 Abstract

Nowadays many water resources are polluted by

anthropogenic sources including household and agricultural
waste and industrial processes. Public concern over the
environmental impact of wastewater pollution has
increased. Several conventional wastewater treatment
techniques, i.e. chemical coagulation, adsorption, activated
sludge, have been applied to remove the pollution,
however there are still some limitations, especially that of high
operation costs. The use of aerobic waste water treatment as a
reductive medium is receiving increased interest due to its low
operation and maintenance costs. In addition, it is easy-to-
obtain, with good effectiveness and ability for degrading
contaminants. This paper reviews the use of waste water
treatment technologies to remove contaminants from
wastewater such as halogenated hydrocarbon compounds,
heavy metals, dyes, pesticides, and herbicides, which represent
the main pollutants in wastewater.

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  P.H value of water
Precautions
1. Preparation of Buffer solution.
• Take 100 ml of sample in a beaker
• Put the buffer tablet in the sample.
• Disperse the buffer tablet in the sample water by
continuously stirring Action.
• Prepare the buffer solution of pH value 4.0, 7.0 and 9.2
 Calibration of the instrument.
The instrument should be calibrated before beginning the
measurement
• First clean the electrode with distilled water and dries its bulb
by using tissuePaper.
• Dip the electrode in a buffer solution of pH 7.
• Set the temperature © control to the room temperature. Set
the function selector to pH position and adjust the CALIBRATE
control Until the meter displays the precise pH of buffer
solution.
• Now the set the function selector switched to STAND
BY position.
• Remove the electrode from buffer solution. Wash it with
distilled water and wipe out with tissue paper.

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• Repeat the above procedure for calibration with buffer
solution of 4.0 and 92 pH value.

 Operation of Instrument
• Calibrate the pH meter with two standard buffer solutions as
per the above Procedure.
• Clean and rinse the electrode thoroughly with distilled water
and carefully Wipe with tissue paper.
• Dip the electrode into the sample of solution. Stir the solution
by keeping on Magnetic stirrer or stir it manually.
•Wait up to 1 minute for steady reading +0.1 pH unit.
•Record reading in steady condition after one minute.

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  Precautions :-
1. The standardization of pH meter is essential before use.
2. The reading must be noted when it is stable at least for 30
seconds.
3. The use of electrode should be done very carefully as it is
very sensitive and breakable.
4. Record the temperature of room.
5. Clean and wipe out electrode every time of immersion.

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  Experimental setup

Digital pH meter

• A pH meter is a scientific instrument that measures the

hydrogen-ion activity in water-based solutions, indicating its
acidity or alkalinity expressed as pH.
• The pH meter measures the difference in electrical potential
between a pH electrode and a reference electrode, and so
the pH meter is sometimes referred to as a “potentiometric
pH meter”. The difference in electrical potential relates to the
acidity or pH of the solution.
• of pH via pH meters (pH-metry) is used in many applications
ranging from laboratory experimentation to quality control.

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  Observations :-

Sr.No Particulars Samples no. Average

Typeof Sample 1 2 PH
1. Tap water 6.67 7.06 6.86
2. Bore well water 6.98 7.08 7.03
3. Lake water 8.10 8.15 8.12

• *Sample calculation
• For observation No :- 1
Observed average value of pH for River Sample
6.67+7.06
• Average pH = pH (1) + (2) /2 = 2

• Average pH of Tap water=6.88

• Average pH of Bore well water =7.03
• Average pH of surface water = 8.12

•Results
The pH value of untreated or raw water is observed as 8.12.

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 • Turbidity of water Samples •

Turbidity in water
• is an optical property that broadly describes the clarity or
cloudiness of water. It is related to colour, but has more to
do with the loss of transparency due to the effect of
suspended particles and colloidal material.

• Turbidity impacts on aquatic ecosystems by dispersing

sunlight and reducing the oxygen concentration. It also affects
photosynthesis as well as the respiration and reproduction of
fish. Suspended particles also contribute to the adhesion of
many heavy metals and other toxic compounds. Turbidity is
considered a measure of water quality: the more turbid the
water, the lower its quality.

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Procedure
1. Calibration and standardization
Turbidity Meter calibration: The manufacturer’s operating
instructions should beFollowed. Measure standards on the
turbidity meter covering the range of interest. If the instrument
is already calibrated in standard turbidity units, this procedure
will check the accuracy of the calibration scales. At least one
standard should run in each instrument range to be used. Some
instruments permit adjustments of sensitivity so that scale
values will correspond to turbidities Solid standards, such as
those made of Lucite blocks, should never be used due to
potential calibration changes caused by surface scratches. If a
pre-calibrated scale is not supplied, calibration curves should
be prepared for each range of the instrument.
2. Measurement
• Turbidities less than 40 units: If possible, allow samples to
come to room temperature before analysis. Mix the sample to
thoroughly disperse the solids present in it. Wait until air
bubbles disappear and then pour the sample into the turbid
meter tube. Read the turbidity directly from the instrument
scale or from the appropriate calibration curve.

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• Turbidities exceeding 40 units; Dilute the sample with one or
more volumes of turbidity-free water until the turbidity falls
below 40 units. The turbidity of the original sample is then
computed from the turbidity of the diluted sample and the
dilution factor. For example, if 5 volumes of turbidity-free
water were added to 1 volume of sample, and the diluted
sample showed a turbidity of 30 units, then theTurbidity of the
original sample was 180 units.
• Some Turbidity Meters are equipped with several separate
scales. The higher scales are to be used only as indicators of
required dilution volumes to reduce readings to less than 40
NTU.

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•Experimental sesetup

Digital turbidity meret

• Turbidity meter is the instrument which measures the

decrease in intensity of the transmitted light due to scattering
of particles suspended as precipitates or aggregates in a
medium.
• The light passes across the filter creating a light of known
wavelength, which is further directed to pass across the
unknown sample. Photoelectric cell collects the light and
displays it in numerical values on the screen.

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  Observations :-

Sr No Particulars Samples no. Average

Typeof sample 1 2 Value
1. Distilled water 132.3 133.0 132.65
2. Bore well water 128.1 129.2 128.65
3. Surface water 824 826 825

*Sample calculation
• For observation No :- 1
132.3+ 133
•average Turbidity= Reading (1) + Reading (2)/2 = 2

•Averge Turbidity of water sample 1.=132.65. NTU

• Average Turbidity of water sample 2.= 128.65 NTU
• Average Turbidity of water sample 3. = 825 NTU

•Results
The Turbidity of given water sample is observed as132.65 NTU.

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  CONCLUSION :-
This report is a review of variety of options that may be
employed in the treatment, recovery and reuse of wastewater.
It is apparent that a variety of options are feasible for use in the
developing world and even more apparent that many low-
technology options can be mixed and matched for very high
efficiencies. Natural treatment technologies are attracting a
significant level of interest by environmental managers.
Natural treatment technologies are considered viable because
of their low capital costs, their ease of maintenance, their
potentially longer life-cycles and their ability to recover a
variety of resources including: treated effluent for irrigation,
organic humus for soil amendment and energy in the form of
biogas.

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