FERNA LEE R.

YADAO
BSN IV
DIABETES MELLITUS

I. Diabetes Statistics
a. Worldwide Prevalence (Latest) ​About 422 million people worldwide have diabetes, the majority
living in low-and middle-income countries, and 1.6 million deaths are directly attributed to
diabetes each year. Both the number of cases and the prevalence of diabetes have been steadily
increasing over the past few decades.
b. Local Prevalence (Latest) ​In the Philippines, the burden of both diseases is high. The prevalence
of diabetes, a chronic, metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, is about 7.1% in
adults between 20-79 years old.

II. WHAT IS DIABETES MELLITUS

is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism resulting from insulin deficiency
abnormality in the use of insulin.

III. Pathophysiology of Diabetes

IV. What is insulin?

Insulin is a hormone made in your pancreas, a gland located behind your stomach. It allows your body to
use glucose for energy. Glucose is a type of sugar found in many carbohydrates.

a. Role of insulin in the body

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that has a number of important functions in the human
body, particularly in the control of blood glucose levels and preventing hyperglycemia. It also has an
effect on several other areas of the body, including the synthesis of lipids and regulation of enzymatic
activity.

b. Insulin in Diabetes
Taking insulin helps you manage your blood sugar levels. Everybody with type 1 and some people with
type 2 diabetes need to inject insulin to help manage their blood sugar levels. You take insulin by
injecting it using an insulin pen, or by using an insulin pump.

V. Types of Diabetes

● Type 1 diabetes​ is an ​autoimmune disease​. The immune system attacks and destroys
cells in the ​pancreas​, where insulin is made. It’s unclear what causes this attack. About
10 percent​ of people with diabetes have this type.
● Type 2 diabetes​ occurs when your body becomes resistant to ​insulin​, and sugar builds
up in your blood.
● Gestational diabetes​ is high blood sugar during pregnancy. Insulin-blocking hormones
produced by the placenta cause this type of diabetes.

VI. Who gets Diabetes?

Type 1 diabetes

You’re more likely to get type 1 diabetes if you’re a child or teenager, you have ​a parent or
sibling​ with the condition, or you carry certain genes that are linked to the disease.

Type 2 diabetes

Your risk for type 2 diabetes increases if you:

● are overweight
● are age 45 or older
● have a parent or sibling with the condition
● aren’t physically active
● have had gestational diabetes
● have prediabetes
● have ​high blood pressure​, h
​ igh cholesterol​, or ​high triglycerides
● have African American, Hispanic or Latino American, Alaska Native, Pacific Islander,
American Indian, or Asian American ancestry
 Gestational diabetes

Your risk for gestational diabetes increases if you:

● are overweight
● are over age 25
● had gestational diabetes during a past pregnancy
● have given birth to a baby weighing ​more than 9 pounds
● have a family history of type 2 diabetes
● have ​polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

VII. Classic Symptoms of Diabetes

Increased thirst.
● Frequent urination.
● Extreme hunger.
● Unexplained weight loss.
● Presence of ketones in the urine (ketones are a byproduct of the breakdown of muscle and fat that
happens when there's not enough available insulin)
● Fatigue.
● Irritability.
● Blurred vision.

VIII. Symptoms of Hyperglycemia

Early signs and symptoms
Recognizing early signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia can help you treat the condition promptly.
Watch for:
● Frequent urination
● Increased thirst
● Blurred vision
● Fatigue
● Headache
Later signs and symptoms
 If hyperglycemia goes untreated, it can cause toxic acids (ketones) to build up in your
blood and urine (ketoacidosis). Signs and symptoms include:
● Fruity-smelling breath
● Nausea and vomiting
● Shortness of breath
● Dry mouth
● Weakness
● Confusion
● Coma
● Abdominal pain

IX. Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

If blood sugar levels become too low, signs and symptoms can include:
● An irregular or fast heartbeat
● Fatigue

● Pale skin
● Shakiness
● Anxiety
● Sweating
● Hunger
● Irritability
● Tingling or numbness of the lips, tongue or cheek
As hypoglycemia worsens, signs and symptoms can include:
● Confusion, abnormal behavior or both, such as the inability to complete routine tasks
● Visual disturbances, such as blurred vision
● Seizures
● Loss of consciousness

X. Complications of Diabetes

Diabetes doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease (angina and myocardial infarction), stroke and
peripheral vascular disease.
• Diabetes also causes "microvascular“ complications such as damage to the small blood vessels.

• Diabetic retinopathy, which affects blood vessel formation in the retina of the eye, can lead to visual
symptoms, reduced vision, and potentially blindness.
•Diabetic nephropathy, the impact of diabetes on the kidneys, can lead to scarring changes in the kidney
tissue, loss of small or progressively larger amounts of protein in the urine, and eventually chronic kidney
disease requiring dialysis.
•
 • Diabetic neuropathy is the impact of diabetes on the nervous system, most commonly causing
numbness, tingling and pain in the feet and also increasing the risk of skin damage due to altered
sensation.

• Diabetic foot ulcers that can be difficult to treat and occasionally require amputation.

XI. Preventing Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes isn’t preventable because it’s caused by a problem with the immune system. Some
causes of type 2 diabetes, such as your genes or age, aren’t under your control either.

Yet many other diabetes risk factors are controllable. Most diabetes prevention strategies involve making
simple adjustments to your diet and fitness routine.

If you’ve been diagnosed with prediabetes, here are a few things you can do to delay or prevent type 2
diabetes:

● Get at least 150 minutes per week of ​aerobic exercise​, such as walking or c​ ycling.​
● Cut s​ aturated​ and ​trans​ fats, along with ​refined carbohydrates​, out of your diet.
● Eat more ​fruits​, vegetables, and whole grains.
● Eat smaller portions.
● ​ percent
Try to lose 7
● Trusted Source
● of your body weight if you’re overweight or obese.

​ iscover more strategies that may help you avoid this

These aren’t the only ways to prevent diabetes. D
chronic disease.​