not
displayed
>>t=0:0.1:2*pi;
>>y = exp(t/10).*sin(t);
>>plot(t,y)
>>xlabel('Time (t) in second')
>>ylabel('Response amplitude in mm')

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• To comment a sentence or line in command
window or M-file use %
% This program is for finding the frequency response
% of the system
To clean the command window use clc
>>clc
To get help
>> help

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Statement and Variable
>>variable=expression
>> a=5
a=
5
>> a=5;
>>
>> b=[1 5]
b=
1 5
>> c=[4;7]
c=
4
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Matrix Manipulation
This demo examines some basic matrix manipulations in
MATLAB. We start by creating a magic square and
assigning it to the variable A
>>A = magic(3)
A=
8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2
Here's how to add 2 to each element of A.
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Note that MATLAB requires no special handling of
matrix math.
>>A+2
ans =
10 3 8
5 7 9
6 11 4
The apostrophe symbol denotes the complex conjugate

transpose of a matrix. Here's how to take the transpose
of A
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Transpose of A
>>A'
ans =
8 3 4
1 5 9
6 7 2
The symbol * denotes multiplication of matrices

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Let's create a new matrix B and multiply A by B
>>B = 2*ones(3)
B=
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
>>A*B
ans =
30 30 30
30 30 30
S.K. Dwivedy
30 30 30 IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 15
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We can also multiply each element of A with
its corresponding element of B by using the .*
operator.
>>A.*B 8 1 6  2 2 2
ans = A =  3 5 7  , B =  2 2 2 
 4 9 2   2 2 2 
16 2 12
6 10 14
8 18 4

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Arithmetic Operation
Arithmetic Symbol Example

operation
Addition + 5+3=8
Subtraction - 9-2=7
Multiplication * 4*5=20
Right division / 20/5=4
Left division \ 10\2=0.2
Exponentiation ^ 2^3=8

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Command Description Example
( 250/3)
format short Fixed point with 4 decimal digits 83.3333
format long Fixed point with14 decimal 83.33333333333333

digits
format short e Scientific 4 decimal digits 8.3333e+001
format long e Scientific 15 decimal digits 8.333333333333333e+
001
format short g Best of 5 digits fixed or floating 83.333
format long g Best of 15 digits fixed or floating 83.3333333333333
format bank Two decimal digits

83.33
format compact Eliminate empty lines
format loose Add empty lines

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Built in functions in MATLAB
Function Description
abs(x)
sqrt(x)
round(x) Nearest integer

fix(x) Truncate towards zero
floor(x) Round towards −
ceil(x) Round towards 
sign(x) -1 if x <0,=0 at x=0 and 1 for x >0
rem(xy) Return the remainder of x/y rem(10,3)=1

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exp(x) ex
log(x) ln(x)
log10(x) Base 10
sin(x)
cos(x)
tan(x)
asin(x) − / 2 to  / 2
acos(x) 0 to 
atan(x) − / 2 to  / 2
sinh(x)
cosh(x)
tanh(x)
asinh(h)
acosh(x)
atanh(x)
S.K. Dwivedy atan2(y,x) atan2(-0.5,0.5)=0.79 and atan2(0.5,-0.5)=2.36
IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 20
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Arithmetic operation with complex numbers
>> a=2+3i;
>>b=4+6i;
>>c=3+6i;
>>c=a+b 6.0000+9.0000i
>>a*b -10.0000 +24.0000i
>>conj(a) 2.0000-3.0000i
>>a/c 0.5333 - 0.0667i
>>real(a) 2.0000
>>imag(a) 3.0000
>> abs(a) 3.6056
>> angle(a) 0.9828

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Predefined variable in MATLAB
ans
pi
eps
inf
i
j
NaN
clock
date

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Workspace Information
who whos
what clear
clear x y z clear all
mlock fun munlock fun
clc home
clf pwd
cd dir
ls path
edit path copyfile
S.K. Dwivedy mkdir IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 23
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Plotting simple graphs
t=0:0.1:2*pi;
y = exp(t/10).*sin(t);
plot(t,y);
xlabel('Time (t) in second')
ylabel('Response amplitude in mm')
%print resp_amp.pdf -dpdf

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fplot('exp(-0.1*t).*sin(t)',[0,30])
xlabel('time')
ylabel('f(x)=e^{0.1 t}sin(t)')
title('A function plotted with (fplot')
print f2.jpg -djpeg

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g=inline('x^2');
ezplot(g)
title('A plot using ezplot command')
print f3.jpg -djpeg

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r=inline('1+2.*sin(2*t)'); ! defult -2pi to 2pi

ezpolar(r)
title('Figure using ezpolar')
print f4.jpg -djpeg

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x='t1.*cos(2.*pi*t1)';
y='t1.*sin(2*pi*t1)';
z='t1';
ezplot3(x,y,z)
title('Figure using ezplot3')
print f5.jpg -djpeg

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Z=inline('cos(2*x).*cos(y).*exp(-sqrt((x.^2+y.^2)/4))');
ezcontour(Z)
print f6.jpg -djpeg

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ezcontourf(Z)

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z=inline('-5./(1+x.^2+y.^2)');
ezsurf(z,[-3,3,-3,3])
print f8.jpg -djpeg

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ezsurfc(Z,[-3,3,-3,3])
print resp9.jpg -djpeg

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Subplot
H=subplot(m,n,p) or subplot(mnp) breaks the figure window
into an m by n matrix of axes, select the p th axes for the
current plot and returns the axis handle

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Subplot
>t=linspace(0,20,500);
>y=2*cos(t)+cos(2*t);
>ydot=-2*sin(t)-(2)*sin((2)*t);
>subplot(3,2,1)
>plot(t,y);
>grid on
>subplot(3,2,2)
>plot(t,ydot)
>grid on
>subplot(3,1,2)
>plot(y,ydot)
>grid on
>subplot(3,1,3)
>plot(y,ydot)
>grid on

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Review
Where to type commands (command window >>)

How to execute commands (Press return or enter)
What to do if the command is very long ( use …, max
4096 character)
How to name variables (begin with a letter, max 31 V6)
What is the precision of computation (Double precision)
How to control the display format of output (use format)
How to suppress the screen output (use ;)
How to set paged-screen display (use more on command)

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Where and how to save results
save resp.mat amp,phi save variable amp,phi in file resp.mat

save mf rx ry rz save variable rx, ry, rz in defult file mf.mat
save xdata.dat x –ascii save variable x in the file
xdata.dat in 8 digit ASCII format
save Saves the entire workspace in the file matlab.mat
load mf Load the variable saved in the file mf
load load the variable saved in matlab.mat
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Matrix
a(i,j)
A(m:n,k:l)
A(:,5:20)
[m,n)=size(A)
A=zeros(m,n) Null matrix with size
m,m
A=[] Null matrix of any
size
A([1 3],:)=[] Delete 1st &3rd row
eye(m,m)

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Appending a row and column vector
1 0 0
clc 1 0 0  0 
1 0
a=[1 0 0;0 1 0;0 0 1] a = 0 1 0  a1 = 
0 0 1
u=[4 5 7]; 0 0 1   
v=[7; 8; 5] 4 5 7
a1=[a;u] 1 0 0 7 
b=[a v] b =  0 1 0 8 
c=[] 1 0 1 5 
d=zeros(2,4) 0 0 0 0
d = 
S.K. Dwivedy  0 0
IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA
0 0  38
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v=
7
8
5
a1 =
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
4 5 7

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b=
1 0 0 7
0 1 0 8
0 0 1 5
c=
[]
d=
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
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Deleting a row or column
>> a=[2 3 5; 5 6 8; 8 2 7];
>> a(2,:)=[]
a=
2 3 5
8 2 7

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>> b=[2 3 5 7 9; 5 6 8 5 8; 8 6 2 7 7;5 3 7 2 6];
b=
2 3 5 7 9
5 6 8 5 8
8 6 2 7 7
5 3 7 2 6
>> b(:,3:5)=[]
b =2 3
5 6
8 6
5 3
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>> eye(3,5)
ans =
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
>> ones(3,3)
ans =
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
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Special matrices
Hadamard,
hankel,
hilb,
invhilb, >Help specmat
kron,
pascal,
Toeplitz,
vander,
magic
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Some functions
>> linspace(0,10,4)
ans =
0 3.3333 6.6667 10.0000
>> logspace(0,3,4)
ans =
1 10 100 1000

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>> a=[3 6 8; 4 8 2; 9 2 6];
>> eig(a)
ans =
16.0000
-4.6235
5.6235
>> [eigvec,eigval]=eig(a)
eigvec =
-0.6097 -0.7682 0.1446
-0.4653 0.1446 -0.7682
-0.6417 0.6236 0.6236
eigval =
16.0000 0 0
0 -4.6235 0
0 0 5.6235B BASICS_MARCH 2023
Programming in Matlab
Write the programs using .m files
Script file
Write all valid matlab command in a file and save it as
.m file (e.g., amp.m).
All the variables are global variables
Results obtained from executing the script file are left
in the workspace.
Execute it by typing the file name (e.g., >amp)
Never name a script file in the name of a variable it computes

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function file
A function file is also an m-file, like script file, except that the
variables are local (name should be same as the function name)
A function file begins with a function definition line, which has a

well defined input and outputs
function [xout,yout]=functionname(xin,yin);
function [omega_n,amp]=mfw(m,k,c,f,omega);
function [amp]=mfw(m,k,c,f,omega);
function amp=mfw(m,k,c,f,omega);
function []=mfw(m,k,c,f,omega);
function mfw(m,k,c,f,omega);
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f =inline('r^3+2*r-10')
f=
Inline function:
f(r) = r^3+2*r-10
eval=Execute a string containing a MATLAB

expression
feval=Function evaluation

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output=fzero(‘function’, value of the input variable)
>> f =inline('r^3+2*r-10');
>> Output=fzero(f,2)
Output =
1.8474
function f= bar1(r)
f =r^3+2*r-10;
>>a=fzero(@bar1,2)
a=
1.8474
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For loops
sum=0.0;
sum=0.0;
for m=1:1:10
for m=1:100
sum=sum+m;
sum=sum+m;
end
end
sum=
sum=
55
5050

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While loop
clc;
v=1; num=1; i=1;
while num<300
num=3^i; v=[v;num]; i=i+1;
end
>> v'
ans =
1 3 9 27 81 243 729
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If-elseif-else statement
clc;
i=4;j=20;
if i>5 k=i;
elseif (i>1)&(j==20) k=5*i+j;
else k=1;
end
k
40

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Solving linear equations
clc;
A=[1 2 3; 2 5 7; 7 8 3] % solve with Gaussian elimination
b=[10; 12; 15] A=[1 2 3; 2 5 7; 7 8 3];
x=A\b; b=[10; 12; 15]; C=[A b];
>>x = cr =rref ( C )
17.4167 1.0000 0 0 17.4167
-16.5833 0 1.0000 0 -16.5833
8.5833 0 0 1.0000 8.5833

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•LU factorization
[ L, U] =lu (A);
•QR factorization
[ Q, R] =rq (A);
• Cholesky factorization
R=chol(A);
• Singular value decomposition
[U, V, D]=svd(A);

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Integration
• Analytical integral
Integral=int(@fun,a,b)
•Numerical integration
Integral=quad or quadl or quad8(@fun,a,b,tol,p1,p2)
• Double integration
Integral=dblquad(‘fun’, xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax,tol)
F=inline(‘1-5*x^y’);
A=dblquad(F,0,2,-1,1)
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Integration
• For analytical integral
U=int(@fun,lowerlimit,upperlimit),
%------for example-----------
>> syms x
>> Z=exp(x)*cos(x)*x^2;
>> P=int(Z)
P=
(1/2*x^2-1/2)*exp(x)*cos(x)-(-
1/2*x^2+x-1/2)*exp(x)*sin(x)
>> P=int(Z,0,1)
P=
1/2
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•For numerical integration
Syntax
q = quad or quadl or quad8(fun,a,b)
q = quad or quadl or quad8(fun,a,b,tol)
%------------------Example-----------
>> F = @(x)1./(x.^3-2*x-5); >> F = inline('1./(x.^3-2*x-5)');
>> Q = quad(F,0,2) or >> Q = quad(F,0,2)
Q= Q=
-0.4605 -0.4605
Double integration
Syntax
q = dblquad(fun,xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax)
%------------------------ Example--------------------------
>> F = @(x,y)y*sin(x)+x*cos(y); >> F =inline('y*sin(x)+x*cos(y)');
>> Q = dblquad(F,pi,2*pi,0,pi) >> Q = dblquad(F,pi,2*pi,0,pi)
Q= Q=
-9.8696 -9.8696
>> >>
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Differentiation
Y = diff(Funtionname,variablename,numberofoder)
%..........................For Example……………………….
>> syms x y
>> syms x
>> Z=cos(x)*sin(y);
>> Z=cos(x);
>> Y=diff(Z,x) >> P=diff(Z,x)
Y= P=
-sin(x) -sin(x)*sin(y)
>> Y=diff(Z,x,2) >> P=diff(Z,y)

Y=
P=
-cos(x)
cos(x)*cos(y)
>> Y=diff(Z,x,3)
Y= >> P=diff(Z,y,2)
sin(x) P=
>> Q=exp(x)*cos(x);
>> R=diff(Q,x,2) >> Q=diff(diff(Z,x,2),y,2)
Y= Q=
-2*exp(x)*sin(x) cos(x)*sin(y)
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Solving the ordinary differential equations
Syntex
[t,Y] = solver(odefun,tspan,y0)
[t,Y] = solver(odefun,tspan,y0,options)
sol = solver(odefun,[t0 tf],y0...)
where solver is one of ode45, ode23, ode113, ode15s, ode23s, ode23t, or ode23tb.
#------------------For example-----------------How to solve the following ordinary
equation
This example explains and illustrates the steps you need to solve an initial value
ODE problem:
1.Rewrite the problem as a system of first-order ODEs. By substituting

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2. Code the system of first-order ODEs:
The function must be of the form ydot = odefun(t,y)
function ydot = SaturT(t,y)
Ydot= [y(2); (1-y(1)^2)*y(2)-y(1)];
3. Apply a solver to the problem.
[t,y] = ode45(@SarurT,[0 20],[2; 0]);
4. View the solver output.

plot(t,y(:,1),'-',t,y(:,2),'--')
title('Solution of van der Pol Equation, \mu = 1');
xlabel('time t');
ylabel('solution y');
legend('y_1','y_2')
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THANK YOU

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Matlab Basics

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MATLAB BASICS

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 1

MATLAB TUTOR: Mr. PATEL

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 2

Developed by Math Works Inc

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 3

To quit either write quit or exit

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 9

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 10

The apostrophe symbol denotes the complex conjugate

The symbol * denotes multiplication of matrices

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 14

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 16

Arithmetic Symbol Example

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 17

format long Fixed point with14 decimal 83.33333333333333

format long g Best of 15 digits fixed or floating 83.3333333333333

format bank Two decimal digits

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 18

round(x) Nearest integer

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 19

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 21

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 22

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 24

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 25

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 26

r=inline('1+2.*sin(2*t)'); ! defult -2pi to 2pi

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 27

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 28

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 29

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 30

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 31

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 32

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 33

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 34

Where to type commands (command window >>)

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 35

save resp.mat amp,phi save variable amp,phi in file resp.mat

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 37

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 39

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 41

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 45

Write the programs using .m files

Never name a script file in the name of a variable it computes

A function file begins with a function definition line, which has a

eval=Execute a string containing a MATLAB

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 49

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 51

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 53

b=[10; 12; 15] A=[1 2 3; 2 5 7; 7 8 3];

x=A\b; b=[10; 12; 15]; C=[A b];

17.4167 1.0000 0 0 17.4167

-16.5833 0 1.0000 0 -16.5833

8.5833 0 0 1.0000 8.5833

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 54

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 55

>> Y=diff(Z,x,2) >> P=diff(Z,y)

S.K. Dwivedy IITG/MECH/SKD_ME101_MATLA 60

The function must be of the form ydot = odefun(t,y)

function ydot = SaturT(t,y)

Ydot= [y(2); (1-y(1)^2)*y(2)-y(1)];

3. Apply a solver to the problem.

r=inline('1+2.sin(2t)'); ! defult -2pi to 2pi