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Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
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ScienceDirect
Procedia Computer Science 157 (2019) 205–213

4th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2019

(ICCSCI), 12–13 September 2019

Design and Development of an IoT Application with Visual

Analytics for Water Consumption Monitoring
Aldrin C. Tasonga,*, Roland P. Abaob
a
a
Don Jose Ecleo Memorial Foundation College of Science and Technology, Justinina Edera San Jose, Dinagat Islands, 8427, Philippines
b
b Caraga State University, Ampayon, Butuan City, 8600, Philippines

Abstract

Water is imperative in the regular day to day existence of the human race. Household people use water to sustain life. Nowadays,
household people excessively use water without knowing how much water do they already consume in real-time and are unaware
on which faucet in the household has the highest water consumption. With the use of the internet of things (IoT) platform with
visual analytics (VA), a real-time water consumption monitoring system has been developed for household and commercialized
building applications. In order to get the water consumption data, a Hall Effect water flow sensor is attached to every faucet, which
is then processed by a NodeMCU, then pushed to the Heroku cloud database. A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) alphanumeric screen
displays the total volume consumed and the real-time water flow rate for each faucet. To further visualize the water consumption
data, a comprehensible chart report about the overall household water consumption from the cloud database can be accessed through
a web browser or a mobile device. To achieve an accurate water flow measurement, an initial calibration is being performed for
every sensor in the faucet. A test was conducted to determine how accurate the system is in monitoring the correct water
consumption. Ten trials of filling up a 10-liter bottle using one faucet, two 10-liter bottles using two faucets, and three 10-liter
bottles using three faucets at a time was conducted. The study came up with an overall average accuracy of 99.38%. The study
concluded that the developed IoT system can make an accurate water consumption monitoring and can also identify which faucet
has the highest consumption using visual analytics.
© 2019
© 2019 The
The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published by
by Elsevier
Elsevier B.V.
B.V.
This is
This is an
an open
open access
access article
article under
under the
the CC
CC BY-NC-ND
BY-NC-ND license
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Computer Science and
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Computer Science and
Computational Intelligence 2019.
Computational Intelligence 2019
Keywords: Water Consumption Monitoring; Internet of Things; Visual Analytics; Water Flow Sensor; NodeMCU; LCD Alphanumeric Display;

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: aldrinict@gmail.com

1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational
Intelligence 2019

1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational
Intelligence 2019.
10.1016/j.procs.2019.08.159
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2 A. C. Tasong and R. P. Abao / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

1. Introduction

Freshwater makes up a little portion of all water on the planet. The world is covered with 70% water, but only 2.5%
of it is fresh and only 0.007% of the planet's water is readily available to support its 7.6 billion people 1. In addition, the
world’s population is growing roughly by 80 million people each year and freshwater withdrawals have tripled over the
last 50 years. Demand for freshwater is increasing by 64 billion cubic meters a year 2. This figure in population is
constantly increasing while the amount of clean water is not increasing. One of the most severe challenges to solve is
how to manage water insufficiency 3.
Every country has a different number of water consumption per day in the household. The average water consumption
in urban areas in the Philippines is 120 liters per capita per day 4. Nowadays, most household excessively consumes water
without knowing how much water they already consume. The traditional way of manual meter reading is done on a
monthly basis and the user is not well-informed particularly with their daily water consumption 5. In contrast, some
household uses a state-of-the-art water meter to visualize real-time water consumption. Kumar Jha 6 aims at designing a
Smart Water Monitoring System for real-time water quality and usage monitoring to ensure the amount of water
consumed by the household, any violations in the usage limit or water quality is immediately notified to the consumer
and authority via SMS. According to Monnier Olivier 7, using smart water meters technology for the household can curb
water use and help the water consumer in being informed and educating to lower their water usage. This shows that the
concept of well- informed water consumption among the water consumer can play an important role in this water scarcity
problem.
Internet of Things (IoT) is the state-of-the-art internet development that integrates various range of hardware such as
actuators, sensors, and services to support diverse applications 8. The main goal behind IoT-based platform is to connect
the advanced communication tools to support the value-added services of city administration for the citizen 9. In the study
of Saseendran and Nithya 10, they used IoT to monitor the water usage through wireless sensor nodes, the server receives
the data over the internet and when water is used at excess, a notification is sent to the user. With the use of IoT, the users
can continuously transmit the data and monitor the water consumed. Through IoT, water consumers and water service
providers can discover new techniques to manage water and conserve resources and save money by using smart meters
and connected appliances 11. IoT proves to be an important approach for developing more utility-proper structures for
building the water consumption assets more efficient 12. Yet, there are still a few numbers of studies about the use of the
IoT in promoting a well-informed and real-time water consumption among the user.
Along with the improvement of the IoT capability, visual analytics (VA) has also been incorporated into IoT to provide
comprehensible visualization of water information. VA provides users with an easy-to-understand visual representation
of water consumption information. Recently, few studies regarding a well- informed water consumption to assist the user
in water conservation. One of this is the IoT Water Consumption Monitoring & Alert System 13 which uses Ubidots Cloud
platform to monitor the quantity of water in the domestic household in real-time and provides visualization to display the
water consumption illustrated in graphical form. VA envisioned to reduce the increasing mismatch of data sizes and
difficulty of the human ability to comprehend and interact with the data and reduce the amount of data that must be
viewed 14. Essentially, it is a viable tool in enabling a well-informed water consumption among water consumers and
eventually exercise water conservation.
The recent literature used IoT platform that can monitor the water consumption in real-time using sensors,
microcontroller, microcomputer, and visualize through mobile app, SMS notification and cloud platform wherein the user
can only monitor once they open the application. In contrast, this study used water flow sensor, microcontroller and
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) alphanumeric display that will show the water flow in milliliters per second and the total
water consumption in liters dynamically in every faucet. When the user turns on the faucet, the LCD shows the real-time
consumption of water, and at the same time, the data is transmitted to the cloud to create a visual analytics as a
comprehensible visualization of water data. In connection with the use of IoT and VA, this study could help the water
consumer to visualize and be well-informed of their water consumption in real-time. With these advantages, it can be a
valuable concept to implement to nudge the water consumer and be aware of their real-time water consumption.
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2. Methodology

2.1. System Architecture

Figure 1 shows the system architecture of the study. This architecture shows the contextual process of the system.
Every faucet in the household or room is installed with a water flow sensor which measures the flow of water in every
pulse; microcontroller (NodeMCU), a programmable IoT hardware that serves as a client in every faucet; push button
where the calibration factor is set by pushing the button; and LCD that shows the total water consumption in every
faucet in real-time. The NodeMCU is programmed and the service set identifier and password of a wireless local area
network (WLAN) is set to connect the microcontroller to the internet. The total water consumed in liters and the
current water flow rate is displayed to the LCD screen for real-time monitoring of every faucet and the same time, the
water flow data is pushed to the Heroku cloud database through the internet. The user can see the water consumption
visualization by accessing the server application programming interface (API) key in the web-browser. The user can
also view water consumption anytime and anywhere through mobile or desktop.

Fig. 1 System architecture of the system

2.2. Hardware Components

In developing the system, various hardware components were used. To determine the water flow, a YF-S201 Hall
Effect water flow sensor G½ model was used in this study (see Fig. 2 (a)). Based on the manufacturer's data sheet, the
water flow sensor can withstand maximum water pressure of 253.82 PSI and a working range of 1-30 liter/minute.
There is a magnetic hall-effect sensor that produces an electrical pulse whenever the pinwheel inside the sensor is
rotated by the water flowing through it. The “YF-S201 Hall Effect Water Flow Sensor” has three wires: Red or VCC
(5-24V DC Input), Black or GND (Ground - 0V) and Yellow or OUT (Pulse Output). By counting the pulses from the
output of the sensor, it can calculate the water flow rate.

Fig. 2 (a) YF-S201 Hall Effect Water Flow Sensor; (b) NodeMCU; (c) LCD 12C 1602 Alphanumeric Display; (d) Push Button

Another important component used in this study is the Node microcontroller (NodeMCU) (see Fig. 2 (b)), an open-
source, programmable, low cost and Wi-Fi enabled hardware platform. It Contains firmware which runs on the
ESP8266 Wi-Fi designed by Espressif Systems. The ESP8266 Wi-Fi module serves as a bridge from the
microcontroller to Wi-Fi and capable of running programs. The Microcontroller used the micro USB cable to connect
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to the laptop or desktop and upload the programs. The microcontroller requires a 5 Voltage power supply and the
current consumption is 10uA~170mA. The maximum memory attached is 16MB with Tensilica L106 32 bit processor
and speed of 80~160MHz with RAM of 32K +80K.
For the real-time water consumption, an LCD 1602 12C alphanumeric display (see Fig. 2 (c)) was used. LCD 1602
has maximum serial control of two lines by 16 characters. With the aid of the 12C bus converter and related libraries,
only four (4) wires are used to connect from the microcontroller. This unit provides a very clear text with display color
of blue and consumes only 5 Volts operation. The serial clock line (SCL), serial data line or SDA for input/output,
VCC is connected to 5 voltage and the GND is for ground. TSWTH4P push button (see Fig. 2 (d)), a 12mm square
momentary button. This study uses a push button to set the calibration factor of the water flow. As used to this study,
it is connected to NodeMCU ground and D5 as can be seen in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 Circuit Diagram of hardware module of the system

2.3. Design and Development of hardware and software components of the system

Figure 4 shows the overview diagram of the system, a step by step process of the water data. It starts from the water
flow sensor, the water data processed by the microcontroller as reading and transmit the water data to the Heroku cloud
database. And display the water data as visualization, and at the same time, the data is displayed to the LCD screen in
every faucet.

Fig. 4 Overview Diagram of Water Consumption Monitoring System

2.3.1. Set-up of the Water Flow Sensor

Accurate flow measurement is an essential step both in the terms of qualitative and economic points of view 15.
The standard water pipeline used for individual components in the household is ½ inch diameter pipe 16. To install the
water flow sensor to the household or room, the water flow sensor is fixed between the G1/2 standard household pipe
and the faucet (see Fig. 5). The number of the water flow sensor depends on the number of faucet in the household.
The water flow sensor is placed in a horizontal orientation to prevent water from flowing back into the pipe when the
faucet is closed.
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Fig. 5 Water Flow Sensor Installation

During the initial set-up, the water flow sensor must be calibrated first to have an accurate measurement. The
calibration is done by pressing the push button to enable the calibration mode and letting a 1 liter volume container
be filled with water from the faucet with the water flow sensor. When the 1 liter container is already filled to the brim,
the push button is pressed again to stop the calibration mode. The number of pulses generated by the sensor to measure
1 liter of water during the calibration mode was then saved in a variable in the microcontroller as PulsePerLiter. This
PulsePerLiter variable serves as the calibration factor for measuring the volume of water that passed through the sensor
in the future.

2.3.2. Programming the NodeMCU

Based on the water flow rate provided by the water sensor manufacturer’s datasheet, the pseudocode as shown in
Fig. 6 is created and programmed using the Arduino IDE into the NodeMCU. Fig. 6 (line 2) calculates the water
consumed in liters where PulseCount is the number of pulses within the time interval and PulsePerLiter is variable
where the calibration factor was stored. Fig. 6 (line 4) shows how the water flow rate in liters per minute was calculated
where water consumed in liters is divided by the time interval (millis () – oldtime). The millis () function returns the
number of milliseconds of the current sketch that has been running since the last reading. To determine the total
consumption in liters that passed through the sensor, the current WaterConsumed variable is added to the
TotalConsumption variable as shown in Fig. 6 (line 6). The microcontroller is programmed using Arduino IDE to
count the water pulse flowing in the water sensor.

Fig. 6 Pseudocode for calculating the flowrate and the total water consumption

2.3.3. Faucet Display

The real-time output is calculated and programmed in the NodeMCU through the water flow sensor. The reading
output is sent to the Heroku cloud database and displayed to the LCD. The LCD screen has two-line output display:
the total water consumption in liters and the water flow rate in millilitres per second every time the faucet is opened.
The purpose of using the LCD alphanumeric display in every faucet is to monitor the water usage of a particular faucet
in real-time even if the user cannot see the web visualization. Using an LCD in this study has an advantage from the
previous literatures where the user still need to view intentionally the visualization from a web browser or smartphone
to be informed of their consumption.

2.3.4. Data Transmission

The NodeMCU processes the water data from the water flow sensor at the time the user turns on the faucet, the
water passed to the Hall Effect sensor and converted to digital data and send to Heroku cloud database through internet.
To send the data from NodeMCU to the cloud server, the microcontroller must be connected to the internet. Once the
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router provides an IP address to the microcontroller, it means the connection from the client to the cloud is established.
In order to identify the device and what rooms the device belongs to, the labelling of the device and naming of the
rooms are done in the microcontroller so the water data that is being transmitted is properly identified in the cloud
interface. At the time the connection is well established, when the faucet is turned-on, the water volume in liters is
automatically transmitted to the cloud database and be display in the form of a graph. The study applied the concept
of star topology. All clients are connected to a central device known as a router using a point to point connections (see
Fig. 7). The client-A cannot send data to client-B vice versa, however, nodes can send data to the server through a
wide area network and the server can also send data to the client. The router acts as a point of failure, once the router
fails or unplugged, the connections of all nodes to the server fails and clients will get the latest transmitted data.

Fig. 7 Network Architecture of the IOT system

2.3.5. Cloud Database

This study used the platform as a service (PaaS) cloud database named Heroku, and this provides database services
and application over the internet. It also gives ease and suitability for the water consumer by accessing it anytime and
anywhere via a web browser. The Heroku cloud platform is used, and PostgreSQL is designed to be used in building
the Heroku application as a database. When the connection between clients and the server is established, the server
can receive the processed data from the clients over the internet and inserted to the cloud database. The data stored to
the cloud is the water consumed in liters, every time the user turns on the faucet, the calculated water flow rate is
converted in liters and is transmitted every second to the cloud as water consumed. When the client is restarted or
accidentally plugged out from the outlet, when restarted, and the internet connection is re-established, the last data
stored in the cloud database in liters is transmitted back to the client.

2.3.6. Visualization

Visualization is where the information of water consumed in a particular time-frame such as daily, monthly and
yearly is compared and well-presented to the user in real-time.

Fig. 8 Main Interface of the System as visual analytics

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Heroku Cloud platform is used in this study in presenting the water consumption to the water consumer in real-
time and able to monitor the total water consumption and identify which faucet has the highest water consumed in a
particular day, month and year using the filter in visual analytics interface. In developing the system, HTML, CSS,
and hypertext pre-processor (PHP) in the Laravel framework is used as front-end for fast development of the system.
To create an informative design in a dashboard in which the water data in static and dynamic is visualized in graphical
form, bootstrap and chart.js are used. jQuery is also used as a JavaScript library which shorten the JavaScript algorithm
and also supports all web browser. The main interface of the system is shown in Fig. 8 which provides visual analytics
with graphical user interface and well-presented water consumption monitoring to the water consumer. Using the filter
the user can find all devices in a particular room and how much rooms and devices consumed water and generate a
report in a particular day by selecting the date.

3. Testing and Test Result

Before the testing started, calibration was performed to get the accurate water flow rate. When the calibration
factor is already fixed, the series of testing is conducted. To test the accuracy of the system, ten trials of filling up a
10-liter bottle using one faucet, two 10-liter bottles using two faucets simultaneously, and three 10-liter bottles using
three faucets simultaneously was conducted. To get the accuracy of the system, the percentage of error is used, the
sequence of formulas is shown below.

measured value  true value

% Error  x 1 00
true v alue (1)

Accuracy 1  % Error (2)

To get the percent error, the absolute value difference between the measured value and the true value, divided by
the true value was calculated. The measured value refers to the volume of water and the water flow sensor was able o
measure while the true value refers to the exact volume of water that is being measured. The accuracy is then calculated
by subtracting the percent error from one. Table 1 shows the different accuracy of every faucet. During testing, faucet
C quickly filled the 10 liters bottle and followed by faucet B and last is the faucet A. The faucet B and A takes time
to fill the 10 liters bottles, but the accuracy is practically exact from the original volume. Major factor that affect the
difference from the original volume and measured volume is when the user turn-on the faucet, which causes a little
delayed and excess of water.

Table 1. Data test Result

10-liter bottle using one Two 10-liter bottles using two faucets Three 10-liter bottles using three faucets simultaneously
faucet simultaneously
Faucet A Faucet A Faucet B Faucet A Faucet B Faucet C
|Difference|

|Difference|

|Difference|

|Difference|

|Difference|

|Difference|
% of Error

% of Error

% of Error

% of Error

% of Error

% of Error
Measured

Measured

Measured

Measured

Measured

Measured
Original

Original

Original

Original

Original

Original
Volume

Volume

Volume

Volume

Volume

Volume
volume

volume

volume

volume

volume

volume
No. of
Trials

1 10 10.03 0.03 0% 10 10.04 0.04 0% 10 10.02 0.02 0% 10 9.99 0.01 0% 10 10.01 0.01 0.1% 10 10.04 0.04 0.4%
2 10 10.01 0.01 0% 10 10.08 0.08 1% 10 10.05 0.05 1% 10 10.01 0.01 0% 10 10.02 0.02 0.2% 10 10.02 0.02 0.2%
3 10 10.05 0.05 1% 10 10.12 0.12 1% 10 9.98 0.02 0% 10 10.02 0.02 0% 10 10.21 0.21 2.1% 10 10.01 0.01 0.1%
4 10 10.04 0.04 0% 10 10.17 0.17 2% 10 9.97 0.03 0% 10 10.01 0.01 0% 10 10.23 0.23 2.3% 10 9.99 0.01 0.1%
5 10 9.98 0.02 0% 10 10.11 0.11 1% 10 9.95 0.05 1% 10 9.96 0.04 0% 10 10.07 0.07 0.7% 10 10.01 0.01 0.1%
6 10 10.01 0.01 0% 10 10.03 0.03 0% 10 9.97 0.03 0% 10 9.98 0.02 0% 10 10.05 0.05 0.5% 10 10.02 0.02 0.2%
7 10 10.32 0.32 3% 10 9.98 0.02 0% 10 9.96 0.04 0% 10 10.13 0.13 1% 10 10.09 0.09 0.9% 10 10.01 0.01 0.1%
8 10 10.13 0.13 1% 10 9.96 0.04 0% 10 10.04 0.04 0% 10 10.19 0.19 2% 10 10.06 0.06 0.6% 10 9.98 0.02 0.2%
9 10 9.95 0.05 1% 10 9.99 0.01 0% 10 10.12 0.12 1% 10 10.17 0.17 2% 10 9.99 0.01 0.1% 10 9.97 0.03 0.3%
10 10 9.98 0.02 0% 10 10.04 0.04 0% 10 10.14 0.14 1% 10 10.22 0.22 2% 10 9.98 0.02 0.2% 10 9.99 0.01 0.1%
Ave 10 10.05 0.068 0.68% 10 10.05 0.066 0.66% 10 10.02 0.054 0.54% 10 10.07 0.082 0.82% 10 10.071 0.08 0.77% 10 10.004 0.018 0.18%

Table 2 shows the comparison of the accuracy based on the original volume and the measured volume. The overall
average accuracy of the three different groups is 99.38% which proves that, whether multiple faucets are used
simultaneously, still the readings of the system is almost accurate.
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Table 2. Summary of Average Accuracy

10-liter bottle using one Two 10-liter bottles using two Three 10-liter bottles using
Overall Accuracy
faucet in ten trials faucets simultaneously three faucets simultaneously
99.32% 99.40% 99.41% 99.38%

4. Conclusion and Recommendation

Internet of things (IoT) is very useful and helpful for human beings, it can make work easier and faster and create
things possible. With the use of IoT, the transfer of data from client to cloud server is faster and provides real-time
updates. The water consumption can easily be monitored with the help of visual analytics wherein reports are
generated in graphical form which makes well-informed visualization for water consumption monitoring. Using the
IoT hardware and techniques the water consumption monitoring had been accomplished. The researcher had
successfully developed wireless and real-time water consumption monitoring using NodeMCU, YF-S201 Hall Effect
water flow sensor, LCD 12C alphanumeric display, and push button. The visualization of water consumption
monitoring was successfully developed using Heroku cloud platform-as-a-service (Paas) that uses a PHP
programming language in Laravel framework, JavaScript, Bootstrap, JQuery and Chart.js which provides well-
informed water consumption monitoring in a graphical form. The researcher was successfully tested, during the
accuracy test, the researchers performed calibration in order to get the accurate water flow in the faucet. The overall
average accuracy is 99.38% which proves that even multiple faucets are being used and the water pressure constantly
changes, still the readings of the system is precise and therefore it can make well-informed water consumption
monitoring.

The water consumption monitoring can be upgraded and enhanced for more future studies. Recommendation for
enhancement of the system includes the following: include future researchers to forecast the possible consumption for
the next day, month and year; make the database and the system local and test the system in the commercialized
building for further studies.

Acknowledgement

The first author would like to thank the Commission on Higher Education for the financial support of conducting
the study.

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