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Abstract— With the arrival of 5G, Fixed Wireless Access, Until the present, FWA has been discarded as an alternative
which aims at providing households with broadband internet to fixed technologies since wireless technologies were not able
access using mobile technology, has become a relevant use case. to reach data rates provided by optical fiber. Nevertheless, with
Current greenfield design techniques are not optimal since they
target at optimizing the radiofrequency configuration for the
the advent of 5G and the standardization of New Radio (NR),
whole household, sometimes at the expense of other households. data rates that wireless technologies may reach can compete
However, optimizing only the spot where to install the antenna with those provided by fixed technologies. This is mainly due
of the customer premises equipment is enough for Fixed Wire- to two factors: better spectral efficiency achieved thanks to the
less Access networks. This letter presents an enhancement of appearance of smart antennas and the increase of the available
automatic greenfield design methodology so that, apart from bandwidth thanks to the use of millimeter waves [3].
finding the location where to deploy network base stations and
the optimal configuration of network parameters, the optimal Particularly, the deployment of FWA networks is relevant
location where to deploy customer premises equipment is also in suburban and rural areas, where the distances between
determined. A greenfield design exercise has been carried out in a homes are larger than in urban areas, so that the amount of
real scenario proving that the proposed method both improves the cable required to provide homes with broadband services is
final network performance and reduces the required deployment higher. In addition, suburban and rural areas are favorable to
economic costs compared with state-of-the-art methodology.
millimeter waves, since these require the absence of obstacles
Index Terms— Greenfield design, FWA, ACP, radio network
planning, radio network optimization. between transmitter and receiver [4]. The utilization of mil-
limeter waves also requires that FWA CPEs have their antennas
I. I NTRODUCTION mounted on the rooftops of the households and connected to
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KADDOURA et al.: GREENFIELD DESIGN IN 5G FWA NETWORKS 2423
II. R ELATED W ORK AND P ROBLEM F ORMULATION According to the state of the art, greenfield design methods
are based on discrete population models for the traffic descrip-
FWA greenfield design methodology aims at finding the best
tion [11]. In these models, the locations where users can be
combination of deployed base stations, CPEs antennas location
found are discretized into bins known as demand nodes. This
and network parameter configuration. Therefore, finding the
discretization allows evaluating the performance of a given
best network configuration is translated into a combinatorial
network configuration as the aggregation of the performance
optimization problem.
in all the demand nodes into which the network is divided.
Among the total number of candidate locations L where to
Nevertheless, as analyzed by authors in [12], this model is
deploy base stations, any subset of l base stations corresponds
not valid in FWA networks, since the location of the CPE
to a possible network configuration. Therefore, the size of
antenna is unknown in advance. This is, the traffic demanded
the search space of all possible base stations configurations
by a given household cannot be assigned to a specific demand
is represented as follows:
node. In fact, since automatic greenfield design techniques
L
L for FWA networks must find not only the optimum location
(1)
l and configuration of network equipment but also the best
l=0
spot where to install the CPE antenna, a new methodology
Regarding the configuration of parameters, being P the total is required. Moreover, radio network planning and radio net-
number of parameters to be configured and Npl the number of work optimization are executed as two independent phases
possible values that parameter p in base station l may have, of current greenfield design techniques. However, they could
the size of the search space of parameter configuration is be combined so they cooperate with each other to find the
described as follows: optimum network configuration.
P Therefore, the next section presents a modification of ACP
Npl (2) methods so that the location of CPEs antennas is also opti-
p=1 mized. In addition, next section also presents an iterative
algorithm which combines both radio network planning and
In conventional networks, (1) and (2) can be combined
radio network optimization to enhance state-of-the-art green-
to calculate the size of the search space. However, in FWA
field design techniques for FWA networks.
networks, the combinatorial problem is increased since the
possible location of CPEs antennas must be taken into con- III. P ROPOSED M ETHOD
sideration. Thus, being Nk the number of demand nodes in The automatic method herein described allows performing
household k and being K the total number of households, greenfield design activities in FWA networks. The proposed
the size of the search space of possible locations where install method finds proper locations where to install network trans-
network CPEs antennas is represented as follows: ceivers (base stations and CPEs antennas) as well as it opti-
K
mizes the configuration of network parameters.
Nk (3) A. FWA Cost Function
k=1 Being S a network state (i.e., a list of active cells together
with the parameter values assigned to each cell), automatic
Therefore, the size of the search space of FWA greenfield
radio network planning and network optimization methods
design is as follows:
⎡ l ⎤ K aim at finding the optimal network state Sbest . This is,
L P
⎣ L the minimum number of base stations and the optimal config-
Npl ⎦ Nk (4) uration of network parameters which maximize the network
l p=1
l=0 k=1 performance. For this, these methods define cost functions to
describe a figure of merit of the network performance. Thus,
Since the evaluation of the full search space in mobile
the classical optimization problem is reduced to finding Sbest
communication networks is not feasible, initially, greenfield
which minimizes the cost function Φ (S) [5], [13]:
design was carried out by skilled engineers in the field of
Radio-frequency (RF), who evaluated the impact of different Sbest = argmin (Φ (S)) (5)
network configurations over the final network performance. S
N
M
However, the great success of mobile technologies boosted
the growth of these networks so that manual design became Φ (S) = αi ωj δij (S) (6)
i=1 j=1
unfeasible. Therefore, to overcome the previous, computer
assisted methods known as Automatic Cell Planning (ACP) [5] 0, if objective for performance indicator is met
arose and played a crucial role. δ (S) =
1, otherwise
Regarding the automation of radio network planning, in [6],
(7)
three primitive alternatives were presented to find optimum
base station locations. However, over time, new technologies where N is the number of demand nodes in the network and
were standardized and radio network planning was modified M is the number of performance indicators (i.e., coverage,
to consider interference [7], throughput [8] or cell loading [9]. capacity, quality, …). The traffic demanded in demand node i
With respect to radio network optimization, metaheuristic is represented as αi . The relevance of performance indicator
algorithms as well as artificial neural networks were proposed j is indicated by weight ωj . δij (S) is the value of function
to find the best configuration of network parameters [10]. δ (S) for performance indicator j at demand node i.
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2424 IEEE COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS, VOL. 23, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2019
Unlike classical greenfield design, finding the optimum CPE Algorithm 1 Automatic FWA Greenfield Design
antenna location is part of greenfield design in FWA networks. Input : Households demand nodes location
Therefore, final locations of households’ demand nodes are Candidate CPE antenna locations
unknown in advance. To overcome this, a new automatic Weights and objectives
algorithm needs to described so that the cost function is Output: Best network configuration Sbest
1 C ← ΦFWA (Sinitial ) // Initial cost
influenced only by the best CPE antenna location found in 2 S ← Sinitial // Initial network state
every household. This letter proposes a modification of the 3 repeat
cost function used to evaluate the network performance. Thus, 4 done ← true
for FWA networks, the cost function in (6) is transformed into /* Radio network planning */
the next: 5 A←∞
L foreach candidate base station do
6
ΦFWA (S) = αk · min Tk (S) (8) 7 Sbs
cand := S adding candidate base station
k=1 8 B ← ΦFWA Sbs cand
9 if B < A then
where 10 A←B
best ← Scand
Sbs bs
Tk (S) = R1k (S) , R2k (S) , . . . , RN
k
k
(S) (9) 11
12 end
and 13 end
M
14 S ← Sbs
best
/* Radio network optimization */
Rik (S) = ωj δij (S) (10) 15 A←∞
j=1 16 foreach candidate value of every parameter do
where L is the number of households in the network, Nk is 17 Spcand := S including candidate value
18 B ← ΦFWA (Spcand )
the number of candidate demand nodes in household k and M 19 if B < A then
is the number of performance indicators. The traffic demanded 20 A←B
by household k is represented as αk . Vector Tk (S) represents 21 Spbest ← Spcand
the collection of costs associated with each candidate demand 22 end
node in household k, and Rik (S) represents the cost of 23 end
S ← Spbest
candidate demand node i in household k. 24
25 D ← ΦFWA (S)
Contrary to other state-of-the-art cost functions Φ (S), FWA 26 if D < C then
cost function ΦFWA (S) relies on a vector Tk (S) which rep- 27 C←D
resents all the candidate demand nodes of a household (i.e., 28 done ← false
the candidate CPE antenna locations). Hence, from all these 29 end
locations, the one providing the lowest cost is considered as 30 until done;
31 return S
the demand node of the entire household and then used in the
evaluation of the system cost function.
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KADDOURA et al.: GREENFIELD DESIGN IN 5G FWA NETWORKS 2425
TABLE I
O PTIMIZATION PARAMETERS
TABLE II
Fig. 1. Evolution of cost function and performance indicators during the
O PTIMIZATION O BJECTIVES optimization.
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2426 IEEE COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS, VOL. 23, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2019
TABLE III
T EST C ASES R ESULTS
performance indicators presented better figures when the The proposed method has been evaluated using data from
proposed cost function was used. Moreover, the proposed a real suburban environment. The results obtained have
cost function resulted in the selection of fewer base stations demonstrated that the final network performance is improved
than when using classical cost function, which decreases with respect to state-of-the-art methods while the deployment
the deployment costs. In addition, despite the reduction in costs (i.e., the number of required network base stations)
the number of base stations, the number of congested cells are reduced. Therefore, the proposed method is proven to
also decreased when the proposed cost function was used. overcome cutting-edge methods to perform greenfield design
Therefore, the proposed cost function resulted in the best activities.
network performance. Moreover, this method may be subsequently used to adapt
The classical cost function aims at improving network FWA networks to the eventual changes of the RF environment.
performance assuming users are located in all demand nodes
of the household. However, since the proposed cost function is R EFERENCES
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