Assignment about

"crystalloid fluid"
BY:
Amjad AL-Bashiesh
Ala’a Alawadi
Heba Othman
Fatima Tahhan

Dr.suhair AL-Ghabeesh
 INTRUDACTION

Crystalloid fluids are the fluids of choice for expanding and maintaining
plasma volume in hospitalized patients with hypovolemia or shock, although
relatively large volumes have to be administered to increase circulating plasma
volume and tissue oxygen delivery.

Crystalloids effectively replenish the interstitial space. Dehydration is defined

as loss of water in the extravascular tissue (interstitial and intracellular). Tonicity
of the interstitial compartment increases as fluid is lost, which promotes
movement of fluid out of the intravascular space.

A crystalloid fluid is an aqueous solution of mineral salts and other small,

water-soluble molecules. Most commercially available crystalloid solutions are
isotonic to human plasma.

A crystalloid solution is an aqueous solution composed of:

water and small solutes such as electrolytes and glucose

There is a three type of crystalloid solutions :

1 .Isotonic solution
2.Hypertonic solution
3.Hypotonic solution
 ISOTONIC SOLUTION

Advantage Side Nursing

Type IV Solution Uses effects Considerati
ons

isotonic replace widely metaboli

solutions the loss available,ine c documen
of water xpensive acidosis, t
and lactate ion impairm baseline
sodium. help buffer ent of data
used for metabolic kidney
isotonic pharmac acidosis function, risk for
eutical small volume possibly increase
isotonic purposes, needed to abdomin d
iv and use restore al pain, intracran
solution with fluid inravascular and a ial
s that volume volume. higher pressure
have the deficit incidence (iicp)
same (also of
concentr called postoper monitor
ation of hypovole ative for
solutes mia) to complica manifest
as blood raise tions.
plasma. ations
their
of fluid
blood
volume
pressure.
deficit

warning
on
excessive
infusion

0.9% fluid reduce febrile monitor

normal resuscitatio some types respons closely for
saline (0.9% n for hypervole
isotonic nacl) hemorrhagi
of bacteria e, mia,
ng, severe and clean infection especially
vomiting, out an at the with heart
diarrhea, gi intravenous site of failure or
suctioning (iv) catheter, injection,
 O losses, which helps venous renal
wound prevent thrombo failure.
drainage,
mild
blockage sis or
hyponatrem and phlebitis
ia, or blood removes extendin
transfusions any g from
. medicine the site
left in the of
catheter injection,
area after extravas
you have ation,
received an and
iv infusion. hypervol
emia

reduces agitation,ba should not

ck pain be used if
lactated fluid acidity as it
ringer’s resuscitatio color serum ph is
is converted bluish
of the skin. greater
solution (lr) n, gi tract
fluid losses,
into than 7.5
burning,
burns, bicarbonate, crawling, because it
traumas, or a base itching, will worsen
metabolic element that numbness,
prickling,
alkalosis.
acidosis. may
helps "pins and
often used elevate
regulate the needles", or potassium
during tingling
surgery.
body's ph feeling. levels if
isotonic balance and chest pain, used with
avoid discomfort, renal
acidosis or tightness. failure.
decreased
heart rate.

decreased
urine output.
difficulty
breathing.
 to quickly treat severe should not
low blood sugar. burning, be used for
5% dextrose provides pain, or
in water free water to treat swelling fluid
(d5w) to help dehydration. around the resuscitatio
*starts as renal iv needle; n because
to provide
isotonic and excretion of nutrition in after
warmth,
then solutes, combination with redness, dextrose is
changes to hypernatre amino acids and oozing, or metabolize
other substances. bleeding d, it
hypotonic mia, and
where the iv becomes
when some was placed;
dextrose is dextrose hypotonic
metabolized supplement fever, and leaves
ongoing the
. ation.
cough; intravascul
high blood ar space,
isotonic sugar causing
(increased brain
thirst,
increased
swelling.
urination, used to
hunger, dry dilute
mouth, fruity plasma
breath odor, electrolyte
drowsiness,
dry skin, concentrati
blurred ons
vision,
weight loss);
 HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
Definition: Hypertonic saline is a crystalloid intravenous fluid composed of
NaCl dissolved in water with a higher sodium concentration than normal
blood serum
Mechanism of Action:
Hypertonic fluids contain a higher concentration of solute compared to
plasma and interstitial fluid; this creates an osmotic gradient and drives
fluid from the interstitial space into the intravascular space. This increase in
intravascular volume increases mean arterial pressure (MAP), stroke
volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO) when compared with equal volumes
of normal saline or other isotonic fluids.
HS TREATS: Hyponatermia and intracranial hypertension,cerebral edema
Dose of Administration:
for hypo-natremia we administration of 3-5% HTS at the rate of not more
than 0.5 meq/1 per hour or not faster than 100 ml/hr. Approximately 200 ml
of hypertonic saline.
For elevated intracranial status 3% HTS as the optimal concentration, with
the therapeutic dose from 1.4 to 2.5 mL/kg, given as a bolus.
Pediatric traumatic brain injury 6.5 to 10 mL/kg bolus.
Nursing interventions: Verify order and Watch for signs of hypervolemia, Monitor
and observe the patient during administration, Prevent fluid overload, Assess health
history and we Do not administer it peripherally.

Contraindications: congestive heart failure , renal insufficiency.

Adverse Effects:
_metabolic acidosis due to the addition of NaCl.
_osmotic demyelination syndrome, when severe hyponatremia is corrected too
rapidly
_The most common adverse effects are related to the route of administration and
include infection at the IV site, thrombophlebitis, extravasation, and hypervolemia.
 HYPOTONIC SOLUTION

hypotonic crystalloid solution is a crystalloid solution with a concentration lower than that
of normal bodily fluids.

Action : Hypotonic solutions cause water to flow into cells, making them an effective
treatment for some types of dehydration. Hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration of
dissolved solutes than blood. An example of a hypotonic IV solution is 0.45% Normal Saline
(0.45% NaCl). When hypotonic IV solutions are infused, it results in a decreased concentration
.of dissolved solutes in the blood as compared to the intracellular space.

Dose of Administration: Electrolyte concentrations in hypotonic solutions are

lower than 250 mEq/L.

used for sustaining maintenance fluid requirements, treatment of solute-free

water deficits, and drug administration.

Nursing interventions: Watch out for depleting the circulatory system of fluid since
you are trying to push extracellular fluid into the cell to re-hydrate it.
Contraindications Hypotonic solutions may exacerbate existing hypovolemia and
hypotension causing cardiovascular collapse. Avoid use in patients with liver
disease, trauma, or burns.

Adverse Effects:
Complications Excessive infusion of hypotonic IV fluids can lead to intravascular
fluid depletion, decreased blood pressure, cellular edema, and cell damage. Do not
administer along with blood products. Most hypotonic solutions can cause
.hemolysis of red blood cells especially during rapid infusion of the solution.