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Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
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Procedia Computer Science 157 (2019) 459–464

4th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2019

(ICCSCI), 12–13 September 2019

A Design of IoT-based Monitoring System for Intelligence Indoor

Micro-Climate Horticulture Farming in Indonesia
Emil Robert Kaburuana,*, Riyanto Jayadia, Harisnoa
a
Information Systems Management Department, BINUS Graduate Program-Master of Information Systems Management,
Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta 11480, Indonesia

Abstract

Recently, horticulture farming, especially in Indonesia, are facing various obstacles, including the lack of young farmers
regeneration, agricultural land decreasing, and climate change. Climate change increase extreme and uncertain weather for
horticulture cultivation. Farmers frequently face frequent damage to crops and decreasing in quantity and quality of plants. The
development of a monitoring system that can help farmers grow crops is a crucial issue. In this paper, a study for a system for
monitoring the performance of indoor micro-climate horticulture is presented. An electronic sensors Internet-of-Things (IoT) board
is implemented to monitor the cultivation process. The sensor reading is collected into a database. The database is also integrated
with the Indonesian Meteorological Agency data which consists of weather data and daily at the cultivation location. For our future
work, the collected data are expected to be used for training machine learning models for the development of intelligence automated
indoor micro-climate horticulture.
© 2019
© 2019 The
The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published by
by Elsevier
Elsevier B.V.
B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Computer Science and
Peer-review
Computationalunder responsibility
Intelligence 2019. of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Computer Science and
Computational Intelligence 2019
Keywords: Internet of Things; Horticulture; Monitoring System;

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +62 21 536 96969; fax: +62 21 535 0655.
E-mail address: emil.kaburuan@binus.edu

1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational
Intelligence 2019

1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational
Intelligence 2019.
10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.001
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2 Emil Robert Kaburuan et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

1. Introduction

Horticulture commodities; e.g., especially vegetables such as red chili, red onion, tomatoes, potatoes; are essential
agricultural produces in the food supply needs in Indonesia. These commodities are a significant issue because of
frequent price fluctuations in the Indonesian market. The success of horticulture cultivation is highly dependent on
climate and environmental factors such as local microclimate, groundwater content, the temperature of the growth
environment, humidity, and light intensity.
However, the situation of horticultural cultivation is currently facing several serious problems that risk the decline
in the quantity and quantity of agricultural produces 1. Because of climate change, many countries, including
Indonesia, are increasingly facing unusual weather 2,3. The horticulture industry is frequently experiencing uncertainty
during the planting cycle, fertilization period, and harvest period. The risk of increasing pest and plant diseases due to
the weather anomalies for agriculture has caused a harvest failure in horticultural commodities 4,5. The existence of
various social and economic problems also threatens the productivity of horticulture. Aging of current productive
farmers 6 while there is some reduced interest in the younger generation to become farmers 7-8, and shrinking
agricultural land 9 can cause a decline in agricultural productivity, including in Indonesia.
Thus, it is essential to develop technologies that can solve these problems and ensure the horticulture in Indonesia
becomes more productive both in quality and quantity. Previously, several studies 10-12 have been presented in which
they applied IoT-based technique for improving farming. However, a study of IoT-based horticulture that fits with
Indonesia condition, in a micro-climate farming environment and prepared to be integrated with intelligence micro-
climate farming is still inadequate.
Micro-climate farming is climatic conditions measured in localized areas near the surface of the earth - including
temperature, light, wind speed and humidity - which can provide meaningful indicators for habitat selection and other
ecological activities13. Chen et al. 14 explained that micro-climate had become an essential component of current
ecological research because it dramatically influences ecological processes such as plant regeneration and growth, soil
respiration, nutrient cycle, and selection of wildlife habitat. The micro-climate is very closely related to habitat and
important for organisms on a micro scale15. Light intensity, soil moisture, soil temperature, air temperature, soil
acidity, wind direction, and CO2 level are micro-climate factors that are very influential in aquaculture productivity.
These factors can be contracted artificially to maximize productivity and quality of crop cultivation.
Thus, in this study, we present micro-climate monitoring systems based on IoT that are suited with tropical
Indonesian condition with integration with an automated intelligence system. An IoT system is designed for electronic
devices to monitor the condition of the soil, water, and air in horticulture cultivation. Image capture equipment for
plant cultivation is also implemented. The monitoring results is collected into a database. This database is integrated
with the Indonesia weather agency, Badan Meteorolgy, Klimatologi & Geofisika (BMKG), for the daily weather and
climate data at the farming location. This monitoring system will be beneficial for the farmer in tracking the
performance of the plants based on farmer’ treatment from the planting until the harvest time. The collected monitoring
system data will be used for training a machine learning based technology for an automated indoor micro-climate
horticulture.

2. Related Works

In recent years, IoT technology has increasingly implemented the depth of modern agriculture. Alipio et al.10
developed a smart hydroponic system in automating plant cultivation using Bayesian Network (BN) techniques,
sensors, and actuators installed at the cultivation site to control light intensity, the acidity of the soil, water temperature
and humidity. They managed to increase quantity productivity 66.67% higher than using manual control. Carrasquilla-
Batista et al. 11 carried out IoT integration into cucumber cultivation in a greenhouse. Their design consists of
electronic circuits, sensors, actuator communication devices, and software running in cloud computing. Their system
can carefully provide an excellent recommendation for appropriate variable cultivation measures. In the research by
Jayaraman et al. 12 carried out the development of SmartFarmNet, which can integrate all types of IoT devices such
as cameras, weather stations, sensors, and others. SmartFarmNet then collects all this data into the database in the
cloud for analysis of cultivation and recommendations. Meanwhile, Kamilaris et al. 16 also proposed a smart farming
application framework, called Agri-IoT, which can support various types of IoT devices. Agri-IoT integrates the types
of agricultural data flows that often vary from one another. However, as far as our knowledge, a study of IoT-based
horticulture that fits with tropical Indonesia condition, in a micro-climate farming environment and prepared to be
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Emil Robert Kaburuan et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 3

integrated with intelligence micro-climate farming is still inadequate. Thus, in this study, we proposed a micro-climate
monitoring system based on IoT that are suited with tropical Indonesian condition with integration with an automated
intelligence system.

3. IoT Sensor Board

The proposed horticulture IoT monitoring sensor board is shown in Fig. 1. The proposed sensor board consist of
microcontroller unit board and is equipped with CO2 sensor, light sensor, air humidity & temperature sensor, soil
moisture & temperature sensor, a camera and a WLAN IEEE 802.11 module. The designed board and all modules are
low-cost and widely available in the market.
The sensor board is a low-cost Arduino Uno Rev3 interfaced with Arduino Sensor Shield V5.0 to read multiple
data output from multiple sensors. Arduino Uno Rev3 is a low-cost widely available microcontroller board by Arduino
CC. It is based on the ATMega328P processor. It is a small and low-power consumption board to suitable for multiple
purposes. To allowing additional connection to various sensors and wireless connection module to the board, an
Arduino Sensor Shield V5.0 is used as interface shield to the board. It extends digital and analog signal pins for the
board. It also allows the connection from the board to the wireless module to be transmitted to the access point.

Fig. 1. Sensor Board

The board is equipped with CO2, light, and air sensors. To detect CO2 level in the around the plant, MG811 is used
as the CO2 sensor. MG811 mainly used as air pollution detector. It is low-cost with stability and reproducibility CO2
readings. The air humidity temperature sensor is AM2303. AM2303 is a wired version of the DHT22 sensor for
capturing temperature and humidity. The sensor readings are obtained and transmitted to the sensor board for every 2
seconds. The light sensor is BH1750. It has a wide-range and high-resolution reading with small measurement
variation. It also can ignore the influence of infrared.
Furthermore, the soil sensor, wireless module, and camera module are also attached to the board. The soil sensor
module in this proposed board is SLHT1. SLHT1 is are a low-cost protected built-in soil temperature and humidity
sensor. It transmits digital signal reading to the board. Its protection can effectively avoid dust entering the electronic
sensor. Lastly, the OV767 camera module is attached to the board to capture the progress of plant lifetime. OV767 is
a single-chip 640x480 camera that can capture good still image. Its sensor technology also able to eliminate noise,
smearing, and blooming in the captured images. Meanwhile, for the wireless connection to the server, the board is
equipped with ESP8266. ESP8266 is a cheap and widely available microchip WLAN IEEE 802.11 module with full
TCP/IP stack support. ESP8266 is used by the board to transmits all the sensors reading to the server.
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4. System Architecture

The proposed system architecture is presented in Fig. 2. The architecture consists of multiple sensors board,
described in the previous section. The data reading from the sensor boards is collected to the servers. Each board
transmits sensor readings to the servers through the wireless access point near the board. Then, the access point relays
the sensor readings to the servers which managed by a highly available, fault-tolerance, and reliable messaging system
clusters, such as Kafka. The sensors data readings and pictures are transmitted to the logging server, machine learning
training server, and dashboard and reporting server. BMKG data also queried and are recorded to the database. The
database design for monitoring reading logs is shown in Fig. 3. The database consists of tables of every type of sensor.
In each table, each sensor readings are stored for each board for each deployed location in each timestamp. Also,
tables for farm location, boards, and BMKG report are also provided.

Fig. 2. System Architecture

Fig. 3. Database Architecture

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5. Discussion

The implementation of the proposed sensor board and architecture have been carried out in our testbed micro farm.
The data generated are high in volume and velocity due to periodic sensor readings and image capturing. However,
our proposed system still able to handle the scale of the data without data loss thanks to the proposed fault-tolerance
middleware design.
Based on the collected data from the monitoring system, an intelligent system will be trained and developed that
can help an automated control of the horticulture using a variety machine learning tool. Several machine learning
algorithms will be employed. Time series prediction, e.g. long-short term memory (LSTM), will be employed to
predicts the success of plant. Convolutional neural network will be also employed to process the captured images and
predict the outcome. Decision tree, Bayesian-based and other prediction algorithms will be evaluated with our data
collected to predict the final harvesting outcome. The most accurate algorithm will be deployed to predicts and
provides automated farming treatment.
As shown in Fig. 4, the design of the indoor intelligence and automated microclimate horticulture are presented.
Multiple actuators will be implemented to control micro-climate factors. The actuators include fan and air conditioning
for temperature control; automated watering system for dehydration and humidity; automated fertilizer; and lighting
system; These actuators will be controlled automatically based on the judgment from the trained machine learning
system. Lastly, a testbed and evaluation will be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of our trained farming
intelligence system in comparison to manual farming. A case study; in which one micro-climate farming will be
controlled with our proposed system while another manual farming; will be carried out. The evaluation includes the
increasing plants grows and its harvest output.
.

(a) Front view

(b) Left view (c) Right view

Fig. 4. Design model of the indoor intelligence and automated microclimate horticulture.
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6. Conclusion

In this study, a monitoring system for the micro-climate horticulture system is presented. An electronic sensors
board is implemented to monitor air, water, and soil condition at the horticulture site. The image capture device for
processing the image processing plants is implemented. The results are collected into a monitoring database. This
database is also be integrated with the BMKG data, which consists of weather data at the horticulture area. This study
limitation is only on the design and development of monitoring system. Thus, for our future work, using a machine
learning algorithm, intelligent systems will be trained and developed based on the collected monitoring data that can
help an automated control of the horticulture process. Through direct field testing or testbed in horticulture plantation
in the future, an evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed agricultural IoT system will be carried out by
experimenting between traditional manual treatment and intelligence treatment.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Bina Nusantara University [grant number 033/VR.RTT/IV/2019]

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