— Le ee ee ae a eer ae ENqtncering Puysics KAS-101T Unir-Ty (WAVE OPTICS) ee Ae (DIFFRACTION) + INTRODUCTION — TYPES OF DIFFRACTION > FRAUNHOFER OI FFRAC TION AT ¥ SINGLE SLIT - DOUBLE SLIT -N-SLITS CPLANE TRANSMISSION GRATING) -pBISPERSIVE POWER -» RESOLVING POWER wp RAYLENGH'S CRITERION OF RESOLUTION + RESOLVING POWER OF GRATING ViKAS Rateyo Uni7- Iv. Diffraction AWhen tight Polls on {Some obrtactoa or Amal Fi Aprtwur.s whore 4 Te Aize da Cenpeeun s a With the Wawe lenght At % Lig, the Aight Scam bemds Mound the Corns . ‘cal of the ebrtactes or cpertinns ond enrtins im the geomet Abadow This bewoling of Light i Coed hi ttraction- Diffractim pheromancr Can be olivioled jnte folewing ter clavies:- © Praurhofar's oli pfiaction fh Te this class ef ol fprcetion Acures and the Arter ore pleceet ot tenga or effectively ot Aunpinidy fem opel Ty this Care the coavetamt whieh Js inciouut on the Opts J plane “ow to! (@ Freanel’s hippanetion i+ Te #8 elon Of hiffractimr, Acurce ond Actin aro Cinciolent) Ore either Ablirical os cuylinrolricnt. Hésing ® Secondary Maxime te @ Io an » Ar Sinte) 26 an* Re ) To [Sita C23) +5 Casing ease] =o I. Se [= Sthe 4% Cosx]=6 Hence Sinwso or Sinae XCoSK But Sinnzo Yes the positrons ey minrma Iatonaity, Ths Por Ascon, macma SUNK = & C05 y = tann | — © The uation © Com “be Aalved Wabbit plo ting the tec, Acc oveling te the ete equations. de© f tan Equation G0, 4 2 equation of Atrnight tine parsi through. an erigin And make Ow omale 4 5° Tha -point of inturection of there tur cures gives values oy x.The valle yin gives Mpuineipal maui, The : volun OFM Whale Ove the Acconslary masima C= 1430, t2460,4 3-490 <4 Tint Avconclary Macimum sya 430 2 im) - @= 450 z e The Keladite dntesities of the principal, the Lira, the Aszemd Mama ore p44 ,4 ..... an 25n% 4qnt5 Width of Control Mantmum + The distance -betwreon the EER of Centraal Manimum Pirate minima on elthin Aide of Contra Maximum ia Catled eLtbth et Cental maximum . Let the Len Ver near to the ALit amd th! Acreen ev. fav au from diatanee shetwenr anit Omd A creon » p “Sings X 6 ; © yre tater {evence pattern iu t tur wanes ef Ao au plitivle Tntersity lbtrtartinw duste tor B 6. (i) Condition for Masimat: CestPrt B:ann (20,1213) He tb) Acw 6 =29TT (@ 4b) Acrozana TKI. i 0-0, 1, the Contral Marimunr dnherferena pattern is harry ad along ths dicclior of invctelant Light. Ui) Conditvon for mininase tole nse, Cee Bz eo Praconeye M2041,2,--9 Fie th) Aino: acemyt (etb) Aine - a4(anma ‘ 2. ww6 Plume Tromamission Disgraction Grating ( N~ ALtta) :- An rongemont wohiely L equivalert in action te a munbe of Pornuul, equidistant, Amal Rectangular dita of equal Width placed Aide by Alde UW Called oliffraction potny- %G a Mads Autting a Large number of dine, qutoliitant and paratuat Linea on a plane Doruparunt gins plate wie a gine oliamond point” . Redbing, Lines Cpaqus te Light - Space betweon 4 t bi, in tt ~ Ttey Abaca F nj ince tt ine Moelle ote tad, of eons ~ The rumba of tines on a plaw dracumicsion the der Sf 12,000 Ly 15,000 Lines sper incl (LPI) 44 of Suppose @ parallel beam of Monvebnomadic Light of Wandinght, DO Wrciolent Wormadty om the qoteng. ay Py theory, cael: Of the Alit Aewads Wavekt in attdiuctiaa!EE tT Consider the Accondany waves diay euros i OF an coral tite the dincction of tie incident ight. There wawa Aeocly point Pon passing th the Coven dens in litte + las # Poms element The Wavelets procaedi from aut ‘Poind ina Att ry, i ls, 7 . rection r G Ore equivatont Sy a Acnode wt Cawe 2} Ouchi tude (ASin # ) x dom middle point of the Atit, wou w= a @sine) TH these ans N ALD in thy 1 then We tue N oLifpracted Wames, each Ont Prom the nat pote oy spl Patan The path oi fference between DWP Cowrsecutinve ALI o& Sik s,s.im0 A =@tbAng —— Oo The Corrurboncling phase clifference ts goon hy 2B = 27 Cetb sing ® (Let) a Hence, the problem of Luanini 6 Aecluces to firding th, UUbpation tock of aaa there Ai ffererce RB. CER Matted | Uretor aatdition g kur Obi tid We that Re @Sin n8) , = 2? StS) @Here ge Adina aw nen S$ =2p SThaxepore re (Sas) (Sime) Simp Ie Rv T= pr Sint Sin?ye Satine Sinrp (S28) Ware Tos A™ a [ae . The factey via ive the distribution of interaity duu ts angle ALL CO The Paces Sin NP aires clintrd . : ‘ cmp bation, of matty clits eae Waves prom N Abit, + fon CD Prim cipal Maxtne wir Sin Be ze oy B=ant &20,1,2,--) S But re Sinne Sip 28 B-4nt, siunpso Hence gy Sine Beton Sup BOE L(s.np) ape NT Bote et esinp) ap ton) =» N cosw(enn) Cosctnn) DINAA B= ann z (@+b) Sind = inn y | €tbdsin ann (N=0,1,2,-°-9 This equation is catled poting equation. Cl) Conlitton Poy Minima Whar Sinn Bro But Sing fo (a The. [reg Thus for minima StnNBro Ne@2tmn N FC eth) Sin8-a mn +b) Sinb= it A Where atlewed voluts form ors olf integers except MtO,N,2N ---) AN Thu thre or (N-I) Munima between tur Conmeutine prince pat minima (HN) Conotttion. for Seconclary Maxine t- As thos are ; _ ; (N-!) minima between tur oAfsert primcthal Meatma, there murat -he (-2) ethan macima between tur patncipat Waxma. To fink Out the position of there Accanolany ; A fPtrte tate 24 uation ® o9.4.Ly PB ood thin equate to sue.Ra @ 8 gt op A ( SintwB) 25 ABN Sine 1 &:Sin nb Ness PSinB— Sinvt orb | to Sinp Sinp or N Gos B Sinp - Stu ne Cos fb =e [PsP ston | tannp = Ntonp 1 >. Sin np: NtenB 1+ N* tarp N* tan B Sine = “me (1+ N’tank BY SinB | __ NU tan’p F | Sip (an ty.t pp) Sin2B | =——— . t Sin?yB N Sine (Costpen™sin’p) SrePnp 8 n* en Se ~ T4 CN™1 Sin’ ee eee Thun siortowatly - cma NT Tt nti 1) $tH°B Thepons Tertensity of Seconolary Marima (su) . | i spa anne Chem) 14 0N2) Sint Trtenaily oy primer re Hance Yantev the rolus of N Weaker Oe the de, ) Meee ae LEG Nee Ae the hecnatngt qty Ahem. “tow Awd Wet Crriele an?Scatn eB Siup Cue Tatenaity vortationin olipfraction pattern ols ty = Choroctrurirtis S| Grating Spectra OAbsantApectras- Sometimes it happen that the Pivat Grol Apectuun i+ early UTAible, Aecond Ordu uw» wet Widtble ound thine err Or again Uahe te Betrd arolu us absent. Mothemald 1» Ah Can be Undurtoodt in the u aap eel 2 ae The prrrerpel mame In Case 2 Yoting are - aes eidee lees yrer by 6 <4 Eth) sna=nna —® Alro muntma Pr Comrie Odin bs ALik We ebhtarnedt in €Singz= mA ——@® (™=1,2---) MH bet the Covatitions D amd @ are Achigtied Aimaltansoaly, @ particular macuimin ef ardor n UE be winding in the From potions Oud ©, Wye a Ab) Sing | nd mr not. tar ttmamncaoneaatabout” together se Sino @&Srl of Principal Marine WiLL be abot, @ Mart number Sous owalbbl wily a opaticg iv The primcibal moeima in ees Apectium iy given by on C4 Sine na or nz 4b) Sino A Maximum spossitte angle oF OUf{raction it 90" Rence the Maximum bossible eroler us given ty 4b) Sindo Mae 2 SB Re Tae = Sth a For exa the tlament © +b) 22A es a" 7 TW ene = C45 “TE Pre only the Pit euler WA -poseible, | @ Bivpowive -hower 07 the Patkey to The dishoaive Power of qrating is Aedined as the hate of Change of aunate oli. ation Wave ot ditfa. wit, beng th,Dicpersive power = ae a We know that geting equation is +b) SinG=na Difprantyibing Us cor te A, We got (CE +b) Corp do= nar del 1 OA (e4b) Cos @ DP KN dy) ope te (tb) a oy 1 ie. Larger the value of 0, Amaller ta Cos 6, GI DP so Amd Righer u the D.F. @ Meamnement of Wavelength by qpstingi- The quel is gy (€+b) Sinde na wo etos gqreting emant Neth) = Ww , i @ eto: a CW Width of qrtimy) % thin are 1Foco LPT tua gieting. thar €4+b=t— inven 1500. on orders Nz o,t,2,3-°7" tii) For tha accurole mearurement of angle Of diffroction 9 om ondinarg Apectromalir in tunbloyed - To Measure 6, tis Beles cope id Aotited to the dept of the ee fe ank the Veatical Cross-coive «ls adjusted Se etre fr ft xn “ on & hoted wn both the Verni “4 on ig nen 0: See Peeeraaes Coes esire oly 7 Colourand Mead 4 Noted? FEV ene hal oon tum Aaasiing gives 29 seineRes obving Power Rosetving Power: The Aereluing power ef cena hte ts uaa usmend Moana + turo Clore point Acces or Amall object. The Aeaotving power may ole be Adined ar the abili Oa the inatument to prodlice the Acbarats patterns yo Ready object, Roactition Limit The Limit of Acselutiow ef am optical Anabrurment is dapined as the Amattst onrgle Aublfinded at ita Objective by tue spoink object corbin Con Lersr the Limit of rActslition of the Ltument, Yrertr Aouad be dts Aeaabving oer I : l Rearstu: ve “4 Powe Resolution Limit Ravglaigh a Crititon of Rerolution s Acesroling So Rayleigh, dun @heore -poiht Acurees or bunages ef nemdey equal intensity Ore Aaid to be pmdinamemaael an epticnt instrument hen the Central maumum iw the diffraction pattern ef one Acuree falls on the fiat winimum im the iffraction pattern of the other anal vice versa. Let us Conainler the Aedotution of two wanrelecs thy Dy Arnel Da by yetng:~ Resolved? Two Apert dina C2 Wome lenrgH) Wilt ne herclved 4 their minime coindsly. ~ Tut Resolved: Whim the contral marimuum ef Wavelmatha Cotneiss toith tHe Pirat minimum oy the other OA Vite -Vavaa, — Unrcerotved i Won the differonee In coavelemaths da Ao Amat Me glk Carat marina Corresponding te Tare Warrelengtte Come Chor. .n Rea olving Power oye Grating is The Rerolving. powa ofa cliffraction grating 1 depired y Let AB Aoprorent the Aurface ey 2 plane drow mission 4 faving Patiny clomont (016) amd N total Number ef ALLL. Leta beam o Light having Lue wavelengths A amd Atela Ei normatty ineidunt on the . SEN paimerpal macimin Of Aowad Mtddr Are formed in the direction On aud Ontdon YeApectively , thon The -primerpol Maximum +} @+b)Sin On =n A — The prircebas Maat >} Atala tn direction Ontdo, (O46) SinOy +e.) =n (tda)—@ Ath direction By is giver by ts For devat minima +} A In Mrec tron Bitole, is Prnty m4--@) -- ny NCe+th) SinC Onto, ) = Whe Mto,N,2n - Maot2,3The Firat minimum aalyacent te nA prmreipal Mani mum in dinaction( Ontd6in) Cou he Gbtaured for menue Nw Aubilituting the valise of m tn equation G), We get NC€ 4b) Sine OntdOn) =(nw ti) A — @) From equalion ® and @, Wwe get NiMda)= ONANA N Baenda zak + %