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Sport Science in Vollyball Thesis and Dissertations

2022

Practice and Challenges to The

Development of Football Sport: in The
Case of Kelela Wereda

Kassaw, Mohammed

http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/13923
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 BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY
SPORT ACADEMY
DEPARTMENT OF SPORT SCIENCE

PRACTICE AND CHALLENGES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF

FOOTBALL SPORT: IN THE CASE OF KELELA WEREDA
BY
KASSAW MOHAMMED ALI

JULY, 2022

BAHIR DAR, ETHIOPIA

 BAHIRDAR UNIVERSITY

SPORT ACADEMY

DEPARTMENT OF SPORT SCIENCE

PRACTICE AND CHALLENGES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF

FOOTBALL SPORT: IN THE CASE OF KELELA WEREDA

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO SPORT ACADEMY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF FOOTBALL COACHING

BY

KASSAW MOHAMMED

ADVISOR

TESSFAYE DESALEGN (PhD)

JULY, 2022

BAHIR DAR, ETHIOPIA

2
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that “PRACTICE AND CHALLENGES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF

FOOTBALL SPORT: IN THE CASE OF KELELA WEREDA”
Is my own work that it has not been submitted before for any other degree at any other
university, and that the sources I have used have been indicated and acknowledged a
complete references?

Declared by: Kassaw Mohammed

Signature: ____________________________

Date: ____________________________

i
 APPROVAL SHEET
BAHIRDAR UNIVERSITY

SPORT ACADEMY

As members of the board of examiner of the MSc thesis open defense examination, we certify
That we have read and evaluated the thesis prepared by KASSAW MOHAMMED and
examined the Candidate in titled with “PRACTICE AND CHALLENGES TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF FOOTBALL SPORT: IN THE CASE OF KELELA WEREDA”. We
recommended that the thesis to be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirement for the degree
of Master of football coaching
1. __________________________ ______________ ________
Name of external examiner Signature Date
2. __________________________ ______________ ____________
Name of internal examiner Signature Date
3. __________________________ ________________ __________
Name of examination chairman Signature Date

As Advisor, this thesis were Prepared under my guidance by Kassaw Mohammed I

Recommended that to be submitted as fulfilling the thesis requirement. Advisor:

Dr. TESSFAYE DESALEGN Signature ____________Date__________

ii
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “PRACTICE AND CHALLENGES TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF FOOTBALL SPORT: IN THE CASE OF KELELA WEREDA”
Submitted in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the award of M.Sc. degree in football
coaching in Bahir Dar University, through the academy of Sport, done by KASSAW
MOHAMMED is an authentic work carried out by him under my guidance. We certified
further, that to the best of our Knowledge, the work reported herein does not form part of any
other thesis report or dissertation. On the bases of which a degree or award was conferred on
an early occasion on this or any other candidate.
Advisor’s Name: Dr. TESFAYE DESALEGN

Signature: __________________

Date: __________________

iii
iv
 Acknowledgements
First and foremost, I would like to thank the Almightily; Allah the most Gracious, the most
merciful, the most beneficent for granting me the opportunity to complete this research study.
I am truly humbled and grateful for this experience. & I want to thank my advisor D,r
Tessfaye Dassalegn for his immeasurable support of my studies from the beginning to the end.

Secondly I would like to thank all respondents to their willingness for fulfilling the given
tasks and Lastly I would like to thank my family, particularly my mother Zinet Mohammed,
who unselfishly supported the outlandish idea of leave behind to embark on this long journey
overseas, leaving her with the responsibility of supporting over all desiderative things, there
is no way out what of it for mother I love you my wholesomeness wish long live with cure
from your illness’

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 Abstract

The purpose of the study an analysis of the main challenges to the development of football in the case
of kelela wereda, the research method descriptive cross sectional survey, and mixed type
approach was employed, Data utilized for the study have mainly been acquired through sample
survey of (N= 134) participants. Among these, (N= 65) randomly selected football players from the
four cluster and (N=7) comprehensive ;( N=8) community leaders selected by using simple random
sampling and (N=54) sport committees were included, and the overall sampling technique is cluster
sampling followed by simple random sampling methods, the data collected through questionnaires,
interview and FGD. Descriptive (frequency distribution and percentage, mean) method of analysis has
been utilized to analyze the data collected through questionnaire whereas the data from FGD and
interview was analyzed through qualitative technique. The findings of the study indicated that the
following major problems were dominant in the wereda football sport: the social impact in terms
of less participation number of spectators and popularity, the enrollments of stakeholders
by the general public, the investors and sport officers at all levels, and accountable administration,
absence of permanent fund for the football sport, lack of sufficient football grounds, absence of
professionals, less access and opportunity or available structure that could invite the private
investors to attract to. As a general solution to the identified problems greater emphasis has to be
given to the youth football in the area so that it could be possible to forward the football in the near
future

vi
 Table of contents

Contents page
DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................................i
APPROVAL SHEET ...............................................................................................................................ii
CERTIFICATE .......................................................................................................................................iii
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. v
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................vi
Table of contents ....................................................................................................................................vii
List of table ..............................................................................................................................................x
CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the study ......................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Statement of the Problem .......................................................................................................2
1.3. Research questions ................................................................................................................. 3
1.4. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................................................... 3
1.4.1. General objective ............................................................................................................ 3
1.4.2 Specific objectives .................................................................................................................. 3

vii
 1.5. Significance of the Study ......................................................................................................... 4
1.6. Delimitations of the study .......................................................................................................4
1.7. Limitation of the study ............................................................................................................ 5
1.8. Operational definition of the terms ........................................................................................ 5
1.9. Organization of the study ........................................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO .....................................................................................................................................7
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .............................................................................................. 7
2.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................7
2.2. Meaning of developments in sport .............................................................................................. 7
2.3. Scope of sport ...............................................................................................................................8
2.4. How to Measured Sport Development ....................................................................................9
2.5. History of football ....................................................................................................................9
2.6. The global growth of football ................................................................................................11
2.6.1 Growth of women’s football ................................................................................................ 12
2.6.2 Technological transformations .............................................................................................13
2.6.3 Change in the habits of football fans ................................................................................... 13
2.7. Football developmental index features ................................................................................ 13
2.8 Influencing factors for football developments ........................................................................... 16
2.9 The Spread Football across the Globe ........................................................................................ 16
2.9.1 The Spread of Football in Europe ......................................................................................... 16
2.9.2. The diffusion of Football in Africa ........................................................................................18
2.9.3 How did Football diffuse in Africa? ....................................................................................... 18
2.9 Football in Ethiopia ................................................................................................................22
CHAPTER THREE ...............................................................................................................................25
RESEARCH METHDOLOGY .............................................................................................................25
3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................25
3.2. Description of the Study Area .................................................................................................... 25
3.3. Research Design ......................................................................................................................... 26
3.4. Sources of Data .......................................................................................................................... 28
3.5. Population and Sampling Techniques ........................................................................................ 28
3.6. Data collection tool or instrument .............................................................................................29
3.6.1. Questionnaire ......................................................................................................................29
3.6.2. Interview ............................................................................................................................. 30
3.6.3. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) ............................................................................................ 30
3.7. Pilot Test .....................................................................................................................................30
3.8. Procedure of Data Collection ..................................................................................................... 31

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 3.9. Method of data analysis .............................................................................................................32
CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................................................. 33
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................... 33
4.1. Introductions .............................................................................................................................. 33
4.2. Discussion and Implication .........................................................................................................42
CHAPTER FIVE ...................................................................................................................................44
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................................. 44
5.1. Summary .................................................................................................................................... 44
5.2. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 45
5.3. Recommendation ....................................................................................................................... 46
REFFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................48
Appendix 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 51

ix
 List of table
Tables Page
Table 2 Sampling Technique ................................................................................................... 29
Table 4.1 distributions of respondents according to their demographic characteristics (n= 134)
................................................................................................................................................. 34
Table 4.2 distributions of respondents according to their football background (n=134), ....... 35
Table 4.3 participant response on football development ......................................................... 36
Table 4.4 mean values on various and challenges ...................................................................37
Table 4.5 One-Sample Test on stakeholders attributions ....................................................... 39
Table 4.6 one sample t test on resource related issues ........................................................... 41

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 List of figure

Figure Page

Figure 3.1 map of south wollo (south wollo zone co-0prative office www.facebook.com) ... 25
Figure 3.2 map of kelela wereda (klelela wereda government communication affair . .......... 26

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 CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the study

The importance of sport is diverse and broad. Ranging from the role in individual economic
value, health promotion and fitness to peace building and community regeneration in post
conflict (Brady 1998; Butler, 2010; UNSCO, 2015) the UNSCO international charter of physical
education, physical activity and sport (UNSCO) acknowledged that the cultural diversity in
physical education, physical activity and sport forms part of humanity’s intangible heritage
and that these includes physical play, recreation, dance, organized, casual, competitive,
traditional and indigenous sports and games. The charter recognizes that physical education,
physical activity and sport can bring a variety of individual and societal benefits, such as health,
social and economic development, youth empowerment, reconciliation and peace. According to
Alegi (2010) football has been in existence since 1100 and was introduced to Africa by the
colonialists.

It is one of the greatest phenomena in terms of attraction to people of all ages, gender and
nationality. The number of spectators has recently achieved staggering numbers – nowadays
stadiums and sport arenas have to be gigantic so they can fit tens of thousands of football fans
(Owen, et al, 2007). With the arrival of television, the number of football fans has grown to
billions of people. Billions of people around the globe are attracted by the Federation
International de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup that takes place every four years. In
2010, the world cup in South Africa and the slogan “it’s time for Africa” brought a sense of
belonging to many African football lovers (Andre, 2010).

Being a loyal fan to a particular football team is undoubtedly a highly meaningful activity
for football fans (Tapp,2004).consequently, it is necessary to know how this creative game
evolves in the modern era. The game historical background must be restored due to its popularity.
Football is one of the most popular sport worldwide with an ever increasing number of both
players and spectators, due largely to the relative simplicity of the rules and the lack of
equipment s required(D,Orazio &Leo, 2010),Nonetheless the sport itself is complex,

1
multidimensional and unpredictable in nature: incorporating physical, technical and tactical
elements leading to the success or failure of the game(Bradley et. al.2009:Drust Atkinson, &
Reilly, 2007: Mackenzie & Cushions,20013:

Rampinni et al,2008). Efforts directed towards development of football in Africa have seen
several management and administrative structure of the sport being set up at continental, regional
and national levels. Furthermore due to the popularity of the sport most of the African countries
have invested heavily in it, so as to bring about success. Indeed Kgathi (2003) noted that
achievements of national teams at international competitions often bring glory and stirs
nationalistic sentiment to both the leadership and citizens. However there has been limited
success by most African countries in international tournaments especially at world cup. Aptly, it
is only soccer teams from Cameroon, Nigeria, Senegal and Ghana which have reached the
quarter final of the world cup. (Njororai 2000, 2003).

A statement for which suggests in order for Ethiopia particularly kelalas to gain football success
it must become a more successful wereda at football development environment it is therefore
important to continuously develop football at grassroots. The study was conduct to establish and
analyze the factors that affect the development of football in kelela wereda, in line with strategic
aim identified by FIFA, a stakeholders perspective was adopted focusing on community leaders,
football sport committee, athletes & sport officials were involved in the study participants
exploring their perspective to development linked to the following themes identified in the
literature, participation, funding, facilities , female football and socio-cultural impact that is
taken from the scientific football development index. And this study intends to assess factors that
affect the development of football in the study area.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

Sports development refers to the gradual increase, attainment and advancement of sport from low
level strata to a higher level or strata with due recognize and consideration of the indices that
enhance the realization and actualization of sports development (Yazid 2006). These include
sports policy, sports personnel, sports program training and competition, funding, facilities and
sponsorship. Football is a global sport having a direct impact on every aspect of our lives. It is
without any doubt the most popular sport on the planet which has become increasingly

2
commercial (Chadwick and Hamil, 2010). The football industry is becoming more affluent and
powerful every day, operating in a dynamic corporate environment that deals with a variety of
stakeholders (Morrow, 2003). However, the developments of all football sport throughout the
country are not uniform. In Some country were familiarized and continuously performed; on the
other hand it may or may not be known or decline in other area in its development, the researcher
had gotten a chance to observe kelela wereda situation. While the research observation kelela
wereda football sport, it practiced insignificantly. Thus, in kelela wereda football sport is not
developed and continuously performed. It is out of concern for low participation in football that
this study was initiated. Academically football sport is being thought and given to students at
schools in theory through physical education course. However, despite teaching students about
football sport in class room theoretical, accordingly, the sport has been given lower attention and
training for by kelela wereda community. Many reasons may be listed, which are responsible, for
the of football sport development in kelela wereda. So far, as the knowledge of the researcher,
reasons behind for such problem are not thoroughly researched. This thesis was tried to assess
and find out the factors that affect the development of football sport in kelela wereda south wollo
zone.

1.3. Research questions

a) What are the challenges that limit the development of football sport in the study area?
b) Are all stake holders of football sport jointly works to improve football?
c) To what extent facilities and equipment’s are available?

1.4. Objectives of the Study

The study was attempt to address the following general and specific objectives.

1.4.1. General objective

The main objective of the study was to find out the factors that limit football development in the
study area.

1.4.2 Specific objectives

In line with the general objectives the study was organized under the following specific
objectives.

3
a) Identify challenges that affect football development as viewed by community members in
kelela.
b) To assess the functions stakeholders so as to improve football sport.
c) Asses the finance, facility and equipment of kelela wereda football sport.

1.5. Significance of the Study

This study designed in the direction to investigate the factor that affect the development of
football sport in kelela wereda, this research try to find out the challenges of football sport
development, the status of football stakeholders coordination and the measures to be taken so as
to stimulate and develop football sport in kelela wereda. Accordingly the researcher hops that
this study was insight the barriers for the development of football sport for the concerned society
and stakeholders to help in strengthening of football sport. Second it will play a great role for the
football institutions, offices, coaches and other football communities to pay attention concerning
how to develop football sport. Thirdly it uses for other interesting ones in order to challenge the
possibility of the barriers in order to develop football sport in kelela wereda. Last it also signifies
to all interesting body as a source of bird eye view to conduct further study in the area.
The findings of the study would be benefit to communities those participating in football
practices. This study furthers our understanding of how we become so good at football and
describe factors affecting football at large. And provide opportunity to those practitioners to
improve their status.

1.6. Delimitations of the study

The study area was delimited to kelela wereda there are 4 preexisting cluster selected, the
criteria for the selection of the study area and the participants are accessibility, possibility of
gating data and affordability for both time and cost.in addition since the researcher is the part of
the study area it would be easy to observe, contextualize and analyze the data in line with the
reality in the study site. And study mainly focuses on football developmental parameters,
stakeholder’s attribution, socio-political issues, facility and equipment’s. The respondent bodies
of this study are community leaders, sport experts, practitioners and sport committees. As a result,

4
the researcher was try to assess the challenges that affect football development in kelala. For the
sake of assessing and evaluating the overall constraint.

1.7. Limitation of the study

Even though different efforts have been made, the researcher faced some challenges while doing
this study. To begin with. The fact that the majority of the respondents do not give value to the
questionnaires these might affect the quality of the paper to some extents. And the researcher did
not compare the opinions of kelela stakeholders with those of stakeholders from other wereda. It
would have also been useful to interview stakeholders from other wereda. A further limitation of
the study is again, due to time constraints, the researcher was only able to incorporate a small
sample of participants. Additionally, all interviewees were sport experts & community leaders
meaning perspectives of other stakeholders and those from other government sectors are not
present in the study. The reliability of study is also a potential limitation. This is because the
study effectively investigated opinions at a certain moment in time. These are unlikely to remain
stable over time, especially as football in kelela continues to develop so replication of results is
unlikely. The researcher found the word limit difficult to adhere to, resulting in it being a
potential limitation. It was difficult for the researcher to decide which data to exclude and which
to include in the results/discussion, as it all seemed relevant to the research.

1.8. Operational definition of the terms

Development: an event constituting a new stage in changing situations. or the way shows the
growth of football in the area.
Equipment’s: material used to facilitate football training sessions successfully
Facility: a properties which is tangible or not and might be considered as an asset.
FDI: football developmental index
Socio- political: the communities’ attitudes or philosophies on football issues
Stake holder attributions: concerned bodies task which is selectively embodied under the
circumstances.

5
1.9. Organization of the study

The thesis was made up of five inter related chapter the first chapter serves to introduce the topic
of the study namely” challenges and barriers to the development of football sport in kelela” it
encompass the background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study,
delimitation of the study, limitation of the study and definition of operational concepts and key
term.in Chapter 2 the existing literature on the factors limiting football development were gives
the reader the opportunity to get an insight in to what the study focus on it is dis-aggregated in to
the research design, study population, sampling procedures, and data collection analysis.
Chapter 4 presents both qualitative and quantitative result of the study this is followed by the
chapter 5 which presents a discussion of the presented result and synthesis, recommendation and
conclusion of the study are presented an annotated list of reference used in the research and
appendices are included at the end.

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 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Introduction

In the preceding chapter the background of the study & objectives are presented. In the current
chapter a thorough review of literature related to football development at an international,
regional and local scope is given in order to shape background understanding of the study,
include in this chapter is scope of sport, sport development at various levels, football history,
football sport development at various levels, factor limiting football development in our country.
Furthermore this chapter details the relationship of football to various social-political aspects as
health, education, peace building and social developments.

2.2. Meaning of developments in sport

Fundamentally sport development is about participation and promoting the opportunities and
benefits of participation. Participation in sport and physical activities spans a wide range of
contexts including the wholesomeness associated with the freedom of children’s play to the
modification of sport to allow children to be a little longer. The cycle of participation continues
to junior or and youth sport where the rule, regulations and tradition of sport become the
foundations to protecting the institutions of sport to participation in senior competition and
ultimately to elite and professional sport. Sport development research and practice therefore is
concerned with all these manifestations of the sport experience, it logically follows the purview
of sport development is quite large and potentially complex. Moreover it is possible to categorize
the sport themes including policy, development through sport, development of sport, future
patterns of sport delivery and marketing in terms of the relationship between professional sport
and participation.

Abera bayissa (2021) shown several youth football projects are institutionalized in various
countries with the support of FIFA for the development of football across the globe, in Africa
countries implementation of youth football projects often ignored by the participative agencies
and lead to lack of very low attention in overall support and follow ups the active participation of
community, coach, administrative body and trainees determines the development of football

7
sport. The international football governing body seeks to promote the world’s number 1 game on
every corner of the globe, most notably the FIFA forward program was announced as one of the
main catalyst of future football development with in all members of nations.

2.3. Scope of sport

Sport is widely regarded as a means of development and for its contribution to attaining the
millennium development goals, a far cry from the past when it was seen merely as a form of
recreation (Van Eekeren, 2006, p. 1; Lindesy &Banda, 2011).

Sport is often regarded as an important part of life in Africa contributing to community identity,
sense of place, social interaction and good health. The involvement of citizens in sport also has
the potential to contribute to social capital. Understood in simple terms as norms of reciprocity
and association life, social capital is often regarded as a positive resource in the area
(Tonts.,2005).available evidence on the merit of sport and sport for development suggests that in
certain context with in the global south , participation in sport contributes to personal
empowerment, life skills, and conclusion for peoples with disabilities and health promotion and
awareness(Leavemore, 2009). evidence of physical education contribution to individuals
development in the global north is well documented where Balley’s (2006) review of the benefits
and outcomes of physical education and sport in schools conclude that has the potential to make
significant contribution to the education and development of children and young people. Lawson
(2005) hinted that the declining of sport participation has been a global concern in recent years.
National governments and international agencies have expressed concern about the relationship
between declining sport participation and social issues such as increasing rate of crime, drug use
and community development (Cunningham, 2005).

According to (Chadwick and hHamil,2010) football is a global sport having direct impact on
every aspect of our lives. It is without any doubt the most popular sport on the planet which has
become increasingly commercial. The football industry is becoming more affluent and powerful
every day, operating in a dynamic cooperate environment that deals with a variety of
stakeholders (Morrow,2003).

8
2.4. How to Measured Sport Development

Sport development is benchmark used by policy makers, in the past always refers to the result or
achievement of sport. The achievement is reinforced by the acquisition the symbols of victory in
the form of medal. Thus the thinking framework decision maker is the only the victor and
achievement should be as a much as possible .the orientation of sport development build sport
education ,build sport achievement ,and build sport recreational sport interims of infrastructure
and mankind Kristiyato,(2012).
Effective sport development requires different variable like sport policy, sport personal, sport
funding, sport program, sport facility and sponsorship availability. The exit to what these
variables to meet shall not be doubt affects the effectiveness of any sport development (Yazid
2001;Amuichie1999)sport growth and development can be in two ways ;.vertically and
horizontally; vertically by identifying increase in the number new sport country have participated
in over the years; horizontally by determining the level of frequency of competition in sport with
a given period ,further more sport could also be measured be from the number of successes
achieved in national and international sport competitions. These successes have direct bearing
with the index of sport development.

2.5. History of football

Contemporary history of world favorite game spans more than 100 years it all began in 1863 in
England, when rugby football & association football branched off on their different courses and
football association in England was formed, becoming the spots first governing body. Both codes
stemmed from a common root and both have a long and intricately branched ancestral tree. A
search down the countries reveals at least half a dozen different games varying to different
degrees and to which the historical development of football has been traced back, whether this
can be justified in some instances is disputable. Nevertheless, the fact remains that peoples have
enjoyed kicking a ball about for thousands of years and there is absolutely no reason to consider
it an aberration of the more natural form of playing a game with the hands. On the contrary, apart
from the need to employ the legs and feet in tough tussles for the ball, often without any laws for
protection, it was recognized right at the outset that the art of controlling the ball with the feet
was not easy and as such required no small measure of skill. The very earliest form of the game

9
with scientific evidence was an exercise from a military manual china dating back to the second
& third centuries B.C. The Han dynasty ancestor of a football was called Ts,u chu. It was a
leather ball measuring 30-40 cm in diameter filed with feathers and hair, according to one
variation of this exercise the player was not permitted to aim at his target unimpeded but had to
use his feet , chest, back and shoulder while trying to withstand the attacker of his opponents.
Use of hands was not permitted, another form of the game also originated from the far east
japan,is called kammari and it is still played today. This is a sport lacking the competitive
elements of Ts, chu, similar form of this game, called kemari, began about 500-600 years after
the creation of Ts,u chu, with no struggle for possession involved, standing in a circle the player
had to pass the ball to each other.in relatively small space trying not to let it touch the ground.

The Greek episkyros and the roman harpastum was later played with a smaller ball by two teams
on a rectangular filed marked by boundary lines and a center line. The objective was to get the
ball over the opposition’s territory. Although the Romans took it to Britain with them the use of
the feet was so small as to scarily be of consequence for all the evidence of early ball sport
played elsewhere in the world, the evolution of football as we know it today took place in Britain.
The game that flourished in the British Isles from the eighth to 19th centuries featured a
considerable variety of local and regional versions, which were subsequently smoothed down
and smartened up to create the modern day sport of association football, rugby football and in
Ireland Gaelic football.

Primitive football was more disorganized, more violent, more spontaneous and usually played by
an identified number of players frequently games took the form of a heated contest between
whole villages through streets and squire across fields, hedges, fences and streams kicking was
allowed. As in fact was almost everything else sometimes kicking the balls was not the questions
due to the size and weight of the sphere being used, in such cases kicking was instead limited to
taking out opponents.

Curiously it was not until nine years offers rules of football had been first established in 1863
that the size and weight of the ball were finally standardized up on this agreement on this point
was usually reached by parties concerned when they were arranging the match as was the case
for a game between London and Sheffield in 1866. This encounter was also the first where the
duration was rearranged for 90 minutes. Shrovetide football as it was called belongs in the mob

10
football category where the number of players was unlimited and the rules were fairly vague, for-
instance ,according to ancient hand book from Warkington in England , any means could be
employed to get the ball to its target with the exception of murder and man shaughter ,one theory
is that the game is Anglo-Saxon in origin in both Kingston on themes and Chester local legend
has it the game was played therefore the first time with the served head of a vanquished Danish
prince, in Derby, it is said to have originated in the 3rd century during the victory celebrations
that followed a battle against the Romans. Yet there is scant evidence of the sport having been
played at this time either in Saxon areas on the Continent. Indeed prior to the Norman Conquest,
the only trace found of any such ball game comes from a Celtic source. Another theory regarding
its origin is that when mob football was being played in the British Isles in the early centuries
A.D, a smaller game was thriving in France particularly in the northern regions of Norman day &
Brittany. So it is possible that the Normans brought this form of game to England with them.

Scholars have also suggested that besides the natural impulse to demonstrate strength and skills
in many cases pagan customs, especially fertility rites provided a source of motivation for these
early footballers the ball symbolized the sun, which had to be conquered in order to secure a
beautiful harvest. The ball had to be propelled around or across a field so that the crops would
flourish and the attacks of the opponent had to be warded off. A smaller significance was
attached to contests between married men and bachelors that prevailed for centuries in some part
of England and, likewise, to the game between married and unmarried women in the Scottish
town at the end of 17th century which perhaps by design of regularly won by the married women,
women football is obviously not as new as some people think.

2.6. The global growth of football

A change did not come about until the beginning of 19th century when school football become
the custom particularly in the famous public schools. This was the turning point. In this new
environment it was possible to make innovations and refinement to the game. The rules were still
relatively free and easy, with no standard form of the game. Each school in fact develop its own
adaptation and at a times these varied considerably. The traditional aspect of the game remained
but innovations depended for the most part of the playing ground available.
http://WWW.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/. Football global appeal extends beyond
attracting the interests of fan around the world; from sponsorship to broadcasting, from club

11
ownership to the origin of its main stars, the games reach is universal. There are around five
billion fans around the world, with Latin America, the Middle East and Africa representing the
largest fan bases, the fan will very often support their national team, their local club, sometimes
even a particular player. Widening financial disparity in global football club, are global force,
but there is a visible and growing disparity between teams from different regions in the world.in
nine of the past ten editions of the FIFA club, the winner have all come from the same
confederation. No club from outside Europe is ranked in the top 30 revenue generators in global
football. In the 2018-2019 season, the top 20 club in the world, which are exclusively from
Europe’s big five leagues, generated combined revenue of EUR 9.3 billion; an increase of 11%
on the previous season.

In the women’s game, only two of the six confederation organize a continental championship for
women’s clubs. Increasing competitive balance in national team football the ranking of senior
national teams and the results of recent FIFA world cups clearly demonstrate a trend towards a
growth imbalance in national team. This is directly linked to comparatively high levels of
investment in Europe and low level of investment in everywhere else( with a limited exception
of south America) youth tournaments have proven to relatively more balanced, as teams
representing various continents regularly reach the final stages, however national teams from
fewer regions in the world tend to prevail in senior competitions. 62% of the teams that reached
the quarter finals in the last three editions of the FIFA U-17 world cup were on European. 71%
of the teams that reached in the quarter finals in the last three editions of the FIFA CUP were
non-European. 92% of the teams that reached the quarter finals in the last three editions of the
FIFA world cup were from Europe and south America.58% of the teams that reached the quarter
finals in the last three editions of the FIFA women’s world cup were European.

2.6.1 Growth of women’s football

In recent years women’s football has enjoyed remarkable growth across continents, notably in
Europe and North America the game has risen in both participation and interest, thus laying the
foundation for the generation of higher commercial returns for the long term benefit of the whole
football movements. In 2019, more than 13 million girls were playing organized football across
the globe. 106% the average live match audience of the FIFA women’s world cup increased by
106%, from 8.4 million in 2015 to 17.27 million in 2019.

12
2.6.2 Technological transformations

New technology are significantly impacting the football ecosystem both on and off the pitch.
Over the past years, the introductions of the video assistant referee and the wide spread use of
electronic performance and tracking systems have had a positive impact on the game improving
both the safety and the performance of players and referees. From the perspective of fans, their
experience and engagement is being improved.

2.6.3 Change in the habits of football fans

In a world permeated by digital technologies, football fans are changing younger generations and
multi-tasking mobile-oriented and always connected. Their interests is directed not only to 90
minutes of the game, but also to behind the scenes content, not only established tournaments but
also esport competitions. The habit of football fans are evolving and so it the way in which the
experience football.

2.7. Football developmental index features

Football development from a scientific perspective, assessing the concept of football
development with deliberate emphasis on association football goes beyond the conventional
medal tally counts and win percentage. The conceptual foundation of football development index
revolves around the understanding that football development grasps all athletic proficiency levels
from grass roots to elite. And includes all football stakeholders, on-pitch performance, popularity
and development environment, social economic aspects and other parameters. Football
development highlights three key dimensions on pitch performance, popularity and development
environments. Football development covers a vast array of fundamental sports economics and
management issues, such as performance measurement and management and fairness of funding
allocation, sport development policy, stakeholder relations and many others. According to
(Ewing,.2004) Strategy is important for the development of football, as it is an important process
for organizations, to undertake to ensure success. A strategy provides the future, effective
direction of organizations in the long-term and should aid them to be superior to competitors
(Hoye et al., 2006). Ethiopia, for example, could produce more coaches than other countries. A
strategy is aided by the completion of a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)
analysis (Hoye et al., 2006), which in turn attracts financial support from the Government

13
(Johnson et al., 2008). A strategy also includes responding to changes in the environment
effectively, which can be aided with a PEST (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological)
analysis. Strategies also need to fulfil stakeholder expectations (Johnson and Scholes, 2002).

Johnson et al. (2008) define stakeholders as ‘individuals or groups who depend on an

organization to fulfil their own goals and on whom, in turn, the organization depends’ (p.132).
Coaching in sport involves coaches and athletes working together to allow skill development,
elevated levels of enthusiasm and performance success, to occur (Jowett et al., 2010). Coaching
effectively is crucial for developing children’s football performance to an optimum level
(Stratton et al., 2004). Currently there is a lack of highly qualified football coaches in Ethiopia
in particular. The current number of Ethiopia coaches with UEFA A, B and pro license is unclear.

However the Guardian, 2010), it is poor compared to other countries who have gained
international success in football. Germany, for example, effectively have 1 coach to every 2,357
people, with a population of 82,000,000 and 34,790 highly qualified coaches (The World Bank,
2009). Italy have a slightly better coach-to-person ratio of 1 per 2,039. This figure is gained from
29,420 highly qualified coaches and a population of approximately 60,000,000 (The World Bank,
2009). However, current Federation International de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup
holders Spain, have a superior ratio. With a population of 45,000,000 people and 23,995 A, B
and pro license coaches (The World Bank, 2009), there is 1 coach to every 1,888 people. From
this evidence, it can be suggested the lack of highly qualified coaches is a factor affecting the
development of football and the progression of talent in Ethiopia. It would be valuable to gain
stakeholder’s perspectives on this issue.

It is worth noting a volunteers’ most common role is that of a coach, which is why volunteers are
essential to the development of any sport (Cuskelly et al., 2006). They are additionally key for
supporting the development of football in the study area. It is therefore important to investigate
stakeholders’ perspectives on the quality of volunteers in kelela.

Appropriate training, or coach education, for those who coach children is important for
numerous reasons. Firstly, good coach education is linked with good coaching practice
(Stephenson and Jowett, 2009). Additionally, good coaching can prevent participation drop-out
rates and negative outcomes associated with sport, including unnecessary stress, a lack of respect
for others, low self-esteem, cheating and lack of moral reasoning (McCallistar et al., 2000; cited

14
in Cuskelly, et al., 2006). This is why, in the UK and many Western Countries, coach education
programs are essential to all major sports (Stratton et al., 2004), with many believing it is more
important to spend money on coach education than facilities (McShane, 2002). Coaches should
aim to combine knowledge on children’s physiological, sociological and psychological
development (Stratton et al., 2004). An expertise in these areas, integrated with coaching
experience, is likely to be effective in facilitating young players reaching their potential (Stratton
et al., 2004).

The importance of the design of coach education programs has been highlighted in a number of
studies in different sports. Boudreau and Tousignant (1991; cited in Gilbert and Trudel, 1999) for
example, found a good coach education programs improved coaches’ time management, which
lead to an increased amount of time spent engaged with players. Another positive consequence
saw improvements in specific coaching behaviors, even after a 1 year follow up (Mancini, et al.,
1987). It would therefore be useful to investigate stakeholders’ opinions of the quality of football
coach education program currently being offered in the study area.

Other barriers to local coaches looking to achieve and Pro licenses are the high cost of the
courses and the difficulty to pass them; the standard is set very high on purpose to help ensure a
high level of excellence (WFT, 2011). The evidence shows the importance of appropriate coach
education programs and their content. With the current developments and limitations of Coach
Education program in the area, it would be valuable to investigate stakeholder’s thoughts on the
quality of coaches, quality of the education system, and the designs of the football license
courses available.

According to (Jamie clean Routledge, 2015.)Football is now the global sport, consumed in
various ways by millions of people across the world. Throughout its history, football has been a
catalyst as much for social cohesion, unity, excitement and integration as it can be for division,
exclusion and discrimination. A sociology of football in a global context examine the historical,
political, economic, social and cultural complexities of the game across Europe, Africa, Asia and
America. It analyses the key developments and sociological debates with in football through a
topic based approach that concentrates on the history of football and its global diffusion.

15
2.8 Influencing factors for football developments

According to (Joseph baker,2003),quality training indicates a crucial predicators of attainments,

environmental factors, resources, social factors such as cultural influence and the relative age
effect are also considered as determinants of sport expertise. The other research shows that the
challenges associated with football developments, lack of adequate facilities and balanced diet,
very low media coverage, disorganized youth projects, very few number of sponsors &spectators,
stakeholders (Tewodros Abir et.,al).

2.9 The Spread Football across the Globe

According to Guttmann (1994), on the continent of Europe, it was the anglophile segments of
the upper classes that initially responded to the new game, the middle classes responded by
spreading the world and the arrival of the working class at the soccer pitch completed the
process of diffusion. It therefore, seems very clear, the football percolated into differing
social situations all over Europe and South America because of the missionary zeal to the
travelling Englishmen anxious to play their national game and equal anxious to encourage
locals to play with them. The international nature of the game developed from these small,
accidental and often unusual personal beginnings (Walvin, 1975).

2.9.1 The Spread of Football in Europe

According to Walvin (1975), football spread first by settling in Europe, it diffused rapidly
through Holland, Germany, Scandinavia, Italy, France and Central Europe. In Denmark the first
club was formed in 1876 by English residents and was later encouraged by a visiting player.

Through the efforts of pupils who had studied at English public schools, football spread
to Holland in the 1870’s and within the same period, the game spread to Germany (Walvin,
1975) When looking at the diffusion of football in Europe, we can draw a similarity from the
diffusion of football in Norway. Football was brought to Norway by different social groups
(Goksoyr and Hognestad,1999). These groups included sailors working on British naval
merchant ships, Britons who traveled to Norway for work and by Norwegians who returned
home after being in England either for business or studies (Goksoyr and Hognestad, 1999).

16
Goksoyr (1996) adds that the diffusion of English sports in Norway has been attributed to
students’ and businessmen’s personal knowledge of the game after their stay in England or to
the role played by Britons who travelled or stayed in Norway. According to Anderson (2007),
in most countries where football had spread to, the first local people to play football were the
children who belonged to the upper classes of societies. Thereafter, football would spread to
the other classes in the society’s social ranking and become a popular sport (Anderson, 2007).
Until the 1930’s, football in Norway was played mostly by middle class students and
merchants’ sons. It was after the 1930’s that football became the largest sport in the
Norwegian Sports Federation and got to be described as the ‘people’s sport’ (Goksoyr and
Olstad, 2002: 43; Goksoyr and Hognestad, 1999). In his analysis of the diffusion of football in
Norway, Goksoyr (1996) argues that: If we are to take the circumstances surrounding the first
matches of Norwegian ground in 1886 literally, officers and cadets from the fleet of the
British Empire displayed British sports culture.

The naval cruise functioned as a launching of British football. In two of the three largest cities
which the fleet visited, the British gave influential contribution to the introduction of the
game. There is, however, little reason to believe that the officers themselves felt and acted
as football missionaries. A conscious ideology for the diffusion of British culture in Europe
corresponding to what took place in the British Empire did not exist (Goksoyr,1996:
371).Another example we can look at is the Netherlands. The diffusion of British sport
to the Netherlands was almost similar to that of Norway. From Europe football diffused
to Latin America, where the finest teams and the most fanatical supporters of the game are
found today (Walvin, 1975).

It was exported to Latin America by the British entrepreneurs, who dominated the economic
scene for most of the nineteenth century (Guttmann, 1994).Walvin (1975), points out that the
early development of football in Europe and South America led to the formation of formal
institutional frameworks. Following the initiative of pioneering clubs, local Football
Associations were formed based on the English model. The development of football around
the world demanded for an international controlling body. In 1904, in Paris an international
football organization FIFA was formed and its main aims was to regulate and supervise
the evolution of the world game (Walvin, 1975).

17
2.9.2. The diffusion of Football in Africa

After looking at the diffusion of football in Europe, interesting questions one would ask
would be: what was the difference between the diffusion of football in Europe and in Africa?
What factors could have influenced the differences in these diffusions? There are a lot of
reports of early travelers, missionaries and more recently of anthropologists, sociologists and
linguists who are engaged in research on traditional African cultures. They have focused on
pre-colonial African participation in many types of ball play, target games, top spinning,
foot races and jumping contests (Paul, 1987). According to Blacking (1987), in pre- colonial
Africa there were many sports like activities which were practiced and some of which are
still practiced in rural areas. These physical activities have been described by ethnographers
as ‘play, ‘games,’ ‘pastime,’ ‘physical education,’ ‘recreation,’ ‘sport,’ etc (Blacking, 1987).
Blacking argues that these activities were commonly classified together as extensions of
human aesthetic and ludic capabilities. He argues further that the activities were included into
social life and continuing education of all members of a community not only reflections and
reinforcements of cultural tradition, but also as a means of enhancing people’s creativity and
adjustment to the changing circumstances (Blacking, 1987). However, Paul (1987) cautions us
that foreign observers have regularly approached African cultures with alien outlooks and a
mixture of interests, motives and methods of interpretation. He argues that they have worked at
different times and within limited sections of societies, and mostly with specific categories of
informants (Paul, 1987). Therefore it becomes quite challenging to get fairly balanced
accounts of sports in pre-colonial Africa based on available written records.

2.9.3 How did Football diffuse in Africa?

As we have seen, there are a lot of factors that played a role in the diffusion of modern sport
and football in Africa. Such factors include imperial education systems, missionary education,
the colonial administrators, the military and many others. The following discussion will attempt
to discuss some of these factors. During the imperial era, the British were still practicing the late
Victorian and Edwardian types of education. According to Mangan (1987), the Victorians
believed that they had something to offer the world and all of them felt that they were
missionaries who went to Africa to improve the lives of the natives. Therefore, in the empire, it
was a philosophy that frequently reflected the values and impulses of the expatriate educators.

18
Mangan and Hickey (2001), postulate that there were a lot of teachers from England who came
to work in Africa. A lot of these teachers carried with them the same late Victorian and
Edwardian certainty that team games were a desirable educational instrument (Mangan and
Hickey, 2001). However, moralit y of the Africans was a constant concern of the Victorian,
mostly whose own values, if he was a product of the public school system, were often shaped
substantially by experiences on playing fields, depicted in descriptions associated with team
games. Mangan (1987) stipulates that the best example of pedagogic paternalism was shown by
Sir Frederick Lugard who was the first governor-general of Nigeria.

Magan (1987) argues that the role of the missionaries in the ‘ludic diffusion’ or the diffusion
of British team games in Africa has been badly underestimated. The missionaries ran most
of the few schools that existed; unlike the early settlers, the missionaries recognized the power
of sport in assimilating Africans to the Western culture, above all to convert Africans to
Christianity. Tenga (2000) also postulates that the European communities in Africa included
missionaries. The missionaries were the ones who were the first to begin enlightening the
native Africans with Western Education. This made the missionaries very instrumental in
introducing, and also promoting modern sports including football in Africa. The missionaries
were seen as agents of social change, which was meant to improve, and morally civilize the
Africans (Darby, 2000). Therefore, as long as the educators and church men viewed football as
having a civilizing and educative function, the game continued playing a central role in their
missionary work (Darby,2002).

The Anglican missionaries’ concept of education mirrored the prevalent and fashionable
metropolitan ideal of muscular Christianity y, as allegedly upheld and implemented in
the established school in England (Mangan, 1987). The missionaries were the major
implementers of the British school system as this is seen in many schools which they built
with a lot of different sports infrastructure. African children in these schools were compelled
into learning physical education and doing school sports (Mangan, 1987). Mangan argues that
it is important to note that missionaries, more than any other agents are the ones who deserve
the credit of having laid the foundation for the promotion of modern sport in Africa. It was the
missionaries who justified the incorporation of physical education and modern sport into the
school curriculum, on the basis inculcating in the African children the values of physical fitness,

19
health and social discipline.It is quite evident that the participants of the extraordinary games-
playing educational revolution that occurred in British public school (private schools for the
privileged), were to a large extent

Responsible both directly and indirectly for the twentieth century ‘global sports culture’
(Mangan and Hickey, 2001). According to Mangan and Hickey (2001), the public schools
increasingly prepared their pupils for imperial roles in the neo-imperial expansion of the
late nineteenth century. The Victorians were determined to civilize the rest of the world and an
integral feature of that process as they understood it, was to disseminate the gospel of
athleticism which has triumphed so spectacularly at home in the third quarter of the
nineteenth century (Mangan and Hickey,2001).

The quality of colonial administrators in most British colonies played an important role in the
diffusion of football in Africa. Kirk-Green (1987) holds that most of the British people who
worked as colonial administrators or district officers in Africa were graduates from
British Universities who were all appointed when they were very young. The
commissioners who examined the new administrators personally in England, made a point of
knowing their athletic record, and their physique was taken into consideration. Most of them
were well known footballers, or cricketers (Kirk-Greene, 1987).

The recruiters were interested in what they termed ‘character’ and to them character was seen in
terms of athleticism. The public schools which were the originator of modern sport played a
role in shaping young citizens towards what the British called a gentleman, one who could be
relied on to play fair, to win with modest y and to lose with good grace. Success at games
came to be equated with a stamp of having character, and according to the recruiters…the
success of the district officer in Africa depends on his possession ‘character’; character is
tested, developed and improved by participation in team games; team games are an
important an integral part of the British public school system. Therefore, the best type of
colonial administrator will be found among those with recognized record of above
average athletic success at school of university (Kirk-Greene,1987: 83).

As much as the intentions of the recruiters might not have been of spreading modern sport to
the colonies in Africa, it is obvious that these outstanding sports men made a big contribution
in the introduction of modern sport in British colonies in Africa (Kirk-Greene, 1987).

20
According to Kirk-Greene (1987), a few colonial administrators found themselves in a
situation where they could not only continue to indulge in their favorite sport, but might often
improve on them. In situations where teams could be raised from the larger-established schools
or from military or police barracks, soccer and hockey frequently of high standard could be
played. Inter-colonial matches were played regularly in West and East Africa (Kirk-Greene,
1987). This contributed to the diffusion of football in Africa. Another important factor which
could have played an important role in the diffusion of modern sport in Africa was the
military. According to Clayton (1987), soldiers trained in the British tradition generally
attached a high importance to sport, because of physical fitness where sport is linked to
essential well-being and toughness.

Sport was correctly seen as an important part of the personal development of a soldier and
gave every solider the ride in the membership of a unit whose standards must not be betrayed
(Clayton, 1987). The British military took with them all their views and the enormous majority
of the regular officers were from public-school backgrounds. According to Clayton (1987),
these views, along with those on the merits of parliamentary democracy and neoclassical
education, were to be imposed to Africa as part of the colonial operation. The earliest example
of the impact of British Army sports in colonial Africa appeared as early as 1899-1902 during
the Anglo-Boer wars in South Africa.

The presence of large numbers of the British military during these wars established football on
a popular basis among the colored population of the Western Cape (Clayton, 1987). British
battalions recruited local mule-drivers, ox-drivers, scouts and other minor auxiliaries. These
learned football while serving along with the British infantrymen; on a few occasions British
battalion teams even included colored players of promise (Clayton, 1987: 117). As time went by
large crowds began to attend such football matches in several areas of South Africa,
particularly in the ports of East London, Port Elizabeth, and Cape Town. The interest towards
football of blacks as well as Coloureds increased greatly (Clayton, 1987).

Even though some commanding officers did not offer a lot of encouragement and sporting
life was limited, most battalions by the 1930’s were competing in army and sometimes in
West African national football, track and field championship. Clayton (1987) stipulates that
there was an ever-greater interest in European-style sports and games. This was because of the

21
already not growing awareness of and pride in local or ethnic football; teams competed in big
cities to the interest, enjoyment, pride or sham of the migrant urban workers. This partly was as
a result of the sporting experience gained during wartime military service. He points out that
sometimes when big concentrations of African troops from all colonies were assembled, as in
preparation for and in the aftermath of a war, teams were drawn from battalions. Players
recruited from one colony saw themselves as representatives of that territory in the inter-unit
matches (Clayton, 1987). The soldiers, therefore, played a role in the diffusion of football in
Africa.

2.9 Football in Ethiopia

According to Robert chapel, Ejeta seifu (2000) shows Ethiopian sports culture and politics the
economy is heavily dependent on agriculture which constitutes 40% of the growth domestic
product (GDP), Ethiopia is a poor country most of the population has a poor diet, health and
housing, understandably, therefor there are a problem in developing sport system in Ethiopia, the
main problem is a lack of a clear sport policy the policy did not take in account Ethiopian
situation as a developing country lacking facilities and equipment’s, lack of qualified teachers .

The Journal of Ethio-Football (1999:7) cited in Wondimu and Damen (2004], states that,
there are no proper documents that trace back the beginning of football in Ethiopia. On the other
hand, the journal indicates that some foreigners were playing the game as early as 1980.
According to this journal, the first football team in Ethiopia to have been documented is the
Addis Ababa selected team which was established in 1935, by a group of Ethiopians and
Armenians. The team played with the French sailors club during its first year of formation. The
first football club in Ethiopia, the St. George football club was formed in 1936 by some
youth living in an area known as Arada in the capital city of the country.

According to some witness from the time, this team used to play with several others school
teams, which were active until the Italian invaded Ethiopia. According to the information
obtained from Journal of Ethio- Football (1999:8), the Italians launched the first tournament of
football in 1938, with complete rules and regulations that were then in effect. According to this
Journal (1999:9), the Italians encouraged the establishment of youth clubs. Some of the
names of the clubs then were, Mefekere, Tehetena. Digest and Eminent. According to the

22
Ethio-Football journal (1999:9) issue Yekesar Mangiest Meliketgna. These teams were
encouraged for the benefit of physical fitness and discipline of the the youth. The Italian sport
office encouraged and supported the establishment of such clubs in the country. In 1943

The Ethiopian Football Federation (EFF) was formed, and become a member of FIFA in 1953.
In 1961, Ethiopia won the African cup and was a finalist in 1957. Based on the Journal of
Ethio-Football (1999:9), the Italian occupation had contributed a lot in popularizing football
among Ethiopians; and in the establishment of several local teams as well as the introduction
of some basic laws of the game. The journal farter states that, the time the Ethiopian football
teams in schools immensely contributed for the strong base of the game in the decades that
followed. In the second half of the 1930’s and early 1940’s several school competitions were
held. In 1944, the Ethiopian Cup was founded where teams from the different regions of the
country were included for the first time, and rules and regulations were formulated. The
organizational framework of the Ethiopian football Federation was drafted in 1948 in a
meeting held at the place called Janmeda in the capital Addis Ababa. Based on the
information from the journal of Ethio football (1999:11) the participants were the
representatives of St. George, the Defence force club (Mechal) and kuber Zebegan (the body
guard) and Key-Baher clubs (red Sea.) the Ethiopian football federation executive
committee was set up the same year in the presence of representative from all the
football teams in the country. The Journal of Ethio Football (1999:18) acknowledges the Dreg
government by stating that it had contributed to the development of sport in general and of
football in particular. After 1976.

The Sport commission was set-up under the Ministry of Youth sport and culture. A 4 million
birr annual budget was allocated for the country’s sports for the first time. In addition, the
Ethiopian Championships, the Ethiopian Knock-out Cup. The Ethiopian Tikedem Cup
(Ethiopia Tikedem is a slogan to mean Ethiopia first) and the Cup Winners Cup competitions
were launched and continued until 1991. A total of 294 sports councils were set-up all over the
country, and football competition attracted great number of funs in the major towns across the
country. An extensive campaign was also undertaken in the field of sports in general and
football in particular, the number of players, coach’s, referees and others involved in the sport
increased unexpectedly. However, the qualitative changes were in the reveres. The success

23
experienced in the previous era was slowly fading away as new ones could not replace
retiring famous players. The journal of Ethio Football (1999:21) further states that; the
Ethiopian Championships were

played among clubs from all the provinces in the capital Addis Ababa that met here,
after wringing their local leagues The time came when suddenly, all clubs were disbanded for
the reason that was though that some have apparently provoked anti-revolutionary sentiments
in journal of Ethio- Football (1999:21). They were, made then , to recognize themselves as
new ones grouped under the sector of the economy that each of them represented, thus,
form one team, and all those in the textile manufacturing forming another and right away.
Such a move affected the football negatively. However, the love of the people had for the game
did not change.

24
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHDOLOGY

3.1. Introduction

This chapter deals with research design, sources of data, sampling methods, population size, and
sampling size. Besides, it also presents the used data collection instruments, data collection
procedures, pilot test, and data analysis technique.

3.2. Description of the Study Area

The study carried out in kelala wereda south wollo zone Amhara regional state of Ethiopia for
six consecutive months starting from November up to June 2022 and kelala is place which is
located in the Amhara region of Ethiopia part of the Debub wollo zone and boarded on the south
by semen showa zone on the south west by weleqa river which separates it from the Oromia
region on the west by wegde on the north by legambo on the northest by legehida and on the east
jama towns. And 157 km far from dessie in the western directions.
Notable land marks in this wereda is gasecha aba georgics 15th century monastery that is found
60km far from the capital of kelala town and deger getaw shehye masjid is a notable land mark
of the research area. In this wereda teeff, are important cash crops and wheat is produced at large.

Figure 3.1 map of south wollo (south wollo zone co-0prative office www.facebook.com)

25
Figure 3.2 map of kelela wereda (klelela wereda government communication affair
www.facebook.com).

3.3. Research Design

The researcher was applied descriptive cross sectional survey research design, with a mixed
method approach in which both qualitative and quantitative approaches was adopted. A mixed
methods research design is a procedure for collecting, analyzing, and mixing both qualitative and
quantitative research and methods in a single study to understand in a research problem (creswell
& Clack, 2008). Both are given priority and involve integration of data at one or more stages in
the process of research. The use of mixed model approach is meant to enhance the findings of the
study because different aspects of the study subject will be presented (Creswell, 2014). In order
to achieve the stated objectives of the study, the descriptive cross sectional survey research
design, because it could show the factor affect that the development football sport. And it also
helped the researcher to identify the faced challenges.

Generally, this type of design gives opportunities for the researcher to see their research
variables as naturally occurred. As Sharama (2000) stated, descriptive research method is the
description of the present status and immediate past of a given phenomenon. It is widely applied
in the description of sport science when gathering detailed data or factors from large population
understudy in a particular time. Similarly the descriptive research method allows the collection
of qualitative and quantitative data through wide use of questionnaires. So that, this research was
intended to describe the existing phenomena on factors affecting the development football sport.
26
 Research Design

Participants
Data sources
Community leaders, Research approach
Sport experts, Primary data
Cross sectional
committee & athletes
descriptive survey

Instruments
Questioner 5 agreement, quality and frequency
Likert scale, Interview, semi structured
FGD

Data collection procedure

Data were edited, coded & entered to SPSS

Data analysis
Descriptive analysis
Interpret &
Provide
Inferential analysis analyze the
scientific
data
recommenda
tion

27
3.4. Sources of Data

To gather the data for this study, the researcher was used primary sources such as community
leaders, sport experts, sport committees, and football athletes.

3.5. Population and Sampling Techniques

The target population was, community leaders, sport professional, practitioners and committees.
Which is 297 size of population among this target population researcher employed 134
participants as sample size in order to maintain 95% confidence level,by using taro Yemane
sample size determination formula. From four preexisting cluster the sample technique is cluster
sampling followed by simple random sampling To achieve the stated objective of the study, the
researcher took 1 woreda from 24 of the south Wollo Zone as a focal area: As stated below,
Table 1, the sport experts, sport committees, community leaders and football athletes that found
under the stated woreda were taken as population of the study.

Table 1 Population Size

Name of Name of sampled Total Total sample

sampled cluster number of
wereda kebeles
Kelela Lguama 10
Kelela 10 40 kebeles
Deger 10
Tirtira 10

Of the stated 40 kebeles categorized under four clusters consisting a total population of 297 the
considered populations of the study, 134 of them were considered as sample of the study. As
briefed here under, Table 2 the four bodies of the study (sport committees, sport experts,
community leaders and athletes) were selected mainly by using comprehensive and simple
random sampling technique (lottery method). See the details below under Table 2.

28
Table 2 Sampling Technique

No. Types of Population Sample size Sampling

Respondent
Techniques

1 community leaders 40 8 Simple random

2 sport committees 120 54 Simple random

3 sport expert 7 7 Comprehensive

4 Athletes 130 65 Simple random

Total number of the 297 134

subject

Thus, according to Table 2 above, from 4o members of community leaders (n=8), (n=65)
football athletes from 130 athletes, (n=54) from 120 sport committee individuals) were
considered as participant of the study by simple random sampling, (lottery method) and the
whole of the sport expert ( n= 7 participants) by using comprehensive sampling technique.

3.6. Data collection tool or instrument

In order to collect the necessary data for the study, questionnaire, interview and focus group
discussion were used as data gathering tools.

3.6.1. Questionnaire

To gather information from participants (football players & committees), questionnaire was
developed based on the review of related literature and the leading questions. Items that included
in the questionnaire designed in relation to stake holder collaboration in football sport, and
29
availability of required resources and finance allocation.

To do so, the questionnaire was consider the five agreement and frequency Likert scales. Thus,
the agreement scale (5 = strongly agree, 4 = agree, 3 = undecided, 2 = disagree, and 1= strongly
disagree) was used in the socio-political related items. And the frequency Likert scale (5=always,
4=often, 3=some times, 2-rearly, and 1= never at all) also used in items which developed in line
with stakeholders‟ collaboration in the football sport

3.6.2. Interview

Interviews are primarily done in qualitative research and occur when researchers ask one or
more participants general, open-ended questions and record their answers. (Creswell, 2012).
Interviews with people who know what is going on in the football environment, this free flow of
ideas highly helped the researcher to gather the required information from respondents. Based on
this reason, the researcher constructed semi-structured interview questions for community
leaders and experts.

3.6.3. Focus Group Discussion (FGD)

Focus group discussions were administered as a means to obtain in depth qualitative research
greater insights in to the factors hindering football development in the area of kelela in south
wollo zone. Focus group discussions are a powerful method for collecting information relatively
quickly. They are better suited for exploring beliefs, practice and perceptions than for seeking
informations on actual behaviors or details of individual lives (Morgan, 2005).the FGD were
conducted in clear language best suitable for the participants, this enabled the participants to
speak their minds freely. Selection of the participants was based on their formal preconditioned
key informants were purposively selected. The researcher was acting as the facilitator of the
group but tried no to influence the outcomes.

3.7. Pilot Test

The rationale of pilot testing was to get research instrument that enable to collect valid and
reliable data. For the determination of validity of instrument, two experienced experts who had
worked on the study area for relatively longer years, judged the questioner for its content validity
30
(quality that enables it to measure what it is supposed to measure). Based on the feedback of the
experts and my advisor, the instrument was reassessed for further refinement before it was
distributed to the respondents. To establish the reliability of the questioner, it was distributed for
15 football players (7 from cluster 1 and 8 from cluster 2). And similarly, to validate the
interview and FGD items, the researcher were invited his colleagues and university instructors to
comment to what extent the instruments were workable. Accordingly, he tried to amend the
items based on the given comments. Moreover, the researcher as well bracketed himself so as not
to influence the respondents by interfering via his prior experiences or attitudes. And the
reliability coefficient by cronbach alpha for 26 items was .936.

3.8. Procedure of Data Collection

Before the administration of the actual data gathering, the questionnaires pilot test was made in
the two cluster. Based on the feedback received from the pilot test, all the vague and ambiguous
words were omitted and items in the questionnaires were amended and improved accordingly.
Then after, the collection of the actual data began by contacting with the sample Woreda sport
office heads, and they were consulted about the convenient time of data gathering. Based on the
above information received from the football players, the questionnaire was duplicated and all
the other necessary arrangements were made. After having a short discussion with the sport
office heads about the aim of the research and the process of data collection, they cooperatively
made all the arrangements. To this end orientation was given initially to the respondents selected
to fill the questionnaire about the aim of the research and how the questionnaire should be filled.
Then the questionnaire were distributed and collected in the end. As it was impossible to found
all the respondents collectively for the sake of orientation, the distribution and gathering of
questionnaire was made individually.

31
3.9. Method of data analysis

Due to the structure of the questionnaires using the response on a 5 point scale ranging from 1
(strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). For this reason, a higher mean indicated a more
favorable perceptions, to analyze the collected data, the researcher used both qualitative and
quantitative approaches. This means, to analyze the data which collected by the questionnaire,
frequency, percentage, were applied to analyze the demographic data. To analyze the data that
collected in line with challenges, stakeholder’s collaboration equipment’s and the required
facilities, one sample t-test was entertained. To do so, the statistical package for social science
(SPSS) version 26.0 was used for the statistical analysis. In another way, the data which
collected via interview and FGD was analyzed by using words, phrases, and statements by
following thematic approaches. 3.10 protocol and Ethical Consideration
The study was deal with the ethical issue related to the investigation. It protect the privacy of
research participant and can make guaranty and confidentiality of the information that is given to
the study, and risk harm due to participation. Participation of subjects in this study is purely a
voluntary based activity and their right not to participate and can resign at any time of the study
was respected. Therefore the study was conduct all action based on the university rule, code of
conduct and policies concerning research ethics. Since subjects would be volunteers they
refraining from the situation if they are not ready or not feel comfort at any time they want.
Ethical approval were obtained from institutional research ethics review committee (IRERC) of
Bahir dar University sport academy. The protocol were approved by the university guidelines
and written consent is given and inform

32
 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Introductions
This chapter provides a detailed overview of qualitative and quantitative results obtained during
the first and second phase of the study, presentation, analysis and discussion of the result of the
data collected through questionnaires, interview and focus group discussions.to analyze the data
which collected by the questionnaire frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and one
sample t-test was applied.to brief frequency and percent00age were applied to analyze the
demographic data.to analyze the data that collected in line with challenges of football sport,
mean was used to conceptualize the collected data related to stake holder attributions,
equipment's and the required facility, one sample t-test was entertained. To do so, the SPSS
version 26 were used for the statistical analysis. In other way the data which is collected via
interview and FGD were analyzed by using words, phrases and statement by following thematic
approaches.

33
Table 4.1 distributions of respondents according to their demographic characteristics
(n=134)
Characteristics Option Frequency Proportions

Gender Male 105 78.4%

Female 29 21.6%
Age >15 11 8.2%
16-25 58 43.3%
26-35 46 34.3%
36-49 19 14.2%
Marital status Single 21 15.7%
Married 110 82.1%
Divorce 3 2.2%
Educational level Primary 15 11.2%
Secondary 25 18.7%
Illiterate 39 29.1%
Diploma & 55 41%
above
Employment Formal 40 29,9%
Informal 73 54.5%
Unemployed 21 15.7%

The above table 4.1 shows distributions of respondents according demographic characteristics
imply that the study participants were representative of both male and female. About (n=105)
(78.4%) of the respondents were males compared to (n=29) (21.6%) female. The greater
proportion of respondents were (n= 58) (43.3) under the category of 16-25 age, whilst (n= 65)
(48.5%) of the respondents were in adult age and the remaining (n= 11) (8.2%) were under
teenagers. The higher proportion of respondents were married (n=110) (82.1%) and (n=21)
(15.7%) were single the remaining (n=3) (2.2%) were divorced, (n=15) (11.2%) of participants
were attained primary school about (n=25) (18.7%) of the participants were attained secondary

34
level, (n=39) (29.1%) of the distribution were covered by illiterate individuals and (55) (41%) of
the participants were attained a higher educational status. And the research participants who were
formally employed were (n=40) (29.9%). About (n=73) (54.5%) were informally employed the
other (n=21) (15.7%) of that participants were unemployed most of some are sport committee.

Table 4.2 distributions of respondents according to their football background (n=134),

Characteristics Option frequency Proportions

have you participated in any of football practice Yes 122 91%

No 12 9%
Does your practice have an experienced coach Yes 31 37.82%
or people organize themselves in Leadership

No 91 75.8%
what level of competition did your participation Kebele 66 54.03%
reach in football
Wereda 50 40.9%

Zonal level 6 4.9%

In the above table presented the distributions of respondents according to their previous
experiences liked with football related practice the majority of the study respondents were
(n=122) (91%) practiced in any of football environments,(n=12) (9%) of them were not
practiced in any of the event in this regard more of them are practitioners. In the table above
(n=91) (75.8%) of participants were had not a specialized coach for their practice in the study
area the remaining (n=31) (37.82%) of the respondents were had a coach for their practice, the
table and again shows that however majority of participants were practice football in the area but
their practice (n= 66) (54.03%) of restricted in kebele level were (n=50) (40.9%) of those in
wereda level the rest (n=6) (4.9%) of the respondents were practice in zonal level.to this end the
higher proportion of participants were practice in kebele level there is no any type of practice
above zonal level this implies that the development of football in the study area were negative .

35
Table 4.3 participant response on football development
N Minim Maxim Mean Std.
um um Deviation
How do you describe 134 1 3 1.13 .376
the development of
football sport in your
locality?
How do you see the 134 1 2 1.01 .122
practice of football
sport all over kebeles
in Kalala Woreda?
134

As shown in the table above the average mean score of football development in the study area
were (M=2.14, SD=.498), to this end the table generalize the low mean score were observed.

36
Table 4.4 mean values on challenges and barriers

N Mini Maxi Mean Std.

mum mum Devi
ation
Local village heads, political leaders 134 1 5 1.96 .670
support football development in my area.

The community living in rural area has 134 1 5 2.13 .937

negative attitude towards football sport.
The football sport has facilitated in the 134 1 5 3.56 .993
woreda ineffectively.
Family religion and culture also affects 134 1 5 3.96 .533
participation in football.
Lack of knowledge about the benefits of 134 1 5 3.83 .790
participation in football is more prevalent
in the area
Lack of facilities such as sports ground, 134 1 5 4.88 .563
hinder the progress in sport.
Specialist sports coaches are easily 134 1 5 1.20 .572
available in my area.
Community members view football 134 1 5 2.01 .637
development as reliable source of income.
Children from poor families have the 134 1 5 2.25 1.107
opportunity to participate in football
The practitioners are victims due to 134 1 5 4.22 .881
shortage of field materials
The sport office experts deliver the event 134 1 5 1.49 .712
throughout the woreda
Spectators in your area pay fee to watch 134 1 5 1.13 .546
the football match
Average of challenges and barriers 134 1.08 5.00 2.7183 .5649
0
134

The table compares differences in means course of the given challenges, the respondents were
the sport office experts lacks in addressing the event throughout the wereda spectators not paid
the fee to watch the game, children from poor families not participated in football, no coach

37
easily available in the area, the attitude of the community towards football sport is not good since
its mean score (1.09), (1.13), (1.19),(1.20),(1.75) & (2.01) respectively was not greater than the
test value (3). In another way, as displayed in Table the respondents put lack of facility always
as the principal challenge (M= 4.88 & ranked 1st) followed by shortage of field materials
(M=4.22 & ranked 2nd), family religion (M=3.96 & ranked 3rd), lack of knowledge about football
(M= 3.89% raked 4th). Moreover, challenges such as ineffective practice (M= 3.8), were
considered as challenges that affect the football sport which ranked 5th. Similarly, respondents of
the interview argued that although some community members contributed money for the sport
when paying the land rent, responsible bodies that were found at woreda, were not worked for
the development of the football sport. As they briefed, they paid less attention towards the sport,
the player did not get appropriate training so as to upgrade their playing skill, and the player
themselves were not motivated to play the sport.

FGD participants also argued that:

The football sport development status of the wereda was remained poor by various reasons. For
example, the sport did not get enough budget allocation, the teams did not get appropriate
playing fields, and there were lack of resource materials for the sport (clothing, incentives). Not
only this, but also the players seemed too weak to upgrade their playing status by participating in
some trainings, by computing with other teams, and by collaborating with the sport offices.
So, it is possible to generalize the findings as the football sport development of kelela wereda
was affected by challenges such as government bodies’ lacks of initiation to facilitate their roles
as expected; lack of budget allocation; lack of the required resource materials for the players

38
Table 4.5 One-Sample Test on stakeholders attributions

Test Value = 3
N mean SD T Df Sig. Mean 95% Confidence
(2- Diffe Interval of the
taile rence Difference
d) Lowe Upper
r
The administrative bodies 13 1.57 .7 .427 13 .670 .022 -.08 .13
have established 4 79 3
competitions program with
others
The coach has used training 13 2.13 .3 - 13 .000 -.806 -.91 -.71
program as expected 4 84 16.0 3
47
All stakeholder has worked 13 2.07 .4 - 13 .000 -.933 -1.00 -.86
jointly for the development 4 10 26.3 3
of football 15
The sport committees 13 2.36 1. - 13 .000 -.642 -.82 -.47
organized in each county 4 02 7.27 3
side of the wereda 2 2
they work jointly for event 13 1.13 .3 - 13 .000 - -1.77 -1.48
developments 4 42 22.2 3 1.627
43
All stake holders has known 13 1.14 .5 - 13 .000 - -1.95 -1.77
how to facilitate the event in 4 22 41.1 3 1.858
depth 70
Stakeholders play a great 13 1.15 .5 - 13 .000 - -1.94 -1.76
role for female 4 28 40.6 3 1.851
participations 10

39
Table 4.5, above shows the result of t- test in the above case the mean of the supple is less than
to 3 ours significance alpha level to .05 the sig column the p value of p = .670 shows significant
difference were, 670p<05. Moreover, the stakeholders were unsuccessful role to give attention
for the development of the football sport (M=2.87; t(133) = -1.252; p = .212); to produce the
young football players (M= 1.13; t(133)= -2.713; p=.087); and to work cooperatively with the
football players (M=2.68; t(133) = -3.377; p=.061), because all the calculated mean values were
less than the test value (3),and all the p-values were greater than 0.05.
This, in other words, mean the coaches, sport committee members, sport experts and
administrative bodies that were found at different levels did not work jointly for development of
the football sport.
The findings of the interview as well was supported the outcomes of the one sample t-test. To
brief, the respondents argued that there was no collaboration among stakeholders so as to
improve or upgrade the status or example, of most professionals the football such as sport
experts, committee members, even the sport office heads etc. seemed too poor to Facilitate their
roles and responsibilities by clearly developing their work plans, or by showing their roles
practically in the field. This means as the FGD respondents added, the sport office had no
controlling mechanisms, supporting mechanisms of the players, and the coaches also were not
initiated to train the players accordingly. Moreover, the committee did not work towards the
development of the football sport. Therefore, as they noted, it was possible to say that the
stakeholders in general were not task-oriented body who could prioritize performance goals over
developing positive interpersonal relations, and having well developed football players. Based on
the above stated findings, the researcher initiated to argue as stakeholders who found under sport
offices of kelela wereda were ineffective to work towards the development of the football sport.

40
Table 4.6 one sample t test on resource related issues

Test Value = 3
T Df Sig. (2- Mean 95% Confidence
tailed) Differen Interval of the
ce Difference
Lower Upper
The wereda allocate enough facility - 13 .000 -1.672 -1.80 -1.54
and equipment supplies for football 26.02 3
sport 1
The community has supports the -6.250 13 .000 -.507 -.67 -.35
football project via sportswear, 3
money and other resources
The sport office allocate enough -1.804 13 .074 -.119 -.25 .01
budget so as to encourage the 3
football sport
Yearly budgets of the football is - 13 .000 -1.455 -1.62 -1.29
enough to facilitate the sport as 17.22 3
expected 3
The wereda sport offices supports the - 13 .000 -1.896 -1.99 -1.80
event by initiating the GOs and 37.91 3
NGOs furnish it with finance, 8
sportswear etc.

As the calculated values of the one sample t-test in Table 4, 6 showed, the sport offices of the
wereda were unsuccessful to allocate enough financial support, resource materials and the
required equipment for the football sport development, because all the calculated mean values of
the six items were less than the test value (3), and all the p-values were greater than 0.05.

Likewise, both the interview and FGD participants reported that in order to facilitate the football
game, it is vital to fulfill the required resource materials. However, as the interview finding noted,
the football game was found at zero status by different reasons. To begin with, the team did not

41
get appropriate and the required sportswear. It was observed some players were playing the game
by wearing their own regular wearing. This condition might de-motivate the sport athletes since
the concerned bodies seemed weak to encourage them. Secondly, as observed practically in the
woreda, there were no clearly prepared football fields which motivated the team to involve in the
football game. Thirdly, according to the FGD respondents, there was no enough budget
allocation, provisions of required resource materials and equipment. Such shortages of resource
materials highly affected motivation of the football sport participants of the wereda.
Accordingly, based on the above stated findings, anyone can generalize by saying that the
football sport of kelela wereda was found under scarcity of resource materials. Unless the
problem is solved, it is difficult to expect the area come to competent in the sport. Therefore, the
wereda needs to work towards the development of the football game by working hard in terms of
allocation of enough budgets, by furnishing the sport with the required sport materials and
equipment.

4.2. Discussion and Implication

The result of both qualitative and quantitative phases of the study on football development were
presented in chapter four, in this chapter the results are discussed. The discussions of the results
gives basis on which recommendations can be drawn. In this chapter clearly shows the
implication of the study. To realize this, the researcher tried to brief mainly the three issues:
faced challenges, s and availability of required resources for the development of the football
sport in kelela wereda.
To begin with, the calculated mean briefly showed the major challenges of the football sport
which stated from high degree of influence to the less. Thus, according to the stated means,
athlete lack of interest, weakly involvement of the football players in the woreda, field materials,
government bodies‟ lack community’s negative perception towards the participation to compute
with other players were taken as major factors which affected the football sport.
This was also supported by the conducted inter participants suggested as the football sport was
affected by different challenges. To specify, as the interviewee responded, the government
officials at different level simply saw the sport as something which might be used as recreational
issue by denying national and international principles of the federation weak Moreover, attitudes
of the as team towards the football were as well affected highly the development of the football
sport.

42
The finding of this study was confirmed there was no football club, shortage of facilities, not
functional structure of organizations officials, the absence of well trend and qualified man power
at the study area and lack of support from Amhara educational bureau to establish schools
football project etc. were challenges that affect the football sport. The challenges, as he added,
were resulted from due to less attention and focus paid by the sport administrators.
Secondly, the one sample t-test finding, noted how stakeholders remained poor to work towards
the development of the football sport cooperatively. This means, as the interview respondents
argued, sport officials were not motivated to work in relation to the football sport. For example,
FGD respondents stated, the coaches were weak to train the team by consulting the sport experts,
the sport office heads did not show collaboration to plan the Offices‟ annual activities by
involving the expert.

43
 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. Summary

The main objective of this study was to find out the barriers of football sport in kelela wereda, to
assess the stakeholders‟ perspective finances, facility and equipment provisions of the wereda
for the football sport. To do so, three basic research questions were designed: 1) what are the
major factors for the development of football sport in the study area? 2) Are all stakeholders of
football sport jointly works to improve the football sport? And 3) are there sufficient finances,
facility and equipment for the wereda football sport? To suggest answers for these raised
questions, the researcher was applied the descriptive survey method research design. The eight
community leaders, 54 sport committees and 65 football athletes were taken as participants of
the study by simple random sampling method.

Moreover, seven sport experts, were made as participants of the study by using comprehensive
technique. To collect the required data from these sources, questionnaire was developed for
football player and committee’s interview, and FGD designed for community leaders and sport
experts. The collected data was analyzed by using percentage, frequency, mean, and one sample
t-test accordingly. Specifically, percentage and frequency were used to analysis demographic
data; mean to identify possible challenges which could affect the football sport; and one sample
t-test as well was used to analyze data which collected availability of required resource materials
for the football sport. Besides, words and narration in general were also used to analyze the
qualitative data that gathered by the interview and FGD.

The findings of the data analysis indicated to what extent the football was facilitated in poor
Manner by various reasons. Government bodies‟ lacks of finance expected to football sport,
stakeholders were ineffective to work towards the football sport development jointly and weak to
fulfill the required resource materials, budget allocation and provision of the essential equipment
for the football sport.

44
5.2. Conclusion

The findings of the data analysis indicated to what extent the football was facilitated in poor
manner by various reasons. To put specifically:

1. The football sport development of kelela wereda was influenced by problems such as
government bodies‟ lacks sport grounds, lack of the required resource materials for the
players; lack of regular training; and the players themselves lack of motivation to compute
with other groups etc.
2. The stakeholders were ineffective to work towards the football sport development jointly.
This means, stakeholder had loose coordination and integration to work towards the football
sport development; there was a management trouble; inadequate supervision and support
made by concerned bodies at all levels; lack of attention in organizing and conducting
refreshment and/or capacity building training by the higher bodies; absence of conducive
environment for coaches and train project facilities and equipment’s were inadequate; there
was lack of incentive for both trainee and coaches, and their interest was also low to involve
in the sport.
3. The wereda was weak to fulfill the required resource materials, budget allocation and
provision of the essential equipment’s for the football sport. To brief, the football was in high
levels of complexity or challenges: there was shortage of finance, shortage of skilled
manpower, s, lack of facilities and equipment’s, no regular project training, no female
participation of control play ground in the villages, the sport had not following scientific
method of training by coaches, and there was no sponsorship opportunities in the wereda.
4. Current access to quality football infrastructure was identified as poor, affecting the
development of football in the study area.
5. Other factors was identified as aconcern for the development of football in kelela, as
although the area is not striving to improve the event

45
5.3. Recommendation
Based on the findings and conclusion of the study, the following recommendation are
made .there is factors that brings the wereda to be under ranges of challenges such as lack of
initiatives in higher government officials, lack of collaboration among stakeholders, and lack of
the required resource materials and equipment’s for the football sport could be mentioned as an
example. So, to suggest solutions for the raised problems, the researcher put his
recommendations as follows:
1. The sport officials who found in the study area have to work towards the development of the
football sport. Thus, they need to develop sense of ownership they have to initiated to work
their responsibilities in line with furnishing the sport with required resource materials,
enough budget allocation, and aware the players to what extent the sport is important
particularly for their physical fitness, and for the national development. Moreover,
governmental concerned bodies should carried out close and regular supervision, the project
should have well organized short and long term plans, and regular reporting system should be
in place, strong coordination among stakeholders, fulfilling the required facilities and
equipment.
2. Unless stakeholders work jointly, it is difficult to expect to the developed football sport in
the setting and in the nation in general. Therefore, stakeholders such as sport experts, sport
office heads, sport committee members etc. are required to facilitate the football
cooperatively and jointly.

3. Football needs to have enough resource material provisions and enough budget allocations.
Therefore, the concerned government bodies that found at the different chain of commands
have to use additional budget for the growth and development of the sport for training the
talent project player, for competition the teams, for giving capacity building for coaches,
referees, and instructors etc. Not only this, but also the sport offices which found at woreda,
need to work towards satisfying the football material resource needs by working
collaboratively with governmental and nongovernmental organizations, for example by
designing different sound football projects.
4. Football development programs coordinated across all sectors including schools links to
concentrate on novice footballers, significantly inproved standards of coaching. And the
officers come with cultural shift of the game .
46
5. Delivering the vision of football which is transformed in the near future has been addressed
to all stakeholders.
Generally, the sport offices need to work how their profession and their responsibilities have
argued; the zonal sport departments and the regional state sport commissions are expected to
support, guide, and help the sport communities, particularly the football sport. And they are also
need to control, monitor, and evaluate the development status of the football sport.

47
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 Appendix 1
Respondent’s questionnaire

April 2022
Dear sir/madam
I am a student at the university of Bahir dar pursuing master in Football coaching, my
research topic reads:-challenges to the development of football sport in kelela wereda.
I will be great full if you help me with this part of my research project by completing the
inventory. My main aim is to obtain the overall statistical picture of football development
in kelela throughout this survey. I assure you that the information you provide shall
remain confidential and will not be used for any other purposes prior to your consent. I
also assure you that participation in this research is voluntary and you will be free to
withdraw your participation at any time.
Remind
Please don’t include or write your name.
No need of consulting others to fulfill the questionnaires.
Please do not leave the questions without answering.
Thank you for taking the time to assist me in my educational endeavors
I hope you will completes this inventory willingly and that your views will represent the
truth.
Your sincerely
Instruction
For each of the following statements place an X in the box that applies to you
Section A:- general information
1 Gender 1 male 2 Female
2 age in years 1, less than 15 2, 16 to 25  3, 26 to 35  4, 36 to 49 5, 50 and
above
3 marital status 1, Single 2, married 3, divorced 4, withdraw
4 age group 1, Male youth  2, female youth  3, male adult 4, female adult
5 job occupation 1, Formal occupation 2, informal occupation 3,-unemployed

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 6 educational level attained 1, Primary level  2, 0 level  3, secondary level  4,
degree/ diploma 

Section B sports background

7 have you participated in any of football practice 1, Yes  2, No 
8 Does your practice have an experienced coach or people organize themselves in
leadership1, Yes  2, No 
9 what level of competition did your participation reach in football
1,Kebele level  2,wereda level  3,zonal level  4,regional level  5,national level
10. What for about years do you stay in the study area?
1, Less than 15  2,16 to 25 3,26 to 35 4, 36 to 49  5, 50 and above
11, how do you describe the development of football sport in your locality?
1, v.poor 2, poor 3, v, good 4, v, good 5, excellent
12, do you think that football sport has diffused all over the kebele
1, NO 2, YES

Instruction – there are themes stated in the following table by considering the three listed
Issues: socio-political, stakeholders‟ collaboration and resource material provision levels. So,
you need to select the possible answers from the given alternatives and put “X” mark in front of
the Choice box. To do so, the researcher has put two types of Likert scales: agreement scale

52
(5=strongly agree, 4=agree, 3=Uncertain, 2=disagree, and 1=strongly disagree). And frequency
Likert scale (5=always, 4=often, 3=sometimes, 2=rarely, and 1=never at all

Theme 1 challenges and barriers

No Extent of agreement (%) with the perceptions

Place an X in the box that applies to you

Themes strongl agree unce disagr strongly

y agree rtain ee disagree

1 Local village heads, political leaders support

football development in my area.

2 The community living in rural area has

negative attitude towards football sport.

3 The football sport has facilitated in the woreda

ineffectively.

4 Family religion and culture also affects

participation in football.

5 Lack of knowledge about the benefits of

participation in football is more prevalent in
the area

6 Lack of facilities such as sports ground, hinder

the progress in sport.

7 Specialist sports coaches are easily available

in my area.

8 Community members view football

53
development as reliable source of income.

9 Children from poor families have the

 opportunity to participate in football

10 The practitioners are victims due to shortage

of field materials

11 The sport office experts deliver the event

throughout the woreda

12 Spectators in your area pay fee to watch the

football match

2, stakeholder’s attribution

Item Place an √ in the box that applies to you

no
Themes always Often sometimes Rarely Never
at all
13 The administrative bodies have established
competitions program with others
14 The coach has used training program as
expected
15 All stakeholder has worked jointly for the
development of football
16 The sport committees organized in each
county side of the wereda
17 they work jointly for event developments

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 18 All stake holders has know how to
facilitate the event in depth

19 Stakeholders play a great role for female

participations

3, resource related issues

(5= always, 4= often, 3= sometimes, 2 = rarely, 1= never at all)

Item no Place an X in the box that applies to you

Themes 5 4 3 2 1

20 The wereda allocate enough

facility and equipment supplies
for football sport such as stadium

21 The community has supports the

football project via sportswear,
money and other resources

22 The sport office allocate enough

budget so as to encourage the
football sport

23 Yearly budgets of the football is

enough to facilitate the sport as
55
 expected

24 The wereda sport offices supports

the event by initiating the GOs
and NGOs furnish it with finance,
sportswear etc.

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Interview and FGD questions for sport experts and sport

Athletes

Dear respondent!!

This interview and FGD need conduct to get appropriate information for the study entitled with”

Factors That Affect the Development of football Sport: In the Case of kelela. Your response is
really vital in providing new inputs in the improvement of the football sport. Therefore, the
researcher requests kindly your collaboration in providing appropriate possible answers for the
raised questions. Please be informed that you will not be referred by name and all your responses
will be kept confidential.

Thank You with great regards!!

1. What are the challenges which can affect the football sport in your woreda?

2. How the stakeholders work for the development of the football sport?

2.1. Do they work jointly for the sport development?

2.2. Have they positive outlook, commitment and perception to work to words the football

Sport development?

2.3. How the government bodies found at different levels have support the football sport?

3. How the woreda furnishes the football sport by the required resource materials?

3.1. Does the woreda allocate enough budgets for the football sport?

3.2. Do the football sport players have conducive sport field and sport wear materials?

4, how do you describe the development of football sport in the area?

5, is socio- political issues affects football sport? And how is it?

57