— — PERIODIC MOTION i CHAPTER 08 5 Fi) ae a LEARNING OBJECTIVES: > relate the amplitude, frequency, angular frequency, period, displacement, velocity, and acceleration of oscillating systems > recognize the necessary conditions for an object to undergo simple harmonic motion PERIODIC MOTION > motion that is repeated at regular intervals of time. mt :PERIODIC MOTION > O- equilibrium position > pt. ADB A-cycle > A-amplitude > Equilibrium position } Restoring force >Cycle Frequency >Amplitude 8 Angular frequency >Period dn > Frequency o= Inf = T > Angular frequency _ _ 20 @ =2nf = TT symbol/ formula Pre fi amplitude a x disp ant m equilibrium position frequency f=F number of cycles per unit time Hz angular rate of change of an angular frequency @ =2nf quantity (not necessarily related | rad/s ‘to rotation) period = [= To |time for 1 cycle s displacement x m velocity v m/s acceleration a. | m/s? cycle n complete to-and-fro motionFor relatively small deformations of an object, the displacement or size of the deformation is directly proportional to the deforming force or load. HOOKE’S LAW F=kx MASSES AND SPRINGS Lo, EE ©) ewes) | pom) SPREE 0) mee to ¢ el & & cs € a & § = B eS ¢ ee = ¢ a Se & long = 4 = 4 1 Sore b terme [Boerne same m RESTORING FORCE — a force that tends to return/restore the body to its equilibrium position SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION A type of periodic motion where the restoring force is proportional to the displacement of the body from its equilibrium position and acts in a direction opposite to the direction of the displacement. F=kx | VYYYYYYYY\ 5 Bi - te ry oHSIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION F,=—kx where: F,, = restoring force k = force constant Xx = displacement from the equilibrium position (—) = means that the restoring force and displacement are opposite in direction ang" > A body of mass m oscillating on one end of a spring > A.k.a. mass-spring system > External force F=kx SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION F=kx where: k = force constant = force needed to produce a unit elongation = a measure of the stiffness of the springSIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR > can be mathematically described in terms of: ENERGY Ey =U+K 1 1 Em =a hx? + 5m? SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR > can be mathematically described in terms of. VELOCITY v=0 v= VaxSIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR > can be mathematically described in terms of: VELOCITY - when the object is at its mac dsplcemeli x= fab = =0 % mas gt. Uren maak? +2 5m(0)? Gap) Keo ening UFO ee Ke rex SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR > can be mathematically described in terms of: ELOCITY amt v0 - following conservation ict ener et aa a aed, . + 5m yet r » i siieran SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR > can be mathematically described in terms of: ACCELERATION - by Newton's Second Law of Motion: F=ma_ , =~ kxSIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR > can be mathematically described in terms of: PERIOD - the speed, v of the body is max, when: x = 0 SP Aeon en fereate xg) SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR > can be mathematically described in terms of: ~ the speed, v of the body is max, when: x = 0 i Vmax = A |= m 2nAW k ae yt SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR > can be mathematically described in terms of: FREQUENCY 1 - since frequency is reciprocal of period: f = 5 r=2n ft =2n |e - how many cycles of os¢illation occur per secondSIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR > can be mathematically described in terms of ANGULAR FREQUENCY ~ since angular frequency is calculated as: w = 2mef — how many radians per Pan second this corresponds to @ = 2n|>— Fe 20 on the reference circle k @=f[ m SUMMARY! 1. When the mass m, is larger, with its greater inertia, its acceleration will be (lesser, greater, the same); it will move (slower, faster) and” = take (a longer, a shorter, the same) time for a complete cycle. k 2. When the spring is stiffer, one with a larger force constant k, it will exert a (lesser, greater) force at a given deformation x, causing (greater, lesser) acceleration, (faster, slower) speeds, and a (longer, shorter) time, T per cycle. SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS