~ ONE DAY WORKSHOPS Electrical Engineering D.C.Circuits Magnetic Circuits Star Delta Transformation B: Mr, Sunil Mutha... B.E. (Elect.), M.Tech. (IPS), B.A. eet M.A. (Eco.) AMIE, MISTE, AMIETE, EX. ASSTT. DIRECTOR, CENTRAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY | (Govt. of India) ENGINEERS STUDY CIRCLE 12, East High Court Road Ramdaspeth, NAGPUR. & 2542539a i SUNIL MUTHA’S I* Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop i ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY % Free electron : It is the electron which‘can.be easily removed or detached from the atom by applying slightest'amount of force. %* Electro motive force : The force which motivates the électron to move is called Electro motive force. It is expressed i in volts. * Current (I) : Current is defined asthe ‘rate of, low of charge (electron) It is expressed in Ampere’ E.M.F. > cause Potential — cause: Current,=> effect proportional toga unchangé. vonm 1 2, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. T 2542539(2) SUNIL MUTHA’S Pt Year Electrical Engineering Workshop + Resistance (R) : Resistance is defined as the opposition offered by:the material to, the flow of electrons. i) ii) Where p = constant of propor specific resistance or resistivity of the meter (Q m). % Power : Power is defined as rate of doing work. _ workdone . P “i time 1 KW = 1000 watts. 1 MW = 1000 KW = 106W + Energy is.defined as the capacity to do work. ‘ Energy = total work done | Energy = Power * time oo Bnergy = Vit 12, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. @ 2542539(3) SUNIL MUTHA’S I" Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop Units : Watt-sec watt-min watt Hr. KW-sec KW-min | KW- Hr. MW-sec MW-min MW-Hr. (Unit of Electrical Energy = KW - Hr.) D.C.CIRCUITS % D.C, Cireuits : The path followed by direct current ig called DC circuit Current! Direct current Alternating current (D.c.) : pure D.C. KC) ‘The current which remain’ with respect to time is‘called_ current Ee D.C. quantities => V. TBis. | A.C.quantities > i,v,¢ DC.Sources E ~." AC.Sourees i) DC. generator... ~~ i) Alternator i) Dynamo ; ii) A.C. Generator iii) Battery, oJ -— : v D.C. Genefator 72, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. @ 2542539(4) SUNIL MUTHA’S I" Year B. D.C.CIRCUITS a en , Electrical Engineering Workshop D.C series circuit D.C parallel circuit D.C.:parallel and series circuit pene eel Sia 19 : La 1— j Pret eer ' Lew (Sig B 1 te ‘ ee U = Iv Ps 12. 19 3 Properties 1.Current through each element must be same 2.Voltage across each element may be different 3.Applied voltage is equal to the sum of the voltages across each element. V=V,tV,tV3) do V=IR, +1R, + ERY V=I(R, +R, +R). vSUNIL MUTHA’S (5) } cos I Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop 1) Two resistances R, and R, have an equivalent resistance of 18Q when connected in series and 4Q when connected in parallel. Find R; and R, For series combination For parallel combination _R2- 18R,.+ 72-0 R,=12Q or 6Q ‘Rot R,= 122, R,= 62 ForR,=62, R,= 120 R, = 6Q or 120 Ry = 12Q or 62 12, Bast High Court Road, Wear Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. TF 2542539(6) 1" Year B.E., Flectrical Engineering Workshop SUNIL MUTHA’S 2) Find the equivalent resistance and the current through each resistor for the network shown below. 62 1A ess Wear Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. TP 2542539 72, East High Court Roa —(7) SUNIL MUTHA’S I* Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop KIRCHOFF'S LAW — Kirchoff's Current law K.C.L. Kirchoff's voltage law K.V.L. Statement : Statements : Kirchoff's current law states that 1) In any closed-electric circuit mesh or the algebraic sum of currents loop, the algebraic sum of véltage at any point (node) in any electric drops ig equal td'zero Circuit is equal to zero a 2)In any closed clectric circuit mesh or loop the algebraic’sum of voltage ““erises is equal to zero. 3)In‘any.closed electric circuit, mesh or “Joop; the sum of voltage rises is equal to sum of voltage drops. rR ic 1, +1, ly 1 31+ +l, Incoming = outgoing current current Explanation : If the incoming consider the closed loop ABCDA current is taken as positive the -V + IR, + IR, + IR, ny outgoing current should be taken © V-IR,-IR,—IR,=0 sone ii) as negative V=IR, +IR, +R; .- (iii) ‘Therefore K.V.L. can be stated by any one of the above. 12, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. @ 2542539(8) I" Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop WHEATSTONE'S BRIDGE SUNIL MUTHA’S A battery is connected beétweensterminals A and C, while a galvanometer is connected. between terminal B and D through a key K. CONDITION FOR BALANCED WHEATSTONE'S BRIDGE : The Wheatstone's: Bridge is ‘Said to be balanced if the galvanometer shows no deflection. or null. déflection or zero deflection even after closing the key K. This means that for.a balanced, Wheatstone’s bridge, the current passing through the galvanometer should be zero i.e. the potential across galvanometer should be zero. i.e. potential difference between B and D should be*zero. Therefore potential at B must be equal to potential at D. (1) (2) 1,P=1,X 1Q=1L,R On taking ratio P_X qk . PR=QX | Condition for balanced Bridge — 12, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. @ 2542539(9) SUNIL MUTHA’S i Year Electrical Engineering Workshop Product of Resistance of opposite arms = Product to Resistance of opposite arms The condition for balanced Wheatstone’s bridge is not affected by : i) any change in battery voltage ii) by interchanging the positions of the battery and the galvanometer, 3) Find the value of R and the current through it in circuit shown in figure below if the current in branch OA is zero. A A Cc la 15a © B 22 oe 10V 1, la 1xR=15x4 R=60 29 L 109 If 1} 20 2G. ey a He 10V 10V 12, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. @ 2542539(10) I Year B.E. 22a 4 1A <.1=2.5 Amp. 25 | Ls AE ob ioy95 Ne ,] (0 -50 15 Wo Is 1 0 10 12. +0 = 10) +50x(1) +15(15) 1, = 0.08 Amp. :. The current through 15Q resistor = 0.08 Amp. 6) Find the current through each resistor in the circuit Shown below Low 12 yh } H L 20 HA BES 6 [ 40 po © OWNS f - 190, ONG 7 12, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. 2542539(12) 1 Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop SUNIL MUTH: Consider closed loop ABGHA, Applying KVL, we get 1-21,-1,+2=0 1, + 21,73 Consider closed loop CDEFC, Applying KVL, we get -10(1, - 1, Ig) + 413 = 0 i; “ind = 101, + 101, + 141, = 0 Consider closed loop BCFGB. Applying K.V.L! we get 41, + 2ly-1= 0 a B 2 0 lo 10 14 h 2 -4 oO 12, East High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. & 2542539(13) SUNIL MUTHA’S I" Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop STAR-DELTA TRANSFORMATION Resistance between terminal 1 and'2 = Bn(Rsi Rai), RR VP Ra +R + Rae Resistance between terminal, Ra(Rip HR4)). Ry +Ra3 Resistance between terminal 3 and 1 R,+R3= R,+Ri= (iii) Ru (Ry + Ras) Ry #Ra + Rap equation (i) -/equation (ii) we get.” Ry = RpRackeR Ry tR AR, equation (iii) + equation (iv) 2 2RuRa Ry +Ro3+Ra 2R, RpRs RatRatRa Substituting value of R, in (i) p= Boks Ry tRytRy Ray Rp tRyatRa 3 —eeeeeseeeeseseesesesesesesesessSSSsSSeEeeee 12, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. @ 2542539(14) SUNIL MUTHA’S I* Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop DELTA TO STAR TRANSFORMATION Ryp-Ra = Ra ces Rp tRa +R o Ryo-Ras, Ra +Ry+Rs Ra-Ras Ro +Ry+Ry 42 Multiplying equation (v) and (vi) , (vi),and win and (vii) and (v) and adding. we get. RERgRy + GRR inn, RiRe + RoRs + RGR = “Ry Ry) Rat RG FR) R,R, + RAR; +R4R, STAR TO DELTA TRANSFORMATION DR, UR ERR ER, Ry RE RyRy +RGRs +R3Ry Ry Ruz Ry 12, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspe lagpur. @ 2542539(15) SUNIL MUTHA’S 1 Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop SUNIL MUTHA'S OOO Eee eee 7) Find I 1000 1 @2_ 499 ‘ B frm 2 5 / tev 8803 me ee sedi 12, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. @ 2542539(16) SUNIL MUTHA’S I Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop 8) Find R,, 12, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. @& 2542539SUNIL MUTHA’ 9) Find R,, (17) I Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop , Nagpur. 2542539(18) SUNIL MUTHA’S I Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop 10) Find R,, 12, Bast ligh Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. @ 2542539(19) SUNIL MUTHA’S I* Year Electrical Engineering Workshop 11) Find R,, » East High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. @ 2542530 ee(20) SUNIL MUTHA’S I" Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop 12) Find R,, (ear Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. & 2542539(21) SUNIL MUTHA’S I* Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop 13) Find I ee 12, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. 7 254253914) Find R,, (22) SUNIL MUTHA’S I* Year B.E,, Electrical Engineering Workshop eee 12, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. @ 2542539(23) SUNIL MUTHA’s be Year ‘lectrical Engineering Workshop 15) Find R,, iy, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. @& 2542539SUNIL MUTHA’ & 2542539 7D, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagp\ es(25) SUNIL MUTHA’S 1" Year B.I , Electrical Engineering Workshop MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM Magnet : Magnet is a substance which attracts the pieces of iron. The phenomenon by which this attraction takes place is called Magnetism, Magnet Permanent magnet Electro magnet 5 n ; Ero Magnetic field : The space outside the magnet where it's poles have a force of attraction on a magnetic material is called as Magnetic field. Properties of magnetic lines-of force : 1) Magnetic lines of force start from'N-pole and terminate at S-pole, outside the magnet, whereas inside the magnets, the path is from S-pole to N-pole.* : 2) Magnetic lines of force always'form a closed path. 3) The tendency of magnetic lines of force is to take easy magnetic path N s 4) Magnetic lines of force behave like stretch rubber bands and try to take the shortest path Yo N s <5): Two ‘magnetic lines of force never cross each other, 6) Magnetic lines of force are unaffected by any non-magnetic material. 12, East High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. @ 2542539(26) SUNIL MUTHA’S I" Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop Magnetic flux : The total magnetic lines of force in magnetic field is called magnetic flux. It is denoted by $. It is expressed in Weber (wb-) Magnetic Flux density : Flux density is defined as the magnetic flux passing per unit area. It is denoted by B. It is expressed in Tesla (1) or wb/m?. Be & wb/m? Permeability (1) : It is defined as the’ability of the material to conduct magnetic flux through it. It is expressed in Henry/meter. in 8 5 8 5 g 4 B a 3 B g B= Hy Magnetising force or Magn f 4 a a : 3 2 5 By 5 flux in the magnetic circuit N = number of turtis of the coil 1 = current‘through coil mean. length of the.flux.path H is expressed in Amp - turn /meter (AT/m) for mag, material v for air or non mag, material jagpur. T 2542539(27) SUNIL MUTHA’S I" Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop eer ELECTRO MAGNETISM Current carrying conductor produces, magnetic field all length of the = along the: conductor. that the thumb point in the difec fingers of the right hand give the di the current carrying conductor. e® clrrenit going away. current comming 12, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. @& 2542539(28) SUNIL MUTHA’S 1" Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR PLACED IN MAGNETIC FIELD MUST EXPERIENCED A FORCE FN. n BUCCI s N FeBIL density x current x length ILE (MOTOR RULE) If the first finger of the le! in the direction of magnetic field, second finger in the direction of current, direction of force experienced}by the current carrying conductor. 12, East High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. 2542539(29) I Year al Engineering Workshop SUNIL MUTHA’ MAGNETIC CIRCUIT circuit: The path followed by magnetic flux is called Magnet N = number of turns of the coil I = Current through the coil (A) l a= cross sectional area (m*) Mean length of flux path (m) $= Flux set up in magnetic circut (wb) | Lt, = Relative permeability of material The above equation (A) is called as the Ohm's law of magnetic circuit since it resemblés the.Ohms law of electric circuit i.e. / «| Curent = =MP / », Resistance + Magneto Motive Force (MMF) ‘tis defitied’as the force which sets up the magnetic flux in the rcuit, = MMF = NI "N= number of turns of the coil I = Current through the coil. 12, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. 7 2542539SUNIL MUTHA’S * Reluctance : The opposition to the magnetic flux in the magnetic circuit is called as Reluctance Reluctance=— Moptya Where = mean length of flux path : lt, = Relative permeability of méterial a = Cross sectional area of flux'path — Reluctance is expressed in Ampere - Turns/ Weber, (AT/Wb) Flux : The total magnetic lines of force in the magnetic circuit is called Magnetic flux. It is denoted by $/y.and'meagtired inweber (Wb,) COMPARISON BETWEEN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC CIRCUIT Electric circuit \oMagnietic circuit 1. The path followed by electric current is called electric circuit am? Reluctance 4. Electromotive force sets up 4. Magneto motive force sets up cutrent in the eléctric circuit magnetic flux in magnetic circuit 5, Resistance ~ py, 5, Reluctance = Fy Oy Aerie I ‘ density J=— (Amp/ m?)] 6. Flux density B= L 6. Current’ a 12, East High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. @ 2542539SUNIL MUTHA’S (31) I* Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop Dissimilarities 1. There are number of good electric | 1. insulators like wood, rubber ete. . Energy is consumed in an electric | 2. circuit. Energy = Rt, Joules. . The resistance in an electric 3. circuit is practically constant It varies slightly with temperature Resistance = p.£ Alyeq =H XL Amp. tumnsy.gg =H *1 There are no good magnetic insulators. The flux can pass even through’airs No energy"is consumed in magnetic circuit, Reluétance in magnetic! Circuit is not constant?It varies widely with ' i'é:,with the tHe. permeabili flux deiaity. 12, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. @ 2542539(32) SUNIL MUTHA’S I* Year B.E., Electrical Engincering Workshop COMPOSITE MAGNETIC CIRCUIT 4 L t h ATyeoa. = Ugur teat tt reqd. (rhs HoH®y Whey” Hoae aft oy bh Ok @ Hobe 82 Bolte 83 Moby B, B, A+ a mage pak + heh AT egg = Hyl +H, + i. +H Leakage Flux: The flux which does not folloy flux. Leakage factor (A)= Problems : 17)A mild steel rirfg having aictoss ‘sectional area of 5 cm? and a mean circumference of 40:cmi.has’a coil.of 200 turns wound uniformly around it. Calculate : i) Reluctance of the ring. ii) Current required to, produced a flux of 800 pwb in the ring Assume 1, for inild steél to be 380 at the flux density developed in the 5/104 m? 1=40 x 10? m. WN = 200 turns. “y= 4m x 107 H/m. 12, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. @& 2542539SUNIL MUTHA’S B, = 380 = 800 x 10° wh. Aim: i) Reluctance = ? ii) 1 1 ‘ Formula 1) Reluctance = [74 Bien Holbr@ * 2) AT = $x Reluctance = NIU): NI N 3) Current I Solution : 18)A magnetic ring has a tiiean circumference of 1.5m and is of 0.01 m? in cross section’ wound with, 178turns. A saw-cut 4 mm. wide is made in the ring. Calculate, the magnetising current required to produce a flux of 0.8 mwb, in the air. gap./Assume permeability of iron as 400 and leakage factor 1.25 Data :4 = 1.5- (4.x 10°) m. ‘a= 0,01 m? N=175-. Ae $25 0.8 * 10° wb. 10° m mT fast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing So Nagpur. @ 2542539SUNIL MUTHA’ hy = 4m x 107 H/m. h, = 400 A= 1.25 & “Ss 52x10 7 115 = 3.15 Amp. Ans; Magnetising current I = 3.15 Amp. A 18) flax-density of 1.2 wb/m? is required in 2 mm air gap of an Jectromagnet having an iron path of 1m. long. Calculate the MMF ‘Si required)’ Assuming relative permeability of iron as 1500. Neglect leakage. 72, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. @ 2542539SUNIL MUTHA’S Data: B= 1.2 wb/ m2? [= 2% 10%. i= im hy = 4m x 10-7 H/m. 1, = 1500 Aim At reqd Formula ATieg4~ ATon path * AT ef 1 L ae ae AT, my Sol. AT rena read across gap. Calculate the relative permeability of iron on the assumption that there is no leakage Data: Aim He? ; Formula AT 12, Bast High Court Road, Near Vidarbha Housing Society, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur. Z 2542539(36) SUNIL MUTHA’S I" Year B.E,, Electrical Engineering Workshop Solution : 0.0003(@x0.15-05%10") 0003x0510" 4x10 xp, x1SXIOF * GeO x LSI oe FLxTSx108= 1500-79518 Hy, = 1065.61 ih “. Relative permeability = 1065.61, ; dt / 21)A steel ring having across sectional area of § cm? and a mean diameter of 25 cm is wound uniformly with a coil'of'600 turns. Calculate )5.mwb. in the ring ii) Current required to produced the same, flux when an air gap of as follows: fat At/m Data : =B, ¢ a H, = ? (From B-H curve) i) At yoga = Hil = Hy (D) i) At sega > Hil + Apter(37) SUNIL MUTHA’S I" Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop iii) Solution : Case 1: Without air gap 05x10 p 5x107 . H, = 850 AT/m (from B-H ) “At yeqq = 850 * (7t x 0,25) = 667.25 AT 667.25 Co ‘ Current op 712 amp. Case IT: With air gap AT yoga = 850% (n x 0.25 - = 2257 AT. 2257 1-226 .. Current 600 1=3.76 Amp,