DIABETES MELLITUS: LECTURE CONTENTS

I. What is DM?
- Your body isn’t able to properly process and use glucose from the food you eat; this
results in a buildup of extra sugar in your bloodstream.

Types of Diabetes:
● Type 1: is a chronic condition that affects the insulin making cells of the pancreas
wherein your body doesn’t make enough insulin. Unfortunately, there is no known
cure. But treatment can prevent complications and also improve everyday life for
patients with type 1 diabetes. Lots of people with type 1 diabetes live a full life.
And the more we learn and develop treatment for the disorder, the better the
outcome.
● Type 2: the pancreas often continues to produce insulin, sometimes even at
higher-than-normal levels, especially early in the disease. However, the body
develops resistance to the effects of insulin, so there is not enough insulin to
meet the body’s needs

II. Signs and symptoms

- POLYURIA
- POLYDIPSIA
- POLYPHAGIA

III. Causes
- Type 1 diabetes: This is an immune system disease. Your body attacks and destroys
insulin-producing cells in your pancreas. Without insulin to allow glucose to enter your
cells, glucose builds up in your bloodstream. Genes may also play a role in some
patients. Also, a virus may trigger an immune system attack.
- Type 2 diabetes and prediabetes: Your body’s cells don't allow insulin to work as it
should to let glucose into its cells. Your body's cells have become resistant to insulin.
Your pancreas can’t keep up and make enough insulin to overcome this resistance.
Glucose levels rise in your bloodstream.
- Gestational diabetes: Hormones produced by the placenta during your pregnancy
make your body’s cells more resistant to insulin. Your pancreas can’t make enough
insulin to overcome this resistance. Too much glucose remains in your bloodstream.

IV. Risk factors

- Type 1 diabetes: Having a family history (parent or sibling) of Type 1 diabetes.
- Injury to the pancreas (such as by infection, tumor, surgery or accident).
- Presence of autoantibodies (antibodies that mistakenly attack your own body’s tissues or
organs).
- Physical stress (such as surgery or illness).
- Exposure to illnesses caused by viruses.
 - Type 2 diabetes and prediabetes: Family history (parent or sibling) of prediabetes or
Type 2 diabetes.
- Being Black, Hispanic, Native American, Asian-American race or Pacific Islander.
- Having overweight/obesity.
- Having high blood pressure.
- Having low HDL cholesterol (the “good” cholesterol) and high triglyceride level.
- Being physically inactive.
- Being age 45 or older.
- Having gestational diabetes or giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds.
- Having polycystic ovary syndrome.
- Having a history of heart disease or stroke.
- Being a smoker.
- Gestational diabetes: Family history (parent or sibling) of prediabetes or Type 2
diabetes.
- Being African-American, Hispanic, Native American or Asian-American.
- Having overweight/obesity before your pregnancy.
- Being over 25 years of age.

V. Prevention: Sample diet and exercise

- Making a few changes in your lifestyle now may help you avoid the serious health
complications of diabetes in the future, such as nerve, kidney and heart damage. It's
never too late to start.
- Type 1 diabetes is not preventable because it’s caused by an issue with the immune
system. Some causes of type 2 diabetes, such as your genes or age, aren’t under your
control either.
- If you’ve received a diagnosis of prediabetes, here are a few things you can do to delay
or prevent type 2 diabetes:
● Get at least 150 minutes per week of aerobic exercise, such as walking or
cycling.
● Cut saturated and trans fat, along with refined carbohydrates, out of your diet.
● Eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
● Eat smaller portions
● Try to lose 5% to 7% of your body weight if you have overweight or obesity

VI. Management
- All people living with type 1 diabetes and some people with type 2 diabetes need to
administer insulin in order to keep their blood sugar levels from becoming too high.
Long-acting insulin: maintain consistently low blood sugar levels.
Short-acting insulin: helps reduce blood glucose levels at meal time
- To check blood sugar levels, a person can use a blood glucose monitor, which involves
pricking their skin, or a combination of a continuous blood glucose monitor (CGM) and
skin pricks.
VII. Tests:
● FBS- Fasting blood Sugar test-this test measures blood sugarlevels.
 ● HBA1C test- (glycosylatedhemoglobin) The result of this testreflect what a
person’s averageblood glucose level was for thepast 2-3 months.
● Post prandial glucose test-Determines the amount ofglucose in the blood after a
meal.
● Oral Glucose Tolerance test(OGTT)- was the gold standardfor making the
diagnosis of type2 diabetes. It is still commonlyused during pregnancy
fordiagnosing gestational diabetes

REFERENCES/SOURCES: (Palagay nalang here baka hanapan tayo eh ty <33)

● https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7104-diabetes-mellitus-an-overview
● https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes#causes
● https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes?fbclid=IwAR3vdXxRgwWMl_dQZkUbjW3o6v
vwsyYkdGPXhA_1xSSC6duofEKbNiktevE#prevention
● https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323627?fbclid=IwAR1w0dGOQ_KRpvzBxlc
hBg8UCq2xjeJQ8KEoZ3TMCNHOdearE-PQ6yxXoyY#other-medications
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